MODERN RUSSIA THE MODERN WORLD SERIES A Series 4 Autlzoritallve Books on tile Present ' Eeonomi't: and Political Position, and tile Ji'ulure Possi6ililt.'es of Various.Counln'es.
Large Crown Svo. Cloth ••
. 1. Tbe Evolution. of Modern Oermany, By w. 'HAllBUT'l' DAWSON. :11. Modern Russia. By G. ALBXINSKY. With a new Preface. 3• Java, Sumatra, and the other Islands of the Duteh East Indies. By A. 'CABATON. With a Map and 47 Illustrations.
VOLUMES IN PREPARATION, The Argentine In the Twentieth Century. By ALBIUlT B. MAllTINEZ and MAUIUCB LBWAN• DOWSKf. With an Introduction by C. PBLLBGI.INK1 • and a P.reface by EMILI LBVASSBUR. The Japanese Empire and Its Economic Concll· · . tions. · By JOSBPB DA11TlBMIR. With ~~ Illustrations. The Story of Korea. By Jos&PB H. LONGPOlt.D. With Maps and Illus trations. ·
TO BE FOLLOWED BY OTHER VOLUMES, MODERN RlJSSIA
BY GREGOR ALEXINSKY
EX•DEPUTY OF THE DUMA
•TRANSLATED BY BERNARD MIALL
T.· FISHER UNWIN LONDON: ADELPHI TERRACE TO
MY MOTHER AND FATHER THE AUTHOR
EnglisJI translation first Jublished in 1913. Second Impression, 1914. (All rights reserved.) CONTENTS PAGB INTilODUCTION '. 7
·BOOK I GENERAL .SKETCH or THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT , or RUSSIA CHAPTBR I. THE CouNTilY .' II. THE RAcEs oF RvssiA . . .. IlL THa STAT& AND ITS EvoLUTION IV. THE EvoLVTIOII oF THB NATIONAL MrND
BOOK II.' ,, THE MODERN PERIOD .
I. THB EcoNOMIC PosiTION or RusSIA • 97 11. THa RussiAN PEOPLI . • 10) lll. THa DEVELOPMENT AND FoRMS OF RussiAN .CAPITAL • •!• IV. Ruur. EooNoMY AIID THa Acull.rAN QvESTroM • • 138 V. THa FAMILY AND THB PosrTiox oP WoM.. I!N • 155 VI. THI 1NTBLLECT11AL CLASSI!s-NIHILJSM • a6a
BOOK Ill THI ABSOLUTE POWER, ITS ORGANIZATION AND RESOU.R.CES
I. Tu OlGANlZAno• OF THB CsWTui. Pown, · 173 II. THa RussiAN BvuAvcucy • 171 s . 6 CONTENTS tHAPTIR fAG I III. THB PoLICI...... -THE LAw ·~s IV, LocAL Snr-GovnNMENT: THE ZEMSTVO . 196 v. THE FINANCES OF THI! STATB • zos VI. FoR.!IGIII PoLITics AND THB Aa.MY • 2.13
BOOK IV ' THE. POLITICAL CONFLICT I. THB Russo·jAPANE!B WAR.. AND THE REvOLUTIONARY Cams 2 31 II. THI!. ELEMENTS oF RussiAN Socti!TY-THEIR R&u IN THI! REvoLUTION AND THEIR PoLITICAL JoEoLoov zso III. AFTER THI REVOLUTION Z7Z
BOOK V THE NATIONAL QUESTION AND THE RELIGIOUS QUESTION
I. THB NATIONAL CONFLICT AND THB. UNITY OF TH.I! STAT! "97 II. ·· Taa RELIGIOus QvasTIOIJI 307
BOOK VI RUSSIAN LITERATURE AND POETRY
I.. GENERAL CnARACTI!R or RusSIAN• LITI!RATVI.I! • 3U II. Taa EvoLUTION or LITBRATVRB IN THE NINETEENTH AND Twi!NTIETH CaNTVIliES • 330
CoNCLUSION • 3S3 IN on: HS INTRODUCTION TO THE ENGLISH EDITION
ONE of the most notable characteristics of the life of contem.; porary society is its international quality!' The fundamental function of human activity-the production of materials to satisfy the needs of the masses-has assumed an international form. Capital, the organizing force of production and exchange, passes rapidly from one country to another, uni~ing them by indestructible material ties. International organizations of capitalists are coming into being, which are held in check: by labour organizations of an equally international type. Every invention, every improvement in the technique of production, every scientific discovery, is at once transmitted to every portion of the globe. Besides the exchange of products we observe a mutual interchange of ideas, and the two form a common founda. tion, a foundation both material and spiritua~ for the future development of human culture. . The separate members of the great family of the peoples and StateS of the modern ~orld are like the various portions of a single gigantic organism, or the links of a single chain. When one of these links is moved all the others promptly feel the movement, Every event that occurs in any country of the modern