The 1702 Chair of Chemistry at Cambridge: Transformation and Change Edited by Mary D

Cambridge University Press 0521828732 - The 1702 Chair of Chemistry at Cambridge: Transformation and Change Edited by Mary D. Archer and Christopher D. Haley Index More information

Index

1702 Chair resignation of George Downing Liveing, appointment of Alan Battersby, 270 184 appointment of Alexander Robertus Todd, resignation of Isaac Pennington, 103 200, 213 resignation of Richard Watson, 66 appointment of George Downing Liveing, resignation of William Farish, 105, 142 168 retirement of Alan Battersby, 280 appointment of Isaac Pennington, 85–86 retirement of Ralph Alexander Raphael, appointment of James Cumming, 142 253 appointment of John Francis Vigani, 31 appointment of John Hadley, 45 aaptamine, 249, 250 appointment of John Mickleburgh, 45 actomyosin, 224 appointment of John Waller, 45 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, 85, 87, appointment of Ralph Alexander Raphael, 253 247, 269 adenosine triphosphate, 222, 223 appointment of Richard Watson, 60 Agricola, Georg, 44 appointment of Smithson Tennant, 107 Alchemists’ Club, Glasgow, 245 appointment of Steven Victor Ley, 280, Alexander, Albert Ernest, 204 283 alkaloids, 259, 263, 265, 266, 269, 273, appointment of William Farish, 103 274 appointment of William Jackson Pope, 190 and chemotherapy, 264 death in office of James Cumming, 156 biosynthesis of, 261, 263, 264 death in office of John Francis Vigani, 37 indole family, 264 death in office of John Hadley, 60 Allan Glen’s School, Glasgow, 210 death in office of John Mickleburgh, 45 Amati, Nicola, 253 death in office of John Waller, 10 amatol, 204 death in office of Smithson Tennant, 134 Ampère,André-Marie,157, 159 death in office of William Jackson Pope, 199 Anderson’s College, Glasgow, 179 election procedure in 1771–73, 85 Andrew, Raymond, 204 election procedure in 1813–15, 1, 142, 205 Anglicanism, 2, 3, 15 endowed by BP, 270 anthocyanins, 210, 217, 232 endowment, 61 anti-gas respirators, 181 possible appointment of Alan Battersby, 269 anti-leukaemic compounds, 248 renamed BP 1702 Chair, 280 anti-malarials, 204 renamed Chair of Organic Chemistry, 216 Antiphlogistians, 85, 93 resignation of Alexander Robertus Todd, anti-tumour agents, 295 233, 247, 269 aphids, 232

304

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521828732 - The 1702 Chair of Chemistry at Cambridge: Transformation and Change Edited by Mary D. Archer and Christopher D. Haley Index More information

Index 305

apothecaries, 32, 37, 38, 39, 45, 53 University of Manchester, 259 Apothecaries Act, 148 University of St Andrews, 260 arachidonic acid, 241 Baum´e,Antoine, 61 Arigoni, Duilio, 277 Bayle, Pierre, 32 Armstrong, Henry Edward, 184, 190 Beale, John, 5 Ashby, Eric, 244 Becher, Johann Joachim, 17, 84 Askesian Society, 131 Beddoes, Thomas, 20, 21, 22, 49, 50 AstraZeneca, 244 Bedford College, London, 202 Astronomer Royal, 153 Belasyse, Thomas. See Fauconberg asymmetric quaternary ammonium salts, 183, Bell, Henry, 154 184 Bene’t Hall. See Corpus Christi College, Atherton, Alice, 138 Cambridge atomic theory, 141, 143, 144 Bentham, Jeremy, 23 ATP. See adenosine triphosphate Bentley, Richard, 3, 8, 9, 10, 13, 24, 37, 38, 41 Avery, Oswald T., 219 Benwell, John, 45 Avogadro, Amadeo, 152 benzylisoquinoline, 262, 263 Axford, Douglas, 204 Bergman, Torbern Olof, 48 Berington, Joseph, 21 B12. See vitamin B12 Bernal, John Desmond, 198, 206 Babbage, Charles, 24, 134, 142, 146 Berthollet, Claude Louis, 84, 119 Bacchus, Henry, 155 Berzelius, J¨onsJacob, 130, 132, 144, 146 Bacon, Francis, 65, 67 Bible Society, 90 Baddiley, James, 221, 223, 224 formation at University, 90 research student of Todd, 234 Birkbeck Laboratory, University College, synthesis of ATP, 222–223 London, 148 Bader, Alfred, 189 Bishop of Lincoln. See Tomline, George Bailey, Kenneth, 224 bismuth compounds, 179 Baker, Wilson, 261 Black, Joseph, 20, 23, 45, 48, 65, 92 Bamford, Harold Firth, 204 Blackburn, G. Michael, 231 Banks, Joseph, 113, 114, 127 Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart, 198 Banks, Robert, 45 Blagden, Charles, 63 Barger, George, 210 Blanche, Francis, 279 Barlow, William, 190 Blanes, Lord, 15 Barrow, Isaac, 5 Bletchley Park, 204 Bartoli, Daniello, 35 Board of Longitude, 24 Barton, Derek, 244 Boerhaave, Hermann, 8, 17, 31, 45, 92 Battersby, Alan Rushton, 217, 257–282 Bond, Henry, 148 and Alexander Todd, 259, 267, 268 Borsche, Walther, 210 and Ralph Raphael, 270 Botanic Garden, Cambridge, 149, 168 appointed to second chair of organic 1784 building, 90 chemistry at Cambridge, 267 establishment, 90 appointed to 1702 Chair, 60 head gardener, 91 biosynthesis of morphine, 261–263 lecture room, 168 biosynthesis of plant alkaloids, 264–266 Botany, professor of, 91, 168 biosynthesis of the Pigments of Life, 266, Boyle, Robert, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 35, 36, 37, 41, 270–275 43, 44 biosynthesis of vitamin B12, 276–280 BP 1702 Chair, 280 early life, 259 endowment, 270 portrait, 258 Bradley, Richard, 90 possible move to 1702 Chair, 269 Brady, Robert, 35 University of Bristol, 261 Bragg, (William) Lawrence, 228 University of Liverpool, 266 brewing, 176

