DOCSLIB.ORG

Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (HABITAT III) National Report France

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (HABITAT III) National Report France Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (HABITAT III) National report France September 2015 1 This report was written by : Maryse GAUTIER, General Engineer of Bridges, Water and Forests from the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy (MEDDE), General Council of the Environment and Sustainable Development (CGEDD) and Jérôme MASCLAUX, Chief Engineer of Bridges, Water and Forests, Ministry of Housing, Regional Equality and Rural Affairs (MLETR), General Directorate for Development, Housing and Nature, Department of Housing, Town Planning and Landscapes (DGALN/DHUP/AD) ; with the participation of Anne Charreyron-Perchet from the National Commission on Sustainable Development, and Delphine Gaudart, Jenny Pankow, Marc Calori and Franck Faucheux from the Directorate of Housing, Town Planning and Landscapes for the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy (MEDDE) and the Ministry of Housing, Regional Equality and Rural Affairs (MLETR); with the support of the Department of European and International Affairs (DAEI) of the MEDDE/MLETR. With contributions from : the Prime Minister: the General Commission for Regional Equality (CGET), provided to the MLETR and the Ministry of Cities, Youth Programmes and Sports (MVJS); the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (MAEDI): from the Department of Global Public Goods; the MEDDE/MLETR: from the National Commission on Sustainable Development, the General-Directorate for Development, Housing and Nature (DGALN), the General-Directorate for Energy and Climate (DGEC), the General-Directorate for Infrastructure, Transport and the Sea (DGITM), the General-Directorate for Risk Prevention (DGPR); the Ministry of Agriculture, Agribusiness and Forests: the General Directorate for Agricultural, Agribusiness and Regional Policies (DGPAAT); and the Social Union for Housing (USH); with the support of Marseille MIGT. This report includes the comments and observations of the French Alliance for Cities and Territorial Development (PFVT). 2 Contents Foreword.........................................................................................................................6 Introduction...................................................................................................................15 I. Urban demography...................................................................................................16 1. Demographic growth in cities...........................................................................................16 2. Managing rural-urban linkages.........................................................................................17 3. Needs of young people in cities........................................................................................19 4. The needs of the elderly in cities......................................................................................20 5. Women’s participation in urban development...................................................................22 6. Urban demography: present challenges...........................................................................24 7. Future challenges and issues...........................................................................................25 II. Land and urban planning........................................................................................27 8. Ensuring sustainable urban design and planning.............................................................27 9. Improving urban management, including preventing urban sprawl...................................29 10. Enhancing urban and peri-urban food production...........................................................30 11. Meeting the challenges of urban mobility........................................................................32 12. Improving technical capacities for city planning and management.................................34 13. Issues encountered and lessons learnt..........................................................................37 14. Future challenges and objectives...................................................................................39 III. Environment and urbanization..............................................................................42 15. Climate change..............................................................................................................42 16. Proactive risk management............................................................................................43 17. Road congestion in France.............................................................................................45 18. Air quality........................................................................................................................47 19. Lessons learned.............................................................................................................48 20. Future challenges and objectives...................................................................................49 IV. Urban governance and legislation........................................................................51 21. Factoring in urban environment and urban governance.................................................51 22. Decentralization and local authorities empowerment.....................................................52 23. Human rights and participation in urban development....................................................54 24. Safety in urban areas ....................................................................................................55 25. Social inclusion and equity.............................................................................................57 26. Urban governance and legislation : lessons drawn........................................................62 National report for the Habitat III conference – France Page 3 of 114 27. Future challenges...........................................................................................................63 V. Urban economy........................................................................................................65 28. Municipal finance............................................................................................................65 29. Reinforcing access to housing finance...........................................................................68 30. Supporting local economic development........................................................................70 31. Creating adequate jobs and means of subsistence........................................................71 32. Integrating the urban economy in national development policies....................................73 33. Urban economy: challenges and lessons.......................................................................74 34. Urban economy – Challenges for the future...................................................................76 VI. Urban services and housing..................................................................................78 35. Improving unfit housing..................................................................................................78 