Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(2): 975-981

E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 fauna (: Rhopalocera) of JEZS 2018; 6(2): 975-981 © 2018 JEZS Lembucherra, West Tripura, Tripura, Received: 17-01-2018 Accepted: 18-02-2018

Navendu Nair Navendu Nair, U Giri, MR Debnath and SK Shah Department of Agril. Entomology, College of Abstract Agriculture, Tripura, India A study on the diversity of was carried out in the campus of College of Agriculture and its U Giri vicinity, Lembucherra, West Tripura district, Tripura, India from April, 2016 to March, 2017. A total of Department of Agronomy, 118 of butterflies belonging to 77 genera and five families were recorded. Among the five College of Agriculture, Tripura, families, (represented by 25 genera and 45 species) was the most dominant followed by India (22 genera, 26 species), Hesperiidae (16 genera, 20 species), (10 genera, 17 species) and Papilionidae (4 genera, 10 species). Out of total 118 butterfly species 20 (16.95%), 29 (24.58%), 27 MR Debnath (22.88%), 37 (31.36%) and 5 (4.24%) species are Very common, Common, Not rare, Rare and Very rare, Horticulture Research Centre, respectively in occurrence. Eighteen species of butterflies are reported here as new records for the state Nagicherra, Tripura, India of Tripura. Among the 118 species of butterflies recorded 25 are schedule species under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Though the area is rich in butterfly diversity, it needs a conservation plan in order SK Shah to protect the butterfly fauna since it harbours some of the schedule species under IWPA and 31.36 and Zoological Survey of India, 4.24 % of recorded species are of rare and very rare categories, respectively. Kolkata, , India

Keywords: butterflies, bio diversity, college of agriculture, Lembucherra, West Tripura

1. Introduction comprise more than half of world’s bio diversity of species [38] and perform important roles in ecosystem function contributing to the productivity and stability of ecosystem [31, 40, 60].

Lepidoptera, which contains the butterflies (Rhopalocera) and moths (Heterocera), is the [8] second largest order with approximately 1,80,000 identified species in 126 families . Butterflies are taxonomically well studied insects [14, 53] and are considered as good indicators of habitat quality and environmental changes as they are sensitive to habitat degradation and climate change [15, 22, 27, 46]. The butterflies are distributed in every suitable environment, from [36] forests to deserts and plains to valleys and hills . They are good pollinators of several wild [2, and cultivated plant species. Some butterfly species are well known pest of cultivated crops 3, 9, 42, 43, 57, 58] and agroforestry [67] while very few known species are carnivorous acting as predators and parasitoids on other insects [45, 66]. Biological diversity is being considered as a vital parameter to assess global and local [35] environmental changes and sustainability of developmental activities . Because of habitat destruction for developmental activities and unscientific management of natural resources, most of the butterfly species are disappearing and their survival is under threat [10]. The geographical location of any area, its climatic conditions and vegetative composition are essential requisites for supporting a rich diversity of butterflies [7]. More than 18,000 butterfly [19, 28, 37] [21] species worldwide and 1501 species from India have been documented. The checklist of any region or part of a country is of great importance in order to update existing butterflies regarding their diversity and status that may be helpful for their conservation. In India diversity of butterfly species at regional or local levels have been studied by many workers [4, 16, 20, 24, 39, 41, 55, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65]. North-eastern part of India is one of the major

hotspots and the Tripura province of North-eastern India is rich in forests and is [32] dominated by semi-evergreen to moist deciduous plants and secondary bamboo brakes . Limited works have been done so far on butterfly fauna of Tripura [1, 29, 30, 33, 34, 54]. Moreover, the butterfly fauna of Lembucherra area of West Tripura district, Tripura has not been studied Correspondence so far. So the present study on the diversity of butterfly in the campus of College of Navendu Nair Department of Agril. Agriculture, Tripura and its vicinity at Lembucherra, West Tripura district, Tripura was carried Entomology, College of out with an objective to prepare a checklist of existing butterflies that may be supportive for Agriculture, Tripura, India creating a conservation strategy for their protection in this locality. ~ 975 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