306 Index

Brewster, David, 3 Catharine Hall, Cambridge. See St Catharine’s Brigham, Samuel, 45 College, Cambridge Bristol, University of Cavendish family, 138 and Alan Battersby, 261 Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, 215, 228 British Association for the Advancement of Cavendish, Henry, 95 Science, 159, 160, 174 determination of density of the Earth, 97 British Dyestuffs Corporation, 201 Central Institution, London, 184 British Mineralogical Society, 131 Chambers, Ephraim, 58 British Museum, 182 Chaptal, Jean Antoine, 85 Brodie, Benjamin Collins Sr, 144 Elements of Chemistry,99 Brougham, Lord, 130 Chapter Coffee House Society, 49 Brown, Daniel M., 215, 226 charcoal cylinders, 75 reaction to double helix, 228 Charles II, 31 research with Todd, 234 Charterhouse School, 17, 46, 95 Brown, Roger F. Challis, 214 chemical elements Brownrigg, William, 96 year of discovery, 114 Buchanan, George, 245 chemical engineering, 205 Buchanan, J. Grant, 232 Chemical Society, 153, 183 Bun Shop (public house), 226 James Cumming as a founder member, Burke, Edmund, 21 159 Bykhovsky, Vladimir, 277 Chesterﬁeld, Philip Stanhope, Earl of, Byron, Lord, 144 33 chlorophyll, 257, 261, 270, 271, 275 Cain, Tubal, 31 Christ’s College, Cambridge, 35, 178, 232, Calgarth Park, Westmorland, 71, 73, 76, 77 245, 250, 251 calico-printing, 176 and Alexander Todd, 232 California Institute of Technology, 231 chromatography, 214, 232 Calzolari, Francesco, 32 chrysanthemic acid, 246 Cambridge Chemical Society, 203 Church Missionary Society, 90 Cambridge Mathematics Laboratory, 203 Churchill College, Cambridge Cambridge Philosophical Society, 96, 105, and Alexander Todd, 233 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 183 Churchill, Winston Spencer, 205 and Farish, 156 as Minister of Munitions, 202 Cambridge School of Agriculture, 174 City and Guilds College, London, 190 Cambridge Training College for Women, 181 Clapham Sect, 89 Cambridge University Act, 150 Clare College, Cambridge, 182 Cambridge University Riﬂe Volunteers, 174 Clark, William, 146 Cameron, Alastair, 204 Clarke, Edward Daniel, 21, 22, 142, 143, 147, Campbell, Hugh, 204 156 camphor, 265 Clarke, Samuel, 69 camphor derivatives, 184 Classical Tripos, 147, 153 camphorsulphonic acids, 184 Clausius, Rudolf, 177 cannabis, 219 Clothworkers’ Company, 178 Cannizzaro, Stanislao, 152 coal gas, 176 Cannon, Jack, 232, 276 cobalt complexes, 297 carbon-13, 272, 273, 276, 279 codeine, 263 carbon-14, 261, 262, 263, 273 codeinone, 263 Carlisle Grammar School, 96 Cohn, Waldo E., 225 Carlisle, Anthony, 113 Colchester, Henry, 41 carpanone, 296 colchicine, 264 Carter, Herbert, 261 college laboratories, 168, 169, 174, 195

Index 307

combinatorial chemistry, 286 cyanine dyes, 202 Committee on Scientific and Industrial cytochromes, 270 Research, 201, 202 Commonwealth Fund Fellowship, 260 D’Oyly, George, 145 Congreve, William, 75 Dainton, Frederick Sydney, 203, 204 contraceptive pill, 214 Dale, Henry Hallett, 199, 212 convergent synthesis, 292, 297 Dalton, John, 74, 113, 141, 215 Cook, James W., 243 Darwin, Charles, 141, 146, 168 copperas, 65 Darwin, Erasmus, 49, 145, 146, 160 cordite, 204 Daubeny, Charles Giles Bridle, 151, 152, 153 Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 14, 45, David, George E., 205 180 Davy, Humphry, 19, 22, 24, 62, 66, 102, 114, and Hales, 37, 41 141, 146, 152 and Mickleburgh, 14 isolation of Na, K, Ba, Sr, Ca and Mg, 114 and Stukeley, 37, 40 Dawson, John, 74 and Waller, 45 Day, Thomas, 38 corynantheal, 264, 265 DDT, 205 Cotes, Roger, 9, 37 de Kok, Johan Egbert Frederik (‘Frits’), 201 Cottenham, Charles Christopher Pepys, 1st De La Pryme. See Pryme Earl of, 99 de Morveau, Louis Bernard Guyton, Baron, Coulson, Charles, 160 84 Covel, John, 35 de Quincey, Thomas, 73 Craig, Lyman, 260 Dealtry, William, 145 Crane, John, 38 deaminase, 274 Cremonese violins, 252 Debussche, Laurent, 279 Crick, Francis, 215, 228 Dee, John, 4 Croucher Foundation, 233 Dekker, Charles (Chuck) A., 226, 228 Crouzet, Joel, 279 Delamethérie,Jean Claude, 119 Crum Brown, Alexander, 171 Demonferrand, Jean Baptiste Firmin, 159 Cudworth, Ralph, 5 Dent, Peter, 38 Cullen, William, 17, 23, 48 Department of Scientific and Industrial Cumming, George William, 140 Research, 199 Cumming, Hannah Sophia, 155 creation of, 201 Cumming, Isabella, 155 Desaguliers, John Theophilus, 46 Cumming, James, 21, 138–165, 168 Descartes, René,13, 35 admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, 140 Deville, Henri Sainte-Claire, 160 appointed to 1702 Chair, 142–143 Devonshire, 5th Duke of, 138 course structure, 143 Devonshire, 7th Duke of, 150 death, 156 Devonshire, William Cavendish, Earl of, 33 friendship with F. J. H. Wollaston, 142 Dewar, James, 150, 170, 171, 172, 177, 182, portrait, 139 183, 195, 199 religion, 141 book on spectroscopy, 183 withdraws from 1702 Chair election, 132, spectroscopic work with Liveing, 183 142 Diderot, Denis, 47 Cumming, James John, 155 dienol, 263 Cumming, James Sr, 138 Divinity, Regius chair of Cumming, Joseph Notzel, 140 appointment of Richard Watson, 66 Cumming, Revd Joseph George, 140, 154 DNA, 219, 220, 228 Cumming, William George, 140 discovery by Friedrich Miescher, 219 Cusano, Maffeo, 32 work of Oswald Avery, 219 Cuthbert, George, 45 Dollar Academy, Scotland, 171

