Supplement

Information Related to Responsibilities of the Secretary of the Interior Section 3, Executive Order 11593

An'notated JIJ ...... , ... ~1Ja II'...... ,II"J'IIIII~""". h'lr'l' Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service Vol. 4 No.4 October 1979 Excavating Utopia: The Archeology of American Communal Societies by Geoffrey M. Gyrisco Archeologist Interagency Archeological Services

Prom pted by the research needs of outdoor vil­ lage museums and the requirements of federal historic preservation legislation, interest in the archeological remains of American communal societies is growing. The above-ground material culture, buildings, and furnishings of Shakers, Photo: Walter Smalling, /r. Moravians, Mormons, Harmonists, and the MilL Shakertown at Pleasant Hill, Kentucky. S~venth-Day Baptists have received much atten­ tion in the past. The buried material culture is I. HARMONISTS now helping to reveal how the communal organi­ zation of the Mormons made possible settlement Old Economy Village, Ambridge, Pennsylvania in the extremely harsh environment of the South­ Citron, Henry west. Archeology is also showing that the orga­ 1968 Historical-Archeological Excavation of nization of the Moravians, Shakers, and the the Bakery at Old Economy, Pennsylvania, Seventh-Day Baptists facilitated the development 1967-1968. Xerox copy. Old Economy Vil­ of industries which served the surrounding soci­ lage, Ambridge, Pa. ety as well as their own. An unpublished report of the excavation of While these communal groups shared with the an unstratified site undertaken to deter­ surrounding society the American democratic mine the location of the bakery for possi­ faith in progress, the mission of America, and ble reconstruction by the museum. The site the fundamental law, they challenged the socie­ of the bakery, which was used from 1824 tal belief in the traditional family, capitalism, until the community was too small to oper­ and individualism. With the exception of the ate it at the turn of the 19th century, pro­ Mormons and Moravians, the surrounding soci­ duced many arr,hitectural remains, glass ety alone has excavated, preserved, and listed fragments, and sherds of utility ceramics. the sites of COIl)m unal societies in the National Register and as National Historic Landmarks. II. ICARIANS The present interpretive programs of these his­ toric sites frequently minimize the radical char­ Fruhling, Larry acter of the communal social experiments and 1978a Extinct Town Reveals Secrets: Stu­ suggest that the rejection of American individu­ dents Find Artifacts from Early Iowa Com­ alism was an expression of individualism. munists. Des Moines Tribune May 29, pp. This annotated bibliography was compiled to 1, 6. Des Moines, Iowa. show an im portan t use of archeology in the A news article summarizing the history study of the history and culture of American com­ and archeology of an approximately 100- munal societies and the interpretation of the ma­ member community of French Christian terial evidence of these comm unities to the communists who lived at the site from 1857 public. This bibliography, which is extensive, to 1880. Wayne Wheeler of the University though not comprehensive, should aid future re­ of Nebraska at Omaha and Russell Lewis searchers in building on widely scattered earlier of the University of Evansville directed the work. excavation. 1978b Archaeolog'ists in Iowa Bare Secrets ,tional Heritage Corporation, West Chester, of Long-ago Communist Utopia. Minneapo­ Pennsylvania. lis Tribune June 11, pp. IH, 5H. Minneapo­ A lengthy report of the excavation of a lis, Minnesota. mid-18th- and 19th-century Moravian in­ A reprint of the above article. dustrial site undertaken for historic site development purposes. Under the com­ Videtich, John munal "general economy," 1740-1762, the 1978 Students Dig for Foundation of !caria town was organized into choirs, age and Colony. Creston News Advertiser May 31, sex based groups that lived, worked, ate, p. 2 Creston, Iowa. and