2. Materials and Methods namely, Cepora nerissa, albina, amata, 2.1 Study area: The campus of College of Agriculture, Junonia orithya, selenophora, inica, Tripura at Lembucherra, West Tripura is spread over an area Ypthima ceylonica, Ypthima chenu, consimilis, of about 60 hectares. The Lembucherra area contains different Zinaspa todara distorta, panormus, Everes types of land like agricultural and horticultural crop fields, lacturnus, pactolus, minuta, fallow lands with rich flora of wild vegetations, rubber assamensis, Pelopidas conjuncta, Pithauria stramineipennis, plantations, orchards, flower gardens, human settlements, Parnara apostata are recorded for the first time from the State water-bodies, etc. that form a unique habitat to support a rich of Tripura during the present study. diversity of various faunal groups. The college campus is also Out of 118 species of butterflies recorded 25 species (21.19%) housing a wide variety of cultivated and wild plants that come under the protection category of Indian Wildlife support a wide variety of including mammals, birds, (Protection) Act, 1972 (Table 3). Among them, six species amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates including butterflies. namely, Papilio clytia, sondaica, jumbah, midamus, europa and rosimon come 2.2 Methodology: Field survey for butterfly fauna was under schedule I of the act. Fourteen species, viz. Cepora conducted from April, 2016 to March, 2017, following nerissa, Appias albina, Appias lyncida, lepidea, Modified Pollard Walk Method [47]. Since some butterfly aconthea, Charaxes athamas, , species are seasonal in occurrence, observations were taken Spindasis lohita, Zinaspa todara distorta, Lampides boeticus, throughout the year covering all the seasons. Three Permanent cnejus, malaya, Nacaduba pactolus and Line Transects (approximately 1 km long and 10 m wide) jangala come under schedule II of the act whereas, were laid in areas of rich vegetations and butterflies were five species, viz. Appias libythea, Euploea core, Euploea observed during sunny days in the fixed transects during mulciber, Pelopidas assamensis and farri come under morning hours at an interval of 10-12 days. schedule IV of the act. Butterflies were visually observed and numbers of individual species were counted. Butterfly species that could not be 4. Discussion identified on flight were captured using insect net. Captured It is evident from the study that the area supports a very good butterflies were identified using Field guides [17, 21, 27] and diversity of butterflies (118 species), which may be attributed released at the spot of capture without any harm. Butterfly to the rich flora of cultivated and wild vegetations that act as species that could not be identified in field level were suitable nectar source as well as larval hosts for this beautiful preserved and sent to Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for group of insects. Diversity of butterflies found in an area identification. Based on number of sightings butterfly species indicates its over all plant diversity [5, 44]. Result also suggests were categorized into Very rare (< 2 sightings), Rare (2–15 that the family Nymaphalidae was the most dominant in terms sightings), Not rare (15–50 sightings), Common (50–100 of number of species in the study area followed by sightings) and Very common (more than 100 sightings) status Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae and Papilionidae. Similar groups [61]. pattern of dominance among the recorded butterfly families in Tripura has been reported by Lodh and Agarwala [29]. Antony 3. Results et al. [4], Tiple and Khurad [62], Bora and Meitei [6] have also During the present study, a total of 118 species of butterfly recorded similar pattern of dominance from other parts of belonging to 77 genera and five families were recorded (Table India. Since butterfly species are host specific [51, 52], it I). Among the five families, Nymphalidae (represented by 25 appears that the larval food plants present in this area support genera and 45 species) was the most dominant followed by the nymphalid ones to the largest extent. However, there are Lycaenidae (22 genera, 26 species), Hesperiidae (16 genera, some other assumptions regarding the reasons for their 20 species), Pieridae (10 genera, 17 species) and Papilionidae dominance like their polyphagous nature and strong flying (4 genera, 10 species). The proportionate dominance is ability [13, 50, 44, 33, 18]. Predominance of Nymphalidae has been depicted in the figure-1. Out of total 118 butterfly species 20 reported by earlier workers also from Tripura [33, 34, 24, 29, 30] as (16.95%), 29 (24.58%), 27 (22.88%), 37 (31.36%) and 5 well as many other parts of the country [25, 26, 13, 12, 23, 59, 48, 44, 49, (4.24%) species are categorized as Very common, Common, 41, 39, 4]. Among the 118 species of butterflies recorded 25 Not rare, Rare and Very rare, respectively in occurrence species come under the protection category of Indian Wildlife (Figure-2). Table 2 represents the family wise distribution of (Protection) Act, 1972. However, it is interesting to note here diversity and status. Status wise distribution of recorded that Papilio clytia, Appias libythea, , species in different families is depicted in Fig. 3. Only the Lampides boeticus and Euchrysops cnejus, though covered members of Nymphalidae have representations in all the five under protection category of IWPA, are common in the status groups i.e. Very Common (20%), Common (17.78%), present study area. Another two species viz., Euploea core Not rare (26.67%), Rare (26.67%) and Very Rare (8.89%). and are also covered under this act but are Only Common and Not rare species have representations from very common in this area. This reasonable abundance of some all the five families. Family Papilionidae contains only Very schedule butterfly species under IWPA indicates the superior common (50%), Common (30%) and Not Rare (20%) species quality habitat of the study area where these species are and not any Rare or Very Rare species. 23.53%, 29.41%, naturally protected. High abundance of Tanaecia lepidea and 11.76% and 35.29% members of the Family Pieridae belong Castalius rosimon in Tripura has earlier been reported by to Very Common, Common, Not rare, Rare status group, Lodh and Agarwala [29] who provided a baseline data on the respectively while 7.69%, 38.46%, 19.23% and 34.62% diversity and conservation of butterflies in Tripura. They members of the Family Lycaenidae belong to these four status surveyed 28 wild and managed locations of Tripura province groups, respectively. Among the Hesperiid butterflies 15%, and reported 212 butterfly species and recorded Debbari and 30%, 50% and 5% species are of Common, Not rare, Rare and Ballianchip sampling sites as most species rich locations, each Very rare status, respectively. of which supported 112 and 94 species, respectively. It is, From the available literatures it appears that 18 species thus, evident that the butterfly diversity in the present study

