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The Internal and External Competition and System Changes Under the Background of Modern Chinese Party Politics

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The Internal and External Competition and System Changes Under the Background of Modern Chinese Party Politics ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 16, No. 11, 2020, pp. 11-16 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/11940 www.cscanada.org The Internal and External Competition and System Changes Under the Background of Modern Chinese Party Politics ZENG Rong[a]; LIU Yanhan[b]; ZENG Qinhan[c],* [a]Professor, School of Marxism, Guangdong University of Foreign Zeng, R., Liu, Y. H., & Zeng, Q. H. (2020). The Internal and External Studies, Guangzhou, China. Competition and System Changes Under the Background of Modern [b]Researcher, School of Marxism, Guangdong University of Foreign Chinese Party Politics. Canadian Social Science, 16(11), 11-16. Available Studies, Guangzhou, China. from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/view/11940 [c] Researcher, Library, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/11940 Guangzhou, China. *Corresponding author. Supported by the China National Social Science Fund Project “Yan’an Cultural Association and the Construction of Marxist Discourse INTRODUCTION Power” (Project Number: 2019BDJ032); The 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Guangzhou The rise of Chinese party politics began in the late Qing “Guangzhou Communist Group and the Construction of Marxist Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Liang Qichao, Discourse Power” (Project Number: 2020GZYB51). Ma Xiangbo, Yang Du and others imitated the Western political system to advocate party politics in China, Received 11 August 2020; accepted 7 October 2020 Published online 26 November 2020 which strongly promoted the historical process of China’s political democratization and diplomatic democratization. In response to the current situation of China’s domestic Abstract and foreign troubles, the people’s requirements for Since modern times, Chinese intellectual Liang Qichao participating in the country’s political and foreign affairs and others have imitated the Western political system by organizing political parties have been increasing. Based and vigorously advocated and implemented party politics on the consideration of gaining an important position in in order to promote the historical process of political internal affairs and diplomacy, all major political parties, democratization and diplomacy in modern China. As including Xianyouhui, Xinhai Club, National Association, China was in the current situation of internal and external National Public Party, Republican Federation of Five troubles, various political parties have advocated national Nationalities, Populace Party, Progressive Party, etc. diplomacy, and have written national diplomacy policies who were directly written Diplomacy into the party’s into the party constitution or political program as a constitution or political program. guideline for the fierce competition on the domestic and Due to frequent divisions and reorganizations among foreign affairs arena. Due to the frequent divisions and political parties, their respective political programs and reorganizations between political parties, the political political ideas were confused with each other, and the programs and political ideas of the political parties were responsibilities and obligations of party members were confused with each other, and the responsibilities and ambiguous, leading to increasingly complex internal and obligations of party members were blurred, resulting in external competition under the political background of the increasingly complex internal and external competition modern Chinese parties, which reflected the historical of modern Chinese political parties, which reflected the state of mutual influence and mutual restraint between modern Chinese political system Major changes. party politics and internal affairs and diplomacy under the Key words: Party politics; National diplomacy; background of the changes of modern Chinese political System changes system. 11 Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture The Internal and External Competition and System Changes Under the Background of Modern Chinese Party Politics 1. THE FORMATION OF PARTY POLITICS same time, the participation of the people in the political During the Reform Movement of 1898, Chinese demands has increased their influence in foreign affairs. intellectuals Liang Qichao, Yan Fu and others were In this context, the people have explored feasible ways yearning for the political party system in Europe and to participate in political and foreign affairs by learning the United States. They were keen to learn, introduce from the party systems of Japan and Western countries. and spread the constitutional theory and party system of On May 23, 1909, an editorial in the “Shengjing Times” Western countries. In particular, some constitutionalists pointed out: All countries in the world today have political actively used newspapers, public opinion, assembly parties and organizations that belong to a constitutional speeches and other methods to vigorously advocate government. For example, the Conservative Party and the Western party politics. Judging from the situation at Liberal Party oppose each other and become an important the time, the people’s reference and dissemination force influencing national politics. Although Japan’s of the Western party system generally experienced a implementation of a constitutional government was complex process from propaganda and learning, to relatively late, Japan’s Seiyukai and constitutional parties the establishment of an organization, and finally to hold important seats in the House of Representatives and differentiation and combination. became key forces influencing political trends. Obviously, After the Qing government issued a preliminary in the eyes of people at the time, establishing a political constitutional decree, the Chinese people set off a wave party and using it to supervise the government and of learning about the party system of Western countries. participate in diplomacy was a viable path for citizens to On October 7, 1907, the official publication “Zhenglun” participate in foreign affairs. Therefore, someone proposed of Zhengwensha was launched in Tokyo, Japan. The at that time: constitutional politics has certain feasibility journal separately invited Japan’s former Liberal and superiority, but the prerequisite for implementing Party Prime Minister Itagaki Retire and Constitutional constitutional politics was to organize a strong political Improvement Party Prime Minister Okuma Shigenobu to party, which represented the opinions of the people and write prefaces to express their respect and yearning for implements the supervision function of the government. political parties in European and American countries. At What needs to be clarified is that the people’s the same time, Liang Qichao, Ma Xiangbo, Yang Du and discussion of the diplomatic relationship between political others vigorously advocated and formed political parties parties and citizens has borrowed from Japan’s experience in China. In a letter to Yang Du, Liang Qichao proposed in a sense. On June 14, 1910, Huang Yuanyong, hailed to form a political party. In response, Yang Du agreed in as China’s first truly modern journalist, once said that in his reply and emphasized that convening the Congress the early Meiji era of Japan, under the strong promotion is the first priority for the establishment of a political of political parties, citizens participated in diplomacy party (Ding, 1983, p.398). With the increasing public to abolish unequal treaties, and to achieve equality in opinion in the convening of parliaments from all walks of national diplomacy. However, in China, the issue of life, the Constitutional Research Association established political parties has become a key issue related to national by Lei Fen, Ma Xiangbo and others, the Zhengwen sovereignty and interests. In this regard, Huang Yuanyong Society organized by Jiang Zhiyou and others, and the proposed that the establishment of a political party Constitutional Conference initiated by Zhang Jian and within the last two to three years would be a prerequisite others have become notices initiated by Chinese political issue related to the survival of China (Huang, 1910). parties. Huang Yuanyong’s forward-looking words reflected the In the current situation of China’s domestic and people’s strong desire to form a political party to realize foreign troubles, the Qing government’s foreign policy government supervision and participation in diplomacy. of losing power and humiliating the country aroused the In this context, the public has gradually stepped into strong desire of citizens to participate in diplomacy. The the implementation stage of the establishment of the people consciously included diplomacy in the discussion organization from the introduction stage of the propaganda of party politics-related issues, and triggered a discussion of the political party. on the relationship between party politics and national In August 1910, China’s provinces established diplomacy. On April 21, 1908, an editorial in the “Ta the Federation of Advisory Bureaus, a public opinion Kung Pao” titled “The So-called National Diplomat” organization composed of elected members and with the emphasized the importance of the people’s participation in nature of local councils. In March 1911, Sun Hongyi, the country’s political and diplomatic affairs, and believed the representative of the Federation of Consultative that the role of public opinion in citizens’ participation in Councils,
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