DOCSLIB.ORG

IJRSS Vol29 P1 Dec18 Leyla

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
IJRSS Vol29 P1 Dec18 Leyla Dec. 2018. Vol. 29. No.1 ISSN-2307-227X International Journal of Research In Social Sciences © 2013-2019 IJRSS & K.A.J. All rights reserved www.ijsk.org/ijrss TRACING THE HISTORICAL MULTI-LAYEREDNESS THROUGH THE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE AND MATERIALS OF EDIFICES IN AMASYA 1DR. LEYLA ETYEMEZ CIPLAK 1Inst. Dr., Department of Architecture, Cankaya University, Ankara, TURKEY E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The major subject of this study is understanding the physical evidences of the historical multi-layeredness in historic settlement of Amasya through the used construction techniques and materials in different edifices from succeeding periods. Keywords: Historical Multi-Layeredness, Construction Technique and Material, Historic Buildings, Historic Multi-Layered Settlements, Amasya. 1. INTRODUCTION between the mountains of Harşena and Ferhat, about 400m above the sea-level. Multi-layered historic settlements are the outcome of continual historical periods whose remaining edifices are stratified and integrated with the latter periods elements while constituting the current urban structure. In order to understand and evaluate this multi-layered character in current settlement, the urban history of the settlement is the main issue to be comprehended. Afterwards, for the identification of the urban historic periods and revealing the historical stratification of the settlement, a diachronic documentation1 is needed. As a consequence, this documentation and study can provide a basis for revealing the historically Figure 1: Figure 1: Topography of Amasya stratified areas which contain the physical remains (http://www.yesilirmak.org.tr, last accessed on 09.12.2018) representing the multi-layered character. Subsequently, by examining the construction technique and materials of the edifices in these The most obvious geographical aspects of areas, the physical evidences of different periods as Amasya are, the hilly mountains surrounding the the identification of the mutli-layeredness can be settlement and the Yeşilırmak River which splits the traced. land and shapes the Yeşilırmak Valley. The alluvial carried by the river forms the flat lands along the Yesilırmak Valley. As a result of its natural features, 2. BRIEF LOOK ON AMASYA providing military security and fruitful lands, Amasya has always been a significant settlement in Amasya, as a multi-layered historic settlement, the region. is found in the inner part of the Black Sea region of Turkey. The neighbor cities of Amasya are Samsun The settlement is in the primary earthquake on the north, Tokat on the east and south-east, zone of Turkey by being on the fault line of North Çorum on the west and Yozgat in the south. The Anatolia. Since the settlement centre is located on a settlement was established in the Yesilırmak valley strong limestone rock formation, the extensive 1 Diachronic documentation means the documentation of each itself in order to juxtapose the current settlement with these period separately for understanding the integrity of each period in historical periods and reveal the physical evidences (Bilgin, 1996) 1 Dec. 2018. Vol. 29. No.1 ISSN-2307-227X International Journal of Research In Social Sciences © 2013-2019 IJRSS & K.A.J. All rights reserved www.ijsk.org/ijrss effects of earthquakes limitedly affected Amasya. period the city flourished as an education centre of The two earliest documented earthquakes were in the sons of Ottoman sultans constituting it as a 236 BC and 509 BC, respectively during Roman significant administrative centre. Through its Periods (Kuzucular, 1994). Any major earthquake history, the city expansion is developed at most in was recorded until 16th. But, after the 16th century this period. Mosques, schools, governmental, many earthquakes were recorded, the biggest were military and commercial buildings were built (Urak, in the 1668 AD and 1939 AD of which the centre 1994). was Erzincan (Demirçay, 1954). Figure 3: A restitutive representation of Amasya in antiquity (http://www.yesilirmak.org.tr, last accessed on Figure 2: Geological map of Amasya (Bektas, 2001) 09.12.2018) Amasya has been continuously inhabited since After the 19th century, the historic urban the Chalcolithic Era (5500BC-3800BC) starting structure of the city started to dissolve. Primarily, from the peak of the Harşena Mountain because of after the 1913 fire which destroyed almost one third the advantages for the military security. Following of city, the urban development process was the constructed fortifications in the Hellenistic enhanced. In mid-20th century, by the establishment period, the settlement extended and towards the of the Republic of Turkey, the rapid urban Yesilırmak River and Herşena Mountain’s south development and renovations in the technologies, foothills. In the Hellenistic period Amasya was a tools and approaches of construction and planning, capital city and enlarged towards the four directions the natural process of urban development and within the borders of the topographical thresholds. transformation had been interrupted. The railway In this period, the city financially developed and road, new large roads and public areas, new construction activities were accelerated. Rock buildings with larger