36. Access to adequate housing...........................................................................................80 37. Sustainable access to drinking water.............................................................................82 38. Sustainable access to wastewater treatment.................................................................84 39. Access to indigenous domestic energy...........................................................................85 40. Access to sustainable public transport............................................................................86 41. Difficulties encountered and lessons learnt....................................................................88 42. Future challenges...........................................................................................................89 Annexes.........................................................................................................................91 Annex 1. Land policies and implementation tools...................................................92 Annex 2. Understanding urban mobility challenges in the Eco-Districts..............93 Annex 3. The Eco-District Quality Mark.....................................................................95 Annex 4. Eco-Cities and Forward Investment Plans................................................97 Annex 5. Energy transition for green growth and positive energy regions...........99 Annex 6. Community participation...........................................................................101 Annex 7. Implementing social mixing at local level/the regulatory approach (Article 55 of the Solidarity and Urban Renewal Act).............................................103 Annex 8. Local planning and living space programmes........................................105 Annex 9. Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms..............................................108 National report for the Habitat III conference – France Page 4 of 114 Foreword Habitat II objectives The Habitat II Conference, held in Istanbul in June 1996, took place in a world undergoing rapid urbanization where urban ways of life were becoming widespread. This event, also popularly called the “City Summit”, assessed the scale of the challenges, by identifying, in this rapid
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Biogeochemical Imprint of Human Metabolism in Paris Megacity
    Journal of Hydrology xxx (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Hydrology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol Research papers The biogeochemical imprint of human metabolism in Paris Megacity: A regionalized analysis of a water-agro-food system ⇑ Fabien Esculier a,b, , Julia Le Noë b, Sabine Barles c, Gilles Billen b, Benjamin Créno d, Josette Garnier b, Jacques Lesavre e, Léo Petit b, Jean-Pierre Tabuchi f a Laboratoire Eau, Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU); AgroParisTech, École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEMLV), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne (UPEC): UMR MA-102, LEESU, ENPC, 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, 77455 Champs sur Marne cedex 2, France b Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS); École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université: UMR7619, METIS, UPMC, Case courrier 105, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France c Géographie-Cités; CNRS, Université Paris I – Panthéon-Sorbonne, Université Paris VII – Paris Diderot: UMR 8504, Géographie-Cités, 13 rue du Four, 75006 Paris, France d Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC), 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, 77455 Champs sur Marne cedex 2, France e Agence de l’Eau Seine Normandie (AESN), 51 rue Salvador Allende, 92027 Nanterre Cedex, France f Syndicat Interdépartemental d’Assainissement de l’Agglomération Parisienne (SIAAP), 2 rue Jules César, 75589 Paris Cedex 12, France article info abstract Article history: Megacities are facing a twofold challenge regarding resources: (i) ensure their availability for a growing Available online xxxx urban population and (ii) limit the impact of resource losses to the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Connectivity and Accessibility Between Tram Stops and Public Facilities: a Case Study in the Historic Cities of Europe
    Urban Street Design & Planning 73 A study on connectivity and accessibility between tram stops and public facilities: a case study in the historic cities of Europe Y. Kitao1 & K. Hirano2 1Kyoto Women’s University, Japan 2Kei Atelier, Yame, Fukuoka, Japan Abstract The purpose of this paper is to understand urban structures in terms of tram networks by using the examples of historic cities in Europe. We have incorporated the concept of interconnectivity and accessibility between public facilities and tram stops to examine how European cities, which have built world class public transportation systems, use the tram network in relationship to their public facilities. We selected western European tram-type cities which have a bus system, but no subway system, and we focused on 24 historic cities with populations from 100,000 to 200,000, which is the optimum size for a large-scale community. In order to analyze the relationship, we mapped the ‘pedestrian accessible area’ from any tram station in the city, and analyzed how many public facilities and pedestrian streets were in this area. As a result, we were able to compare the urban space structures of these cities in terms of the accessibility and connectivity between their tram stops and their public facilities. Thus we could understand the features which determined the relationship between urban space and urban facilities. This enabled us to evaluate which of our target cities was the most pedestrian orientated city. Finally, we were able to define five categories of tram-type cities. These findings have provided us with a means to recognize the urban space structure of a city, which will help us to improve city planning in Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyzing Small and Medium-Sized Towns in the Light of Their Constraints and Opportunities - the Case of Nevers (Burgundy - France)
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Navarre, Françoise; Delpirou, Aurelien Conference Paper Analyzing Small and Medium-Sized towns in the light of their constraints and opportunities - the case of Nevers (Burgundy - France) 54th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Regional development & globalisation: Best practices", 26-29 August 2014, St. Petersburg, Russia Provided in Cooperation with: European Regional Science Association (ERSA) Suggested Citation: Navarre, Françoise; Delpirou, Aurelien (2014) : Analyzing Small and Medium-Sized towns in the light of their constraints and opportunities - the case of Nevers (Burgundy - France), 54th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Regional development & globalisation: Best practices", 26-29 August 2014, St. Petersburg, Russia, European Regional Science Association (ERSA), Louvain-la-Neuve This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/124545 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Americanization of French Metropolitan Areas ?
