DOCSLIB.ORG

Rapporto Sulla Campagna Antartica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rapporto Sulla Campagna Antartica PPROGRAMMA NNAZIONALE DI RRICERCHE IN AANTARTIDE Rapporto sulla Campagna Antartica Estate Australe 2014-2015 Trentesima Spedizione ANT 2015/01 PPROGRAMMA NNAZIONALE DI RRICERCHE IN AANTARTIDE Rapporto sulla Campagna Antartica Estate Australe 2014-2015 Trentesima Spedizione A cura di Vilma Melchiori ISSN 1723-7084 Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide ENEA/UTA - Via Anguillarese, 301 - c.p. 2400, 00100 Roma A.D. Tel.: 06 30484816, Fax: 06 30484893, E-mail: [email protected] Indice SOMMARIO Sommario ...................................................................................................................................... v Introduzione ................................................................................................................................ vii CAPITOLO 1 .................................................................................................................................. 1 ATTIVITA’ PRESSO LA BASE MARIO ZUCCHELLI ..................................................................... 1 1.1 ATTIVITÀ SCIENTIFICA .......................................................................................................... 3 Progetto 2009/B.01: Osservazioni di geomagnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in Antartide ........................... 6 Progetto 2009/B.05: Osservatori sismologici permanenti in Antartide, Osservatorio di MZS ....................... 7 Progetto 2009/B.06: Osservatorio Meteo-Climatologico ............................................................................. 10 Progetto 2013/AC3.08: Studio bipolare di fenomeni magnetosferici con SuperDARN ed osservazioni ottiche e magnetiche .................................................................................................. 13 Progetto 2013/AZ1.01: Adattamenti di un predatore di vertice in Antartide: struttura genetica di popolazione e nicchia trofica della foca di Weddell a Baia Terra Nova ..................... 14 Progetto 2013/AZ1.03: Progetto ACAB-ACidification effects on Antarctic Benthos ....................................... 17 Progetto 2013/AZ1.05: Ecologia del Permafrost a Victoria Land: passato presente ed evoluzione futura in un contesto di cambiamento climatico ......................................................... 19 Progetto 2013/AZ1.08: Ruolo trofico e influenza dell’orca (Orcinus orca) nell’ecosistema antartico ............. 23 Progetto 2013/AZ1.18: Ricerche integrate sulla ecologia dell’AntarctIc Silverfish nel MarE di Ross (RAISE) ...................................................................................................................... 32 Progetto 2013/AZ1.21: Un approccio molecolare per studiare la biodiversità e le specie criptiche dei metazoi bentonici nel Mare di Ross ........................................................................... 35 Progetto 2013/AZ1.22: Conservazione di un mesopredatore polare sensibile ai cambiamenti dell’ecosistema antartico ............................................................................................ 38 Progetto 2013/AZ2.02: Eredità tettonica in northern Victoria Land: il ruolo delle discontinuità paleozoiche nell’evoluzione geodinamica recente e l’influenza nell’instaurarsi della glaciazione antartica .......................................................................................... 41 Progetto 2013/AZ2.03: Misure geodetiche per il monitoraggio della Terra Vittoria settentrionale .................. 43 Progetto 2013/AZ2.04: Meteoriti Antartiche .................................................................................................... 47 Progetto 2013/AZ2.05: Valutazione dell’impatto ambientale relativo a sostanze chimiche ed inquinanti organici (POPs) derivanti dal processo di fusione di neve/ghiaccio in Antartide ....... 48 Progetto 2013/AZ2.07: Evoluzione tettono-magmatica neogenico-quaternaria della regione del Mare di Ross ....................................................................................................................... 49 Progetto 2013/AZ2.08: Forzanti climatica e tettonica sui processi di dispersione dei sedimenti nel West Antarctic Rift System della South Victoria Land: uno studio di provenienza “Source-to-sink” e “multi-proxy” ............................................................. 50 Progetto 2013-AZ3.02: TANGO - Tropospheric hAlogeNs Ground-based & satellite Observations .............. 55 Progetto 2013/AZ3.04: Scambi e relazioni aria-neve per elementi in tracce e composti organici di interesse climatico ...................................................................................................... 59 v Indice 1.2 – ATTIVITA’ LOGISTICA........................................................................................................ 63 SERVIZIO SANITARIO ................................................................................................................................... 65 SERVIZI TECNICO-LOGISTICI ....................................................................................................................... 67 SERVIZI TECNICO-SCIENTIFICI DI SUPPORTO .......................................................................................... 75 SUPPORTO LOGISTICO-OPERATIVO ........................................................................................................... 99 CAPITOLO 2 .............................................................................................................................. 