DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 16. the Importance of Field Inventories And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 16. the Importance of Field Inventories And Chapter 16. The importance of field inventories and associated studies to understand biodiversity patterns: The case of the Beanka Forest, Melaky Region, western Madagascar Steven M. Goodman1 & Laurent Gautier2 Key words: biological inventories, species new to 1Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake science, new distributional data, evolutionary history, Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA and conservation priorities, public attention Association Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar E-mail: [email protected] Résumé détaillé 2Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de L’île de Madagascar est connue pour présenter une Genève et Laboratoire de systématique et biodiversité variété climatique et géologique exceptionnelle, qui de l’Université de Genève, Case Postale 60, 1292 se traduit par une remarquable hétérogénéité biotique Chambésy, Switzerland engendrant une diversité des biomes et des types de E-mail: [email protected] végétation. Les inventaires de flore et de faune qui y ont été menés dans les dernières dizaines d’années ont permis la découverte de centaines d’espèces Abstract nouvelles pour la science. Contrairement à ce à quoi on aurait pu s’attendre au vu de l’intensité du travail In a country such as Madagascar, with its d’inventaire mené sur l’île, le taux de découvertes, extraordinary variation in climate and geology, d’un niveau sans précédent, se maintient. Dans ce associated vegetational variation, distinct biomes, chapitre basé sur les travaux récemment menés and notable biotic heterogeneity, floristic and dans la forêt sèche décidue sur karst de Beanka faunistic inventories over the past few decades (jusqu’alors à peine connue), nous discutons de have disclosed many hundreds of new species to l’importance de tels inventaires pour la découverte de science. Contrary to what might be anticipated nouveaux taxons ainsi que pour connaître la valeur given all of the inventory work conducted on the de ce site en matière de conservation. La plupart de island, the level of discovery of previously unknown taxa continues at a largely unabated pace. Herein, ces découvertes ont été réalisées depuis le début using the Beanka Forest as an example, we present des inventaires qui y ont été menés sur une large information on the importance of recent inventories échelle dès 2009. On s’attend encore à la description in this previously unknown karst dry deciduous de nombreux autres taxons au fil de l’avancement du forest area, specifically in the discovery of numerous travail des taxonomistes sur le matériel accumulé au previously undescribed taxa and their importance to cours de ces inventaires ou qui pourra être collecté understand the conservation value of this site. Most à l’avenir dans d’autres portions du massif. Jusqu’à of these discoveries have been made since large présent les nouveaux taxons recensés sont : scale surveys commenced in 2009 and numerous ● Plantes vasculaires: trois espèces décrites et other new taxa will be uncovered and described quatre en cours de description ; as taxonomists work through existing collections ● Mollusques terrestres: sept nouvelles espèces from the site and new material to be collected in décrites ; other areas of the massif. These inventories have ● Araignées: deux nouvelles espèces décrites ; been important for 1) identifying the Beanka Massif ● Fourmis : dix nouvelles espèces décrites ; as key biodiversity area, 2) understanding biotic ● Amphibiens : deux nouvelles espèces en cours patterns critical for allocating high priority status for de description ; conservation action at this site, 3) bringing to public ● Reptiles : une nouvelle espèce en cours de attention the uniqueness of the area and different description et general conservation issues, and 4) collected data ● Oiseaux : une nouvelle espèce décrite. and specimens helping to resolve different aspects of the evolutionary history of locally occurring L’importance des inventaires menés dans la forêt organisms. de Beanka peut se décliner de la manière suivante : Gautier, L., & Goodman, S. M. 2013. The importance of field inventories and associated studies to understand biodiversity patterns: The case of the Beanka Forest, Melaky Region, western Madagascar. In The Beanka Forest, Melaky Region, western Madagascar, eds. S. M. Goodman, L. Gautier & M. J. Raherilalao. Malagasy Nature, 7: 271-283. 