308 Index

double helix, 228 Plan of a Course of Lectures, 105 Downing College, Cambridge portrait, 104 laboratory, 169 residence at Merton Cottage, 106 Downing, Catherine, 166 resignation from 1702 Chair, 142 Downing, George, 166 University offices, 96 Doyle, Peter, 244 Fauconberg, Thomas Belasye Earl of, 33, 35 Drake, Richard, 4 Fenton, Henry John Horstman, 178 duck’s blood, 274 books on chemistry, 179 Dulong, Pierre Louis, 146 Fenton’s reagent, 178 Dundonald, Earl of, 64 Fersht, Alan, 270 Dunlop, John, 200 Fisons, 233 Dunthorne, Richard, 87 flavin adenine dinucleotide, 224 dyestuffs, 176 Folkers, Karl, 276 Forbes, James David, 171 Eachard, John, 35 forestry, 76, 78 Eagle (public house), 215 Fourcroy, Antoine Fran¸coisde, 84, 85, 99 East Anglia, University of, 251 Fownes, George, 151, 153 East India Company Frank, Charles, 204 saltpetre, 76 Franklin, Benjamin, 17, 96 Edinburgh Review, 58 Franklin, Rosalind Elsie, 203, 206 Edinburgh, University of, 146, 171, 210 Freind, John, 14, 31, 44 Edleston, Revd James, 141, 154, 155, 156 Frend, William Eglinton, Geoffrey, 244 expulsion from University, 95 Eirich, Frederick Roland, 203 Freund, Ida, 181 Eley, Daniel Douglas, 204 Fry, Elizabeth Gurney, 155 Elliston, William, 103 Fuller, Watson, 229 Emeléus,Harry Julius, 203, 216 Fullerian Chair, Royal Institution, 171 emetine, 259, 260, 264 Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 5 Gahn, Johann, 119 epothilone C, 298 galvanoscope, 144, 157, 158 Euglena gracilis, 274 Gassendi, Pierre, 35 Gatebeck, Cumbria, 75 Fage, John, 38 Gatty, Oliver, 204 Faraday, Michael, 144, 157 Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 143 Farish, William, 22, 24, 66, 103–107, 121, gene cassettes, 290 142, 146, 147 genome, 286 accident with hydrogen, 146 Geoffroy, Etienne-Fran¸cois,47, 61 appointed to 1702 Chair, 103 Geological Society of London, 131, 145, appointed to Jacksonian chair, 105, 132 159 appointed to Observatory Syndicate, 97 George I, 8 appointed vicar of St Giles’ Church, 105 George III, 72 awarded Smith’s Prize, 96 and Richard Watson, 58 competes for Jacksonian chair, 95 George, Philip, 204 death, 106 geraniol, 264 education by his father, 96 Gibbon, Edward, 70, 121 engineering ingenuity, 106 Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 177 enters Magdalene College, 96 Gilson, Ralph, 213 examination marking, 106 Girton College, Cambridge, 180, 181 first president of Cambridge Philosophical laboratory, 169, 181 Society, 156 Glasgow, University of, 179, 210 lectures, 103, 142–144 Ralph Raphael appointed lecturer, 242

Index 309

Glaxo laboratories, 232 haem, 270, 271 Glisson, Francis, 4 Hales, Stephen, 9, 14, 37, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, Glynn, Robert, 1, 3, 87 63, 64 Goldsmiths’ Company, 196 Hamer, Neil Kenneth, 231 Goldsmiths’ Institute, London, 184, 190 Harris, John, 46 Goldsmiths’ Metallurgy Laboratory, Harrison, Thomas, 145 Cambridge, 216 Hartley, David, 21 Goldsmiths’ Professorship, 198 Hartley, Harold, 201 Goldsmiths’ Reader in Metallurgy, 180, 186 Hartley, W. N., 180 Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 4, 14, Harvard University, 231 96, 155, 179 Harvey, William, 4 laboratory, 169, 174, 179, 182 Harwood, Busick, 96, 119, 134 Gough, John, 74 hashish, 219 gout, 90 Hatchett, Charles, 114 Gowland Hopkins, Frederick, 198, 200, Hauksbee, Francis, 46 206 Haviland, John, 147, 148 Grafton, Duke of, 70 Heck reaction, 296 Graham Commission, 148, 151 Heilbron, Isidor (Ian) Morris, 238 gramicidin S, 260 Helm Crag, Cumbria, 63 Granick, Sam, 261 Helmont, Johann van, 37 Grantchester Meadow, 204 Henckel, Johann, 17 Gray, Stephen, 37 Henry, Thomas, 65 Greene, Robert, 3, 13, 14 Henslow, John Stevens, 141, 145, 146, 147, Gregory, Duncan Farquharson, 145 148, 154, 156, 160 Gregory, William, 153 Herschel, John, 142, 143, 145, 147 Gren, Friedrich Albrecht Carl, 99 Heversham, 58, 62 Gresham College, 3, 5, 8 Heycock, Charles Thomas, 172, 179 Grifﬁth, Fred, 219 election to Royal Society, 180 Grossmith brothers, 138 Hinchliffe, John, 85 Gunning, Henry, 92 histone deacetylase inhibitors, 295 gunpowder, 57, 65, 74, 75, 78, 102 Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot, 232, 276 British inferiority to French, 74 Hodson, William, 85 Cumbrian manufactories, 75 Hoffmann (Richard Watson’s assistant), 61, improvement by Watson, 74 108 manufacture, 94 Hoffmann-La Roche, 222, 267 Gurney, Daniel, 153, 154 Hofmann Prize Gurney, Revd William Hay, 154 won by Ralph Raphael, 238 Guthrie, Frederick, 202 Hofmann, August Wilhelm, 167 Guy’s Hospital, London, 45 Holland, Lord and Lady, 130 Gyles, Henry, 35, 36 Hooker, Joseph Dalton, 168 Hopkins, Frederick Gowland, 212 Hadley, John, 15, 17, 18, 23, 24, 45–48, 50, Horne, George, 21 60, 87 Horner, Francis, 131 and Charterhouse School, 46 Horner, Leonard and Francis, 130 and practical chemistry, 47 Hughes Hall, Cambridge, 181 and St Thomas’s Hospital, London, 46 Humfrey, Sarah, 153 appointed to 1702 Chair, 45, 85 Hutchinson, Arthur, 181 death, 59 Hutchinson, Eric, 204 description of chemistry, 47 Hutchinsonianism, 14 lectures, 46 Hyde, West, 123 portrait, 16 hydroxamic acids, 295

