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A Dívida Pública CONFERÊNCIA RESILIÊNCIA DIGITAL DE UMA DÍVIDA PÚBLICA ESTADO DEMOCRÁTICO CONFERENCE DIGITAL16 de dezembro RESILIENCE de 2014 | Sala doOF Senado A DEMOCRATIC | Assembleia da STATERepública 8 de maio de 2018 | Sala do Senado | Assembleia da República 8 May 2018 | Senate Room | Assembly of the Republic CONFERÊNCIA RESILIÊNCIA DIGITAL DE UM ESTADO DEMOCRÁTICO CONFERENCE DIGITAL RESILIENCE OF A DEMOCRATIC STATE 1 ÍNDICE | CONTENTS ABREVIATURA | ABBREVIATIONS 3 ABERTURA | OPENING SESSION 4 Jorge Lacão 4 George Tsereteli 6 Isabel Santos 9 CIBERSEGURANÇA & DEMOCRACIA: CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURES 13 CYBERSECURITY & DEMOCRACY: CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURES Julian King 13 Anatoly Smirnov 24 William Sweeney 31 Ignacio Amor 36 Susana Amador 41 DESAFIOS TECNOLÓGICOS DO CIBERESPAÇO 47 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF CYBERSPACE Luís Antunes 47 Pedro Veiga 51 Rasa Ostrauskaite 56 Nilza de Sena 59 SOBERANIA E SEGURANÇA DIGITAL 63 SOVEREIGNTY AND DIGITAL SECURITY Fernando Jorge Pires 63 António Gameiro Marques 65 Kristian Vigenin 69 José Miguel Medeiros 75 A AMEAÇA DO CIBERTERRORISMO NO ESPAÇO OSCE 80 THE THREAT OF CYBER-TERRORISM IN THE OSCE AREA Pedro Verdelho 80 Graça Mira Gomes 86 Makis Voridis 88 Luís Campos Ferreira 92 ENCERRAMENTO | CLOSING SESSION 94 Marcos Perestrello 94 João Soares 97 Miguel Santos 101 PROGRAMA DA CONFERÊNCIA | CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 103 NOTAS BIOGRÁFICAS DOS AUTORES | AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 105 CONFERÊNCIA RESILIÊNCIA DIGITAL DE UM ESTADO DEMOCRÁTICO CONFERENCE DIGITAL RESILIENCE OF A DEMOCRATIC STATE 2 ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ABBREVIATIONS APOSCE Assembleia Parlamentar da Organização para a AI Artificial Intelligence Segurança e Cooperação na Europa CBM Confidence Building Measure CEO Diretor Executivo CEO Chief Executive Officer CNCS Centro Nacional da Cibersegurança CNCS National Cybersecurity Center Portugal COPS Comité Político e de Segurança da União Europeia COPS EU Political and Security Centre Portugal EMGFA Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas EMGFA Armed Forces General Staff ENISA Agência da UE para a Segurança das Redes e da ENISA EU Network and Information Security Agency Informação EP European Parliament EUA Estados Unidos da América EU European Union FIDESZ União Cívica Húngara (Partido nacional conservador de direita da Hungria) FIDESZ Hungarian Civic Alliance (National conservative right-wing political party in Hungary) GIFCT Fórum Mundial da Internet contra o Terrorismo GIFCT Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism I&D Investigação e Desenvolvimento I&D Investigation and Development IA Inteligência Artificial ICT Information and Communication Technology IFES Fundação Internacional de Sistemas Eleitorais IFES International Foundation for Electoral Systems MGC Medidas Geradoras de Confiança IT Information Technology NATO Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte MP Member of Parliament ONU Organização das Nações Unidas NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OSCE Organização para a Segurança e Cooperação na Europa OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PE Parlamento Europeu OSCEPA Organization for Security and Co-operation in PT Portugal Telecom Europe Parliamentary Assembly R&D Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento PT Portugal Telecom SIRP Sistema de Informações da República Portuguesa R&D Research and Development TIC Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação SIRP Portuguese Intelligence System UE União Europeia UN United Nations USA United States of America CONFERÊNCIA RESILIÊNCIA DIGITAL DE UM ESTADO DEMOCRÁTICO CONFERENCE DIGITAL RESILIENCE OF A DEMOCRATIC STATE 3 Da esquerda para a direita: George Tsereteli, Jorge Lacão e Isabel Santos Foto de André Pereira, 2018 ©Arquivo Fotográfico da Assembleia da República, GAR 04866/2018 From left to right: George Tsereteli, Jorge Lacão and Isabel Santos Photo by André Pereira, 2018 ©Parliamentary Photographic Archive, GAR 04866/2018 ABERTURA OPENING SESSION JORGE LACÃO A Resiliência Digital de um Estado Democrático é o tema que hoje aqui nos junta. Um tema da maior atualidade. A Internet tem sido um fator de promoção da liberdade de expressão e de divulgação de ideias. Tem aproximado pessoas e culturas. É também impressionante o contributo da Internet para a economia, quer ao nível da inovação dos produtos, quer ao nível da facilitação do comércio e das transações financeiras. No entanto, convém não esquecer que estas oportunidades vêm acompanhadas de riscos e ameaças. Vários acontecimentos, mais ou menos recentes, têm contribuído para que passássemos do discurso otimista para o discurso realista em relação à Internet. Quero, pois, saudar a Assembleia Parlamentar da OSCE por esta iniciativa. A Segurança