272 Goodman & Gautier: Importance of field studies: case example from Beanka 1) Contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de knowledge of the world’s biodiversity, particularly in ce site unique et des espèces qui le peuplent. light of on going habitat destruction of most remaining Les nouveaux taxons découverts y contribuent natural habitats, but also in certain cases these new directement, mais également toutes les nouvelles taxa provide critical information into the evolutionary données de distribution des espèces déjà history of different groups. connues, qui permettent de mieux comprendre Madagascar is well known for its unique and leur biogéographie. endemic biota. Over the past decades a considerable 2) En se basant sur ces travaux, démontrer number of new species and to a lesser extent l’importance de Beanka comme Zone genera and families of plants and animals have d’Importance Capitale pour les actions de been described from the island, indicating that a conservation à Madagascar. La promouvoir measurable portion of its biodiversity still remains et l’inclure au sein du réseau national d’aires unknown to science. The question can be asked if the protégées. Trouver des moyens financiers pour exploration of the biological richness of the island and contribuer au développement des communautés the era of discovery is approaching a plateau. On limitrophes et lancer un programme de the basis of recent fieldwork in a scientifically poorly conservation proactif. known or better put unknown region such as the 3) Communiquer à l’attention d’un public non Beanka Forest in western central Madagascar, which spécialisé afin de le rendre conscient de is the subject of this monograph, we can address l’importance de ce site unique et de le sensibiliser this question. Below we present a list of species that aux défis de la conservation. A ce titre, une couverture médiatique importante a été réalisée have been discovered and in most cases described autour de la découverte en 2011 de Mentocrex based on material collected in recent years from the beankaensis, la nouvelle espèce d’oiseau. Une Beanka Forest. Amongst these new taxa, few are telle découverte est un évènement rare au niveau microendemics to the Beanka Forest. A few forms mondial. Le public international et malgache a pu are listed as undescribed, but remain to be formally à cette occasion partager l’importance de cette named by scientist. découverte et être rendu attentif au sort tragique des forêts sèches. List of species discovered and 4) Apporter des éléments manquants à la described based on material from the compréhension de l’histoire évolutive des Beanka Forest organismes rencontrés. Les résultats obtenus Vascular plants à partir des spécimens récoltés au cours des 1. Aloe beankaensis Letsara, Rakotoarisoa & inventaires font partie intégrante de l’accumulation Almeda – holotype from Beanka (Letsara et al., du savoir. Ils soulignent l’importance de ces 2012) (Figure 16-1). études fondamentales et de recherches plus 2. Memecylon nov. sp. R. D. Stone, ined. – holotype intégratives dans des pays comme Madagascar. to be proposed from Beanka. Mots clés : inventaires biologiques, nouvelles 3. Coffea nov. sp. 1 – based on initial analysis and espèces pour la science, nouvelles données sur comparisons apparently an undescribed species la répartition, histoire de l’évolution, priorités de (Andriamihajarivo et al., 2010). conservation, attention du public 4. Coffea nov. sp. 2 – based on initial analysis and comparisons apparently an undescribed species Introduction (Andriamihajarivo et al., 2010). Across many areas of the tropics, continued 5. Pandanus tsingycola Callmander & Nusbaumer – biological exploration of natural habitats has revealed holotype from Beanka (Callmander et al., 2013) an extraordinary range of species and higher taxa (Figure 16-2). previously unknown to scientists. These species 6. Uvaria lombardii Gautier & Deroin – holotype from span the gamut from those that when first handled Beanka (Gautier & Deroin, 2013) (Figure 16-3). in the field were clearly new to science to those 7. Aristolochiaceae indet., Luino & Gautier, comm. that only based on morphological or genetic studies pers. – based on initial analysis and comparisons revealed that they were undescribed cryptic taxa. this taxon represents an undescribed species of These types of findings are important to augment this family. Goodman & Gautier: Importance of field studies: case example from Beanka 273 Figure 16-1. Aloe beankaensis Letsara, Rakotoarisoa & Figure 16-2. Pandanus tsingycola Callm. & Nusb. Almeda. (Photograph taken by L. Gautier.) (Photograph taken by R. M. Hanitrarivo.) Figure 16-3. Uvaria lombardii L. Gaut. & Deroin. (Photograph taken by L. Gautier.) 274 Goodman & Gautier: Importance of field studies: case example from Beanka Platyhelminthes 6. Tropidophora humbug Griffiths & Herbert – 1. Ophiotaenia lapata Rambeloson, Ranaivoson & holotype from Beanka (Griffiths & Herbert, 2013) Chambrier – holotype from Beanka and the host (Figure 8-2b). is the snake Madagascarophis (Rambeloson et 7. Tropidophora sericea Griffiths & Herbert – al., 2012). holotype from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Classification of the Rallidae