310 Index

Hyson Club, 88 Kipping, F. Stanley, 184 Hythe firing range, 74 Kirby, Anthony John, 231 Kirwan, Richard, 49 Illinois, University of, 261 Königliche Gewerbeschule, Berlin, 167 immobilised reagents, 290, 293 Kunitz, Moses, 261 Imperial College, London, 238, 240 indole, 264 Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Ingram, Rowland, 168 198 Institute of Chemistry, London, 176 Lapworth, Arthur, 231 International Union of Pure and Applied latitudinarianism, 67, 141 Chemistry, 196 laughing gas, 102, 146 iridium, 114, 137 lavender oil, 265 iridium complexes, 297 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 23, 47, 50, 65, 84, isocyanate monomers, 293 99, 113, 141, 143 adoption of his chemical nomenclature in Jackson, Richard, 170 Cambridge, 97 endowment of Jacksonian chair, 90 chemical nomenclature, 84 Jacksonian chair, 19, 20, 88, 142, 147, 148, oxygen as the principle of acidity, 98 156, 158, 168, 170, 171, 172, 182, 185, Traite´ El´ ementaire´ de Chimie, 84, 85, 99 186, 195 Lawrence, Arthur Stuart Clark, 204 appointment of Francis Wollaston, 97 Le Bel, Joseph, 190 appointment of Isaac Milner, 90 Le Clerc, Jean, 13 appointment of William Farish, 105, 142 lead smelting, 63, 64 death in office of William Farish, 106 Lefèvre,Nicolas, 31, 37, 39 endowment, 90 Leigh Grammar School, Lancashire, 259 first accommodation for, 90 Lennard-Jones, John Edward, 198, 199, 206, increased stipend, 91 210, 216 resignation of Francis Wollaston, 142 Chief Superintendent of Armament in resignation of Isaac Milner, 95 World War II, 203 Jacksonian demonstrators, 172, 182 Lensfield Road laboratory, 217 James, Keith, 244 departmental structure, 216, 247, 268, 270 Jesuits’ bark, 38, 42 departmental unification, 217 Jesus College, Cambridge, 95 Levene, Phoebus A., 220, 225 John Humphrey Plummer bequest, 198 Ley, Steven Victor, 283–303 Johnson, Paley, 204 appointed to BP 1702 Chair, 280, 283 Johnson, Samuel, 62, 70 portrait, 284 Jones oxidation, 240 research group, 288 Jones, Ewart Ray Herbert, 238 synthesis of carpanone, 296–297 Jones, Humphrey Owen, 172, 181, 182 synthesis of histone deacetylase inhibitors, Jones, Muriel, 182 295 Jurin, James, 15, 44, 45 synthesis of plicamine, 297–302 use of polymer beads in synthesis, Kekulé,August, 171 290–293 Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron, 177 Leyden, 31, 37, 45 Kemp, George, 146 liberal education, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, Kenner, George Wallace, 221, 231, 266, 270 176, 190 Khorana, H. Gobind, 224, 230 Lincoln’s Inn, London, 166 King of Clubs, 130 linoleic acid, 240 King’s College, Cambridge, 90, 179 linolenic acid, 241 King’s College, London, 178 liquid air, 184 Kingsley, Revd Charles, 141 liquid oxygen, 184

Index 311

Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Manchester, University of, 184, 210, 212, 213, London, 210, 231 231 Little Go examination, 147, 152 arrival of Alan Battersby, 259 Little Stonham Rectory, 106 Manhattan Project, 205 Liveing nee´ Ingram, Catherine, 168, 175 Mann, Frederick George, 204, 206 Liveing, Edward, 166 Margaret, H.R.H. Princess, 218 Liveing, George Downing, 152, 153, 160, Marggraf, Christiaan, 17, 28 166–188, 190 Markham, Roy, 226 appointed to 1702 Chair, 168 Marlborough School, 140 as magistrate, 174 Martin, Archer, 206, 232 assumes duties of James Cumming, 150, Martin, Benjamin, 18, 47 156 Martineau, Harriet, 76 book on chemical equilibrium, 177 Martyn, Henry, 141 book on spectroscopy, 183 Martyn, Thomas, 91, 97 death, 174, 175 Mary, Queen of Scots, 138 lectures on agricultural chemistry, 174 Maskelyne, Nevil, 153 lecturing style, 177 Mason, Charles, 45 national scientific offices, 174 mass spectrometry, 259 performance in Natural Sciences Tripos, Mathematical Tripos, 141, 145, 147, 151, 166 150 Maxwell, James Clerk, 159, 177 portrait, 167 Maxwell, James Rankin, 244 resignation from 1702 Chair, 174, 184 May & Baker Ltd, 239 spectroscopic work with Dewar, 183 McKillop, Alexander (Sandy), 244 visits to European laboratories, 173 McKillop, Tom, 244 Liverpool, University of Meldola Medal and Alan Battersby, 266 receipt by Ralph Raphael, 240 and George Kenner, 266 Merck laboratories, 232 second chair of organic chemistry, 266 Merton Cottage, 106 Llandaff, 18, 73 metallurgy, 180, 186 See also Watson, Richard Methode´ de Nomenclature Chimique,84 dilapidation of cathedral, 71 Michell, John poverty of See, 71 torsion balance, 97 Locke, John, 58 Michelson, A. Michael (Mick), 228 London Association, 58 Mickleborough. See Mickleburgh Lowry, Thomas Martin, 196, 199 Mickleburgh, John, 14, 15, 17, 23, 24, 45–47, Lowwood gunpowder works, Cumbria, 50, 60 75 appointed to 1702 Chair, 45 Lucasian chair of Mathematics, 24 death, 45 Lucretius, 35 students of, 45 Lunar Society, Birmingham, 49 trade as dispensing chemist, 45 Luther, John, 59, 60 microanalysis, 214 lycorine, 264 microwave reactors, 297 Lythgoe, Basil, 221, 231 Miescher, Johann Friedrich, 219 Miller, William Hallowes, 147 Macquer, Pierre-Joseph, 17, 92 Mills, William Hobson, 183, 199, 202 Dictionary of Chemistry,99 Milner, Isaac, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 76, Macrae, Thomas F., 232 88–95, 96, 121 Maddock, Alfred Gavin, 204 appointed Dean of Carlisle, 94 Magdalene College, Cambridge, 96 appointed to Jacksonian chair, 90 Maier, Michael, 5 appointed to Lucasian chair, 106 Malthus, Thomas, 130 collection of scientific instruments, 97

