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Host Plant Effects on the Development, Survival, and Reproduction of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Grapevines Author(s): A. Bertin , L. C. Bortoli , M. Botton , and J.R.P. Parra Source: Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 106(5):604-609. 2013. Published By: Entomological Society of America URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/AN13030 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. ARTHROPOD BIOLOGY Host Plant Effects on the Development, Survival, and Reproduction of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Grapevines 1,2 3 3 1 A. BERTIN, L. C. BORTOLI, M. BOTTON, AND J.R.P. PARRA Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 106(5): 604Ð609 (2013); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/AN13030 ABSTRACT Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is one of the most frequent and abundant mealybugs in Brazilian vineyards, where it causes direct and indirect damage to the vines. In this study, we investigated the effect of plant structures, cultivars, and vine rootstocks on the development, survival, and reproduction of D. brevipes under laboratory conditions. Leaves of the table- grape cultivar ÔIta´liaÕ (Vitis vinifera) and ÔNia´gara RosadaÕ (Vitis labrusca) and the vine roots of the rootstocks Paulsen 1103 (Vitis berlandieri ϫ V. rupestris) and IAC 572 (Vitis caribaea ϫ 101-14 Mgt) were used as host plants. D. brevipes developed on different vegetative structures, cultivars, and vine rootstocks. D. brevipes showed the shortest developmental period and highest survival and fecundity rates on leaves of cultivar Ita´lia. Survival on leaves was signiÞcantly higher than on roots. Roots of IAC 572 were unsuitable for D. brevipes development, resulting in nonreproductive females. The mealybugsÕ longevity on leaves and vine roots was similar. Higher intrinsic and Þnite rates of increase and net reproductive rate were observed when mealybugs developed on Ita´lia leaves. We concluded that the host plant affects the development and survival of D. brevipes and that the choice of the most appropriate cultivar or vine rootstock can help to reduce pest infestation, and is therefore an additional component to be included in the integrated pest management of grapes. KEY WORDS mealybug, life cycle, cultivar, rootstock, grape Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) have become The several species of mealybugs associated with increasingly important pests in many crops (BenÐDov grapevines in Brazil include Planococcus citri (Risso, 1994). In vineyards, they are of concern mainly because 1813), Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897), Pseudococ- of direct infestation of table-grape clusters and indirect cus maritimus (Ehrhorn, 1900), Pseudococcus longispi- damage through virus transmission (Walton and Pringle nus (TargioniÐTozetti, 1867), Pseudococcus viburni 2004; Daane et al. 2008, 2012). Mealybugs can feed on all (Signoret, 1875), and Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cocker- parts of the vine, including the trunk, leaves, and grape ell, 1893) (Daane et al. 2012). clusters, and occasionally on roots (Godfrey et al. 2002, The identiÞcation of D. brevipes occurrence on Daane et al. 2008). Direct loss to production occurs when grapes is relatively new (Morandi Filho, 2008). This mealybugs infest fruits and excrete honeydew that cov- mealybug is primarily a pest of pineapple in Brazil ers the bunches and leaves, resulting in sooty-mold (Silva et al. 1968). On grapes, the species has been growth (Flaherty et al. 1992; Godfrey et al. 2002; Daane mainly found on roots, but it can also infest leaves and et al. 2008, 2012). In wine grapes, the presence of mealy- bunches, causing signiÞcant damage during harvest bugs does not cause economic damage, although some (Daane et al. 2012). No information is available about evidence indicates that they can modify the wine quality the life cycle of D. brevipes on grapes. Given its oc- (Bordeu et al. 2012). However, in table grapes, the pres- currence on roots, this species may be important when ence of mealybugs and the contamination resulting from replanting vineyards, which may lead to reinfestation their feeding can cause cosmetic damage to clusters, and contamination (if this species is also a virus vec- reducing marketability (Godfrey et al. 2002, Gonza´lez tor), as for Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell, 1879) and Volosky 2004, Daane et al. 2012). Many mealybug in New Zealand (Bell et al. 2009). In this study, we species can transmit several important grapevine viruses investigated the development, survival, and reproduc- (Cabaleiro and Segura 1997, Golino et al. 2002, Douglas tion of D. brevipes on leaves of two table-grape cul- and Kru¨ger 2008, Bertin et al. 2010), such as the leafroll tivars and roots of two vine rootstocks. viruses, which can reduce productivity and grape quality (Komar et al. 2007). Materials and Methods 1 Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of Sa˜o Maintenance of Insect Colony and Host Plants. A Paulo, 11 Pa´dua Dias Ave., Piracicaba, SP, Brazil 13418-900. colony of D. brevipes was initiated in May 2008 with 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. 