    TOWARDS AN AMERICANIZATION OF FRENCH METROPOLITAN AREAS ? Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot Directeur de Recherche au CNRS CERVL-CNRS/ IEP de Bordeaux Domaine universitaire 11, allée Ausone 33607 Pessac Cedex/ France e-mail : [email protected] Paper presented at the Department of Political Science and International Relations, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, February 2004, and at the International Metropolitan Observatory Meeting, 9-10 January 2004, Bordeaux, Pôle Universitaire de Bordeaux. The author expresses his gratitude to the LASMAS-IdL and to Alexandre Kych for having allowed him to use 1999 census data in application of the data exchange agreement between CNRS and INSEE, as well as to Monique Perronnet-Menault (TEMIBER-CNRS, Bordeaux) for her invaluable help in producing maps of French urban areas. I. Metropolization and urban sprawl in French metropolitan areas There are two main official measures of urbanization defined by the French census, INSEE (Julien 2000): 1. the urban unit (unité urbaine) fits the agglomeration concept. It includes two categories : a. the urban agglomeration : a group of communes whose population is at least 2.000 inhabitants + a continuity of the built environment, i.e. there are no gaps (agricultural land, forest) of more than 200 meters (a criterion also used in Switzerland) b. the isolated city : the same definition applied to a sole commune France had 1.995 urban units at the last census conducted in 1999. 2. officially introduced in 1996 in order to measure in a better way the so-called periurbanization phenomenon (urban sprawl towards distant suburbs), the metropolitan area (aire urbaine) includes : a. an urban pole (pôle urbain) = an urban unit with at least 5.000 jobs b.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Local Climate Zones and Their Applications in European Urban Environments: a Systematic Literature Review and Future Development Trends
    International Journal of Geo-Information Review Mapping Local Climate Zones and Their Applications in European Urban Environments: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Development Trends Michal Lehnert 1 , Stevan Savi´c 2,* , Dragan Miloševi´c 2 , Jelena Dunji´c 3 and Jan Geletiˇc 4,5 1 Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; [email protected] 2 Climatology and Hydrology Research Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovi´ca3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; [email protected] 3 Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovi´ca3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; [email protected] 4 Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 07 Prague, Czech Republic; [email protected] 5 Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In the light of climate change and burgeoning urbanization, heat loads in urban areas have emerged as serious issues, affecting the well-being of the population and the environment. In response to a pressing need for more standardised and communicable research into urban climate, the concept of local climate zones (LCZs) has been created. This concept aims to define the morphological types of (urban) surface with respect to the formation of local climatic conditions, largely thermal. Citation: Lehnert, M.; Savi´c,S.; This systematic review paper analyses studies that have applied the concept of LCZs to European Miloševi´c,D.; Dunji´c,J.; Geletiˇc,J.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Landscapes, Heritage and Identity in Peri-Urban Areas in Western Europe
    Europ. Countrys. · 2· 2012 · p. 147-161 DOI: 10.2478/v10091-012-0020-9 European Countryside MENDELU AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES, HERITAGE AND IDENTITY IN PERI-URBAN AREAS IN WESTERN EUROPE Mark Bailoni1, Simon Edelblutte2, Anthony Tchékémian3 Received 9 June 2011; Accepted 23 March 2012 Abstract: This work focuses on particularly sensitive agricultural landscapes, which are visible in peri-urban areas. These territories are indeed fast evolving areas that consist of a “third-area”, both urban and rural. The aim of this paper is to analyze the role played by heritage in agricultural landscapes of peri-urban areas. The paper is built around these following questions: what are the changes in agricultural landscapes in the framework of the fast urban sprawl, and what are their effects on practices, especially around heritage, and on the many stakeholders’ perceptions? With the help of visuals like aerial or ground pictures, maps, diagrams, interviews, this paper uses a panel of specific examples selected in Western Europe. A wide range of peri-urban situations has been chosen to show the different kinds of existing urban pressure on agricultural landscapes. Key words: peri-urban area, agricultural landscape, heritage, territories, stakeholders Résumé: Ce travail est ciblé sur les paysages agricoles périurbains qui sont particulièrement sensibles. Ces territoires périurbains, en évolution rapide, sont considérés comme des « tiers-espaces » à la fois urbains et ruraux. L’objectif de cet article est donc d’analyser la place du patrimoine dans les paysages agricoles des territoires périurbains. L’article est construit autour des questions suivantes : quels sont les changements des paysages agricoles dans le cadre d’une forte croissance périurbaine et quels sont leurs effets sur les pratiques, particulièrement patrimoniales, et sur les perceptions des nombreux acteurs.