world is to-day an internatio~al event. The "good old days" are gone, when humanity lived in groups; when the individual might live all his life in his native town or village without knowing what was happ~ning at a few miles' distance. The modern man is a citizen of the world. ' 8 INTRODUCTION The telegraph cables which enmesh the globe force him to keep an eye upon•all the countries of the world. It is obvious that to the modern man a closer knowledge of the life of other peoples appears not only desirable, but necessary. The older nations-the :french, Germans, and English-which have attained the highest degree of civiliza~ion, are in this respect in a favourable situation. Their way of life and their material and spiritual activities serve as examples to other nations, and are the object of attentive study •. But a knowledge of the younger and more backward nations is far less widespread. This ignorance is most perceptible in the case of those nations which are divided from Western Europe not only by geographical distance, but also by linguistic remoteness. All will remember how Europe was surprised by the apparition of Japan in the guise of a first-class Power, equipped with the technical methods of the Occident. No one has yet forgotten the astonishment evoked by her army, so powerful and so highly trained, her Press, and her subtle and capable diplomacy. Russia is a thought less strange to the European public, but the general knowledge of Russia leaves much to be desired. If we take even an educated European:..provided he be not a specialist, an .investigator into Russian life-we shall lind that his information respecting Russia is almost!.inevitably confined to extremely limited impressions, acquired by chance. As a French critic declared, when the French edition of this volume was published, this ignorance is deplorable, and might well . be dangerous • . The English public is, I must admit, perhaps the best informed in Europe upon Russian affairs., But its knowledge of the life of our country is yet highly imperfect. The English. newspapers and reviews offer their readers information respecting Russia, but as separate drops of water do not make an ocean, so the various facts and articles provided by the Press cannot give a general or · a well-grounded view of the life of the great people, or the agglomeration of peoples, which inhabits the vast plain of Eastern Europe. I uust this book of mine may serve as a guide to all INTRODUCTION 9 those whQ wish to know Russia- better, and who ~re often perplexed by the amazing complexity of her life. I have no wish to speak as a prophet unveiling the future or revealing the enigmas of Destiny. Nor do I speak: as a political agitator; my aim is quite otherwise. I hope to speak: the calm language of facts and figures and exact data, This book, in my intention, should be a small encyclopredia of Russian life in all its manifestations ; an unpretending photograph, which seeks to, reproduce, as faithfully as possible, the contours and the colours . of reality. But the reader will readily understand that such _a word-picture presents its difficulties. Lshould have preferred to reveal to him a little corner of the actual life of my country ; but to present in a single volume al( that I should like to say of Russia, all that might interest the foreign public, is beyond my means. • I shall be always brief in my explanations : tton multa, ml multum I To say many thingS in a few words : that is the difficult problem before me.. The reader must judge how far · I have solved it. G. A.