mass proportions were erected. Tombs, castle, Alçak Bridge and the city walls were In the most of these new cases, the result was the remains of this period. Successively, in the Roman loss of different historical and archaeological period the city was also an important settlement on heritage. the passage way of commercial route. In the Roman period, the settlement was enlarged towards the 3. DIACHRONIC DOCUMENTATION OF topographical thresholds. City walls, roman baths, AMASYA temples, tombs, altars, cisterns were constructed. (Yaşar, 2007), (Kuzucular, 1994) In Amasya the first settled area was on the peak of Harşena Mountain by Hittites. After Hittites, Afterwards, in the Byzantine Period the city Phrygians ruled the city and extended settled area became a religious centre and churches, monasteries towards the outside the city walls (Özdemir C. , and bridges were constructed. After the 7th century 2007, p. 10). As a consequence of the topographical BC the city shrunk into the city walls due to the features of the land there could only be a invasions. After the conquest of Danishmends the hypothetical street parallel to the river. According to city was declared as a capital city, the settlement Kuzucular there had been a bridge far away to the area was expanded again. Subsequently, in Seljuk, settlement on the north-east linking the street Ilkhanids and Eretna Principality period the city coming from Tokat to Samsun (1994, p. 14). became a cultural and production centre. Mosques, medreses, hospitals, hamams, fountains and tombs were built (Kuzucular, 1994). Then, in the Ottoman 2 Dec. 2018. Vol. 29. No.1 ISSN-2307-227X International Journal of Research In Social Sciences © 2013-2019 IJRSS & K.A.J. All rights reserved www.ijsk.org/ijrss Furthermore, a Phrygian temple on the south side of Roman Period that, Amasya was an important the river on the ancient road is predicted.2 commercial centre and a rich settlement. Therefore, many structures should have been constructed. However only known edifices are a roman bath and a Goddess Temple, where now the Bayezid Complex and the Municipality building is located (Kuzucular, 1994, p. 121) Figure 4: Figure 4: Diachronic plan of Periods Before the Hellenistic Period in Amasya (Etyemez, 2011, p. 77) During the Hellenistic Period, city was ruled by Pontus Kingdom and extended towards the outside of the fortifications and towards the south side of the river by referring to the Alçak Bridge which was Figure 6: Diachronic plan of Roman Period in Amasya (Etyemez, 2011, p. 80) built. The citadel, city walls and the bridge belonging to earlier periods were restored. During the Byzantine Period, the metropolis Additionally, the rock tombs, the current form of the character of the city has continued while becoming citadel and the palace, which represents the also a religious centre. Many churches and two new developing administrative organization of the bridges Helkıs and Magdenus bridges are the settlement, were constructed in this period. edifices claimed to have been constructed. Moreover, the settled area on the south of the river According to Kuzucular, the names of few of these was a rural, slum area with low density but it is churches are known. The locations of these churches known that due to the financial developments, the are being supposed with accordance to the current city had expanded towards these topographical names of the quarters at the present (1994, p. 24). thresholds (Kuzucular, 1994, p. 94). One other urban element stated to exist in this period is the aqueduct, which was on south-west, north-east axis on the south of river (Özdemir C. , 2007, p. 136). Figure 7: Diachronic plan of Byzantine Period in Amasya (Etyemez, 2011, p. 81) Figure 5: Diachronic plan of Pontus Kingdom Period in Besides the remains in the city walls, another Amasya (Etyemez, 2011, p. 78) in-situ remain from this period is Fethiye Mosque which was a church and converted into a mosque in Due to the battles for adding Amasya to the Danishmend Period. Afterwards, in 7th century Roman territories the castle and city walls were together with the Arab invasions the city started to demolished. Then these structures were reconstructed shrink towards the inside of the city walls. Between due to the advantages of military and security
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sabiha Gökçen's 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO ―Sabiha Gökçen‘s 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation Formation and the Ottoman Armenians A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Fatma Ulgen Committee in charge: Professor Robert Horwitz, Chair Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Hasan Kayalı Copyright Fatma Ulgen, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Fatma Ulgen is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my mother and father, without whom there would be no life, no love, no light, and for Hrant Dink (15 September 1954 - 19 January 2007 iv EPIGRAPH ―In the summertime, we would go on the roof…Sit there and look at the stars…You could reach the stars there…Over here, you can‘t.‖ Haydanus Peterson, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, reminiscing about the old country [Moush, Turkey] in Fresno, California 72 years later. Courtesy of the Zoryan Institute Oral History Archive v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………....