slept together as a group. The arche­ A news article discussing the results of the ologists expected homogenity of ceramics excavation directed by Wheeler and Lewis. due to equality of consumption with little They uncovered a circular food processing fine teaware or other rank-associated so­ and storage structure laid out in metric cial items. Large vessels for cooking and measurements and a dairy or laundry. storage for each choir were expected. The Harrington, Virginia S. and J. C. Harrington "general economy" was disolved in 1762 1971 Rediscovery of the Nauvoo Temple: Re­ and a salary system was instituted for ar­ port on Archaeological Excavations. Nau­ tisans. The choirs declined and the num­ voo Restoration, Inc., Nauvoo, Illinois. ber of individual famiy units increased. Thus the archeologists expected greater Refers to the evidence of !carian reuse of heterogenity of taste, form, function, and the fire-gutted Mormon Temple after the costliness of the ceramics. The available Mormon exodus. evidence generally supported these hy­ potheses. III. MORA VIANS Bethabara, Salem, and vicinity, North Carolina Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Bivins, John, Jr. 1972 The Moravian Potters in North Caro­ Cotter, John L. lina. Published for Old Salem, Inc., Win­ 1971 Current Research: Northeast. Society ston-Salem, North Carolina by the for Historical Archaeology Newsletter 4(2): University of North Carolina Press, Chapel 6-11. Hill, North Carolina. Mentions the excavation of an 18th-century This well-illustrated book correlates the ar­ tannery by Vincent P. Foley. The original cheological finds at Bethabara and Salem Moravian users of the property were re­ with the extensive Moravian records in or­ markably tidy, but after the Civil War the der to provide detailed descriptions of the area became littered, the building increas­ man ufacturing process and wares and inglyabused, to its ultimate 20th-century biographies of the potters and apprentices. ruin. The 18th- and 19th-century potteries pro­ Foley, Vincent P. duced a wide variety of vessels as well as 1965 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania-A Unique toys, tobacco pipes, water pipes, and stove Historic Site. Florida Anthropologist 18:(3, tile. The potters produced many types of Part 2): 61-64. ceramics including plain and slip-deco­ Briefly describes the excavation of "the rated earthenwares, copies of 18th-century first waterworks in America," built in 1754. English creamware, and tin-enameled pot­ Waterpowered pumps forced spring water tery similar to that of central Europe. The through hollowed wooden pipes uphill to a great diversity of form, style, and ethnic water tower in the center of town. The influence, despite the German and Swiss waterworks were part of a 9-acre industrial background of all the potters and Mora­ complex !hat included 11 different indus­ vian conservatism indicates that they were tries. attuned to prevailing tastes. The potteries competed successfully as did the other Gill, Bruce C. (Compilor) congregation-owned and operated busi­ n.d. Excavations of the 1761 Tannery (1967, nesses. '68, '69, and '71) by V.P. Foley; 1966 Excava­ tions of Tawry-Springhouse complex by 1973 The Moravian Potters in North Caro­ V.P. Foley; 1970 Pottery Excavations by lina, 1756-1821. In Ceramics in America, V.P. Foley; 1972 Waterworks Excavations edited by Ian M. G. Quimby, pp. 255-290. by V.P. Foley. Unpublished manuscripts. Published for The Winterthur Museum by Historic Bethlehem Inc., Bethlehem, Penn­ The University Press of Virginia, Char­ sylvania. lottesville. National Heritage Corporation An excellent, well-illustrated, condensed 1977 Bethlehem Pottery and Forge: An Ar­ version of the above book. cheological Investigation. Report prepared Clauser, John W., Jr. for The City of Bethlehem Bureau of Plan­ 1975a Report on Salvage Excavation: Old ning, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania by Na- Salem Potter's Meadow. Unpublished man- 2 uscript. Old Salem, Inc., Winston-Salem, rected