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Budaya Dan Pariwisata Kode/ Bidang Ilmu : 618/ Sejarah i Bidang Unggulan : Budaya dan Pariwisata Kode/ Bidang Ilmu : 618/ Sejarah LAPORAN PENELITIAN HIBAH UNGGULAN PROGRAM STUDI DINAMIKA HISTORIS DESA-DESA GLOBAL DI BALI: TANTANGAN DAN PELUANGNYA Oleh : Dra. Sulanjari, M. A. Prof. Dr. phil. I Ketut Ardhana, M. A. Dra. Anak Agung Rai Wahyuni, M. Si. Fransiska Dewi, SS, M. Si. Dibiayai oleh DIPA PNBP Universitas Udayana Sesuai dengan Surat Perjanjian Penugasan Pelaksanaan Penelitian Nomor: 1444/UN.14/LT/SPK/2016, Tanggal 27 Juni 206 PROGRAM STUDI SEJARAH FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA 2016 ii iii iv KATA PENGANTAR Melalui studi kepustakaan dan wawancara kegiatan penelitian ini akhirnya bisa diwujudkan sebagai suatu diskripsi analitis tentang Desa-desa global di Bali ,dengan gerak dinamisnya dalam mengantisipasi ekses pariwisata terkait dengan tantangan dan peluangnya. Seiring dengan perkembangan waktu yang diwarnai oleh dimensi sosial budaya dan ekonomis, maka desa Ubud dan Kuta sebagai representasi destinasi utama wisata di Bali ternyata memperlihatkan “ wajah “ yang serupa tapi tak sama. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan strategi dari kedua desa itu dalam merespon arus globalisasi di wilayahnya. Untuk itu disampaikan ungkapan terimakasih kepada Rektor dan Ketua Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada masyarakat Universitas Udayana , atas kepercayaan dan kesempatan yang diberikan kepada tim penulis untuk melaksanakan kegiatan penelitian ini. Penghargaan dan ungkapan terimakasih juga disampaikan kepada Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya serta Ketua Prodi Sejarah Fakultas Ilmu Budaya atas segala bantuan dan penyediaan fasilitas , sehingga proses kegiatan penelitian ini bisa terlaksana dengan lancar dan selamat. Tak lupa juga disampaikan rasa terimakasih kepada para nara sumber dan beberapa pihak yang telah banyak membantu kepada tim peneliti, sehingga tugas penelitian dan penulisan ini bisa diselesaikan. Akhirnya disampaikan permohonan maaf atas segala kelemahan dan kesalahan yang tidak disadari dalam hasil karya ini. Dengan segenap harapan disampaikan semoga karya ini bisa memberikan kontribusinya walau sekecil apapun, bagi perkembangan ilmu budaya dan pariwisata di Bali. Denpasar, November 2016 Penulis v ABSTRAK Munculnya desa-desa global (global villages) di Bali sebenarnya sudah berlangsung sejak lama. Bahkan, menurut tinggalan arkeologi dan kesejarahan adanya pengaruh luar itu dibuktikan dengan adanya bukti-bukti yang ditemukannya di bangunan-bangunan suci di Bali. Ini menunjukkan bagaimana budaya Hindu yang masuk ke Bali itu, juga menyambut pengaruh budaya lainnya yang datang di kemudian. Perkembangan ini tidak berhenti, di situ, bahkan mengalami perkembangan yang lebih pesat kemudian dengan adanya pengaruh pariwisata yang terjadi di Kuta di Kabupaten Badung dan Ubud yang ada di Kabupaten Gianyar. Muncul pertanyaan yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah pertama: bagaimana kedua desa yang sama-sama merupakan destinasi wisata itu menunjukkan perbedaan dalam menerima pengaruh luar itu. Kedua, bagaimana masyarakat mengantisipasi pengaruh terbentuknya desa-desa global itu, Ketiga, bagaimana strategi dan kebijakan dalam mengantisipasi perkembangan yang terjadi sebagai akibat dinamika terbentuknya desa-desa global baik di masa kini, maupun di masa yang akan datang. Kata kunci: desa global (global villages), wisata sejarah, Ubud dan Kuta. vi DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR IDENTITAS DAN PENGESAHAN ............................................................. ii KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................................... iv ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................................... v DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................................... vi BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang ................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................................... 4 1.3. Kerangka pemikiran ........................................................................................... 4 1.4. Tujuan Kegiatan .................................................................................................. 5 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .................................................................................... 7 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................................. 9 3.1. Metode Penelitian ...................................................................................................... 9 3.2. Pengumpulan Data .................................................................................................... 