do Ciberespaço é hoje em dia um dos pilares de qualquer estratégia nacional digna desse nome. E esta Conferência de Lisboa é mais um contributo para o desenvolvimento de uma verdadeira cultura da Cibersegurança em Portugal e no seio da OSCE. O processo de globalização transformou as sociedades desenvolvidas em sociedades da informação. Neste tipo de sociedades, o potencial estratégico de cada Estado está muito relacionado com o conhecimento e a inovação. A Internet tornou-se palco de disputa global pelo poder e pelo conhecimento. Por isso, a Cibersegurança é hoje um ramo da estratégia de segurança e defesa, como são os ramos tradicionais das forças armadas. À segurança dos territórios, das águas, do espaço aéreo e do espaço exterior, temos agora de juntar a segurança do Ciberespaço. CONFERÊNCIA RESILIÊNCIA DIGITAL DE UM ESTADO DEMOCRÁTICO CONFERENCE DIGITAL RESILIENCE OF A DEMOCRATIC STATE 4 Hoje praticamente todo o mundo está online. O Ciberespaço está, portanto, aberto a qualquer um, o que comporta ameaças evidentes. Note-se que a Internet é também a base na qual assentam os sistemas de comunicações entre governos, forças armadas, serviços de informações e de segurança. Temos, portanto, as ameaças dos hackers, as ações de propaganda extremistas e antidemocráticas, o crime organizado, e até o apoio a ataques terroristas a passar por ações online. Surgem mesmo suspeitas de interferências estatais ou paraestatais em processos eleitorais através de meios digitais. Os dados pessoais já não parecem estar em segurança, com os escândalos que envolvem grandes empresas ao setor digital. Toda esta nova realidade obriga a União Europeia, a NATO, a OSCE e os Estados Nacionais a prepararem-se cada vez melhor para enfrentar esta ameaça. Infelizmente, as ameaças avançam mais depressa do que a capacidade de respostas dos Estados de direito democráticos e das suas organizações internacionais. Exige-se mais cooperação internacional e uma promoção mais eficaz de uma cultura de Cibersegurança entre os utilizadores da Internet, e, em particular, entre as entidades responsáveis pela gestão de infraestruturas críticas. Esta Conferência destina-se a contribuir para essa nova cultura de segurança. Aqui teremos, na Assembleia da República, especialistas internacionais e responsáveis políticos, judiciais e militares. Estou certo que se reunirmos estas competências, se mobilizarmos estes recursos nacionais e internacionais, seremos capazes de enfrentar com sucesso estas ameaças, atingindo o objetivo da resiliência digital das democracias. Resiliência que, na sociedade digital, não pode também esquecer a vertente fundamental da proteção de dados, em particular dos dados pessoais inerentes ao respeito devido à nossa vida privada. Sem respeito pela autonomia das pessoas não há sociedades aberta e sem sociedade aberta não há democracia, liberdade e segurança. Tais princípios continuam, por isso, a ser os fundamentos do nosso desafio. Bom trabalho a todos na reflexão que se nos impõe. A todos o meu muito obrigado. JORGE LACÃO The Digital Resilience of a Democratic State is the theme that brings us together here today. A theme that is extremely topical. The internet has been a factor in promoting freedom of expression and the spread of ideas. It has brought people and cultures closer together. The internet’s contribution to the economy in terms of innovation of products and facilitating trade and financial transactions is also impressive. But it is important not to forget that these opportunities come hand-in-hand with risks and threats. Several events, some more recent than others, have led us to shift from an optimistic discourse to a realist discourse about the internet. I would therefore like to congratulate the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly on this initiative. The security of cyberspace is today one of the pillars of any national strategy worthy of that name. And this Lisbon Conference is another contribution to the development of a true cyberspace culture in Portugal and in the OSCE. The globalisation process has transformed developed societies into information societies. In these types of societies, the strategic potential of each state is heavily linked to knowledge and innovation. The internet has become the stage for the global dispute for power and knowledge. That is why cybersecurity today is a branch of security and defence strategy, like the traditional branches of the armed forces. We now have to add the security of cyberspace to the security of territories, waters, airspace and outer space. Today, practically the whole world is online. CONFERÊNCIA RESILIÊNCIA DIGITAL DE UM ESTADO DEMOCRÁTICO CONFERENCE DIGITAL RESILIENCE OF A DEMOCRATIC STATE 5 Cyberspace is, therefore, open to anyone, which involves clear risks. The internet is also the base on which communications systems between governments, armed forces, and intelligence and security services are founded.
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