    A CLASSIFICATION OF THE RALLIDAE STARRY L. OLSON HE family Rallidae, containing over 150 living or recently extinct species T and having one of the widest distributions of any family of terrestrial vertebrates, has, in proportion to its size and interest, received less study than perhaps any other major group of birds. The only two attempts at a classifi- cation of all of the recent rallid genera are those of Sharpe (1894) and Peters (1934). Although each of these lists has some merit, neither is satisfactory in reflecting relationships between the genera and both often separate closely related groups. In the past, no attempt has been made to identify the more primitive members of the Rallidae or to illuminate evolutionary trends in the family. Lists almost invariably begin with the genus Rdus which is actually one of the most specialized genera of the family and does not represent an ancestral or primitive stock. One of the difficulties of rallid taxonomy arises from the relative homo- geneity of the family, rails for the most part being rather generalized birds with few groups having morphological modifications that clearly define them. As a consequence, particularly well-marked genera have been elevated to subfamily rank on the basis of characters that in more diverse families would not be considered as significant. Another weakness of former classifications of the family arose from what Mayr (194933) referred to as the “instability of the morphology of rails.” This “instability of morphology,” while seeming to belie what I have just said about homogeneity, refers only to the characteristics associated with flightlessness-a condition that appears with great regularity in island rails and which has evolved many times.
    [Show full text]
  • Diplom-Biologe KLAUS GROH Malakozoologe Und Naturschützer – 65 Jahre
    53 Mitt. dtsch. malakozool. Ges. 94 53 – 70 Frankfurt a. M., November 2015 Diplom-Biologe KLAUS GROH Malakozoologe und Naturschützer – 65 Jahre CARSTEN RENKER & JÜRGEN H. JUNGBLUTH th Abstract: The 65 birthday of KLAUS GROH is a good occasion to give a retrospect of his life and hitherto existing achievement. Beside his vita we summarize his malacological work, give an overview about the projects for the protection of species, have a look on his tremendous impetus for the worldwide distribution of malacological knowledge by the establishment of the CHRISTA HEMMEN-Verlag, later ConchBooks, as publishing house, book trader and antiquarian. Last but not least we give a summary of his scientific achievements culminating in 206 publications and containing descriptions of up to now 42 specific taxa. Keywords: KLAUS GROH, biography, bibliography, malacology, freshwater mussels, Hesse, Rhineland- Palatinate, Luxembourg Zusammenfassung: Der 65. Geburtstag von KLAUS GROH wird zum Anlass genommen einen Rückblick auf sein bisheriges Leben und Wirken zu geben. Neben der Vita werden vor allem seine malakologische Arbeit und sein ehrenamtliches Engagement in zahlreichen malakologischen Verbänden und Naturschutzvereinen betrachtet. KLAUS GROH nahm außerdem einen enormen Einfluss auf die weltweite Verbreitung malako- logischen Wissens durch die Gründung des CHRISTA HEMMEN-Verlags, später ConchBooks, als Verlagshaus, Buchhandlung und Antiquariat. Schließlich gilt es seine wissenschaftlichen Verdienste zu würdigen, die in 206 Publikationen und Neubeschreibungen 42 spezifischer Taxa kulminieren. Vita Schulzeit Am 22. Mai 1949 wurde KLAUS GROH in Darmstadt als Sohn des Bauschlossers HELMUT GROH und seiner Ehefrau ANNELIESE, geb. FEDERLEIN geboren. Er besuchte die Volksschulen in Langen/Hessen und Kirchheim unter Teck/Baden-Württemberg (1955-1959), es folgte der Besuch der Realschule in Langen/Hessen (1959-1965), dort schloss er auch seine Schulzeit mit der „Mittleren Reife“ ab.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference File