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area is more (118 species) as compared to any other sites this area. The present study also reveals that the diversity of including some protected sites like Gumati Wild Life Nymphalid butterflies was the largest with maximum number Sanctuary, Trishna Wild Life Sanctuary, Sepahijala Wild Life of species followed by Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae and Sanctuary and Rowa Wild Life Sanctuary of this state [29, 30, 33, Papilionidae. The present study also enriches the checklist of 34]. A regional list will never be complete, but as the number butterfly fauna of Tripura since it includes 18 new records for of collecting man-hours in the study area increases, the closer the state. The study area needs a conservation plan to protect to completeness the list becomes [11]. More over, during the the butterfly fauna since it harbours some of the schedule present study 18 species (Table-1) of butterflies, not reported species under IWPA and 31.36 and 4.24 % of recorded so far from Tripura have been recorded for the first time from species are of rare and very rare categories, respectively. Lembucherra region of this State which enriches the checklist of butterfly fauna of Tripura [29]. 6. Acknowledgments The authors are very grateful to the Principal, College of 5. Conclusion Agriculture, Tripura for the liberal facilities provided for this It is evident from the present study that the study area study. The authors are also very grateful to Zoological Survey provides favourable ecological conditions and habitat for of India, Kolkata for identification of the supplied insect butterflies. Presence of 118 species of butterflies, belonging to specimens. five families, indicates a very good diversity of butterflies in

Table 1: List of butterflies and their abundance status in the study area

Sl. No. Common name Scientific name Status in the experimental site Papilionidae 1 Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus, 1758) Very common 2 Common Mormon Papilio polytes (Linnaeus, 1758) Very common 3 Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) Very common 4 Common Mime Papilio clytia (Linnaeus, 1758) # Common 5 Yellow Helen Papilio nephelus (Boisduval,1836) Very Common 6 Common Bluebottle Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) Very Common 7 Common Jay Graphium doson (Felder & Felder, 1864) Not rare 8 Tailed Jay Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) Not rare 9 Common Birdwing Troides helena (Linnaeus,1758) Common 10 Great Mormon Papilio memnon (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Pieridae 11 Common gull Cepora nerissa (Fabricius, 1775)*# Rare 12 Common Wanderer hippia (Fabricius, 1787) Rare 13 Great Orange-tip Hebomoia glaucippe (Linnaeus, 1758) Rare 14 Common grass yellow hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) Very common 15 Three-spot grass yellow Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) Common 16 Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775) Very common 17 Mottled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) Very common 18 Common jezebel eucharis (Drury, 1773) Rare 19 Red-spot Jezebel Delias descombesi (Boisduval, 1836) Common 20 Red-base Jezebel Delias pasithoe (Linnaeus, 1767) Common 21 Painted Jezebel (Linnaeus, 1758) Common 22 Common Albatross Appias albina (Boisduval, 1836)*# Rare 23 Striped albatross Appias libythea (Fabricius, 1775)# Common 24 Chocolate albatross Appias lyncida (Cramer, 1777)# Not rare 25 Psyche Leptosia nina (Fabricius, 1793) Very common 26 Indian cabbage white Pieris canidia (Linnaeus, 1768) Not rare 27 Small Salmon Arab Colotis amata (Fabricius, 1775)* Rare Nymphalidae 28 Leopard Lacewing Cethosia cyane (Drury, 1770) Very rare 29 Common Duffer (Boisduval, 1836)# Rare 30 Medus Brown Orsotriaena medus (Fabricius, 1775) Common 31 Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea (Butler, 1868) # Common 32 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea (Stoll, 1782) Rare 33 Peacock Pansy Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758) Very common 34 Grey Pansy Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) Very common 35 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta (Fabricius, 1798) Common 36 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita (Cramer, 1779) Common 37 Blue Pansy Junonia orithya (Linnaeus, 1758)* Very Rare 38 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) Very common 39 The Common Sailer Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758) Very common 40 Chestnut-streaked Sailer Neptis jumbah (Moore, 1857)# Very rare 41 Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace (Cramer, 1775) Rare 42 Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758) Not rare 43 Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha (Drury, 1773) Not rare 44 Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne (Linnaeus, 1763) Common 45 Common Castor Ariadne merione (Cramer, 1777) Not rare ~ 977 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

