“Imperialism” in the Late Qing Dynasty
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Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). -
Costume, Ceremonial, and the East Asian Order: What the Annamese King Wore When Congratulating the Emperor Qianlong in Jehol in 1790
Front. Hist. China 2012, 7(1): 136–151 DOI 10.3868/s020-001-012-0008-0 LECTURE NOTE Zhaoguang Ge Costume, Ceremonial, and the East Asian Order: What the Annamese King Wore When Congratulating the Emperor Qianlong in Jehol in 1790 Abstract Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty celebrated his eightieth birthday in 1790, for which Vietnam, Korea, the Ryūkyū Islands, Burma, and Mongolia sent delegates to the imperial summer resort at Chengde 承德 to pay homage. Curiously, the Annamese (or, Vietnamese) king NguyễnQuangBình (阮 光平), who had just defeated the Qing army, offered to appear in Qing costume and kowtow to the Qing emperor. The unusual act pleased Emperor Qianlong and infuriated the Korean delegates. What did costume and ceremonial mean in the context of the East Asian political and cultural order? Why did the British embassy to China led by Lord Macartney three years later cause friction with regards to sartorial and ceremonial manners? This lecture will address these questions. Keywords East Asian political and cultural order, costume and ceremonial, Emperor Qianlong , Vietnam, Korea Introduction: Three Thoughts Today, it is my honor to give a talk in the famous Fairbank Center for China Studies. This talk is, to a great extent, a tribute to Professor John Fairbank, because I am going to tell a story that happened on the eve of Western “impact” and East Asia’s “response,” a topic that Fairbank often addressed. My story explores the change and negotiation of the East Asian international order prior to the arrival of strong ships and potent weaponry from the West. -
The Great Qing Code Contained the Collection of Laws Written Over a Period of More Than 2,000 Years by China’S Ruling Dynas- Ties
The Great Qing Dynasty in 1820 Qing Code: LAW AND ORDER DURING CHINA’S LAST DYNASTY THE GREAT QING CODE CONTAINED THE COLLECTION OF LAWS WRITTEN OVER A PERIOD OF MORE THAN 2,000 YEARS BY CHINA’S RULING DYNAS- TIES. THE QING, CHINA’S LAST DY- NASTY, BROUGHT THE CODE TO ITS ULTIMATE FORM. China’s first laws emerged from customs, traditions, and declarations by regional rulers. The first written code of laws appeared in 536 B.C. The purpose of the code was to control the people and maintain order. In 221 B.C., the Chin Dynasty arose and established the first centralized Chi- nese empire ruled by an emperor. This accomplishment was greatly aided by a Foundation Wikimedia law code written by Chin officials called The Qing came from Manchuria, in the northeast, which contained the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. “Legalists.” Their idea was to eliminate special privileges for those of high status years. In 1740, Emperor Qianlong ap- and treat everyone equally under the The Qing Dynasty proved the Statutes and Sub-Statutes of law, thus protecting the weak from the The Qing (pronounced “Ching”), the Great Qing known today as the strong. The Legalists also believed in China’s last dynasty, ruled from 1644– Great Qing Code. harsh punishments for law violations to 1912. The Qing originated in Manchuria, a land northeast of China. In the early prevent crime and disorder in society. The Great Qing Code The followers of Confucius (551– 1600s, Manchuria was a possession of The Great Qing Code of 1740 estab- 478 B.C.) opposed the Legalists. -
The Grandeur of the Qing State
Recording the Grandeur of the Qing: The Southern Inspection Tour Scrolls ASIAN TOPICS IN WORLD HISTORY of the Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors Asia for Educators | Columbia University THE GRANDEUR OF THE QING STATE Madeleine Zelin, Faculty Consultant SUBTOPICS The Qing state inherited a long tradition of Chinese bureaucratic • FOUR ASPECTS OF QING GOVERNMENT rule and a political system that was of great interest to many IMPRESSIVE TO WESTERN OBSERVERS: European thinkers, such as Voltaire (1694-1778), Francis Quesnay 1. Emperor and the Mandate of Heaven ÙSidebar: French Physiocrats' Admiration of (1694-1774), and Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716), in the late 1600s Chinese Imperial System and early 1700s, when Europeans were beginning to consider 2. An Integrated Bureaucracy changes to their own political systems. The Chinese system of ÙSidebar: Benefits of Imperial Rule 3. Examination System for Entry to Government bureaucratic rule was unprecedented in human history, and it Service contributed greatly to the ability of the Qing dynasty to rule over ÙImage (Online Only): Posting of the a vast territory and to do so in a way that was fair and that also Examination Results 4. Government of "Elite Commoners" brought the benefits of imperial rule to a large number of ÙSidebar: Chinese Notion of Political Legitimacy people. [Read more about the influence of the Chinese political • GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRATS WITH LOCAL system on thinkers of the European enlightenment (PDF)] AND IMPERIAL ORIENTATIONS ÙSidebar: Emerson, Voltaire, Meadows: Admirers of Chinese Ideas on Government • QING POPULATION GROWTH AND ITS EFFECTS FOUR ASPECTS OF QING GOVERNMENT IMPRESSIVE TO WESTERN • TWO QING INNOVATIONS: TAX POLICY AND THE SECRET PALACE MEMORIAL SYSTEM OBSERVERS OF THE TIME 1. -