9 3.2.1. Metode Obserpasi .................................................................................................. 9 3.2.2. Metode Wawancara ............................................................................................... 9 3.2.3. Cara Analisis .......................................................................................................... 10 BAB IV DINAMIKA HISTORIS DESA-DESA GLOBAL DI BALI: TANTANGAN DAN PELUANGNYA ....................................................................................................... 4.1. Latar Belakang Sosial Budaya Masyarakat Kuta dan Ubud ............................... 11 4.2. Dinamika Inklusifitas Desa Kuta dan Ubud .......................................................... 17 4.3. Terbentuknya Desa-Desa Global Di Bali: Ubud Dan Kuta, Dua “Wajah” Yang Berbed .............................................................................................................. 23 vii 4.3.1. Pentingnya Membandingkan antara Ubud dan Kuta ......................................... 23 4.3.2. Peran Orang Asing dalam Introduksi Kuta dan Ubud ...................................... 25 4.3.3. Ubud dan Kuta Sebagai Destinasi Wisata ........................................................... 29 4.3.4. Desa Ubud dan Kuta dalam Transformasi Perubahan ...................................... 33 4.4. Desa Global di Kuta dan Ubud : Tantangan dan Peluangnya .............................. 36 BAB V PENUTUP ............................................................................................................ 42 5.1. Simpulan .................................................................................................................... 42 5.2. Saran dan Rekomendasi ........................................................................................... 44 Daftar Pustaka 1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Akhir tahun 2015 kehadiran Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean telah mulai dilaksanakan. Perkembangan ini sudah semakin dirasakan dengan adanya dampak yang semakin intens sebagaimana derasnya kehadiran arus informasi, barang, dan jasa yang berlangsung tidak hanya di tingkat internasional, namun nasional, dan lokal. Pemahaman akan dampak ini dapat dilihat semakin berkembangnya tentang apa yang dinamakan desa global atau (global village) yang sudah menampakkan bentuknya di beberapa desa di Bali. Desa global erat dikaitkan dengan konsep yang diintroduksi oleh Canadian-born Marshall McLuhan dalam bukunya yang berjudul The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962) dan Understanding Media (1964). Djelaskan bagaimana McLuhan menggambarkan, bahwa pertama dunia (the globe) telah dikontraksi ke dalam sebuah desa dengan teknologi listrik, kedua adanya gerakan (instantaneous movement) mengenai informasi (information from every quarter to every point at the same time). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_village_(term). Indonesia pada umumnya dan Bali pada khususnya mengalami penglobalan dalam bidang informasi, ketika munculnya media sosial seperti internet pada pertengahan tahun 1990-an. Perkembangan media ini mempengaruhi dinamika industri pariwisata di Indonesia dalam hal ini di Bali. Melalui media sosial ini, wisatawan yang akan berkunjung ke suatu tempat kawasan wisata dapat berhubungan dengan kelompok lain di dunia media sosial. Ini berarti bahwa melalui media sosial ini wisatawan tidak perlu langsung datang ke lokasi wisata sebelumnya dari daerahnya yang jauh itu, melainkan hanya melalui telepon, internet, dan teknologi komunikasi. Dalam konteks ini desa global tidak terjadi di kota-kota saja, melainkan berlaku di pedesaan. Internet masuk kota dan desa merupakan salah satu wujud desa global di Indonesia. Contohnya adalah desa Ubud dan Desa Kuta, walaupun desa tersebut relatif jauh dari pusat kota-kota besar seperti Jakarta, tetapi penduduknya tetap bisa merasakan jasa telekomunikasi menggunakan 2 telepon. Bertitik tolak dari pemahaman tentang munculnya desa global yaitu melalui media komunikasi yang intens, akan tetapi pemahaman tentang kapan berakhirnya Desa global tidak dapat dipastikan, karena dinamika yang terjadi itu terus berkembang, baik dari segi konseptual maupun aplikasi. Ahli tentang desa global seperti Mcluhan tidak secara jelas menyatakan tanda- tanda keberakhiran desa global. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa_global. Untuk penelitian ini akan difokuskan pada dua desa di Bali yaitu Ubud dan Kuta. Ubud merupakan desa yang berkembang terutama setelah munculnya kekuasaan Sukawati sebelum abad ke-19. Di Ubud tampak kekuasaan istana atau puri memainkan peranan penting yang mempertahankan tradisi budaya Bali dari dahulu hingga sekarang. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada dinamika desa pekraman yang cukup kuat dalam menghadapi era globalisasi
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