by John Clauser at the 19th Century North Carolina. Krause-Butner Pottery at Bethabara. At a A descriptive report of a salvage test exca­ pottery museum located in the restored vation of the area where the Salem potters potter's house, exhibits composed entirely obtained their clay. The report contains a of excavated materials tell the story of pot­ brief historical sketch drawn from the Mo­ tery manufacture at Bethabara. ravian Records and describes the types of clay and their uses. Newkirk, Judith 1977 Archeological Excavations within the 1975b Excavations at the Vierling House, Old Salem District: The Benjamin Vierling Old Salem. Unpublished manuscript. Old House and the Charles Alexander Cooper Salem, Inc., Winston-Salem, North Caro­ Shop, by Ned Woodall, Principal Investiga­ lina. tor and Judith Newkirk, Field Archeologist. A descriptive report on test excavations in Unpublished manuscript. Old Salem, Inc., the rear yard of the community doctor's Winston-Salem, North Carolina. house. The report discusses the use of im­ Noel Hume, Ivor ported and domestic ceramics and ex­ 197.3 Review of The Moravian Potters of plains methods of terracing the steep slope North Carolina by John Bivins, Jr. Histori­ to the rear of the house. cal Archaeology 7:87-90. 1975c Excavations on Lot 39, Old Salem. Un­ published manuscript. Old Salem, Inc., au tlaw, Alain C. Winston-Salem, North Carolina. 1974 Preliminary Excavations at the Mount Shepherd Pottery Site. The Conference on A descri pti ve report on the search for a Historic Site Archaeology Papers 9:2-12. pottery kiln. While the kiln was not lo­ cated, the search produced information An illustrated article on the excavation of concerning a dwelling. the kiln of an unidentified potter that pro­ duced stove tiles, smoking pipes, utilitar­ 1975d Excavations at the Single Brothers ian earthenware, and decorated slipware. Workshop, Old Salem. Unpublished manu­ These wares are closely related to those script. Old Salem, Inc., Winston-Salem, prod uced at the Moravian towns. North Carolina. A report describing structural details and Parham, David W. materials recovered, to aid in the recon­ 1978 The Decline of the Bethlehem Pottery struction of the structure. Industry in Wachovia: An Archaeological and Historical Study. Unpublished masters 1978 The Excavation of the Bethabara Pot­ thesis, Wake Forest University, North Car­ tery Kiln: An Analysis of Nineteenth Cen­ olina. tury Potting Techniques. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Florida, South, Stanley Gainesville. 1965 Excavating the 18th Century Moravian Town of Bethabara, North Carolina. Flor­ Describes the excavation of a 19th -cen tury ida Anthropologist 18 (3, part 2): 45-48. kiln at Bethabara and a ceramic typology. The thesis dis-cusses methods of manufac­ A short report of the first season of excava­ ture and the efficiency of the operation as tion at Bethabara, the temporary 18th-cen­ well as Moravian theology, church history, tury Moravian settlement that preceded and community life. The popularity of the Salem. Many ruins of buildings that Moravian pottery and the success of the housed communally owned industries ceramic industry are interpreted in the were located and excavated, including the light of church tradition. bakery, shoe shop, gunsmith shop, tailor shop, pottery shop and waster dump, mill­ Fehon, Jacqueline R. wright's house, smith's house, joiner's 1973 Preliminary Excavations at the Krause­ shop, and congregation store. Excavated Butner Pottery Site, Bethabara. Unpub­ buildings associated with the Moravians' lished manuscript. Old Salem, Inc., Win­ communal life include the single brothers' ston-Salem, North Carolina. house, guesthouse, business manager's Gilmore, Kathleen. house as well as the belltower, meeting­ 1978 Single Bothers Industrial Complex Re­ house, and fort. search Plan. Unpublished manuscript. Old 1965 Anthropomorphic Pipes from the Kiln Salem, Inc., Winston-Salem, North Caro­ Waster Dump of Gottfried Aust, 1755 to lina. 1771. Florida Anthropologist 18:(3, part Jackson, Susan 2):49-60. 