312 Index

Milner, Isaac (cont.) Newton, Isaac, 2, 5, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 21, 32, 36, death, 106 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 64, 68, 140, 150 early years and education, 88 Opticks, 14, 44 elected President of Queens’ College, 94 Newtonianisation, 9, 14 elected Vice-Chancellor, 95 Newtonianism, 3, 15 election to Royal Society, 88 Nicholson, William, 113 illness, 94 Dictionary of Chemistry,84 improvement in health, 106 nicotinamide, 259 inhales noxious gas, 88 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, 224 lecturing style, 88, 92 Nidd, Joseph, 5 low-church evangelism, 89 nitrocellulose, 204 oxidation of ammonia by manganese nitrous oxide, 102, 146 dioxide, 93 Noad, Henry, 159 portrait, 89 Nobel Prize, 212, 219, 231 Rector of St Botolph’s Church, 88 Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford, 199, 200, resignation from Jacksonian chair, 95 206, 210, 216 University offices, 89 North, Christopher, 74 Ministry of Aircraft Production, 204 Norton, Samuel, 4 Ministry of Fuel, 203 Norton, Thomas, 4 Ministry of Munitions, 201 Nottingham, University of, 240 Ministry of Supply, 203, 204 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Moelwyn-Hughes, Emyr Alun, 203 See spectroscopy:NMR Molteno Institute, Cambridge, 215, 226 nucleic acids, 259 Money, Tom, 244 nucleosides and nucleotides, 212, 219, 220 Moore, Stanford, 261 Nuffield Foundation, 233 More, Henry, 5 Morgan, John, 45 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 225 morphine, 261, 262, 263, 265 Oersted, Hans, 157, 159 Moses, 31 Ohm, Georg, 159 Muir, Matthew Moncrieff Pattison, 179 onchalum, 64 textbooks by, 179 Openshaw, Hal, 259, 260 Müller, Gerhard, 277 opium, 261, 262 mustard gas, 196, 201 Ordnance Department, 74, 75 organophosphorus compounds, 204 Napoleonic Wars, 74 Orgel, Leslie Eleazer, 215 narcotine, 264 osmium, 114, 127 National Gallery, London, 253 osmium tetroxide, 294 Natural Sciences Tripos, 149, 150, 151, 152, Overton, Karl, 244 153, 161, 166, 168, 175, 176, 178, 179, Owens College, Manchester, 179, 180 180, 181 Oxford, University of, 20, 21, 23, 31, 40, 48, Needham, Joseph, 206 210, 231 nerol, 264 nerve gases, 204 Paley, William, 18, 69, 88, 95 Neville, Francis Henry, 180 influence on Isaac Milner, 89 New Museums Site, 91, 168, 173 palladium, 126 Newark-on-Trent, 32, 35, 37 palladium catalysts, 294, 295 Newborough, Thomas, 36 Parker, William, 244 Newcastle, 1st Duke of, 60 Parkes, Samuel, 48, 50, 62 Newnham College, Cambridge, 180, 181, 182 Parkinson, James, 62 laboratory, 169, 181 Partington, James Riddick, 203 Newton, Humphrey, 6 Partridge, S. Miles, 232