    References added since publication of 2007 CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses Abadie, K. B., J. Pérez Z., and M. Valverde. 2006. Primer reporte de colonias del Martín Peruano Progne murphyi. Cotinga 24:99-101. Ackerman, J. T., J. Y. Takekawa, J. D. Bluso, J. L. Yee, and C. A. Eagles-Smith. 2008. Gender identification of Caspian Terns using external morphology and discriminant function analysis. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120:378-383. Alarcos, S., C. de la Cruz, E. Solís, J. Valencia, and M. J. García-Baquero. 2007. Sex determination of Iberian Azure-winged Magpies Cyanopica cyanus cooki by discriminant analysis of external measurements. Ringing & Migration 23:211-216. Albayrak, T., A. Besnard, and A. Erdoğan. 2011. Morphometric variation and population relationships of Krüeper’s Nuthatch (Sitta krueperi) in Turkey. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 123:734-740. Aleixo, A., C. E. B. Portes, A. Whittaker, J. D. Weckstein, L. Pedreira Gonzaga, K. J. Zimmer, C. C. Ribas, and J. M. Bates. 2013. Molecular systematics and taxonomic revision of the Curve-billed Scythebill complex (Campylorhamphus procurvoides: Dendrocolaptidae), with description of a new species from western Amazonian Brazil. Pp. 253-257, In: del Hoyo, J., A Elliott, J. Sargatal, and D.A. Christie (eds). Handbook of the birds of the world. Special volume: new species and global index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Volume 1. Alfano, A. 2014. Pygmy Nightjar (Nyctopolus hirundinaeus). Neotropical Birds Online (T.S. Schulenberg, ed.). Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. Alvarenga, H. M. F., E. Höfling, and L. F. Silveira. 2002. Notharchus swainsoni (Gray, 1846) é uma espécie válida.
    [Show full text]
  • Convergent Evolution of the Army Ant Syndrome and Congruence in Big-Data Phylogenetics
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/134064; this version posted May 4, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Convergent evolution of the army ant syndrome and congruence in big-data phylogenetics Marek L. Borowiec Department of Entomology and Nematology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA Current address: School of Life Sciences, Social Insect Research Group, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The evolution of the suite of morphological and behavioral adaptations underlying the eco- logical success of army ants has been the subject of considerable debate. This ”army ant syn- drome” has been argued to have arisen once or multiple times within the ant subfamily Do- rylinae. To address this question I generated data from 2,166 loci and a comprehensive taxon sampling for a phylogenetic investigation. Most analyses show strong support for convergent evolution of the army ant syndrome in the Old and New World but certain relationships are sensitive to analytics. I examine the signal present in this data set and find that conflict is di- minished when only loci less likely to violate common phylogenetic model assumptions are considered. I also provide a temporal and spatial context for doryline evolution with time- calibrated, biogeographic, and diversification rate shift analyses. This study underscores the need for cautious analysis of phylogenomic data and calls for more efficient algorithms em- ploying better-fitting models of molecular evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 Conservation Outlook Assessment (Archived)
    IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve - 2014 Conservation Outlook Assessment (archived) IUCN Conservation Outlook Assessment 2014 (archived) Finalised on 17 July 2014 Please note: this is an archived Conservation Outlook Assessment for Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve. To access the most up-to-date Conservation Outlook Assessment for this site, please visit https://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org. Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve SITE INFORMATION Country: Madagascar Inscribed in: 1990 Criteria: (vii) (x) Site description: Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve comprises karstic landscapes and limestone uplands cut into impressive 'tsingy' peaks and a 'forest' of limestone needles, the spectacular canyon of the Manambolo river, rolling hills and high peaks. The undisturbed forests, lakes and mangrove swamps are the habitat for rare and endangered lemurs and birds. © UNESCO IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve - 2014 Conservation Outlook Assessment (archived) SUMMARY 2014 Conservation Outlook Good The outlook for Tsingy de Bemaraha is good. The property is composed of two appropriately managed, legally recognised protected areas and, by virtue of its impenetrable karst landscapes, is largely immune to anthropogenic pressures over much of its area. Threats include logging, subsistence hunting, agricultural encroachment and fire, but these are restricted to the forest edge, and no commercial extraction is known apart from the reptile trade. The property is appreciated by local communities, regional authorities, conservationists and tourists, and the recent description of numerous new mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian species serves to underscore it World Heritage status.