1977 Current Research: Southeast. Society An illustrated article discussing the arche­ for Historical Archaeology Newsletter ological and documentary evidence for the 10(1):42-45. production of anthropomorphic and plain Mentions an archeological investigation tobacco pipes. The Moravians distributed and historic site interpretation' project di- their pottery in several areas of the Caro- 3 linas and Virginia, as well as traded pipes ect. Test excavation located the sandstone to the Cherokee Indians. and mud mortar wall that enclosed the set­ 1968 The Ceramic Ware of the Potter Rudolf tlement. Christ at Bethabara, North Carolina, 1786- Glen Canyon, Utah 1821. The Conference on Historic Site Ar­ chaeology Papers 3:70-72. Crampton, C. Gregory 1962 Historical Sites in Glen Canyon: Mouth A brief illustrated report on the surprising of Hansen Creek to Mouth of San Juan and extensive archeological evidence that River. University of Utah Anthropological the Moravian potter was producing wares Papers 61. University of Utah Press, Salt remarkably similar in glaze and form to Lake City. fine English wares. Describes Hole-in-the-Rock Crossing where 1972 Discovery in Wachovia. Unpublished a colonizing mission with 83 wagons built man uscri pt. a road down the side of the canyon wall A book-length manuscript report on the ex­ and Register Rock where some of the party cavation of Bethabara and on the history inscribed their names. of Moravian settlement. Copies are on de­ posit at the Museum of Early Decorative Las Vegas, Nevada Arts in Winston-Salem, the North Carolina Sch umacher, Paul, J. F. Department of Cultural Resources, and 1974 Current Research: Pacific West. Society elsewhere. for Historical Archaeology Newsletter

7(4):24-31. If 1977 Method and Theory in Historical Ar­ cheology. Academic Press, New York. Men tions an exploratory excavation by Elizabeth Warren of the University of Photographs and mentions of work at Be­ Nevada, of the site of the Old Mormon thabara. Fort, built in 1855 and now located near Walker, Ian C. the heart of Las Vegas. 1969 Note on the Bethabara, North Carolina, Tobacco Pipes. The Conference on Historic Little Colorado River Region, Arizona Site Archaeology Papers 4:26-36. Leone, Mark P. Discusses the transfer to the United States 1973 Archeology as the Science of Technol­ and the popularization of the central Euro­ ogy: Mormon Town Plans and Fences. In pean tradition of sturdy pottery pipes that Research and Theory in Current Archeol­ produced a strong hot smoke. ogy, edited by Charles L. Redman, pp. 125--150. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Winston-Salem Department of Recreation and County of Forsyth. An essay using evidence from the Little n.d. Historic Bethabara Pc:rk: First Moravian Colorado River region of Arizona showing Settlement in North Carolina. Leaflet. that technology determines parts of the so­ cial or belief systems as much as these An illustrated Leaflet for visitor orientation systems determine technology. at the site of Bethabara. The site has been extensively excavated, stabilized, and in­ Nauvoo, Illinois terpreted, with a minimum of reconstruc­ Bray, Robert T. tion. 1971 The Joseph Smith Stable Site at Nau­ voo, Illinois. Microfilm, Archaeological IV. MORMONS Survey of Missouri, University of Missouri­ Brigham City, Arizona Columbia. Ayres, James E. 1972 Archaeological Investigations on the 1978 Current Research: Southwest. Society Homestead Lot, Nauvoo, Illinois. Microfilm, for Historical Archaeology Newsletter Archaeological Survey of Missouri, Univer­ 11(1):39-50. sity of Missouri-Columbia. Mentions test excavations by Lyle Stone 1973 Archaeological Investigations at the that located segments of the walls of the Joseph Smith Red Brick Store, Nauvoo, Illi­ 1876-1880 fortified community: Established nois. Microfilm, Archaeological Survey of as a colonial outpost on the emigration Missouri, University of Missouri-Columbia. route for future Mormon expansion. 