(The English edition differs in certain points from the French ; the economic and political portion of the book has been enlargea, and three new .chapters are included : one dealing . with the Police and the Law, one with Self-government, and one with Foreign Politics and the Army.) · INDEX Abduction of peasant girls, 85 Avowal, feudal right of, 45, so Absolutism, see Autocracy ' Azev, 'ferrorist and police-spy, Administration in the eighteenth 187-9~ century, 63-4 AdministratioQs, budget of the, 2o6 · Bagdad Railway, 219 Agents provocateurs, 187 Balkans, Rus~an policy in the, Agrarian problems, 138-54; re- 222 forms of x!)o6, 285-7 Baltic Sea, IS Alcoholism, see Vodka Baltic, shores of, conquered, 59 Alexander I, 59, 6o, 67, US Barshtchina, the, 61-,.2 Alexander II, 138 '' Black Bands," the, 264-7 Alexander UI, 215, 236 Black Sea, IS; mutiny in $quadron, Alexander Nevsky, 47 2~ . Alexei Romanov, 58 11 Bloody Sunday," 92 Ancestor worship, 73-4 Boris Godunov, 56--7, 6o Animism, 71--6 Burtzev, quoted, 167 " Aristo-serf" culture, 86 Boyars, the, 39, 45, so, 55 ; dimin~ Army, expansion of, 6o ; rejec ished powers of, 56; 64 tions on account of physical Boyars' Duma, 45, so deficiency, 149; loans, 209 ; Boyarshtchina, division of land, 43 bad conditions in, 224-8; Bratzy, 11 consolers," 317 ' Kuropatkin on, ·225; com Budget, eighteenth century, 63, pulsory service, 226 ; officers 176 ; rapid increase in, 205- of, 226; insanitary conditions 12 in, 226--7; see Russo-Japanese Bureaucracy(t78-84), composition War of, 179-Bo ; cost of, I8.2 ; Aryan invasion, 19 poverty of lower grades, I 82- Asia, awakening of, 218 3 ; corruption of. 183 Asiatic immigration, 14 Byzantine ideology, 51, 17-8 Austria, military power of, 235 Byzantium, 51 Austro-Russian conflict, UJ Autocracy, origin and resources Ca\iinet, thfl, 175 , of, 173-228 Camarilla, the, 175--6 .sss INDEX
Capital, action of, 1J9 ; foreign, Crimea, conquest of the, 59. 233 103-6 ; development and Crimean War, 68, 139, 216 forms of Russian, n4-37 ; Customs, 24 organization of, 122-3 Capitalists, revenue of, 113 Dan, Tartar tribute, so Catherine II, 59, 64-5, 87, 91, 277, Daniel Alexandrovitch, 47 331 Danube-Adriatic Railway, 223 Caucasus, conquest of, 6o Death penalty, frequency of, 194 Census, the first, 107; of workers, Decadents, 32B-9, 344 •
I0!]-11, 12J-6 I " Decembrist," revolt of the, 67-8, Central power, organization of, 215 173-'1 . " Descent among the people," 91 Chasles, M., quoted, 275 Dimitri, the real and the false, China, war with Japan, 236--7 ; 57.91 trade with, 23
Financial crisis after war, 245 Industry, development of, 66---J,
Fines in factories, uS 101-31 105, Io6; abatement Finland, absorption of, 6o ; prob- of, n6-17; higher organiza- lem of, 3oo-1 tion of, 117-18 . , Flnnish settlers, 21, 26-7 Insurrection of peasants,'87-9 Folk-tales and lore, 71-1 Intellectual classes, 162-70 Foreign politics, 213-24 Ivan Kalita, 67 Forests, 16 I van the Terrible, so, SS-6 Franco-Russian alliance, 216-21 Ivan III re!uses to recognize the French finance, harmful results of, ;Khan,st · 168-c} French Revolution, 232-3 Japan, revolution in, 235; her Beet Functionaries, provided · by built with Russian money, ~37; dvorianstvo, 63 ultimatum of, to Russia, 238 ; Funds, Russian, loss on, 209 war breaks out, 238; see Russo Japanese War Gapon, Father, agent provocateur, Jews, massacre of, 266,304 92 Judges, mere officials, 143 Garshin, novelist, 342 "Judicial statutes;• 193 Germany, military superiority of, Judicial system, 192-5 224 \ Juries, 193 Glacial action, 15 Gogol, novelist, 333 Kautsky, quoted, 249 Golden Charter, 91 Khan, the Tartar, 25, 47; grants Golden Horde, 47 ; downfall of, 51 titles to Russian Grand Dukes, Gontcharev, novelist, 335, 337 Governments, the provincial, 196; so assemblies of, 197 " Kiev, period of," 24. 40, 41 Governors, provincial, 19(} Klutchevsky, quoted, 15, JO, 31 Greek colonization, 20 Korea, trade of, 238 Guerasimov, attempts to save Kourbsky,~nce,so Kronstadt, mutiny at, 267 Azev, 192 Kuropatkin, quoted, 217-18, 223-5 Health, public, 200-1; of army, Kustar industries, 13o-:z 22f>..? Herodotus, 13 Labour, hours of, 128 !'Labour Delegates, Council of," Imperial family, land owned by, 264,267 144-s, 173-4 Labour party, 253-5 . Imports, see Trade , Land, tenure of, 42-3 ; by serfs at Income, average, of workers, 112 • time of liberation, 139-40; Industrial centres, 130>-4 how divided among State,; Industries, village, or kus[(Jr, 13<>-2 landlords, and peasant~1 144-,5. 358 INDEX