Democracy in the Cities: a New Proposal for Chinese Reform
Bloch and TerBush: Democracy in the Cities: A New Proposal for Chinese Reform DEMOCRACY IN THE CITIES: A NEW PROPOSAL FOR CHINESE REFORM DAVID S. BLOCH* THOMAS TERBUSH** [I]t has been no easy job for a big developing country like China with a population of nearly 1.3 billion to have so considerably improved its hu- man rights situation in such a short period of time. -President Hu Jintao, People's Republic of China.' I. THE DILEMMA OF CHINESE DEMOCRACY A great deal has been written on the question of Chinese democracy. In practice and theory, democracy in China is enormously significant.2 This is because China is a rising military threat whose interests are often counter to those of the United States, as well as a demographic powerhouse with as much as a quarter of the world's population. In Mainland China, "the current official mythology.., holds that Chi- nese culture and democracy are incompatible."3 Many Mainland Chinese apparently believe that China's Confucian traditions are inconsistent with democratic practices--an idea with a pedigree that traces both to China's Attorney, Gray Cary Ware & Freidenrich LLP, Palo Alto, California; admitted in Cali- fornia and the District of Columbia; B.A., Reed College (41BK); M.P.H., J.D. with honors, The George Washington University; 1997 Fellow in International Trade Law, University In- stitute of European Studies, Turin, Italy. ** Economist and Senior Analyst, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California and Tokyo, Japan; M.A., Ph.D., George Mason University. 1. President Hu Jintao, Enhanced Mutual Understanding and Trust Towards a Conserva- tive and Cooperative Relationship Between China and the United States, translated at www.asiasociety.org/speeches/jintao.htm (speech given by then-Vice President Hu Jintao). -
Research on the Reform of Mushi Tusi and Its Influence
2018 International Conference on Educational Research, Economics, Management and Social Sciences (EREMS 2018) Research on the Reform of MuShi Tusi and Its Influence Shuang Liang Southwest Institute of Nationalities, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China Keywords: Mushi Tusi; Replacement of Tusi chieftains with government-appointed officials; Policy of Controlling Tibet Abstract: During the 470 years of the existence of Mushi in Northwest Yunnan, it was the epitome of the rise of China's Tusi system from the Yuan Dynasty to the prosperity of the Ming Dynasty and the decline of the Qing Dynasty. The reasons for the reform of Mushi Tusi can also fully reflect that the existence and abolishment of the Tusi system is influenced by the central dynasty's borderland policy. By combing the process and its influence on the reform of Mushi Tusi, this paper makes it clear that the reform of Mushi is related to the adjustment of the Qing government's policy on Tibet and to ensure the smooth route of the Qing army to Tibet. 1. Introduction The Mushi Tusi in northwest Yunnan rose from the Yuan Dynasty, reached its peak after the Ming Dynasty, and finally was diverted in the early Qing Dynasty. During the 470 years of its existence, "When the army came to attack, they bowed down and became king when they retreated, so there was no great war for generations, and there were plenty of minerals, and the leader was richer than any other leader." [1]Mushi Tusi for the Naxi people in the Han, Tibetan and other ethnic struggle in the gap to survive, while the continuous development, but also for other ethnic minorities in Northwest Yunnan to create a relatively stable living environment; As a local leader, he made positive contributions to the construction of the border and the control of Tibet by the central government on the basis of regional stability. -
Manchus and Imperialism Qing Dynasty 1644-1900 Manchus and Imperialism
Manchus and Imperialism Qing Dynasty 1644-1900 Manchus and Imperialism The next dynasty was established from outside China from what we call Manchuria. It is interesting to note that 300 years later, the Japanese invade China from Manchuria during WWII. Manchus and Imperialism Manchu Rule • The Manchus were not like the Mongols • Although they used the Mongols’ alphabet • Nurchaci founded Manchu nation • Hong Taiji, a son of Nurchaci, founded the Qing dynasty • Conquered the north and then the south Hong Taiji Manchus and Imperialism Kangxi, the next Qing Emperor(1662-1722), allowed Christianity into China. Manchus and Imperialism Territorial Expansion » Taiwan added 1683 » Settled the Mongols » Tibet invaded Manchus and Imperialism Culture and Society » More conservative » Confucian orthodoxy » Still artistically creative Manchus and Imperialism Dream of Red Mansions Manchus and Imperialism Paintings by Zhu Da Manchus and Imperialism Zhu Da Manchus and Imperialism Maritime Trade and Relations with European Nations • China morphs into being rivaled by Europe • Europeans want to trade with China (silk, tea, porcelain, etc.) • China wasn’t