    [Show full text]
  • Processes of Urban Change : Planning and Monitoring Strategies Through the Application of the Fringe Belt Model to Nantes and Rennes, France Estelle Ducom
    Processes of urban change : planning and monitoring strategies through the application of the fringe belt model to Nantes and Rennes, France Estelle Ducom To cite this version: Estelle Ducom. Processes of urban change : planning and monitoring strategies through the application of the fringe belt model to Nantes and Rennes, France. Aug 2005, Tokyo, Japan. pp.7-23. halshs- 00150890 HAL Id: halshs-00150890 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00150890 Submitted on 31 May 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. PROCESSES OF URBAN CHANGE: PLANNING AND MONITORING STRATEGIES THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF THE FRINGE BELT MODEL TO NANTES AND RENNES (FRANCE). ESTELLE DUCOM Laboratoire RESO UMR CNRS 6590 Université Rennes 2 Haute Bretagne [email protected] Abstract : This study is based on the fringe belt model, tested on Nantes and Rennes (France). The model stresses the alternance of high and low density zones (fringe belts). Formerly at the edge of the built-up area, they are now embedded within it. Their formation and evolution are analysed. This theory is adjusted with the use of GIS and reconsidered through the recent French law on Urban Solidarity and Redevelopment which encourages compact city policies, calling low-density fringe belts areas into question.
    [Show full text]
  • Strasbourg Travel Guide
    1 / General The city of Strasbourg is located in eastern France, on the left bank of the Rhine and just on the border of France and Germany. Population: 461,042 inhabitants Population Density:3478 inhab/ km² (miles square) Name of the inhabitants: Strasbourgeois, Strasbourgeoise Region: Alsace Postcode: 67000, 67100, 67200 2 / Transport Due to its geographic position, Strasbourg is an important European crossroads and a dynamic city that hosts hundreds of thousands of visitors every year. The city acquired rather early a very extensive transportation network with an efficient layout. During your visit in Strasbourg, you’ll also have the chance to get around quickly and efficiently in urban center. By car Strasbourg is accessible and navigable by car. From Paris, you can get to Strasbourg on highway A4, but the city is also serviced by other highways and national highways like the A35 (traffic is very dense during rush hours), N4 or N83. Once in Strasbourg, we recommend you to leave your car and enjoy the public transportation to get better acquainted with Strasbourg’s most beautiful nooks and crannies. By train You can get to Strasbourg by train from numerous French cities. In fact, the Strasbourg-Ville train station makes up the center of a large railway network. From the Gare de l’Est in Paris, the trip to Strasbourg only lasts two hours. The TGV Rhin- Rhône also passes by the city of Strasbourg and allows you to make connections from cities like Mulhouse, Dijon, Lyon, and Marseille. Thanks to the TER trains, you can also reach small cities in eastern France as well as cities in Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is the Evolution of Residential Segregation in France?
    What is the evolution of residential segregation in France? Residential segregation refers to the unequal distribution in urban space of dierent categories of popu- lation. It can result from individual choices, motivated by the search for a sense of belonging, or from phe- nomena of relegation, linked in particular to the price of housing. How has it evolved over the long term? This note examines the fifty-five “urban units” in metropolitan France with more than 100,000 inhabitants between 1990 and 2015 based on census data. A specially designed visualization tool enables these urban units to be compared among themselves and over time with all their spe- cific features, and for dierent categories of population1. First, managers and professionals are one and a half times more unevenly distributed than industrial and service employees. In the Paris conurbation, this residential segregation has increased for both groups. Elsewhere, it has decreased on average for managers and professionals, but remained stable for industrial and service employees. Fewer of the latter live in a neighborhood, where they represent the majority of the 25-54-year-olds (one out of two in 1990, one out of three in 2015). By contrast, a growing proportion of managers and professionals live in neighborhoods where they represent the majority of the 25-54-year-olds (0.1 percent in 1990, 14% in 2015). The wealthiest 10% households, moreover, are dis- tributed as unevenly as the poorest 10%, except in Paris, where the richest are particularly segregated. Immigrants of European origin have a low and stable segregation index over time.
