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TRACHOMA Jacket 19-12-07:Layout 1 20/12/07 3:22 PM Page 1 TRACHOMA Trachoma, and the Efforts to Control It, Make a Terrific Tale TRACHOMA_jacket_19-12-07:Layout 1 20/12/07 3:22 PM Page 1 TRACHOMA Trachoma, and the efforts to control it, make a terrific tale. Hugh Taylor is just the person to tell it ... and is probably the most influential expert in the field. The book is a comprehensive tour de force ...What’s more, it reads well ... T OM L IETMAN TRACHOMA F.I. P ROCTOR F OUNDATION U NIVERSITY OF C ALIFORNIA In Trachoma: A Blinding Scourge from the H UGH R INGLAND TAYLOR, AC Bronze Age to the Twenty-first Century, was born in Melbourne and trained in Hugh Taylor presents a fascinating and ophthalmology. From 1990 until the end It is a fascinating account and will be of interest to ophthalmologists, A BLINDING SCOURGE FROM THE BRONZE AGE comprehensive review of trachoma, from of 2007, he was the Ringland Anderson ancient times through to the present. He makes Professor of Ophthalmology at the University public health and infectious diseases specialists, and all those interested in the history of TO THE TWENTY- FIRST CENTURY his own predictions and recommendations of Melbourne. He is currently the Harold medicine and the control of infectious diseases. regarding methods for eliminating this scourge Mitchell Professor of Indigenous Eye Health for all time. Trachoma, which has been targeted at the University of Melbourne. He has D AVID M ABEY by the World Health Organization (WHO) studied trachoma in five continents for over L ONDON S CHOOL OF H YGIENE & TROPICAL M EDICINE for elimination by 2020, currently affects 30 years and is Australia’s most published 84 million children in 56 countries and ophthalmologist. He and his wife Elizabeth blinds 1.5 million adults. have four children and three grandchildren. This book is the most comprehensive review of trachoma . and will become a classic for all scientists and clinicians in helping achieve WHO’s plans for trachoma elimination by 2020. This seminal and highly readable work will be invaluable for anyone who is interested T HOMAS Q UINN in trachoma, but will also appeal to those D IRECTOR, JOHNS H OPKINS C ENTER FOR G LOBAL H EALTH interested in the interface of public health and development, the history of medicine or health care development. This is a “must” for all ophthalmology and public health libraries as well as for all professionals TO THE TWENTY involved in the fight against trachoma globally. This book will remain a magnum opus on FROM THE BRONZE AGE A BLINDING SCOURGE trachoma for many years to come. GN RAO P RESIDENT, INTERNATIONAL A GENCY FOR THE P REVENTION OF B LINDNESS - FIRST CENTURY Professor Taylor has been involved in the front line of trachoma control, and represents a perfect blend of basic researcher and public health officer, ideally placed to successfully deliver the fascinating story of trachoma across decades and countries. S ILVIO P MARIOTTI C OORDINATOR, GLOBAL A LLIANCE A GAINST T RACHOMA, WORLD H EALTH O RGANIZATION Hugh R Taylor MEDICAL / MEDICAL HISTORY Hugh R Taylor FRONT COVER, TRACHOMA PAINTING: courtesy, Jennifer Summerfield and the Nganampa Health Art Collection, via Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia; photograph of painting courtesy, Cyndi Cole TRAC_textMASTER_HH_20-12-07:Layout 1 20/12/07 2:17 PM Page i TRACHOMA TRAC_textMASTER_HH_20-12-07:Layout 1 20/12/07 2:17 PM Page ii TRACHOMA A BLINDING SCOURGE FROM THE BRONZE AGE TO THE TWENTY- FIRST CENTURY Hugh R Taylor TRAC_textMASTER_HH_20-12-07:Layout 1 20/12/07 2:17 PM Page iv First published in 2008 by Centre for Eye Research Australia 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Phone: (61 3) 9929 8360 Fax: (61 3) 9662 3859 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cera.org.au Copyright © Hugh Ringland Taylor 2008 The moral rights of the author have been asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of this book, whichever is the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. Produced by Haddington Press Pty Ltd Box 3182, Domain Road P.O., South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia DEDICATION Phone: (61 3) 9866 2758 Fax: (61 3) 9866 2751 Email: [email protected] To Liz Website: www.haddingtonpress.com.au The National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Author: Taylor, Hugh R. Title: Trachoma : a blinding scourge from the Bronze Age to the twenty-first century / author, Hugh R Taylor Publisher: East Melbourne, Vic. : Centre for Eye Research Australia, 2008. ISBN: 9780975769591 (hbk.) Notes: Includes index. Subjects: Trachoma Trachoma–History Eye–Diseases. Blindness–Prevention Eye–Care and hygiene. Dewey Number: 617.7 Text and cover design by Andrew Cunningham – Studio Pazzo Printed by Everbest in China 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Every