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Fenamiphos Environmental Risk Assessment

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Fenamiphos Environmental Risk Assessment FENAMIPHOS ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT provided for SRRD by EFED's Fenamiphos RED Team: Gabe Patrick Angel Chiri, PhD Donna Randall, MS E. Laurence Libelo, PhD R. David Jones, PhD September 2001 Acknowledgments The Ecological Fate and Effects Division would like to acknowledge Estella Waldman, Laura Parsons, Jim Carleton, Laura Dye and Robert Matzner for their hard work and technical contributions to this document. i Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................. ii List of Tables ....................................................................iv C. ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................... 1 Executive Summary ........................................................... 1 1. Use Characterization ..................................................... 5 2. Integrated Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Characterization ............ 6 3. Exposure Assessment .................................................... 16 a. Environmental Fate and Transport Data.............................. 17 (1) Degradation........................................... 18 (2) Mobility .............................................. 19 (3) Laboratory Volatility .................................... 19 (4) Terrestrial Field Dissipation.............................. 19 (5) Fish Bioaccumulation ................................... 20 b. Terrestrial Exposure Assessment ................................... 21 (1) Fenamiphos Residues from Nemacur 3 on Plants and Insects .... 21 (2) Granular Fenamiphos Soil Residues ........................ 23 c. Water Resources Exposure Assessment .............................. 24 (1) Surface Water ......................................... 24 (2) Groundwater .......................................... 29 (3) Drinking Water........................................ 33 4. Toxicological Assessment ................................................. 38 a. Terrestrial Hazard Assessment ..................................... 40 (1) Birds, Acute and Subacute Toxicity Tests ................... 42 (2) Birds, Chronic Toxicity Tests............................. 43 (3) Beneficial Insects ...................................... 46 (4) Terrestrial Plants....................................... 47 b. Aquatic Hazard Assessment ....................................... 47 (1) Freshwater Fish, Acute.................................. 48 (2) Freshwater Fish, Chronic ................................ 49 (3) Freshwater Invertebrates, Acute........................... 50 (4) Freshwater Invertebrates, Chronic ......................... 50 (5) Estuarine/Marine Animals, Acute.......................... 51 (6) Estuarine/Marine Animals, Chronic........................ 51 ii (7) Aquatic Plants......................................... 51 5. Ecological Risk Assessment ............................................... 51 a. RQ Calculation Methods .......................................... 52 b. LOCs......................................................... 53 c. Exposure and Risks to Nontarget Terrestrial Animals ................... 54 (1) Birds, Reptiles and Terrestrial-Phase of Amphibians ........... 54 (2) Mammalian Wildlife.................................... 56 (3) Birds and Mammals, Simulated and Actual Field Exposure Studies ..................................................... 59 d. Exposure and Risks to Nontarget Freshwater Animals .................. 61 (1) Risks to Freshwater Fish................................. 61 (2) Risks to Freshwater Invertebrates.......................... 61 (3) Exposure and Risks to Nontarget Estuarine and Marine Animals . 62 (4) Freshwater Simulated and Field Exposure Studies ............. 62 e. Exposure and Risks to Nontarget Plants .............................. 63 f. Exposure and Risks to Endangered Species ........................... 63 APPENDIX A: Chemical Profile for Fenamiphos ................................. 64 APPENDIX B: Fenamiphos Use Profile with Label Conversions ..................... 65 APPENDIX C: Summary of Simulated and Actual Field Exposure Studies ............ 75 APPENDIX D: Ecological Incidents Summary .................................... 84 APPENDIX E: EECs ......................................................... 87 APPENDIX F: Laboratory Toxicity Studies and Results ........................... 91 APPENDIX G: Terrestrial Wildlife and Aquatic Organism RQs by Fenamiphos Use . 100 APPENDIX H: Back calculation of Application Rates Which Meet Terrestrial LOCs . 113 ATTACHMENT 1: July 12, 2001 Memorandum: Revised Fenamiphos Estimated Environmental Concentrations iii LIST OF TABLES Table Ex1. Summary of Risks from Fenamiphos Application for the Major Crop Uses and Cotton, Turf, and Ornamentals.......................................................... 