109 ATTIVITA’ PRESSO LA STAZIONE CONCORDIA .................................................................... 109 2.1 ATTIVITA’ SCIENTIFICA...................................................................................................... 111 Progetto 2009/A3.01: Studio bipolare di fenomeni aurorali con i radar SuperDARN e con osservazioni ottiche .................................................................................................. 113 Progetto 2009/B.04: Misure dei flussi di radiazione solare ed infrarossa alla superficie sul Plateau Antartico presso la Stazione Concordia (sito BSRN) ............................................... 116 Progetto 2009/B.05: Permanent seismological observatories in Antarctica - SEISMIC OBSERVATORY AT BASE CONCORDIA .............................................................. 117 Progetto 2009/B.06: Osservatorio Meteo-Climatologico ........................................................................... 119 Progetto 2013/AC3.01: Concordia Multi-Process Atmospheric Studies (CoMPASs) .................................... 119 Progetto 2013/AC3.02: PROJECT IRAIT-ITM ............................................................................................... 121 Progetto 2013/AC3.03: Cicli di mercurio e intrappolamento nel manto nevoso a Dome C ........................... 125 Progetto 2013/AC3.04: CASPER Project ...................................................................................................... 127 Progetto 2013/AC3.05: PRE-REC - PREcipitation Retrieval at Concordia ................................................... 139 Progetto 2013/AC3.08: GEOWAVES Project ................................................................................................ 141 2.2 ATTIVITA’ LOGISTICA ........................................................................................................ 145 SERVIZI TECNICO LOGISTICI ...................................................................................................................... 147 CAPITOLO 3 .............................................................................................................................. 159 ATTIVITA’ PRESSO BASI E/O NAVI STRANIERE .................................................................... 159 Progetto 2009/B.07: Rete di osservatori sismologici a larga banda nella regione del Mare di Scotia ...... 161 Progetto 2009/B.09: Marine Observatory in The Ross Sea ...................................................................... 163 Progetto 2013/C1.01: Impatti del cambiamento climatico su vegetazione e permafrost: interazioni, feedback e significato per la biodiversità in Antartide marittima .............................. 167 Progetto 2013/C1.07: Prime fasi di sviluppo larvale e strategie riproduttive dei nototenioidei nell'Arco di Scozia ................................................................................................................... 170 Progetto 2013/AN2.01: ROSSLOPE II: Dinamica sedimentaria passata ed attuale nel Mare di Ross: un approccio multidisciplinare allo studio della scarpata continentale .................... 173 Progetto 2013/AZ1.18: Campagna internazionale CCAMLR (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources),“Estimation of sub-adult Antarctic toothfish abundance in the southern Ross Sea using longline surveys” ................................ 174 ALLEGATO 1 ............................................................................................................................. 179 ALLEGATO 2 ............................................................................................................................. 189 ALLEGATO 3 ............................................................................................................................. 205 vi Introduzione INTRODUZIONE La XXX Spedizione antartica del PNRA si è svolta in linea con la programmazione basata sul documento di indirizzi e linee strategiche per il Programma Esecutivo Annuale 2014 trasmesso al MIUR dalla CSNA il 6 giugno 2014, sulla
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PROGETTO ANTARTIDE Rapporto Sulla Campagna Antartica Estate Australe 1996
    PROGRAMMA NAZIONALE DI RICERCHE IN ANTARTIDE Rapporto sulla Campagna Antartica Estate Australe 1996 - 97 Dodicesima Spedizione PROGETTO ANTARTIDE ANT 97/02 PROGRAMMA NAZIONALE DI RICERCHE IN ANTARTIDE Rapporto sulla Campagna Antartica Estate Australe 1996 - 97 Dodicesima Spedizione A cura di J. Mϋller, T. Pugliatti, M.C. Ramorino, C.A. Ricci PROGETTO ANTARTIDE ENEA - Progetto Antartide Via Anguillarese,301 c.p.2400,00100 Roma A.D. Tel.: 06-30484816,Fax:06-30484893,E-mail:[email protected] I N D I C E Premessa SETTORE 1 - EVOLUZIONE GEOLOGICA DEL CONTINENTE ANTARTICO E DELL'OCEANO MERIDIONALE Area Tematica 1a Evoluzione Geologica del Continente Antartico Progetto 1a.1 Evoluzione del cratone est-antartico e del margine paleo-pacifico del Gondwana.3 Progetto 1a.2 Evoluzione mesozoica e cenozoica del Mare di Ross ed aree adiacenti..............11 Progetto 1a.3 Magmatismo Cenozoico del margine occidentale antartico..................................17 Progetto 1a.4 Cartografia geologica, geomorfologica e geofisica ...............................................18 Area Tematica 1b-c Margini della Placca Antartica e Bacini Periantartici Progetto 1b-c.1 Strutture crostali ed evoluzione cenozoica della Penisola Antartica e del margine coniugato cileno ......................................................................................25 Progetto 1b-c.2 Indagini geofisiche sul sistema deposizionale glaciale al margine pacifico della Penisola Antartica.........................................................................................42