3 Laboratory of Entomology, Embrapa Grape and Wine, 515 Livra- adult females originally collected from infested Þg mento St., Bento Gonc¸alves, RS, Brazil 95700-000. roots. The colony was maintained for ϳ15 generations 0013-8746/13/0604Ð0609$04.00/0 ᭧ 2013 Entomological Society of America September 2013 BERTIN ET AL.: BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF Dysmicoccus brevipes ON GRAPES 605 on squash (Cabotia´ variety, Cucurbita maxima ϫ Cu- Table 1. Results of statistical analysis for development time curbita moschata) in controlled conditions (25 Ϯ 2ЊC, and longevity of Dysmicoccus brevipes reared on leaves and vine roots of grapes 70 Ϯ 10% relative humidity [RH], and a photoperiod of 14:10 [L:D] h). Traits Test statistic P value The varieties of table grapes that are most com- Leaf or root F (df) monly grown in Brazil were selected for the study. Leaves of the cultivars ÔItaliaÕ (Vitis vinifera) and ÔNia- First instar (development time) 2.85 (1) 0.233 ´ ´ Second instar (development time) 10.03 (1) 0.086 gara RosadaÕ (Vitis labrusca) and the vine rootstocks Third instar (development time) 43.20 (1) 0.022 Paulsen 1103 (Vitis berlandieri ϫ Vitis rupestris) and Nymphal period 19.48 (1) 0.047 IAC 572 (Vitis caribaea ϫ 101-14 Mgt) were used as Longevity 10.41 (1) 0.084 host. The bioassays were conducted by using leaves of adult plants collected in vineyards free from insecti- cide application. The vine rootstocks were cultivated knife resampling (Maia et al. 2000) and were com- in a greenhouse with one plant (1-yr-old) per con- ␣ ϭ tainer (3 liters). pared by using a t-test ( 0.05). Life-table param- Development and Survivorship. To determine the eters for D. brevipes on IAC 572 and Paulsen 1103 roots development time and survival rate of D. brevipes, were not estimated because mealybugs did not pro- adult females from the laboratory colony were isolated duce offspring when reared on IAC 572 roots and there was a low number of reproductive females on in petri dishes (diameter 6.0 cm) with Ita´lia leaf discs (diameter 3.5 cm) until oviposition. First-instar Paulsen 1103 roots. nymphs (Ͻ24-h-old) were transferred to host-plant Development time and adult longevity were ana- leaf discs (diameter 3.5 cm) and vine roots (length 4 lyzed by using nested analysis of variance of the com- cm) in petri dishes (diameter 6 cm) containing a layer bined data set, where leaves and roots were the main (1 cm) of 3% agar-water. In total, 150 nymphs were Þxed factor and the cultivars or rootstocks were the placed individually on leaf discs from each cultivar, random factor nested within leaves/roots. To test for the signiÞcance within groups (leaves or roots), a and 250 nymphs on each root piece of the vine root- ␣ ϭ stock. Mealybugs were transferred to new leaves or t-test was applied ( 0.05) (R Development Core roots every5dtoensure a supply of fresh food. Team 2012). The experiments were conducted in the laboratory The reproductive periods were analyzed with anal- Ϯ Њ Ϯ ysis of variance, followed by TukeyÕs test to separate under controlled conditions at 25 2 C, 70 10% RH, ␣ ϭ and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. The progress of the means at 0.05. The effect of host plants on development was checked every 2 d under a binocular survival of immature stages and adult fecundity were microscope and distinguished based on the occur- analyzed Þtting a generalized linear model of the bi- rence of molting exuviae. The survival rate for each nomial and Poisson types, respectively (Nelder and stage is presented as the percentage of individuals that Wedderburn 1972). successfully developed to the next stage. The sex of individual mealybugs could not be determined at the Results egg and Þrst-crawler stages; sex could Þrst be distin- guished in the second instar, when males form a co- Development and Survivorship. No D. brevipes coon to complete their development (McKenzie males were observed from Þrst-instar nymphs main- 1967).

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