really interested in trade with the west. Manchus and Imperialism Opium and the Opium War Manchus and Imperialism Opium Den Manchus and Imperialism Manchus and Imperialism Opium War 1840-42 • British used opium to bring their balance of trade in line • Opium was disastrous to the Chinese people • Lin Zexu wrote to Queen Victoria: “Suppose there were people from another country who carried opium for sale to England and seduced your people into buying and smoking it; certainly your honourable ruler would deeply hate it and be bitterly aroused.” • Hong Kong ceded to the British, and they got what amounted to most favored nation treatment from the Chinese Manchus and Imperialism Cangue was used for opium treatment Manchus and Imperialism • Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan Hong (Christ’s younger brother) started the Taiping Rebellion, and Zeng ended it. -
The Impact of Colonialism on 19Th and Early 20Th Century China
Volume 11, No. 2 24 The Impact of Colonialism on 19th and Early 20th Century China Mohammad Shakil WAHED Henley Business School, University of Reading Email: [email protected] Abstract: This essay attempts to critically analyze the overall impact of colonialism on 19th and early 20th century China. Analysis has been done primarily in the context of modernization theory and world-systems theory in order to get the contrasting views at two extreme levels. In addition, the liberal market approach has also been used to balance the two extremes. It has been noted that several positive influences of colonialism on the Chinese economy and society remained limited within a small area only. Contrarily, the most devastating impact of colonialism had been on the Qing state. The forceful imperialist invasion dealt a major blow to its overall capacity to lead China as a united nation towards prosperity. In summary, this essay argues in favor of an overarching negative impact of colonialism on China. Key Words: Colonialism, Contemporary China, Impact, Modernization Theory, World- systems theory Cambridge Journal of China Studies 25 1. INTRODUCTION: Colonialism first stepped into China after the victory of the British Navy in the first opium war (1839-42). This war is marked in history as the first in which steam-driven ships were used as the main force (Spence, J. D. 2013: 157). By the end of the second opium war (1856-60), colonialism further strengthened its foothold within Chinese territories. The Qing dynasty had to accept a series of humiliating treaties (1842-44, 1854, 1858, 1860) committing to pay an unusually high amount of compensation over the years, and grant sovereign control over the major ports of China in the coastal region. -
The Internal and External Competition and System Changes Under the Background of Modern Chinese Party Politics
ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 16, No. 11, 2020, pp. 11-16 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/11940 www.cscanada.org The Internal and External Competition and System Changes Under the Background of Modern Chinese Party Politics ZENG Rong[a]; LIU Yanhan[b]; ZENG Qinhan[c],* [a]Professor, School of Marxism, Guangdong University of Foreign Zeng, R., Liu, Y. H., & Zeng, Q. H. (2020). The Internal and External Studies, Guangzhou, China. Competition and System Changes Under the Background of Modern [b]Researcher, School of Marxism, Guangdong University of Foreign Chinese Party Politics. Canadian Social Science, 16(11), 11-16. Available Studies, Guangzhou, China. from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/view/11940 [c] Researcher, Library, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/11940 Guangzhou, China. *Corresponding author. Supported by the China National Social Science Fund Project “Yan’an Cultural Association and the Construction of Marxist Discourse INTRODUCTION Power” (Project Number: 2019BDJ032); The 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Guangzhou The rise of Chinese party politics began in the late Qing “Guangzhou Communist Group and the Construction of Marxist Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Liang Qichao, Discourse Power” (Project Number: 2020GZYB51). Ma Xiangbo, Yang Du and others imitated the Western political system to advocate party politics in China, Received 11 August 2020; accepted 7 October 2020 Published online 26 November 2020 which strongly promoted the historical process of China’s political democratization and diplomatic democratization. In response to the current situation of China’s domestic Abstract and foreign troubles, the people’s requirements for Since modern times, Chinese intellectual Liang Qichao participating in the country’s political and foreign affairs and others have imitated the Western political system by organizing political parties have been increasing. -
China As an Issue: Artistic and Intellectual Practices Since the Second Half of the 20Th Century, Volume 1 — Edited by Carol Yinghua Lu and Paolo Caffoni