    [Show full text]
  • Everyone's Guide to Bypassing Internet Censorship
    EVERYONE’S GUIDE TO BY-PASSING INTERNET CENSORSHIP FOR CITIZENS WORLDWIDE A CIVISEC PROJECT The Citizen Lab The University of Toronto September, 2007 cover illustration by Jane Gowan Glossary page 4 Introduction page 5 Choosing Circumvention page 8 User self-assessment Provider self-assessment Technology page 17 Web-based Circumvention Systems Tunneling Software Anonymous Communications Systems Tricks of the trade page 28 Things to remember page 29 Further reading page 29 Circumvention Technologies Circumvention technologies are any tools, software, or methods used to bypass Inter- net filtering. These can range from complex computer programs to relatively simple manual steps, such as accessing a banned website stored on a search engine’s cache, instead of trying to access it directly. Circumvention Providers Circumvention providers install software on a computer in a non-filtered location and make connections to this computer available to those who access the Internet from a censored location. Circumvention providers can range from large commercial organi- zations offering circumvention services for a fee to individuals providing circumven- tion services for free. Circumvention Users Circumvention users are individuals who use circumvention technologies to bypass Internet content filtering. 4 Internet censorship, or content filtering, has become a major global problem. Whereas once it was assumed that states could not control Internet communications, according to research by the OpenNet Initiative (http://opennet.net) more than 25 countries now engage in Internet censorship practices. Those with the most pervasive filtering policies have been found to routinely block access to human rights organi- zations, news, blogs, and web services that challenge the status quo or are deemed threatening or undesirable.
    [Show full text]
  • S41467-018-05625-3.Pdf
    ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05625-3 OPEN Holocene reconfiguration and readvance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet Sarah L. Greenwood 1, Lauren M. Simkins2,3, Anna Ruth W. Halberstadt 2,4, Lindsay O. Prothro2 & John B. Anderson2 How ice sheets respond to changes in their grounding line is important in understanding ice sheet vulnerability to climate and ocean changes. The interplay between regional grounding 1234567890():,; line change and potentially diverse ice flow behaviour of contributing catchments is relevant to an ice sheet’s stability and resilience to change. At the last glacial maximum, marine-based ice streams in the western Ross Sea were fed by numerous catchments draining the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Here we present geomorphological and acoustic stratigraphic evidence of ice sheet reorganisation in the South Victoria Land (SVL) sector of the western Ross Sea. The opening of a grounding line embayment unzipped ice sheet sub-sectors, enabled an ice flow direction change and triggered enhanced flow from SVL outlet glaciers. These relatively small catchments behaved independently of regional grounding line retreat, instead driving an ice sheet readvance that delivered a significant volume of ice to the ocean and was sustained for centuries. 1 Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden. 2 Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. 3 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. 4 Department
    [Show full text]
  • W Shekatkar Committee Report W Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan W
    MONTHLY MAGAZINE FOR TNPSC EXAMS MAY–2020 w Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan w Cleanest City List w Shekatkar Committee Report w Konark Sun Temple w Char Dham Project w Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan VETRII IAS STUDY CIRCLE TNPSC CURRENT AFFAIRS MAY - 2020 An ISO 9001 : 2015 Institution | Providing Excellence Since 2011 Head Office Old No.52, New No.1, 9th Street, F Block, 1st Avenue Main Road, (Near Istha siddhi Vinayakar Temple), Anna Nagar East – 600102. Phone: 044-2626 5326 | 98844 72636 | 98844 21666 | 98844 32666 Branches SALEM KOVAI No.189/1, Meyanoor Road, Near ARRS Multiplex, (Near Salem New No.347, D.S.Complex (3rd floor), Nehru Street,Near Gandhipuram bus Stand), Opp. Venkateshwara Complex, Salem - 636004. Central Bus Stand, Ramnagar, Kovai - 9 0427-2330307 | 95001 22022 75021 65390 Educarreerr Location Vivekanandha Educational Institutions for Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode - TK Namakkal District - 637 205. 04288 - 234670 | 91 94437 34670 Patrician College of Arts and Science, 3, Canal Bank Rd, Gandhi Nagar, Opposite to Kotturpuram Railway Station, Adyar, Chennai - 600020. 044 - 24401362 | 044 - 24426913 Sree Saraswathi Thyagaraja College Palani Road, Thippampatti, Pollachi - 642 107 73737 66550 | 94432 66008 | 90951 66009 www.vetriias.com My Dear Aspirants, Greetings to all of you! “What we think we become” Gautama Buddha. We all have dreams. To make dreams come into reality it takes a lot of determination, dedication, self discipline and continuous effort. We at VETRII IAS Study Circle are committed to provide the right guidance, quality coaching and help every aspirants to achieve his or her life’s cherished goal of becoming a civil servant.