5 Table 1. Beneficial Nontarget Insect Toxicity Findings -- Fenamiphos End-Use Formulations ..... 9 Table 2. Summary of Environmental Fate and Transport Data Needs........................ 16 Table 3. Summary of Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring Data Needs ................ 17 Table 4. Modified Hoerger-Kenaga EEC Residues (ppm) on Food Items of Terrestrial Vertebrates ........................................................................... 22 Table 5. Sites and number and kinds of samples taken at each site in the Pilot Reservoir Monitoring Study. ...................................................................... 26 Table 6. Fenamiphos and its degradates found water samples taken in the Pilot Reservoir Monitoring Study. ...................................................................... 26 Table 7. Surface Water EECs ....................................................... 27 Table 8. Groundwater Monitoring Data for Fenamiphos and Degradates ..................... 29 Table 9 . Reservoir Drinking Water EECs............................................. 35 Table 10. Drinking Water EECs For Groundwater Resources .............................. 36 Table 11. Summary of Toxicity Study Data Needs ...................................... 39 Table 12. Summary of Toxicity Values Used in Calculating Terrestrial Wildlife RQs ........... 41 Table 13. Toxicity Classification Chart for Terrestrial Receptor Toxicity Values .............. 42 Table 14. Summary of Toxicity Values Used in Calculating Aquatic Organism RQs ............ 47 Table 15. Toxicity Classification Chart for Aquatic Toxicity Test Results .................... 48 Table 16. LOC Classification Scheme. ................................................ 53 Table 17. Summary of Avian RQs Calculated for Residues of Fenamiphos on Plants and Insects from Nemacur 3 Uses.............................................................. 55 Table 18. Summary of Acute Avian RQs from Exposure to Granular Nemacur Applications ..... 56 Table 19. Number of 10 and 15G Fenamiphos Granules Equivalent to the LD50 for Six Avian Species ........................................................................... 56 Table 20. Summary of Mammalian RQs Calculated for Residues of Fenamiphos on Plants and Insects from Nemacur 3 Uses.......................................................... 57 Table 21. Summary of Mammalian RQs Calculated for Residues of Fenamiphos Sulfone on Plants and Insects from Nemacur 3 Uses ................................................... 58 Table 22. Summary of Acute Mammalian RQs from Exposure to Granular Nemacur Applications ........................................................................... 58 Table 23. Simulated and Actual Terrestrial Field Exposure Studies Using Nemacur 3, 10G, and 15G ........................................................................... 59 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 24. Acute and Chronic RQs for Freshwater Fish (and Aquatic-Phase Amphibians)a and Invertebratesb for Single Applications of Nemacur 3 or 15G ........................... 61 Table 25. Acute RQs for Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates for Single/Multiple Applications of Nemacur 3 or 15G Based on a Mysid Shrimp LC50 of 6.2 ppb. ................................. 62 v C. ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT Executive Summary The Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) has determined, based on a screening level risk assessment and supported by incident data, that all current uses of fenamiphos exceed all the levels of concern (LOCs) for terrestrial and aquatic wildlife defined by the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP). Compared to other organophosphate pesticides, fenamiphos poses the highest overall risks to terrestrial and aquatic organisms for each of the crops evaluated (citrus, stone fruits, peanuts, and tobacco).1 In addition, monitoring has demonstrated that fenamiphos use may result in significant concentrations in ground water near several use areas. Conservative modeling indicates that fenamiphos may contaminate surface water at high concentrations; low level residues were found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency–United States Geological Survey (EPA-USGS) pilot reservoir monitoring study, which did not target fenamiphos use areas. Jar tests voluntarily conducted by the registrant indicate that fenamiphos and fenamiphos sulfone will not be appreciably removed by conventional water treatment methods but powdered activated carbon may be effective in adsorbing fenamiphos. From 1994 to 1996, during the reregistration process, mitigation measures were implemented to reduce risks resulting from fenamiphos use. Current amended label rates and uses were used in this risk assessment. The environmental fate and ecotoxicity databases are
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