46 Common Baron Euthalia aconthea (Cramer, 1779)# Not rare 47 Common Sergeant Athyma perius (Linnaeus, 1758) Common 48 Colour Sergeant (Cramer, 1780) Not rare 49 Staff Sergeant Athyma selenophora (Kollar, 1844)* Rare 50 Common Five-ring Ypthima baldus (Fabricius, 1775) Very common 51 Common Four-ring Ypthima huebneri (Kirby, 1871) Very common 52 Lesser Three-ring Ypthima inica (Hewitson, 1864)* Rare 53 White Four-ring Ypthima ceylonica (Hewitson, 1864)* Rare 54 Nilgiri Four-ring Ypthima chenu (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) * Rare 55 Dark-Brand Bush Brown Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common 56 Common Bush brown Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius, 1775) Very common 57 Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda Linnaeus, 1758 Very common 58 Common Crow Euploea core (Cramer, 1780)# Very common 59 Brown king crow Euploea klugii (Moore and Horsefield, 1857) Not rare 60 Striped Blue Crow Euploea mulciber (Cramer, 1777)# Not rare 61 Blue Spotted Crow Euploea midamus (Linnaeus, 1758) # Not rare 62 Striped Tiger Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779) Common 63 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) Not rare 64 Common Lascar hordonia (Stoll, 1790) Not rare 65 Common palm fly Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763) Not rare 66 Common Nawab Charaxes athamas (Drury, 1773)# Rare 67 Knight Lebadea martha (Fabricius, 1787) Not rare 68 Courtesan (Doubleday, 1845) Rare 69 Painted Courtesan Euripus consimilis (Westwood, 1850)*# Rare 70 Common Yeoman tyche (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861) Rare 71 Bamboo Treebrown Lethe europa (Fabricius, 1775)# Very Rare 72 Angled Red Forester Lethe chandica (Moore, 1857) Rare Lycaenidae 73 Long-banded silverline Spindasis lohita (Horsfield, 1829)# Rare 74 Common Blue quercetorum (Moore, 1857) Not rare 75 Silver-streaked Acacia Blue Zinaspa todara distorta (DeNiceville, 1887)*# Rare 76 Banded Blue Pierrot ethion (Westwood, 1851) Rare 77 Common pierrot Castalius rosimon (Fabricius, 1775)# Very common 78 Forget-me-not Catochrysops strabo (Fabricius, 1793) Common 79 Silver Forget-me-not Catochrysops panormus (Felder, 1860)* Rare 80 Pea Blue Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)# Common 81 Gram blue Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius, 1798)# Common 82 Oriental Cupid Everes lacturnus (Godart, 1824)* Not rare 83 Common Ciliate Blue Anthene emolus (Godart, 1823) Common 84 Common Tit Hypolycaena erylus (Godart, 1824) Common 85 Dark grass blue Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) Common 86 Pale Grass Blue Pseudozizeeria maha (Kollar, 1848) Common 87 Lesser Grass Blue Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787) Very Common 88 Yamfly Loxura atymnus (Stoll, 1780) Common 89 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno (Cramer, 1775) Common 90 Dark Cerulean Jamides bochus (Stoll, 1782) Not rare 91 Malayan (Horsfield, 1828)# Rare 92 Ape Fly Spalgis epius (Westwood, 1851) Rare 93 Copper Flash Rapala pheretima (Hewitson, 1863) Not rare 94 Slate Flash Rapala manea (Hewitson, 1863) Common 95 Transparent Six-line Blue Nacaduba kurava (Moore, 1857) Rare 96 Large Four-Line blue Nacaduba pactolus (Felder, 1860)*# Rare 97 Chocolate Royal (Horsfield, 1829)# Rare 98 Lime Blue Chilades lajus (Stoll, 1780) Not rare Hesperiidae 99 Common Snow Flat Tagiades japetus (Stoll, 1782) Common 100 Chestnut Bob (Moore, 1865) Common 101 Common Red Eye aria (Moore, 1865) Not rare 102 Grass Demon Udaspes folus (Cramer, 1775) Common 103 Common Small Flat dasahara (Moore, 1865) Not rare 104 Pale Palm-Dart colon (Fabricius, 1775) Not rare 105 Dark Palm Dart Telicota ancilla (Herrich- Schaffer, 1869) Rare 106 Chestnut Angle angulata (Felder, 1862) Not rare 107 Moore’s Ace porus (Mabille, 1876) Rare 108 Fulvous Pied Flat Seudocoladenia dan (Fabricius, 1787) Rare 109 Rice Swift Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) Not rare 110 Indian Palm Bob Suastus gremius (Fabricius, 1798) Not rare 111 Small Palm Bob Suastus minuta (Moore, 1877) * Rare 112 Great swift Pelopidas assamensis (deNiceville, 1882)*# Rare