    [Show full text]
  • Decoy Routing: Toward Unblockable Internet Communication
    Decoy Routing: Toward Unblockable Internet Communication Josh Karlin Daniel Ellard Alden W. Jackson Christine E. Jones [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Greg Lauer David P. Mankins W. Timothy Strayer [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Raytheon BBN Technologies an indirect method, such as a proxy server placed out- side of the filtered network. At a high level, this is the Abstract mechanism used by popular services such as Tor [13], Global Pass [4], and anonymizer.com [2]. Clients con- We present decoy routing, a mechanism capable of cir- nect to a server located outside of the filtered network, cumventing common network filtering strategies. Unlike and the server connects to the blacklisted destination on other circumvention techniques, decoy routing does not the client’s behalf. Although these services use differ- require a client to connect to a specific IP address (which ent techniques (VPNs, SOCKS proxies, HTTP proxies, is easily blocked) in order to provide circumvention. We content forwarders) we categorize them collectively as a show that if it is possible for a client to connect to any circumvention proxy or proxy. unblocked host/service, then decoy routing could be used to connect them to a blocked destination without coop- The problem with the proxy approach to circumven- eration from the host. This is accomplished by placing tion is that the adversary can also blacklist the circum- the circumvention service in the network itself – where vention proxy, preventing communication between the a single device could proxy traffic between a significant client and the proxy.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Northern Convoy Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica
    Journal of Maps ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjom20 Geology of the northern Convoy Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica Giovanni Capponi , Chiara Montomoli , Stefano Casale & Matteo Simonetti To cite this article: Giovanni Capponi , Chiara Montomoli , Stefano Casale & Matteo Simonetti (2020) Geology of the northern Convoy Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica, Journal of Maps, 16:2, 702-709, DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2020.1822218 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1822218 © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group View supplementary material Published online: 08 Oct 2020. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjom20 JOURNAL OF MAPS 2020, VOL. 16, NO. 2, 702–709 https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1822218 Science Geology of the northern Convoy Range, Victoria Land, Antarctica Giovanni Capponi a, Chiara Montomoli b, Stefano Casalec and Matteo Simonettib aDISTAV, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; bDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; cDipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY In this paper, we supply a geological map of the area between 76°–76°30′S and 159°–163°E, that Received 14 November 2019 was the only missing portion to complete an entire coverage of Victoria Land, filling the gap Revised 17 March 2020 between the GIGAMAP program (to the north) and the maps by the New Zealand Antarctic Accepted 7 September 2020 program (to the south).