    [Show full text]
  • The Forgotten Genocide by Berkan Celebi - 18/12/2018 11:01
    www.theregion.org The forgotten genocide by Berkan Celebi - 18/12/2018 11:01 The Greek genocide in Turkey was the systemic genocidal campaign carried out by the Ottoman Empire but primarily by the militia movements, under the Turkish National Movement, which formed the Ottoman successor state; The Turkish Republic. The genocide occurred between the year 1914 to 1922 leading to the death of over 750,000 people. The genocide included campaigns of death marches, executions, massacres, the destruction of cultural and religious monuments, and ethnic displacement through means of destruction of homes and cities that were historically and demographically, Greek. An example would be the Catastrophe of Smyrna, today the city known as Izmir, which was the outbreak of a fire in the traditional Greek city begun by Turkish nationalist forces which led to the destruction of three-quarters of the city, its plunder and the death and rape of 10 to 100 thousand people. The remaining population had fled during the fire with an estimated 50 to 400 thousand people cramming into ports in order to flee as refugees whilst an estimated 100 thousand were killed in a subsequent death march from the city to Central Anatolia. Campaigns also included forced deportation such as in Samsun where looting, burning of settlements, rape, crucifixions of religious leaders and massacres had led a final forced death march killing the remaining Greek community within the city and those who had sought refuge in the city fleeing from other atrocious acts across the nation. An American relief worker noted that ‘‘Bodies lay along the roadside and in the fields everywhere.
    [Show full text]
  • A Quest for Equality: Minorities in Turkey Dilek Kurban Kurdish Girl in Diyarbakır, Turkey
    report A Quest for Equality: Minorities in Turkey Dilek Kurban Kurdish girl in Diyarbakır, Turkey. Carlos Reyes-Manzo/Andes Press Agency. Acknowledgements University in Istanbul. She has received her law degree from This report was prepared and published as part of a project Columbia Law School. Previously she worked as an entitled ‘Combating discrimination and promoting minority Associate Political Affairs Officer at the United Nations rights in Turkey’, carried out in partnership with Minority Department of Political Affairs in New York City. She is the Rights Group International (MRG) and the Diyarbakır Bar author/co-author of various books, reports and academic Association. articles on minority rights, internal displacement and human rights protection in Turkey. The aim of this project is the protection of the ethnic, linguistic and religious rights enshrined in European The author would like to thank Elif Kalaycıoğlu for her standards (and reflected in the Copenhagen Criteria) of invaluable research assistance for this report. minorities in Turkey. The project focuses on the problem of displacement, anti-discrimination law and remedies, and Minority Rights Group International educational rights of minorities in Turkey. Minority Rights Group International (MRG) is a non- governmental organization (NGO) working to secure the This report was prepared with the financial support of the rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and EU. The contents of the document are entirely the indigenous peoples worldwide, and to promote cooperation responsibility of the project partners, and in no way represent and understanding between communities. Our activities are the views of the EU. focused on international advocacy, training, publishing and outreach.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Ottoman Empire
    01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd i 8/23/2007 7:33:25 PM 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd ii 8/23/2007 7:33:25 PM A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE Late Ottoman Empire M. Şükrü Hanioğlu 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd iii 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM Copyright © 2008 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-0-691-13452-9 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Minion Typeface Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd iv 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd v 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM Mazi ve müstakbel ahvâline vakıf ve belki ezel ve ebed esrarını ârif olmağa insanda bir meyl-i tabiî olduğundan ale-l-umum nev>-i beșerin bu fenne [tarih] ihtiyac-ı ma>nevîsi derkârdır. Since man has a natural aptitude for comprehending past and future affairs, and perhaps also for unlocking the secrets of eternities past and future, humanity’s spiritual need for this science [history] is evident. —Ahmed Cevdet, Tarih-i Cevdet, 1 (Istanbul: Matbaa-i Osmaniye, 1309 [1891]), pp. 16–17 01_Hanioglu_Prelims_p00i-pxviii.indd vi 8/23/2007 7:33:26 PM Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xi Note on Transliteration, Place Names, and Dates xiii Introduction 1 1. The Ottoman Empire at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century 6 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Tam Metin(PDF)