1974 The Turley Site: An Account of the 1973 Stone, Lyle, M. Archaeological Work at Nauvoo, Illinois. 1977 Archaeological Survey and Test Exca­ Microfilm, Archaeological Survey of Mis­ vations Near Winslow, Arizona. Prepared souri, University of Missouri-Columbia. by Archaeological Research Services, 1976 Times and Seasons: An Archaeological Tempe, Arizona, for John Carollo Engi­ Perspective on Early Latter Day Saints neers, Phoenix, Arizona. Printing. Microfilm, Missouri Archaeologi­ A 27-page Xeroxed report prepared in ad­ cal Survey, University of Missouri-Colum­ vance of a sewer plant improvement proj- bia. 4 Bray, Robert T. and Gregory Waselkov A note on the excavation by Bray of one of 1975 Archaeological Investigations of the the sites of the "Times and Seasons," a Hyrum Smith Site, 1974. Microfilm, Mis­ newspaper published by the Mormons at souri Archaeological Survey, University of Nauvoo between 1839 and 1846. Missouri-Col umbia. Green, Dee, F. and Larry Bowles 1964 Excavation of the Mormon Temple Re­ Brose, David S. mains at Nauvoo, Illinois: First Season. 1972 Review of Rediscovery of the Nauvoo Florida Anthropologist 17(2):77-81. Temple: Report on Archaeological Excava­ A short report on the excavation of the u p­ tions by Virginia S. Harrington and J. C. per layers of the remains of the large lime­ Harrington. Historical Archaeology 6: 112- stone Temple. 113. Harrington, Virginia S. and J. C. Harrington Cleland, Charles 1971 Rediscovery of the Nauvoo Temple: Re­ 1968 Recent Excavations and Research Proj­ port on Archaeological Excavations. Nau­ ects: Midwestern United States. Society for voo Restoration, Inc., Nauvoo, Illinois. Historical Archaeology Newsletter 1(2):14- A descri ptive report of the archeological 17. excavations, sponsored by Nauvoo Resto­ A note on excavations directed by J. C. ration, of the temple that was commenced Harrington and Dale Berge as part of the in 1841, burned in 1848, destroyed by restoration of the 1839-1864 Mormon town tornado in 1850, and quarried by stone by the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ salvagers. Excavation provided much in­ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons). Harrington formation on the construction and appear­ and Berge excavated the sites of the ance of the important basement area, Browning gun shop, the blacksmith shop, where the large baptismal font, supported the print shop, and the temple. by 12 stone oxen had stood. This report in­ corporates material from a half-dozen un­ 1971a Current Research: Midwest. Society published manuscripts. for Historical Archaeology Newsletter 4(2): 18-19. New St. Joseph, Nevada Briefly summarizes work directed by Sch umacher, Paul J. F. Robert T. Bray of the University of Mis­ 1977 Current Research: Pacific West. Society souri-Columbia at the Joseph Smith Home­ for Historical Archaeology Newsletter. stead House. 10(1):54-66. 1971b Current Research: Midwest. Society Mentions the excavation by Claude N. for Historical Archaeology Newsletter Warren of the University of Nevada, Las 4(3): 17-18. Vegas, of two houses and a shed in a vil­ lage with houses arranged in a rectangle, Briefly summarizes work directed by Bray occupied 1866-1868. at the Joseph Smith Homestead House and the "Bee House," the original burial place Wonderley, Anthony W. of the brothers Joseph and Hyrum Smith. 1976 New St. Joseph: A Case Study of His­ toric Archeology. Unpublished masters the­ 1972 Current Research: Midwest. Society for sis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Historical Archaeology Newsletter 5(3): 12. Combines a chronological discussion of A brief report of the excavation by Bray of events based on documentary sources; in­ the Smith Store, built in 1841 and used un­ formation derived from.comparison with til 1846 as a general store, church office, other societies using group settlement as and meeting hall. the means of colonization; and archeologi­ 1974 Current Research: Midwest. Society for cal data on this Mormon village. Historical·Archaeology Newsletter 7(2):29- 30. Paria, Utah Men tions excavation by Bray of a log Ayres, Jame E. cabiri, the first house built by the Mormons 1975 Current Research: Southwest. Society at Nauvoo in 1839. for Historical Archaeology Newsletter 8(2):36-38. 