    [Show full text]
  • The Field Museum 2011 Annual Report to the Board of Trustees
    THE FIELD MUSEUM 2011 ANNUAL REPORT TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES COLLECTIONS AND RESEARCH Office of Collections and Research, The Field Museum 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago, IL 60605-2496 USA Phone (312) 665-7811 Fax (312) 665-7806 http://www.fieldmuseum.org - This Report Printed on Recycled Paper - 1 CONTENTS 2011 Annual Report ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Collections and Research Committee of the Board of Trustees ................................................................. 8 Encyclopedia of Life Committee and Repatriation Committee of the Board of Trustees ............................ 9 Staff List ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 Publications ................................................................................................................................................. 15 Active Grants .............................................................................................................................................. 39 Conferences, Symposia, Workshops and Invited Lectures ........................................................................ 56 Museum and Public Service ...................................................................................................................... 64 Fieldwork and Research Travel ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Convergent Evolution of the Army Ant Syndrome and Congruence in Big-Data Phylogenetics
    Copyedited by: YS MANUSCRIPT CATEGORY: Systematic Biology Syst. Biol. 68(4):642–656, 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [email protected] DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syy088 Advance Access publication January 3, 2019 Convergent Evolution of the Army Ant Syndrome and Congruence in Big-Data Phylogenetics , , ,∗ MAREK L. BOROWIEC1 2 3 1Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, 875 Perimeter Drive, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; 2School of Life Sciences, Social Insect Research Group, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; and 3Department of Entomology and Nematology, One Shields Avenue, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA ∗ Correspondence to be sent to: Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, 875 Perimeter Drive, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-abstract/68/4/642/5272507 by Arizona State University West 2 user on 24 July 2019 E-mail: [email protected]. Received 24 May 2018; reviews returned 9 November 2018; accepted 15 December 2018 Associate Editor: Brian Wiegmann Abstract.—Army ants are a charismatic group of organisms characterized by a suite of morphological and behavioral adaptations that includes obligate collective foraging, frequent colony relocation, and highly specialized wingless queens. This army ant syndrome underlies the ecological success of army ants and its evolution has been the subject of considerable debate. It has been argued to have arisen once or multiple times within the ant subfamily Dorylinae. To address this question in a phylogenetic framework I generated data from 2166 loci and a comprehensive taxon sampling representing all 27 genera and 155 or approximately 22% of doryline species.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms for the Evolution of Superorganismality in Ants
    Rockefeller University Digital Commons @ RU Student Theses and Dissertations 2021 Mechanisms for the Evolution of Superorganismality in Ants Vikram Chandra Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.rockefeller.edu/ student_theses_and_dissertations Part of the Life Sciences Commons MECHANISMS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF SUPERORGANISMALITY IN ANTS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of The Rockefeller University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Vikram Chandra June 2021 © Copyright by Vikram Chandra 2021 MECHANISMS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF SUPERORGANISMALITY IN ANTS Vikram Chandra, Ph.D. The Rockefeller University 2021 Ant colonies appear to behave as superorganisms; they exhibit very high levels of within-colony cooperation, and very low levels of within-colony conflict. The evolution of such superorganismality has occurred multiple times across the animal phylogeny, and indeed, origins of multicellularity represent the same evolutionary process. Understanding the origin and elaboration of superorganismality is a major focus of research in evolutionary biology. Although much is known about the ultimate factors that permit the evolution and persistence of superorganisms, we know relatively little about how they evolve. One limiting factor to the study of superorganismality is the difficulty of conducting manipulative experiments in social insect colonies. Recent work on establishing the clonal raider ant, Ooceraea biroi, as a tractable laboratory model, has helped alleviate this difficulty. In this dissertation, I study the proximate evolution of superorganismality in ants. Using focussed mechanistic experiments in O. biroi, in combination with comparative work from other ant species, I study three major aspects of ant social behaviour that provide insight into the origin, maintenance, and elaboration of superorganismality.