    International SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDIES JOURNAL SSSjournal (ISSN:2587-1587) Economics and Administration, Tourism and Tourism Management, History, Culture, Religion, Psychology, Sociology, Fine Arts, Engineering, Architecture, Language, Literature, Educational Sciences, Pedagogy & Other Disciplines in Social Sciences Vol:5, Issue:44 pp.4974-4995 2019 sssjournal.com ISSN:2587-1587 [email protected] Article Arrival Date (Makale Geliş Tarihi) 04/08/2019 The Published Rel. Date (Makale Yayın Kabul Tarihi) 23/09/2019 Published Date (Makale Yayın Tarihi) 23.09.2019 AMASYA YÖRGÜÇ PAŞA KÜLLİYESİ’NDEN GÜNÜMÜZE ULAŞAMAYAN YAPILARIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ EVALUATION OF BUILDINGS THAT HAVEN’T SURVIVED IN PRESENT FROM AMASYA YÖRGÜÇ PASHA COMPLEX Doç. Dr. Çiğdem Belgin DİKMEN Bozok Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, Yozgat/TÜRKİYE ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5975-1552 Öğr. Gör. Ferruh TORUK Bozok Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, Yozgat/TÜRKİYE ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-4269 Article Type : Research Article/ Araştırma Makalesi Doi Number : http://dx.doi.org/10.26449/sssj.1738 Reference : Dikmen, Ç.B. & Toruk, F. (2019). “Amasya Yörgüç Paşa Külliyesi’nden Günümüze Ulaşamayan Yapıların Değerlendirilmesi”, International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 5(44): 4974-4995 ÖZ Yörgüç Paşa Çelebi Mehmet tarafından Amasya, Tokat, Sivas, Çorum ve Osmancık bölgelerini içine alan Rumeli vilayetine beylerbeyi olarak atanmış (826H/1423M) ve Çelebi Mehmet’in oğlu II. Murat’a lalalık yapmış bir Osmanlı paşasıdır. Anadolu’da Yörgüç Paşa tarafından pek çok yapı inşa edilmiştir. Bu yapılardan biri de Yörgüç Paşa’nın 834H/1430M yılında Amasya’da adına inşa ettirmiş olduğu Yörgüç Paşa Külliyesidir. Külliye günümüzde aktif olarak kullanılan cami ve camiye bağımlı türbe ile günümüze ulaşamamış olan medrese, hamam, imaret ve han yapılarından oluşmaktadır.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Integration of the Kurds in Turkey
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1979 The political integration of the Kurds in Turkey Kathleen Palmer Ertur Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ertur, Kathleen Palmer, "The political integration of the Kurds in Turkey" (1979). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2890. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2885 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. l . 1 · AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF ·Kathleen Palmer Ertur for the Master of Arts in Political Science presented February 20, 1979· I I I Title: The Political Integration of the Kurds in Turkey. 1 · I APPROVED EY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: ~ Frederick Robert Hunter I. The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the situation of the Kurdish minority in Turkey within the theoretical parameters of political integration. The.problem: are the Kurds in Turkey politically integrated? Within the definition of political develop- ment generally, and of political integration specifically, are found problem areas inherent to a modernizing polity. These problem areas of identity, legitimacy, penetration, participatio~ and distribution are the basis of analysis in determining the extent of political integration ·for the Kurds in Turkey. When .thes_e five problem areas are adequate~y dealt with in order to achieve the goals of equality, capacity and differentiation, political integration is achieved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Collapse of Rural Order in Ottoman Anatolia the Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage Politics, Society and Economy
    The Collapse of Rural Order in Ottoman Anatolia The Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage Politics, Society and Economy Edited by Suraiya Faroqhi Halil İnalcık Boğaç Ergene Advisory Board Fikret Adanır – Antonis Anastasopoulos – Idris Bostan Palmira Brummett – Amnon Cohen – Jane Hathaway Klaus Kreiser – Hans Georg Majer – Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Abdeljelil Temimi VOLUME 61 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/oeh The Collapse of Rural Order in Ottoman Anatolia Amasya 1576–1643 By Oktay Özel LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Graving: J.B. Hilair & J.A. Pierron, in M. Le Comte de Choiseaul-Gouffier, Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (adapted by Harun Yeni). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Özel, Oktay, author. Title: The collapse of rural order in Ottoman Anatolia : Amasya 1576-1643 / by Oktay Özel. Description: Boston ; Leiden : Brill, [2016] | Series: The Ottoman Empire and its heritage ; v. 61 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed. Identifiers: LCCN 2015047908 (print) | LCCN 2015046558 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004311244 (E-book) | ISBN 9789004309715 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Amasya (Amasya İli, Turkey)—History. | Amasya İli (Turkey)—History. | Turkey—History—Ottoman Empire, 1288–1918. Classification: LCC DS51.A45 (print) | LCC DS51.A45 O94 2016 (ebook) | DDC 956.3/8—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015047908 Want or need Open Access? Brill Open offers you the choice to make your research freely accessible online in exchange for a publication charge. Review your various options on brill.com/brill-open. Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”.