    [Show full text]
  • A Privacy Threat for Internet Users in Internet-Censoring Countries
    A Privacy Threat for Internet Users in Internet-censoring Countries Feno Heriniaina R. College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Keywords: Censorship, Human Computer Interaction, Privacy, Virtual Private Networks. Abstract: Online surveillance has been increasingly used by different governments to control the spread of information on the Internet. The magnitude of this activity differs widely and is based primarily on the areas that are deemed, by the state, to be critical. Aside from the use of keywords and the complete domain name filtering technologies, Internet censorship can sometimes even use the total blocking of IP addresses to censor content. Despite the advances, in terms of technology used for Internet censorship, there are also different types of circumvention tools that are available to the general public. In this paper, we report the results of our investigation on how migrants who previously had access to the open Internet behave toward Internet censorship when subjected to it. Four hundred and thirty-two (432) international students took part in the study that lasted two years. We identified the most common circumvention tools that are utilized by the foreign students in China. We investigated the usability of these tools and monitored the way in which they are used. We identified a behaviour-based privacy threat that puts the users of circumvention tools at risk while they live in an Internet-censoring country. We also recommend the use of a user-oriented filtering method, which should be considered as part of the censoring system, as it enhances the performance of the screening process and recognizes the real needs of its users.
    [Show full text]
  • Report November 1996
    International Council of Scientific Unions No13 report November 1996 Contents SCAR Group of Specialists on Global Change and theAntarctic (GLOCHANT) Report of bipolar meeting of GLOCHANT / IGBP-PAGES Task Group 2 on Palaeoenvironments from Ice Cores (PICE), 1995 1 Report of GLOCHANTTask Group 3 on Ice Sheet Mass Balance and Sea-Level (ISMASS), 1995 6 Report of GLOCHANT IV meeting, 1996 16 GLOCHANT IV Appendices 27 Published by the SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTIC RESEARCH at the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS SCIENTIFIC COMMITfEE ON ANTARCTIC RESEARCH SCAR Report No 13, November 1996 Contents SCAR Group of Specialists on Global Change and theAntarctic (GLOCHANT) Report of bipolar meeting of GLOCHANT / IGBP-PAGES Task Group 2 on Palaeoenvironments from Ice Cores (PICE), 1995 1 Report of GLOCHANT Task Group 3 on Ice Sheet Mass Balance and Sea-Level (ISMASS), 1995 6 Report of GLOCHANT IV meeting, 1996 16 GLOCHANT IV Appendices 27 Published by the SCIENTIFIC COMMITfEE ON ANT ARCTIC RESEARCH at the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom SCAR Group of Specialists on Global Change and the Antarctic (GLOCHANT) Report of the 1995 bipolar meeting of the GLOCHANT I IGBP-PAGES Task Group 2 on Palaeoenvironments from Ice Cores. (PICE) Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 15-16 September; 1995 Members ofthe PICE Group present Dr. D. Raynaud (Chainnan, France), Dr. D. Peel (Secretary, U.K.}, Dr. J. White (U.S.A.}, Mr. V. Morgan (Australia), Dr. V. Lipenkov (Russia), Dr. J. Jouzel (France), Dr. H. Shoji (Japan, proxy for Prof. 0. Watanabe). Apologies: Prof. 0.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Compiled by Mike Wing New Zealand Antarctic Society (Inc
    ANTARCTIC 1 Compiled by Mike Wing US bulldozer, 1: 202, 340, 12: 54, New Zealand Antarctic Society (Inc) ACECRC, see Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperation Research Centre Volume 1-26: June 2009 Acevedo, Capitan. A.O. 4: 36, Ackerman, Piers, 21: 16, Vessel names are shown viz: “Aconcagua” Ackroyd, Lieut. F: 1: 307, All book reviews are shown under ‘Book Reviews’ Ackroyd-Kelly, J. W., 10: 279, All Universities are shown under ‘Universities’ “Aconcagua”, 1: 261 Aircraft types appear under Aircraft. Acta Palaeontolegica Polonica, 25: 64, Obituaries & Tributes are shown under 'Obituaries', ACZP, see Antarctic Convergence Zone Project see also individual names. Adam, Dieter, 13: 6, 287, Adam, Dr James, 1: 227, 241, 280, Vol 20 page numbers 27-36 are shared by both Adams, Chris, 11: 198, 274, 12: 331, 396, double issues 1&2 and 3&4. Those in double issue Adams, Dieter, 12: 294, 3&4 are marked accordingly. Adams, Ian, 1: 71, 99, 167, 229, 263, 330, 2: 23, Adams, J.B., 26: 22, Adams, Lt. R.D., 2: 127, 159, 208, Adams, Sir Jameson Obituary, 3: 76, A Adams Cape, 1: 248, Adams Glacier, 2: 425, Adams Island, 4: 201, 302, “101 In Sung”, f/v, 21: 36, Adamson, R.G. 3: 474-45, 4: 6, 62, 116, 166, 224, ‘A’ Hut restorations, 12: 175, 220, 25: 16, 277, Aaron, Edwin, 11: 55, Adare, Cape - see Hallett Station Abbiss, Jane, 20: 8, Addison, Vicki, 24: 33, Aboa Station, (Finland) 12: 227, 13: 114, Adelaide Island (Base T), see Bases F.I.D.S. Abbott, Dr N.D.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Initiatives to Promote Global Internet Freedom: Issues, Policy, and Technology