Index 313

Parys, William, 4 Polanyi, Michael, 213, 231 Patterson, Thomas Stewart, 210 poll men, 147 Pauling, Linus Carl, 231 polyketides, 267 Peacock, George, 156 polymer beads Pembroke Street laboratory, 172, 184, 213, 217 use in chemical synthesis, 290–293 1908 extension, 186 polyurea, 294 addition of physical chemistry, 196 Pope, William Jackson, 184, 189–209, 210 penicillic acid, 241 appointed to 1702 Chair, 190 penicillin, 205, 212, 239, 246 appointed to Manchester chair, 190 Pennington, Isaac, 85–88 as a collector of alchemical paintings, 189 appointed to 1702 Chair, 86 death, 199 appointed to Regius chair of Physic, 103 experiments with alkyl selenides, 192 death, 106 financial support from oil companies, 196 early years and education, 87 first president of IUPAC, 196 knighthood, 106 first president of the Solvay Chemistry elected President of St John’s College, 106 Conferences, 196 portrait, 86 knighthood, 196 resignation from 1702 Chair, 103 portrait, 191 Pepper, David Charles, 204 preparation of mustard gas, 196, 201 Perkin, William Henry, Jr, 184, 190, 193 preparation of phosgene, 201 Perkin, William Henry, Sr, 160 Presidency of the Chemical Society, 196, pernicious anaemia, 232 205 Perry, Sam, 224 trip to Australia, 196 Perse School, Cambridge, 181, 196 work on optically active non-carbon Perutz, Max Ferdinand, 198 compounds, 190 Peterhouse, Cambridge, 4 Porter, Francis, 41 pharmaceutical industry, 287 Porter, George, 206 Ph.D. degree Porter, Henry, 140 introduction in Cambridge, 198 potassium nitrate, 94 phlogiston, 84, 92, 93, 98, 99, 100 Pott, Johann, 17 phosgene, 201 ‘practising chemists’, 176 phosphate esters, 220 Preston, William, 58 phosphorus pentoxide, 222 Price, William Charles, 203 phosphoryl chloride, 224 Priestley, Joseph, 21, 24, 49, 62, 65, 84, 100 phosphorylation, 215, 220, 221, 222 Propionibacterium shermanii, 277 photographic sensitisers prostitution, 6 development in Cambridge, 202 Prout, William, 144 Physic, Regius Professor of, 4, 14, 167, 175 Pryme, Abraham de la, 36, 39 phytochromes, 270 Pseudomonas denitrificans, 279 Pigments of Life, 270 pseudomonic acids, 247, 248, 249 Pitt, William (the younger), 21, 71, 93 public health, 180 Place, John, 35 Purvis, John Edward, 180, 186 plastic explosives, 204 pyrenophorin, 246 platinum, 123–126 pyridine derivatives, 178 Playfair, Lyon, 171 pyrolysis of coal, 64 plicamine, 297 Plumian chair of Astronomy (and Quarterly Review, 57, 58 Experimental Philosophy), 24, 36, 98 Queen Mary College, London, 202, 203, 240 Plumptre, Russell, 15, 85, 87 Queen’s University, Belfast, 244, 251 death, 103 Queens’ College, Cambridge, 6, 9, 15, 20, 36, Poggendorff, Johann, 157 41, 43, 88, 90

314 Index

Queens’ Lane laboratory, 45, 60 RNA, 220, 222, 225, 226, 227, 228 Quinan, Kenneth Bingham, 205 linkage points, 226 quinine, 264, 265 Robertson, Andrew John Blackford, 204 Robinson, Robert, 210, 231, 232, 261 radioactive labelling, 261, 273, 279 Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of See also carbon-14 Liverpool, 266, 267 radium, 174 Robinson, Tancred, 5, 8 Ramage, Robert, 244 Robison, John, 21 Rammelsberg, Karl, 167 Roche Products, 233, 267 Raphael nee´ Gafﬁkin, Prudence Marguerite and chair of organic chemistry at Anne, 240, 250, 251, 252, 253 Cambridge, 267 Raphael, Ralph Alexander, 237–256 Rockefeller Foundation, New York, 198 acetylene chemistry, 238, 239, 240 Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, administrative role, 251 New York, 219, 260 and Alan Battersby, 270 Rockingham, 2nd Marquis of, 60, 61 appointed to 1702 Chair, 247, 269 Romilly, Joseph, 141, 154 appointed CBE, 251 Romilly, Samuel, 130 chair at Belfast, 244 Romney, George, 59 chair at Glasgow, 244 Roper, John, 45 childhood, 237 Roscoe, Henry, 179 Ciba–Geigy Award of the Chemical Society, Rouelle, Guillaume-Fran¸cois,47 251 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 47 Davy Medal of the Royal Society, 251 Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Edinburgh, death, 253 171 Fellowship of the Royal Society, 246 Royal College of Chemistry, London, 148, ICI Research Fellowship, 240 167 Imperial College, 238 Royal College of Music, London, 240 marriage, 240 Royal College of Physicians, London, 17 May & Baker Ltd, 239 Royal College of Science, Dublin, 180 Pedler Lecturer, 251 Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, retirement from 1702 Chair, 253, 270 212, 253 sense of humour, 245, 249, 250 Royal Dutch Shell Company, 201 synthesis of natural products, 240–243, Royal Holloway College, London, 181 246–250 Royal Institute of Chemistry, London, 240 Tilden Lecturer, 246 Royal Institution, London, 171, 172, 182, 183, violin manufacture, 252 195, 200 war gases, 239 Royal Navy, 74 war work on Penicillin, 239 Royal Society, 1, 5, 8, 9, 17, 20, 33, 36, 45, Ray, John, 5, 8, 32, 36 48, 144, 159, 160, 174, 180, 183, 246, Read, John, 186, 199, 260 251 Regius Professor of Divinity, 66 election of Battersby, vii Regius Professor of Physic, 14, 167, 175 election of Cumming, 144 reticuline, 263 election of Hadley, 17 Reynolds, Joshua, 77 election of Ley, ix rhodium, 126 election of Liveing, 174 Rhˆone–PoulencRorer company, 279 election of Milner, 88 Ricardo, David, 130 election of Pope, 190 Richmond, 3rd Duke of, 74 election of Raphael, 246 Rideal, Eric Keightly, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, election of Tennant, 119 206, 216 election of Watson, 63 war work of his group, 204 election of Wollaston, Francis, 96 Ripley, George, 5 election of Wollaston, William, 103, 123