    [Show full text]
  • Wheat Landraces in Farmers' Fields in Turkey. National Survey, Collection
    WHEAT LANDRACES IN FARMERS’ FIELDS IN TURKEY NATIONAL SURVEY, COLLECTION ©FAО/ Mustafa Kan Mustafa ©FAО/ AND CONSERVATION, 2009-2014 ©FAО/ Mustafa Kan Mustafa ©FAО/ Kan Mustafa ©FAО/ ©FAО/ Mustafa Kan Mustafa ©FAО/ Alexey Morgounov ©FAO/ WHEAT LANDRACES IN FARMERS’ FIELDS IN TURKEY NATIONAL SURVEY, COLLECTION AND CONSERVATION, 2009-2014 Mustafa KAN, Murat KÜÇÜKÇONGAR, Mesut KESER, Alexey MORGOUNOV, Hafiz MUMINJANOV, Fatih ÖZDEMIR, Calvin QUALSET FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Ankara, 2015 Citation: FAO, 2015. Wheat Landraces in Farmers’ Fields in Turkey: National Survey, Collection, and Conservation, 2009-2014, by Mustafa Kan, Murat Küçükçongar, Mesut Keser, Alexey Morgounov, Hafiz Muminjanov, Fatih Özdemir, Calvin Qualset The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN: 978-92-5-109048-0 © FAO, 2015
    [Show full text]
  • NOSTALGIA, EMOTIONALITY, and ETHNO-REGIONALISM in PONTIC PARAKATHI SINGING by IOANNIS TSEKOURAS DISSERTATION Submitted in Parti
    NOSTALGIA, EMOTIONALITY, AND ETHNO-REGIONALISM IN PONTIC PARAKATHI SINGING BY IOANNIS TSEKOURAS DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Musicology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Donna A. Buchanan, Chair Professor Emeritus Thomas Turino Professor Gabriel Solis Professor Maria Todorova ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the multilayered connections between music, emotionality, social and cultural belonging, collective memory, and identity discourse. The ethnographic case study for the examination of all these relations and aspects is the Pontic muhabeti or parakathi. Parakathi refers to a practice of socialization and music making that is designated insider Pontic Greek. It concerns primarily Pontic Greeks or Pontians, the descendants of the 1922 refugees from Black Sea Turkey (Gr. Pontos), and their identity discourse of ethno-regionalism. Parakathi references nightlong sessions of friendly socialization, social drinking, and dialogical participatory singing that take place informally in coffee houses, taverns, and households. Parakathi performances are reputed for their strong Pontic aesthetics, traditional character, rich and aesthetically refined repertoire, and intense emotionality. Singing in parakathi performances emerges spontaneously from verbal socialization and emotional saturation. Singing is described as a confessional expression of deeply personal feelings
    [Show full text]
  • The Moss Flora of Akdağ Mountain (Amasya, Turkey)
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation e Scientific World Journal Volume 2014, Article ID 860379, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/860379 Research Article The Moss Flora of AkdaL Mountain (Amasya, Turkey) Kerem Canli and Barbaros Çetin Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul¨ University, 35390 Izmir, Turkey Correspondence should be addressed to Kerem Canli; [email protected] Received 31 July 2014; Revised 20 November 2014; Accepted 27 November 2014; Published 23 December 2014 Academic Editor: Calum R. Wilson Copyright © 2014 K. Canli and B. C¸ etin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moss flora of Akdag˘ Mountain (Amasya, Turkey) was investigated. At the result of identifications of 1500 moss specimens, collected from the research area, 178 taxa belonging to 69 genera and 26 families were determined. Among them, 94 taxa are new for A3 grid square according to the Turkey grid system which was adopted by Henderson. The location data of Grimmia crinitoleucophaea Cardot and Barbula enderesii Garov. are the first records for Turkey, and Encalypta spathulata Mull.¨ Hal., Schistidium dupretii (Ther.)´ W. A. Weber, Weissia condensa var. armata (Ther.&Trab.)M.J.Cano,Ros&J.Guerra,´ Tortella bambergeri (Schimp.), Barbula enderesii Garov., Hedwigia ciliata var. leucophaea Bruch & Schimp., and Campyliadelphus elodes (Lindb.) Kanda are recorded for the second time to the byroflora of Turkey. 1. Introduction Sphagnum contortum K. F. Schultz, Sphagnum fallax (H. Klinggr.) H. Klinggr., Sphagnum magellanicum Brid., Sphag- Turkey, which is in the transition zone of three biogeograph- num rubellum Wilson [10], and Sphagnum molle Sull.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article the Moss Flora of Akdal Mountain (Amasya, Turkey)