reasonable effort has been made to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material in this publication. Copyright holders who have not received a request for permission to reproduce material should contact the publisher, Centre for Eye Research Australia. Trachoma painting on front cover: courtesy, Jennifer Summerfield and the Nganampa Health Art Collection, permanent display in the Umuwa office of Nganampa Health, via Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia; photograph of painting courtesy, Cyndi Cole. The painting is by Jennifer Summerfield, an assistant health educator of Nganampa Health Council, South Australia and is used as a health promotion instrument. The pupil of the eye represents the instructor, while the iris represents Umuwa, the administrative and training centre. The eyelashes represent the Aboriginal Health Workers learning about trachoma and general eye health. The footprints represent the health workers returning to their communities symbolised by a flower shape in each corner. The flower petals represent members of the community surrounding the health workers who are discussing trachoma and its prevention in their communities. The smaller eyes represent blind and painful eyes and the white dots signify trachoma follicles. The elongated thin “worm-like” structures represent the varying degrees of scarring tissue in the tarsal conjunctiva. Somewhat hidden toward the corners are acronyms used for different stages of the disease. Photograph on page 16: reprinted from Survey of Ophthalmology, 47, Allen SK, Semba RD, The Trachoma “Menace” in the United States, 1897 to 1960, 500–9 © 2002, with permission from Elsevier. Photograph on page 88: courtesy, Michael Ward. TRAC_textMASTER_HH_20-12-07:Layout 1 20/12/07 2:17 PM Page vi Trachoma, and the efforts to control it, make a terrific tale. Dr. Hugh Taylor is just the This book, by a leading ophthalmologist who has devoted more than 30 years to research person to tell it. Dr. Taylor is probably the most influential expert in the field, and certainly on trachoma, is the first monograph on trachoma—the leading infectious cause of blindness—to have the most tireless advocate for the WHO’s elimination program. The book is a comprehensive tour de been published since the 1960’s. It includes a fascinating account of the history of this ancient disease, force—the story spans centuries from the pharaohs to 2020, and from the laboratory to rural villages. detailed descriptions of its clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment, and a critical review of strategies What’s more, it reads well … for its control. It looks forward to the prospects for its elimination as a cause of blindness by the year 2020, as proposed by a Global Alliance convened by the World Health Organization. It will be of interest T OM L IETMAN to ophthalmologists, public health and infectious diseases specialists, and all those interested in the history F.I. P ROCTOR F OUNDATION, UNIVERSITY OF C ALIFORNIA, SAN F RANCISCO of medicine and the control of infectious diseases. D AVID M ABEY Trachoma is a neglected, often blinding disease, of antiquity, common in neglected people. L ONDON S CHOOL OF H YGIENE & TROPICAL M EDICINE. Hugh Taylor relates very poignantly the story, full of pathos, of the long battle to eliminate blindness from this scourge, from the face of the earth. He shows us that there is light at the end of the tunnel, with victory in sight. Among the infectious causes of blindness, trachoma continues to be the leading contributor globally and there is no single source of information on this important subject that is current. R PARARAJASEGARAM This monograph by Hugh Taylor fills this void and should immediately find a niche for itself. F ORMER P RESIDENT, INTERNATIONAL A GENCY FOR THE P REVENTION OF B LINDNESS The author’s background and wide experience in trachoma makes him uniquely qualified to undertake C ONSULTANT, WORLD H EALTH O RGANIZATION this onerous task, which he has completed most efficiently and elegantly. This is a “must” for all ophthalmology and public health libraries as well as for all professionals involved in the fight against trachoma globally. This is a unique book, which gives a very comprehensive and detailed insight into trachoma and its This book will remain a magnum opus on trachoma for many years to come. control. The history, impact and pathogenesis of trachoma, along with the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the disease, are covered in an excellent way, with numerous valuable references; the same goes GN RAO for the overview of the evolution of trachoma classification systems, and a very didactic section on P RESIDENT, INTERNATIONAL A GENCY FOR THE P REVENTION OF B LINDNESS C HAIRMAN, VISION 2020 modern diagnostic techniques.
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