    [Show full text]
  • And Freshwater Molluscs of the Seychelles, with Consequences for Taxa from Africa, Madagascar, India, the Philippines, Jamaica, and Europe
    B72(4-6)_totaal-backup_corr:Basteria-basis.qxd 15-9-2008 10:34 Pagina 93 BASTERIA, 72: 93-110, 2008 Notes on the nomenclature of some land- and freshwater molluscs of the Seychelles, with consequences for taxa from Africa, Madagascar, India, the Philippines, Jamaica, and Europe Ruud A. BANK & Henk P.M.G. MENKHORST c/o National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, P.O. Box 9517, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; [email protected] & [email protected] The nomenclature of the non-marine molluscs of the Seychelles islands (western Indian Ocean) as used in the 2006 treatise by Gerlach is critically reviewed. Notes are given regarding the use of brackets, publication dates, spelling of species-group names, overlooked genus-group names, and overlooked homonyms and synonyms in species-group names. A revised bibliog- raphy is presented. The Philippine species Steatodryas cepoides should be called Pachya cepoides; the European species now known as Petasina unidentata (Draparnaud, 1805) should be called Petasina monodon (A. Férussac, 1807). For Edouardia sensu auctt. (non Gude, 1914), a group of taxa living in Africa, Madagascar and India, the name Gittenedouardia is introduced. The nomen novum Annularia rosenbergi is introduced for the Jamaican species Turbo pulcher W. Wood, 1828 nec Dillwyn, 1817. Key words: Gastropoda Pulmonata, Acavidae, Stylodonta, Bradybaenidae, Pachya, Steatodryas, Hygromiidae, Petasina, Cerastidae, Conulinus, Edouardia, Gittenedouardia, Annulariidae, Annularia, synonymy, nomenclature, Seychelles, Philippines, Africa, India, Madagascar, Europe. INTRODUCTION Taxonomy (and thus biology as a whole) needs a universal and unambiguous lan- guage for the designation of taxa, and this language is provided by the codes of nomen- clature.
    [Show full text]
  • Madagascar's Biogeographically Most Informative Land-Snail Taxa
    Biogéographie de Madagascar,1996 :563-574 MADAGASCAR'S BIOGEOGRAPELICALLY MOST INFORMATIVE LAND- SNAIL TAXA Kenneth C. EMBERTON & Max F. RAKOTOMALALA Molluscar? Biodiversiiy Institute, 216-A Haddon Hills, Haddon$eld,NJ 08033, U.S.A. Departementd'Entomologie, Parc Botanique et Zoologiquede Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo 101, MADAGASCAR ABSTRACT.-Madagascar's known native land-snail faunais currently classifiedinto 540 species(97% endemic) in 68 genera (29% endemic)in 25 families (0% endemic). Recent survey work throughout the island may as much as double this number of species and should provide, for the first time, adequate material and distributional data for robust cladistic and biogeographic analyses. Preliminary analysisof existing cladograms and range maps suggestsareas of endenlism with recurrent patterns of vicariance. Which of the many Madagascan taxa will yieldthe most biogeographic information perunit of effort? Based on the criteria of species number, nzonophyly, vagility, character accessibility, and Gondwanan areas of endemism, the best candidates are (a) acavoids (giant, k-selected, (( bird's-egg snails D), (b) Boucardicus (minute, top-shaped shells with flamboyant apertures), (c) charopids (minute, discoid shells with complex microsculptures), and (d) streptaxids (small-to-medium-sized, white-shelled, high-spired carnivores). KEY-W0RDS.- Land-snail, Madagascar, Informative, Biogeography RESUME.- La faune connueà l'heure actuelle des escargots terrestres de Madagascar peut être classée dans 540 espèces (97% endémiques), 68 genres (29% endémiques) et 25 familles(0% endémiques). Un récent travail d'inventaire réalisé dans l'ensemble l'îlede pourra amener à doubler le nombre d'espèces et devra fournir pour la première fois un matériel et des données adéquates sur la distribution des espèces permettant des analyses cladistiques et biogéographiques robustes.