Index 315

presidency of Dale, 199 Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry, presidency of Todd, 233 Cambridge, 198 Wollaston family connections, 95 sizars, 14, 58, 87, 88, 96, 140 Rubio, David, 252 Slaughterhouse Lane laboratory, Cambridge, Ruhemann, Siegfried, 182 167 Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count, 99 Sloane, Hans, 8, 17 Runcton, Parish of North, 150, 153, 154, 156 Smart, Christopher, 14 Rupe rearrangement, 248 Smith, Adam, 17 Rutherforth, Thomas, 66 Smith, Herchel, 206, 214 Rutland, Duke of, 18, 62, 70 endowment of chair of organic chemistry, 270 salmon sperm, 219 Smith, John, 226 Sal`o,Mario, 32 Smith, Lester, 276 salutaridine, 263 Smith, Samuel, 36 Sanders, Jeremy Keith Morris, 253 Smith, Thomas, 130 Sandhurst, Royal Military College, 168 Snow, Charles Percy, 198, 206 Sandys, Francis, 45 soap making, 22, 176 Sanger, Frederick, 232 Society for the Abolition of Ethyl Esters, Saunders, Bernard Charles, 204 249 Saunders, John Tennant, 198 Society for the Promotion of Philosophy and Scheele, Karl Wilhelm, 48, 119 General Literature, 96 experiments with Vital Air (oxygen), 98 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 69 On Air and Fire,97 Socinians, 95 theory of heat and light, 97 Solvay Chemistry Conferences, 196 Schulman, James Herbert, 204 Sondheimer, Franz, 240 Schweigger, Johann Salomo Christoph, Southey, Robert, 73, 146 157 Special [Gas] Service, World War I, 201 Science Research Council, 246 spectroscopy, 172, 177, 180, 183 Scott, (Alastair) Ian, 243, 245, 277 infrared, 259, 268 Scott, Alexander, 182 NMR, 217, 249, 259, 272, 273, 274, 276, Scott, Walter, 74 279 Sedburgh School, 87 ultraviolet, 183, 238, 260, 268 Sedgwick, Adam, 60, 146, 151, 156, 160 Spivey, William Thomas Newton, 182 Sedgwick Gunpowder Works, Cumbria, 75 Sprat, Thomas, 5 Seebeck, Thomas, 157, 159 St Andrews, University of, 259, 260, 261, Sell, William James, 178 268 Senate House examinations, 106 and Alan Battersby, 260 Sendivogius, Michael, 5 St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, 202 sesamol, 296 St Catharine’s College, Cambridge, 35, 88 Shaw, Peter, 46 St Giles’ Church, Cambridge, 105 Shelburne, Lord, 70 St John’s College, Cambridge, 145, 150, 166, Shemin, David, 277 175, 180, 181 Shepherd, Anthony, 98 baths, 175 shikimic acid, 246 contested 1702 Chair, 85 Shrewsbury, Earl of, 138 laboratory, 168, 169, 175, 178 Sidgwick, Henry, 141 observatory, 87 Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 95, St Thomas’s Hospital, London, 17 180 staganacin, 248 and Francis Wollaston, 95, 103 Stahl, Georg Ernst, 17, 84 laboratory, 169, 174, 180 Staunton, Jim, 267 Mastership regulations, 103 staurosporinone, 232, 249 Simeon, Charles, 73, 90, 141 steganacin, 247, 248

316 Index

steganone, 248 paper on the action of nitric acid on gold Stein, William H., 261 and platina, 122 stereochemistry, 183, 184 paper on the nature of diamond, 122 steroids, 210, 217 partnership with W. H. Wollaston, 122, 123, Stevenson, J. J., 173, 184 126, 128 Stirling, University of, 251 platinum, 123 Stokes, George Gabriel, 146, 160 receives Cambridge M.D., 121 Stradivarius violins, 252 studies in Edinburgh, 117 Strathclyde, University of, 233 studies on latent heat, 119 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 219 transfer to Emmanuel College, 119 strigol, 247, 248 withdraws candidacy for Jacksonian chair, strychnine, 264 121 Stukeley, William, 8, 9, 36, 37, 39, 40, terpenes, 264 41 Test and Corporation Acts, 58 Sugden, Morris, 204 tetrapyrroles, 266, 269, 273, 276 sulphur wells, 64 Texas A&M University, 274 sun-spots, 183 thebaine, 263 Sydenham, Thomas, 36 thiamine. See vitamin B1 Synge, Richard, 206 Thibaut, Denis, 279 synthetic rubber, 205 Thomas, Mary Beatrice, 181 Thomson, Thomas, 143 Tate, Thomas, 159 Thorpe, Edward, 179 Technische Hochschule, Berlin, 167 TNT Telford, Thomas, 62 production at Oldbury, 205 Temple, William, 10, 13 Todd n´eeDale, Alison, 199, 212 Tennant, Smithson, 20, 107, 113–137, 142, Todd, Alexander Robertus, 190, 210–236, 247 143, 145 advisory roles, 232 analysis of emery, 127 and Alan Battersby, 259, 267, 268 and Jacksonian chair, 107 and Christ’s College, Cambridge, 232 antiphlogistic doctrine, 119 and deoxynucleoside structure, 228 appointed to 1702 Chair, 132 appointed to 1702 Chair, 200 award of Copley Medal, 114 arrival at Cambridge, 213 becomes Vice-President of Geological death, 233 Society, 132 description of Pembroke Street Laboratory character, 115, 122 in 1944, 189, 224 childhood and schooling, 116 early work, 217 continental travels in 1784/5, 119, 204 honours received, 233 continental travels in 1792, 121, 204 job offer from Caltech, 206 death in France, 134 Nobel Prize, 219 discovery of osmium and iridium, 114, 127 nucleosides and nucleotides, 219 early interaction with W. H. Wollaston, 121 offered Cambridge chair of biochemistry, election to Geological Society of London, 212 131 portrait, 211 enters Christ’s College, Cambridge, 117 Presidency of the Royal Society, 233 friendship with Berzelius, 130, 132 relationship with Norrish, 216 lectures as Professor of Chemistry, 134 resignation from 1702 Chair, 233, 269 lectures on mineralogy, 131 role within department, 216 membership of ‘King of Clubs’, 130 style of management, 214, 215 membership of Society for the Promotion of suffers heart attack, 269 Philosophy and General Literature, 97 views about synthesis, 221 obtains M.B., 121 ‘Toddlers’, 213