    U.S. Initiatives to Promote Global Internet Freedom: Issues, Policy, and Technology Patricia Moloney Figliola, Coordinator Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy Kennon H. Nakamura Analyst in Foreign Affairs Casey L. Addis Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs Thomas Lum Specialist in Asian Affairs September 8, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41120 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S. Initiatives to Promote Global Internet Freedom: Issues, Policy, and Technology Summary Modern means of communications, led by the Internet, provide a relatively inexpensive, open, easy-entry means of sharing ideas, information, pictures, and text around the world. In a political and human rights context, in closed societies when the more established, formal news media is denied access to or does not report on specified news events, the Internet has become an alternative source of media, and sometimes a means to organize politically. The openness and the freedom of expression allowed through blogs, social networks, video sharing sites, and other tools of today’s communications technology has proven to be an unprecedented and often disruptive force in some closed societies. Governments that seek to maintain their authority and control the ideas and information their citizens receive are often caught in a dilemma: they feel that they need access to the Internet to participate in commerce in the global market and for economic growth and technological development, but fear that allowing open access to the Internet potentially weakens their control over their citizens. The ongoing situation of Google in China is representative of these issues.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Initiatives to Promote Global Internet Freedom: Issues, Policy, and Technology
    U.S. Initiatives to Promote Global Internet Freedom: Issues, Policy, and Technology Patricia Moloney Figliola, Coordinator Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy Casey L. Addis Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs Thomas Lum Specialist in Asian Affairs January 3, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41120 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S. Initiatives to Promote Global Internet Freedom: Issues, Policy, and Technology Summary Modern means of communications, led by the Internet, provide a relatively inexpensive, open, easy-entry means of sharing ideas, information, pictures, and text around the world. In a political and human rights context, in closed societies when the more established, formal news media is denied access to or does not report on specified news events, the Internet has become an alternative source of media, and sometimes a means to organize politically. The openness and the freedom of expression allowed through blogs, social networks, video sharing sites, and other tools of today’s communications technology has proven to be an unprecedented and often disruptive force in some closed societies. Governments that seek to maintain their authority and control the ideas and information their citizens receive are often caught in a dilemma: they feel that they need access to the Internet to participate in commerce in the global market and for economic growth and technological development, but fear that allowing open access to the Internet potentially weakens their control over their citizens. The ongoing situation of Google in China is representative of these issues. Legislation now under consideration in the 111th Congress would mandate that U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • For Citizens Worldwide
    EVERYONE’S GUIDE TO BY-PASSING INTERNET CENSORSHIP FOR CITIZENS WORLDWIDE A CIVISEC PROJECT The Citizen Lab The University of Toronto September, 2007 cover illustration by Jane Gowan Glossary page 4 Introduction page 5 Choosing Circumvention page 8 User self-assessment Provider self-assessment Technology page 17 Web-based Circumvention Systems Tunneling Software Anonymous Communications Systems Tricks of the trade page 28 Things to remember page 29 Further reading page 29 Circumvention Technologies Circumvention technologies are any tools, software, or methods used to bypass Inter- net filtering. These can range from complex computer programs to relatively simple manual steps, such as accessing a banned website stored on a search engine’s cache, instead of trying to access it directly. Circumvention Providers Circumvention providers install software on a computer in a non-filtered location and make connections to this computer available to those who access the Internet from a censored location. Circumvention providers can range from large commercial organi- zations offering circumvention services for a fee to individuals providing circumven- tion services for free. Circumvention Users Circumvention users are individuals who use circumvention technologies to bypass Internet content filtering. 4 Internet censorship, or content filtering, has become a major global problem. Whereas once it was assumed that states could not control Internet communications, according to research by the OpenNet Initiative (http.opennet.net) more than 25 countries now engage in Internet censorship practices. Those with the most pervasive filtering policies have been found to routinely block access to human rights organi- zations, news, blogs, and web services that challenge the status quo or are deemed threatening or undesirable.
    [Show full text]