15<>-2 : after the reform of Nadso,., poet, 328 1<}06, 287 Nationalist problem, the, 297-3o6 Landowners, revenue of, 112 Navy, in the Russo-Japanese War, Laufer, Dr., quoted, 128-«} 242-3 Ll Bon, quoted, 8x~ NekrasofJ, poet, 325-6 Legislative power, the, 176-7 Neurasthenia, prevalence of, 149, Lermontov, poet, 332-3 291 Liberal party, 252--63 Nicolas I, 6o, 63 ; peasant revolts Literature, fruit of serfdom, 86-7, under, 87 " . 321-9; evolution. of, 33o-52 Nicolas II, attempt on life of, 236; Local self-government, 11)6, 209 273 Losilsky, quoted, 123 • Nihilism, 16.z-;o; in literature, ,. Lysis," quoted, 208-«}, 219. 225 ' 336-7 Nihilist, the, defined, 162-3 Manchuria, 222; su Russo-Japan- Nijni-Novgorod, 48 ese War Nobles as judges and police, 63 ; Manchurian Railway, 237 compulsory service (lf, abol Marriage, 39 ished, 64 ; scramble for posts, Materialism, 333 64-5 ; failure of, to erect a Merchants as manufacturers, 66 aew economic system, 142-3 Metallurgical industries, ro.z, ios ; Novgorod, 46,48 combination of, u~o 'Metropolitan, the, 49 OgariO'I, poet, 322, 326 Middle Ages, in Russia, 42 Okhrana, the, secret police, 187 Migulin, Professor, quoted, 2o8, 241 Opritchnina, the, 55-6 Mine-owners, combination of, Orthodox Church, 79 ; loses dis Ilg..;19 ciples, 309 Ministers, dependent on Tsar, 175 Palreologus, Sophia, marries Ivan Mksky,~c~247 III, 51 ' Modernism, 344 Pan-Siavism, 227 Mongol invasion, 20 Patriarch of Moscow, the, 58 Montesquieu, quoted, 34-5 Paul I, killed by Imperial Guard, Mortality, in villages, 146-7 6S 'Moscow, rise of, 48-«J; triumph PavlorJ..Siluansky, quoted, 43 of, so; "the third Rome," 51; Peasants, under feudal system, 46; · insurrection of, 26lr1o under serfdom, 61 ; in the Moscow, High Princes of, 25, 47, eighteenth century,&!; revolts so of, 87-8 ; wealthy peasants, Moscow, principality of, 47 ; be 143; diet of, 148-c); degenera comes a Grand Duchy, so' tion among, 149; indifference "Moscow, period of," 24. 42 of, to the Duma, 27i INDEX 359
People, the Russian, 105-13 Proletarianization of the people, "Period of troubles," S~ I2J Persian Gulf, Russia on the, 217 Prostitution,86, 157-8 Petcbenegs, 25 Pskov,46 P'eter the Great, 58 ; reforms of, Psychology affected by. serfdom, sB-9; 78 82 Peter III, killed by Imperial Public Debt, the, 207-8 Gua!d, 65, 91 Public health, 146-7; injured by Peter, Saint, of Tver,49 army, 227 Pisogov, 166 Pugatchev, pretender, 87,91 Pissarev, critic, 3'26 Pushkin, poet, ~9· 322, 332 Pleshtchiev, poet, 323 Plehve, assassination of, 188,·247 · Races of Russia, 18-33; list of, Poetry, see Literature 32-3 ; 297-3o6 Pogogev, quoted, us, 1231 124, 153 Raskol, the, 31o-n Pogroms, 264, 274 Reaction, number of victims of Pokrovsky, quoted, 37, 42 the, 194-5 Poland, partition of, 59, 247 Reshetnikov, novelist, 338 Police," yellow" and" black," 135; Religions of Russia, 33 ; primitive, village police, 181; persecu ' 71-6; 307-17 tion and extortion by, 183 ; Revolution, the Russian : "stifling" census of, 185 ; cost of, 186 1 the, 194-5 ; 231-4, 262-3, 276, political police, 186; as agents 289""94 lrovocateurs, 187-92 Revolu~ionary Socialist party, Polish problem, 296, 300 258""9 Political ideology, 25o-62 Riga, prisoners shot in, .274 ; tor- Political parties, 25o-62, 273-4, 279 tures employed, 281 Polovetzes, 24 Rivers of Russia, 13 