    [Show full text]
  • 20 Years of Active Policy Supporting Mobility Within Strasbourg Eurometropole
    20 years of active policy supporting mobility within Strasbourg Eurometropole CODATU XVI February 3th 2015 1 Geographical location 2 The Alsace Region > 8,280 km² > 1,852,325 inhabitants > 904 municipalities (communes) 3 Strasbourg Eurométropole : European Capital > Strasbourg Eurométropole 306 km² 477,000 inhabitants 28 municipalities (communes). > City of Strasbourg 276,000 inhabitants 50,000 students. STRASBOURG KEHL 4 Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) Urban planing tool 5 1994 Strasbourg puts a new policy in place to develop other forms of transportation . Inauguration of 1st tram line (7 lines at present – 65 km). Automobile transits are prohibited in the city centre. Numerous pedestrian zones are created in the city centre. Development of bicycle path network (more than 580 km at present). Lauch of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan in 2000 6 What is a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) ? . Strategic plan in global organisation of people and goods, in all transport modes . It’s necessary and made by The Organizing Authority of Public transports (Eurometropole) . It aims to asure to a sustainable balance between : . needs in mobility and ease of access . environnement protection and health . It’s integrated in Urban Planning 7 A global approach in mobility policy SUMP Urban planing document wich declines in more operationnal plans in territory Accessibility Public transport Plan Plan Cycle Plan Pedestrian Plan by 2025 Plan of hierarchical organization of public Charter of road network public spaces planing 8 Our first SUMP in 2000 . A SUMP more infrastructures than services to citizens . Walking so few taken into account . Clear actions : no more road to Strasbourg for car but only for public transport, capacity constant radial road 9 Actual issues of SUMP Issue : Facilitate people and goods mobility AND reduce pollution Improve every mobility modes in its zone of relevance 10 Ambitious targets in the horizon 2030 .
    [Show full text]
  • Restructuring of Peri-Urbanization Around Railway Stations in Some French Urban Areas
    Athens Journal of Architecture XY Restructuring of Peri-Urbanization around Railway Stations in Some French Urban Areas By Anissa Benaiche The continuation of peri-urbanization in France (particularly in metropolitan urban areas) is at the origin of some urban dysfunctions. This situation leads us to reflect on the spatial structuring of peri-urbanization in relation to sustainable development. Current reflection focuses on the coherence urban planning/ transportation, which allows slowing down the urban dispersion phenomenon by encouraging urban concentration around railway stations. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to verify the tangible aspect of this reflection upon the three metropolitan urban areas of Pays de la Loire region (West France): Nantes, Angers and Le Mans. In order to know if railway stations could become dense clusters, the methodology is concentrated on the morphological study of communes served by a railway station. The principle tool used is the reading of some urban planning documents: Local Urban Development Plan and Land use plan. This study leads initially to detect realities and local practices with regard to the coherence urban planning/transportation. It reveals secondly that railway stations, in peri-urban space, don't offer the same potentialities and strategies of development. Indeed, there is a plurality of strategic profiles: communes without strategies and without projects, communes with a strategy for housing, communes with a strategy for employment, communes with a project articulating urban development
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Metabolism of Intermediate Cities: the Material Flow Analysis
    Urban Metabolism of Intermediate Cities: The Material Flow Analysis, Hinterlands and the Logistics-Hub Function of Rennes and Le Mans (France) Jean-Baptiste Bahers, Sabine Barles, Mathieu Durand To cite this version: Jean-Baptiste Bahers, Sabine Barles, Mathieu Durand. Urban Metabolism of Intermediate Cities: The Material Flow Analysis, Hinterlands and the Logistics-Hub Function of Rennes and Le Mans (France). Journal of Industrial Ecology, Wiley, 2018, 23 (3), pp.686-698. 10.1111/jiec.12778. halshs-02195025 HAL Id: halshs-02195025 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02195025 Submitted on 26 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Title: Urban metabolism of intermediate cities: the material flow analysis, hinterlands and 2 the logistics-hub function of Rennes and Le Mans (France) 3 4 Jean-Baptiste Bahers, CNRS researcher, UMR ESO CNRS, Université de Nantes 5 Sabine Barles, professor at the Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, Géographie-Cités UMR 6 CNRS 7 Mathieu Durand, assistant professor at Université du Maine, UMR ESO CNRS 8 9 Abstract: 10 Although urban metabolism has been the subject of renewed interest for some years, the related 11 studies remain fragmented throughout the world.
    [Show full text]