Index 317

toluene Medulla Chymiae, 8, 24, 32 manufacture of explosives from, 201 patrons, 33 Tomline, George, 141 reputation, 32 Tottenham County School, London, 237 vinblastine, 264 Trevelyan, Walter Blackett, 99 Vinca rosea, 264 trichodermin, 246 Vince, Samuel, 97, 98 Trinity College, Cambridge, 5, 9, 10, 23, 35, vincristine, 264 37, 38, 41, 44, 45, 58, 59, 61, 90, 140, violins, manufacture of, 252 141, 142, 144, 153 virantmycin, 232, 249 and Mastership of Sidney Sussex, 103 vitamin A, 238 contested 1702 Chair, 85 vitamin B1, 217, 221, 231 laboratory for Vigani, 37, 38 vitamin B12, 231, 243, 270, 271, 275, 276, 279 Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 96 crystallisation, 276 tropolones, 243 French experiments on biosynthesis, 277 Troutbeck, John, 33 production by bacteria, 277 trypanocides, 204 structure announced, 232 T¨ubingen University, 179 Vogel, Emanuel, 245 Tuckett, Ronald Francis, 204 volcanic ash, 252 Tutte, William, 204 Volta, Alessandro, 113 tyrocidine, 260 voltaic piles, 113 vortex theory, 177 UCNW Bangor, 182 ultraviolet spectroscopy. See spectroscopy Wales, University of, 182 UMIST, 184 Waley Cohen, Robert, 201 University Arms Hotel, Cambridge, 175 Walker, Richard, 90 University of Liverpool, Robert Robinson Waller, John, 9, 10, 13, 23, 45 Laboratories, 266, 267 appointed to 1702 Chair, 45 uridine diphosphate glucose, 224 Walsh, Arthur Donald, 204 uroporphyrinogen III, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, Waltham Abbey, 75 275, 277 war. See World War I and World War II role in biosynthesis, 271 war gases, 196, 201, 204, 239 Utrecht, 37 Warburton, Henry, 117, 118, 142, 144 Ware, Edgar, 237 Valentine, Basil, 5 Waring, Edward, 87, 88, 106 van’t Hoff, Jacobus, 190 Warren, Stuart G., 231 Venice, 32, 33, 41 water, spectrum of, 183 Verona, 31, 32 Watson, James, 215, 228 Vigani, Giovanni Francesco. See Vigani, John Watson, Richard, 1, 3, 18, 19, 24, 47, 48, 50, Francis 57–83, 87, 88, 142 Vigani, John Francis, 5–9, 13–14, 24, 31–44 absenteeism, 70, 71, 72 and Henry Gyles, 35 appeals for increased stipend for Jacksonian and John Covel, 35 professor, 91 and Robert Boyle, 35 appointed to 1702 Chair, 60 and Roger Cotes, 37 appointed Bishop of Llandaff, 70 and Stephen Hales, 37 appointed to Regius chair of Divinity, 66 and William Stukeley, 37 arrival at Cambridge, 58 appointed to 1702 Chair, 31 burning of books, 67 cabinet of materia medica, 7, 38, 41, 42, 43 character, 58, 62, 79 death, 37 Chemical Essays, 62, 63, 65, 66 laboratory in Trinity College, 37, 38 chemical philosophy, 65 links with printers, 36 communication of chemistry, 66

318 Index

Watson, Richard (cont.) fellowship of Trinity Hall, 96 complaints of examiners’ bias, 106 Mastership of Sidney Sussex College, dress, 58 103 election to 1702 Chair, 60 on the manufacture of charcoal, 102 examiner of Isaac Pennington, 87 problems with phlogiston theory, 98 friendship with George Wollaston, 95 proof of the composition of water, 101 gunpowder manufacture, 94 publication of A Plan of a Chemical Course industrial practice, 66, 76 of Lectures,99 inﬂuence on Isaac Milner, 89 resignation from Jacksonian chair, 103, Institutiones Metallurgicae,62 132 landscaping, 76, 77 synthesis of ammonia, 101 metal smelting, 63 synthesis of laughing gas, 102 political views, 57, 58, 69, 72 view on the nature of heat, 99 portrait by George Romney, 59 Wollaston, George (1738–1826), 95 portrait by Joshua Reynolds, 78 Wollaston, George Hyde, 123 preferments, 71 Wollaston, William (1659–1724), 95 residence, 60, 71, 73 Wollaston, William Hyde, 19, 95, 114, 142, resignation from 1702 Chair, 85 143, 145 theology, 66, 67, 70 declines to stand for 1702 Chair, 103 Watt, James, 49 discovery of palladium, 126 Weedon, Basil Charles Leicester, 240 discovery of rhodium, 126 Wesley College, Dublin, 237 early interaction with Smithson Tennant, Wesley, John, 73 121 Westheimer, Frank H., 231 medical student at Caius, 96 Whewell, William, 23, 24, 147, 150, 151, 153, partnership with Smithson Tennant, 122, 156, 159, 160 123, 126, 128 Whigs, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 67, 70, 72 platinum, 123 Whishaw, John (biographer of Tennant), 115, women’s suffrage, 181 116, 117, 122, 130, 131, 133, 134, Women’s University Settlement, 181 145 Woodward, Robert Burns, 231 Whiston, William, 3, 8, 13 Woodwardian chair, 97, 151 Whiteﬁeld, George, 73 Wordsworth, Christopher, 141, 147 Wilberforce, William, 94, 106, 110 Wordsworth, William, 73, 140 Wilkinson, Geoffrey, 238 World War I, 181, 182 Williams, Dudley Howard, 217 impact on Cambridge chemistry, 200 Willis, Robert, 146, 147, 158, 160, 170 mustard gas, 196, 201 Wilson, Dorothy, 62 phosgene, 201 Wilson, Woodrow, 205 photographic sensitisers developed in witchweed, 247 Cambridge, 202 Wollaston, Charlton, 17, 95 Special [Gas] Service, 201 Wollaston, Francis (1694–1774), 95 World War II, 238 Wollaston, Francis (1731–1815), 95 high-octane gasoline production, 205 Wollaston, Francis John Hyde, 21, 121, 142, impact on Cambridge chemistry, 202 143, 144 Manhattan Project, 205 acts as examination moderator, 96 synthetic rubber programme, 205 adoption of Lavoisier’s system of chemistry, 97, 98, 100 Young, Douglas Wilson, 245 appointed to Observatory Syndicate, 97 archdeacon of Essex, 106 Zerewitinoff determination, 239 appointed to Jacksonian chair, 95 Zinsser Sophas Synthesiser, 296