1975a Current Research: Midwest. Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter Mentions research by Roy D. Hunt for the 8(7):33-34. Museum of Northern Arizona as part of the Kaporowits Power Project on the site of A note on excavations by Bray that uncov­ this riverside agricultural comm unity that ered an outbuilding and a 6-foot-deep existed from 1874 until 1890. cy lindrical cooling cellar of the Mormon period. Washington, D.C. 1975b Current Research: Midwest. Society 1977 The New Mormon Temple in Washing­ for Historical Archaeology Newsletter ton, D. C. In Historical Archaeology and the 8(4):24. Importance of Material Things, edited by 5 Leland Ferguson; pp. 43-61. Special Publi­ Archeologists have carried out excavations at cation Series 2. The Society for Historical the outdoor museum of Bishop Hill, Illinois, once Archaeology. a community of Swedish Jansenists (Lutherans). At the outdoor museum at New Harmony, An essay using a structural analysis to ex­ Indiana, occupied successively by Harmonists plore the meaning of the Washington Tem­ and Owenites, archeologists have uncovered the ple and the ceremonies performed there. foundations of the Harmony Society warehouse V. SEVENTH-DAY BAPTISTS and commissary and a series of superimposed structures on a site that started as a shoe factory Ephrata Cloister, Ephrata, Pennsylvania and later became the geological survey head­ Biever, Dale E. quarters of Owen. Other recent excavations in­ 1970 A Report of Archaeological Investiga­ clude those at Bethel, Missouri, and the Aurora tions at the Ephrata Cloister, 1963-1966. Colony, Aurora, Oregon. A report by Mark F. Publications of the Pennsylvania German Yeager on an archeological survey at the Bethel Society 31:1-53. The Pennsylvania German community was recently submitted to the Gard­ Society, Breinigsville, Pennsylvania. ner Museum in Quincy, Illinois. A detailed, illustrated report of the excava­ tion of a Geman Pietist community founded in 1732, which had 300 persons at its height, in the mid-18th century. Excava­ tions were undertaken to aid the museum in terpretation program. They revealed the remains of meetinghouses and buildings that had served as the dormitory and re­ fectory for the celebate brothers as well as housed the print shop, an important com­ munity industry. VI. SHAKERS Shakertown at Pleasant Hill, Kentucky South, Stanley 1976 Current Research: Southeast. Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter 9(2): 13-19. Mentions archeological work directed by Donald E. Janzen of Centre College as part of an interpretive restoration program of the comm unity occupied by Shakers from 1805 to 1910. Work on the mill complex focused on a gristmill, which excavation showed had been converted from water­ power to steam in the late 19th century. Janzen is preparing a publication for Shakertown at Pleasant Hill on the archeo­ logical work; publication expected in early 1980.

ADDITIONAL RESEARCH _ Other work at Shaker sites includes an archeo­ logical survey to gather information for nominat­ ing to the National Register the dam and mill sites at the North Union Shaker Site, Cleveland, Ohio. The archeological potential of the Watervliet Shaker Historic District was assessed through documentary records when it was nomi­ nated to the National Register. A wooden water­ main has been excavated there. David Starbuck of BCDston University is directing an archeological survey of the 4,000-acre Canterbury Shaker Vil­ lage, New Hampshire, as part of a major inter­ disciplinary study of one of the last two operating Shaker communities in America. GPO 862 609 6 Photo: Courtesy of Centre College Gristmill, Shakertown at Pleasant Hill, Kentucky.

Photo: Courtesy of Centre College Gristmill, Shakertown at Pleasant Hill, Kentucky. 7