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113 Conjoined Swift Pelopidas conjuncta (Herrich- Schaffer, 1869)* Rare 114 Small Branded Swift Pelopidas mathias (Fabricius, 1798) Rare 115 Blank Swift Caltoris kumara (Moore, 1878) Rare 116 Paintbrush Swift Baoris farri (Moore, 1878)# Very Rare 117 Light Straw Ace Pithauria stramineipennis (Wood-Mason & De Niceville, 1886)* Rare 118 Dark Straight Swift Parnara apostata (Snellen, 1880)* Rare *New record of Tripura, # Schedule Species under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

Table 2: Butterfly families recorded in the study area and their status

Abundance Status Family Genera Species Percentage VC C NR R VR Papilionidae 4 10 8.47 5 3 2 - - Nymphalidae 25 45 38.14 9 8 12 12 4 Pieridae 10 17 14.41 4 5 2 6 - Lycaenidae 22 26 22.03 2 10 5 9 - Hesperiidae 16 20 16.95 - 3 6 10 1 Total 77 118 100 20 29 27 37 5

Table 3: List of schedule butterfly species under Indian wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 recorded in the campus of college of agriculture, Tripura and its vicinity.

S. Scientific name Source Status No IWPA, 1972/ Schedule I (IWPA) 1 Papilio clytia Red Date Book Endangered (Red Data Book) 2 Cepora nerissa IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) 3 Appias albina IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) 4 Appias libythea IWPA, 1972 Schedule IV (IWPA) 5 Appias lyncida IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) Schedule I (IWPA), Discophora IWPA, 1972/ 6 Critically Endangered (Red sondaica Red Date Book Fig 1: Proportionate dominance of butterfly families in the study Data Book) area 7 Tanaecia lepidea IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) 8 Neptis jumbah IWPA, 1972 Schedule I (IWPA) Euthalia 9 IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) aconthea 10 Euploea core IWPA, 1972 Schedule IV(IWPA) 11 Euploea mulciber IWPA, 1972 Schedule IV(IWPA) 12 Euploea midamus IWPA, 1972 Schedule I (IWPA) Charaxes 13 IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) athamas Euripus 14 IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) consimilis 15 Lethe europa IWPA, 1972 Schedule I (IWPA) 16 Spindasis lohita IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) Zinaspa todara 17 IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) distorta Castalius Fig 2: Distribution of recorded species under various status groups 18 IWPA, 1972 Schedule I (IWPA) rosimon

Euchrysops 19 IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) cnejus Lampides 20 IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) boeticus 21 Megisba malaya IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) Nacaduba 22 IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) pactolus Remelana 23 IWPA, 1972 Schedule II (IWPA) jangala Pelopidas 24 IWPA, 1972 Schedule IV (IWPA) assamensis 25 Baoris farri IWPA, 1972 Schedule IV (IWPA)

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