    [Show full text]
  • Blanchard, B. D. & Moreau, C. S., Evolution
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/evo.13117 Defensive traits exhibit an evolutionary trade-off and drive diversification in ants Benjamin D. Blanchard1,2,3 and Corrie S. Moreau2 1Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 2Department of Science and Education, Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605 3E-mail: bblanchard@fieldmuseum.org Received July 9, 2016 Accepted November 1, 2016 Evolutionary biologists have long predicted that evolutionary trade-offs among traits should constrain morphological divergence and species diversification. However, this prediction has yet to be tested in a broad evolutionary context in many diverse clades, including ants. Here, we reconstruct an expanded ant phylogeny representing 82% of ant genera, compile a new family-wide trait database, and conduct various trait-based analyses to show that defensive traits in ants do exhibit an evolutionary trade- off. In particular, the use of a functional sting negatively correlates with a suite of other defensive traits including spines, large eye size, and large colony size. Furthermore, we find that several of the defensive traits that trade off with a sting are also positively correlated with each other and drive increased diversification, further suggesting that these traits form a defensive suite. Our results support the hypothesis that trade-offs in defensive traits significantly constrain trait evolution and influence species diversification in ants. KEY WORDS: Ancestral state reconstruction, defense, evolutionary trade-off, Formicidae, trait-based diversification. All species experience constraints arising from developmental, Trait trade-offs influence various evolutionary processes, in- functional, and energetic limitations. These limitations have fea- cluding patterns of morphological divergence (DeWitt et al.
    [Show full text]
  • (Insecta: Hymenoptera), Part II—Cerapachyinae, Aenictinae, Dorylinae, Leptanillinae, Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae, Ectatomminae and Proceratiinae
    Zootaxa 3860 (1): 001–046 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3860.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FDFD1014-8DDA-4EED-A385-95FA4F964CFC Generic Synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam (Insecta: Hymenoptera), Part II—Cerapachyinae, Aenictinae, Dorylinae, Leptanillinae, Amblyoponinae, Ponerinae, Ectatomminae and Proceratiinae KATSUYUKI EGUCHI1,4, BUI TUAN VIET2 & SEIKI YAMANE3 1Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan 2Vietnam National Museum of Nature, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam 3Haruyama-cho 1054-1, Kagoshima-shi, 899-2704, Japan 4Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Abstract Of the subfamilies and genera known from Vietnam, the following taxa are treated in this second part of the series entitled “Generic Synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam”: CERAPACHYINAE: Cerapachys, Simopone; AENICTINAE: Aenic- tus; DORYLINAE: Dorylus; LEPTANILLINAE: Leptanilla, Protanilla; AMBLYOPONINAE: Myopopone, Mystrium, Opamyrma, Prionopelta, Stigmatomma; PONERINAE: Anochetus, Brachyponera, Buniapone, Centromyrmex, Crypto- pone, Diacamma, Ectomomyrmex, Euponera, Harpegnathos, Hypoponera, Leptogenys, Mesoponera, Odontomachus, Odontoponera, Parvaponera, Platythyrea, Ponera, Pseudoneoponera; ECTATOMMINAE: Gnamptogenys; PROCER- ATIINAE: Discothyrea, Probolomyrmex, Proceratium. For each of these subfamilies we provide keys to genera (when there is more than one genus) known from Vietnam. For each genus we provide a synopsis and a list of Vietnamese species. Key words: dorylomorph, leptanillomorph, poneromorph, Indo-China, key Introduction This is the second part of the series entitled “Generic Synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam”. The first part covers Myrmicinae and Pseudomyrmicinae (Eguchi et al.
    [Show full text]