Pomialovsky, novelist, 337-8 Rojkofl, quoted, 53-4 Popes, the Orthodox, venality of, Romanov, Mikhail Fedovoritch, So-1 57 Population, density of, (io...I, 107-9; Rural courts, 193 active and dependent, 109 ; Rural economy, basis of the State, standard of life, 111 70; break up .of the, 1o6; Port Arthur,236-7; population of, 138-54 239; reduction of, 243 Rurik, 51 Potemkin, mutiny on the, 263-4 Russia, area of, 13 ; geography Press, muzzling of the, 282 of, 13-17; coastline of, J4; Prices, inflated by tariffs, 122, 2n geology of, 14 ; expansion of, PriJ;a~es, 6.4 59·6o Prime Minister, the, 175 Rltsso-Japanese War, cost of, Professional census, uo-u 'J.og-10, 216, 228 (2Jl-49); INDEX
causes of, 234 ;- incidents of, Sugar,xo6, 123 2.42-8 Syndicalism, 135-6 Ryleef!, poet, 322 Syndica~es, 117-19 Synod, the Holy, 58, 79 Saghalien, cession ol, 235 St. Petersburg, founded, 59 Talienvan, 236-7 "St. Petersburg, period of," 58 Tarifis, prices inflated by, 122,211 Sand, plague of, 16 Tartar Khan, the. sovereign of Sartnatians,the, 19 Russia, 47 ... School-teachers, conditions of, Tarta.r.r, invasion of, 24-5; tribute 202-3 1 paid to, so; yoke of, thrown Scythians; the, 19 otT, so Senate, the, 195 Taxation, III; arrears of, 211; Serfdom, instituted, 61-2 ; aboli indirect, 2u tion and results of, 138-42 TchekhOfl, novelist, etc., 333-4 Serfs, cOnditions of the, 62-3 ; Tchemyshevsky, poet, 326 right to sell conceded, 64 ; Tchinovniki, the, 89 in industries, 66--'J ; tortured, Temperature, xs 83-5 ; land owned by at "Third Section," the {police), 186 .liber~tion, 139-40 ; huge ran Tolstoy, novelist, 347-50 som paid by, 141 Torture, of serfs, 84-6; of political Sergius, Grand Duke, assassi prisoners, 28o-2 nated, 18~ Totemism, 75 . Shouisky, Prince, elected Tsar, 57 Tughan-Baranovsky, quoted, u6 Siberia, conquest of, 59 ; serfs sent Trade, 'development of, 66 ; ex- to by masters, 6s ; recent ports and imports, 97-9 ; ex· exiles to, 195 cess of exports, 100 : with Siberian Railway, 241 Finland, 301 Slavs, the, 22-4, 28-9; primitive Trade journals, suppressed, 121 society of, 36-7 ; primitive Trades, census of, no-n religion, 71-6 Trades unions, 135-6 ; dissolved Smolensk, 48 by police, 137 Social Democracy, 25<)-62 Trans-Siberian Railway, 236 Socialism, 168-9 Treasury, the, 181 Society, structure of, 251 Trepo-., General,'262 Soul, theory of the, 73-6 Trusts, IIj'-18 Spring, legend cf, 74 Tsar, the Russian, 65 ; popular State, the, evofution of, 34-68 ; conception of, 90, 93 ; wealth basis of, 70; military activity of, 173 ; Azev plans to kill, of, 70; institutions of, 175 192 ; see Duma Strikes : the general strike, 2G2 ; Tsar, the Tartar, 47 strikes of 1905. 263-9 Turtenef!, novelist, 124,163-4,323-4 INDEX
Tver, Archbishop of, 49 ; city of, Volontaire, quoted, 236, 246 · 49 Voltaire, 333 Jloltairianetz, 331 tlkraine, 59 Ulogeni4, legal code, 58 Wage-earners, census of, 123-6 Unity, Russian, 47 Wages,. 125-8 Universities, 166-7, 283-4 Wars, losses by,214 Urban eulture,lack of, 129-30 Warsaw~ 59 Uspensky, novelist, 34-f) Witte, Count, 222, 266-8, 285 Women, position of, 126, 155-61 Variags, the (Varingians), 21 Workers, census ot; 124; female Vassili Dimitrovitch, 51 and child, us-6 Viborg, Proclamation of, 276, 281 y akubovitch, poet, 326 Villages, condition of, ns, 146-7 ; Yalu River, battle of, 242 life in, 157 Yaroslav the Wise, 40 Virchow, quoted, 201 Yermak conquers Siberia, 59 Vladimir, capital, 42, 47 \'ladimir Monomakb, 40 . Zemskii natchalniki, 197 Vt~dka, Government monopoly, Zemskii sobory, 57-8 . 121 ; ravages of, 149; profits Zemstvos, the (1¢-"204), budget of, on, 211-u futed, 199; in South • west Voi't•ody, the, 64 Russia, 305 · Volga, basin of the, 13 ; conquest Zubatov, chief of secret police, Qf, 59 135
24 at Grc&bam Jmt 01IWDI BROTBDS, LUIITID WOIDIG AliD LONDOI