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation e Scientific World Journal Volume 2014, Article ID 860379, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/860379 Research Article The Moss Flora of AkdaL Mountain (Amasya, Turkey) Kerem Canli and Barbaros Çetin Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul¨ University, 35390 Izmir, Turkey Correspondence should be addressed to Kerem Canli; [email protected] Received 31 July 2014; Revised 20 November 2014; Accepted 27 November 2014; Published 23 December 2014 Academic Editor: Calum R. Wilson Copyright © 2014 K. Canli and B. C¸ etin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moss flora of Akdag˘ Mountain (Amasya, Turkey) was investigated. At the result of identifications of 1500 moss specimens, collected from the research area, 178 taxa belonging to 69 genera and 26 families were determined. Among them, 94 taxa are new for A3 grid square according to the Turkey grid system which was adopted by Henderson. The location data of Grimmia crinitoleucophaea Cardot and Barbula enderesii Garov. are the first records for Turkey, and Encalypta spathulata Mull.¨ Hal., Schistidium dupretii (Ther.)´ W. A. Weber, Weissia condensa var. armata (Ther.&Trab.)M.J.Cano,Ros&J.Guerra,´ Tortella bambergeri (Schimp.), Barbula enderesii Garov., Hedwigia ciliata var. leucophaea Bruch & Schimp., and Campyliadelphus elodes (Lindb.) Kanda are recorded for the second time to the byroflora of Turkey. 1. Introduction Sphagnum contortum K. F. Schultz, Sphagnum fallax (H. Klinggr.) H. Klinggr., Sphagnum magellanicum Brid., Sphag- Turkey, which is in the transition zone of three biogeograph- num rubellum Wilson [10], and Sphagnum molle Sull.
    [Show full text]
  • The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
    The City as a Historical Actor: The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries By Hasan Karatas A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Hamid Algar, Chair Professor Leslie Peirce Professor Beshara Doumani Professor Wali Ahmadi Spring 2011 The City as a Historical Actor: The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries ©2011 by Hasan Karatas Abstract The City as a Historical Actor: The Urbanization and Ottomanization of the Halvetiye Sufi Order by the City of Amasya in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries by Hasan Karatas Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Hamid Algar, Chair This dissertation argues for the historical agency of the North Anatolian city of Amasya through an analysis of the social and political history of Islamic mysticism in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Ottoman Empire. The story of the transmission of the Halvetiye Sufi order from geographical and political margins to the imperial center in both ideological and physical sense underlines Amasya’s contribution to the making of the socio-religious scene of the Ottoman capital at its formative stages. The city exerted its agency as it urbanized, “Ottomanized” and catapulted marginalized Halvetiye Sufi order to Istanbul where the Ottoman socio-religious fabric was in the making. This study constitutes one of the first broad-ranging histories of an Ottoman Sufi order, as a social group shaped by regional networks of politics and patronage in the formative fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
    [Show full text]