China as an Issue: Artistic and Intellectual Practices Since the Second Half of the 20th Century, Volume 1 — Edited by Carol Yinghua Lu and Paolo Caffoni 1 China as an Issue is an ongoing lecture series orga- nized by the Beijing Inside-Out Art Museum since 2018. Chinese scholars are invited to discuss topics related to China or the world, as well as foreign schol- ars to speak about China or international questions in- volving the subject of China. Through rigorous scruti- nization of a specific issue we try to avoid making generalizations as well as the parochial tendency to reject extraterritorial or foreign theories in the study of domestic issues. The attempt made here is not only to see the world from a local Chinese perspective, but also to observe China from a global perspective. By calling into question the underlying typology of the inside and the outside we consider China as an issue requiring discussion, rather than already having an es- tablished premise. By inviting fellow thinkers from a wide range of disciplines to discuss these topics we were able to negotiate and push the parameters of art and stimulate a discourse that intersects the arts with other discursive fields. The idea to publish the first volume of China as An Issue was initiated before the rampage of the coron- avirus pandemic. When the virus was prefixed with “China,” we also had doubts about such self-titling of ours. However, after some struggles and considera- tion, we have increasingly found the importance of 2 discussing specific viewpoints and of clarifying and discerning the specific historical, social, cultural and political situations the narrator is in and how this helps us avoid discussions that lack direction or substance. -
Rethinking the Twentieth Century Denigration of Traditional Chinese Science And
Rethinking the Twentieth Century Denigration of Traditional Chinese Science and Medicine in the Twenty-first Century Benjamin A. Elman Professor of East Asian Studies and History Princeton University Prepared for the 6th International Conference on The New Significance of Chinese Culture in the Twenty-first Century: "The Interaction and Confluence of Chinese and Non-Chinese Civilization," co-sponsored by the Himalaya Foundation and the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation, and held at the International Sinological Center at Charles University in Prague, The Czech Republic, November 1-2, 2003 Abstract: Western scholars and westernized Chinese scholars have often essentialized the European history of science as the universalist progress of knowledge. When Chinese studies of the natural world, her rich medieval traditions of alchemy, or pre-Jesuit mathematical and astronomical achievements are discussed, they are usually treated dismissively to contrast them with the triumphant objectivity and rationality of the modern sciences in Western Europe and the United States. Many twentieth century scholars were rightly convinced that pre-modern China had no industrial revolution and had never produced capitalism. As the evidence of a rich tradition of natural studies and medicine has accrued in volume after unrelenting volume of Joseph Needham's Science and Civilisation in China project after 1954, it has become harder and harder to gainsay it all as superstition or irrationality or inductive luck. Ironically, the long-term history of Western science has been decisively refracted when viewed through the lenses chronicling the demise of traditional Chinese natural studies, technology, and medicine. Study of pre-modern Chinese science, technology, and medicine has restored a measure of respect to traditional Chinese natural studies and thereby granted priority to research in areas where the received wisdom was suspect, based as it was on careless speculation about banal generalities. -
Sun Yatsen, Liang Qichao: Friends, Foes and Nationalism
Sun Yatsen, Liang Qichao: Friends, Foes and Nationalism SOPHIE SITE JIA The founding father of the Republic of China, Sun Yatsen was born in 1866 in Xiangshan, a county in Guangdong province. In neighboring Xinhui County, Liang Qichao, another important Chinese intellectual, who inspired Chinese reform movement in the late 1800s, was born seven years later. No one would have expected that those two men would maintain a very intricate relationship in ending China’s last feudal empire, regarding each other as both friend and foe at different points in their lifetimes. Unlike Liang, who was a member of the literati class, Sun had very few literati credentials and stressed his connections with the southern anti-Manchuism of both the Taipings and the secret societies of the Triads in the late 1800s. On the other hand, after the failure of the Hundred Days’ Reform with his mentor Kang Youwei in 1898, Liang was forced to flee the country, seeking refuge in Japan in the first few years of the 1900s. It was during this time that Liang was first introduced to the idea of nationalism, which greatly influenced Sun’s idea of nationalism as one of the core concepts of his “Three Principles of the People.” In Liang’s mind, China should embrace daminzuzhuyi (broad nationalism), holding various ethnic groups in the arms of a unified China. In order to achieve that end, Liang, for most of career, believed that a gradual transition within the Manchu government would be most effective. Sun certainly could not agree. To him, it was the first priority to get rid of the Manchu rule for a Han-centered Chinese nationalism.