DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 038 145 LI 001 856 TITLE Books and National Development. Seminar Report April 27-29, 1968, Academy House, Seoul. INSTITUTION Korean Publishers Association, Seoul. PUB DATE 29 Apr 68 NOT? 9 7 p.

EDFS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.50 HC-$4.95 DESCRIPTORS *Books, Copyrights, Leveloping Nations, *Developmental Programs, Educational Resources, *International Programs, *Library Programs, *Publishing Industry, Regional Cooperation, Pesource Materials, Textbooks IDENTIFIERS Book Bank, *Korea, National Book Development Council

ABSTRACT Representatives from Korea, China, Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, the United States and Southeast Asian Ministersof Education (SEAMES) attended an international seminarto reaffirm the importance of books as national development tools,to seek measures for having it reflected in the national policies and topromote international cooperation in book publishing. Subjects covered during the seminar were:(1) role of books in developing Korea, (2) role of books as a tool of national development,(3) publishing in Korea--a historical survey,(4) problems of Korea's publishing industryas seen through market survey, (5) textbooks in national educational development and (6) development of publishing industry and international cooperation. The panel discussion focusedon international copyright protection. Resolutions adoptedwere: (1) books should be used as a vital tool of national development; (2) participating governments should stimulate such book-relatedefforts as library development and should give aid to publishers;(3) mutual cooperation among the countries of East Asia should be promotedto help solve mutual book problems;(4) an Asian Book Development Center should be established and (5) supportwas given to the Korean Publishers Association for its developmental projects suchas the Book Bank and the National Book Development Council. (NH) tt1 BOOKS a* ram4 AND ap M NATIONAL a DEVELOPMENT a U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION A WELFARE UJ OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION OMGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECES- SARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY

Seminar Report April 27-29, 1968 Academy House, Seoul

With the Compli-nents of the Sec. c ia : 11 , MEAN PUBTSEERS A.42:1:11:3 ISF-19Chung] indo.Cho groku SOUL, KOREA

5)REAN PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION . TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD 5

PART ONE MEW

A.Role of books in developing Korea 7

B.Role of books as a tool of national de- velopment 7

C.Publishing in KoreaA historical survey9

D.Problems of Korea's publishing industry as seen through market survey 9

E.Textbooks in national educational devel- opment 10

F.Development of publishing industry and international cooperation 11

G.Panel discussion 11

H.Resolution 12

PART TWO

Papers 13, 19, 25, 51, 77, 83, 91, 97

ANNEX

1. Program 103

2. List of participants 106

3. Speeches & Messages 107

4. Mass media coverage on the seminar 109

P7.4- V-3 FOREWORD

The fact that metal type was first invented in Korea the theme of Books and National Development with some 200 years before the printing of the Gutenberg the purpose of reaffirming the importance and the Bible is well recorded and copies of books printed as role of books as a tool of national development and early as 1403 are still preserved in some libraries. seeking measures of having it reflected in the na- Inspite of this pioneering work in the printing his- tional policies as well as promoting international co- tory the Korean book publishing industry isstill operation in book publishing. striving hard. The Seminar was held in Seoul, Korea from April While the role of books has been emphasized as an 27 to 29, 1968.The meeting was attended by 86 essential means of education and a key to the overall Korean participants as well as representatives from social and economic development, much remains to be SEAMES and five foreign nationsChina, Indonesia, done in this country. Japan, Thailand and the United States. Korea has an advantage of not having any language The Seminar was opened with an address by the problem, which hinders the development of book pub- Seminar Chairman and greetings from the Minister lishing in many other developing countries, yet she of Education of the Republic of Korea and cordial suffers from many other problems, including the lack messages from the President of the International of viable distribution channels, capital and reading Publishers Association and UNESCO. public. Dr. Mun-hwan Choi, President of Seoul National The Korean Publishers Association, looking for a Univarsity, delivered the keynote theme of the Semi- way out of these problems, sent a delegation to the nar "The Role of Books in Developing Nations." regional meeting on Book Development and Distribu- Seven additional papers were presented. On each tion that was held in Tokyo by UNESCO. Ensuing paper lively discussions were held by participants the Tokyo meeting, AID/Washington sent a team of regarding the best means to develop the book industry experts to conduct a survey of the book publishing of Korea and to promote regional cooperation in Asia activities in Korea.Also, Korean observers were in the book publishing area.During the panel dis- present at the New Delhi Seminar on Copyrights. cussion, constructive views were exchanged on the All agreed in recommending the establishment of relationship between the Republic of Korea and in- a book development council on a national ;eve' and ternational copyright conventions. emphasizing the need of expanding the book publish- The Seminar was closed with the adoption of reso- ing industry al an integral part of ecenomic and lutions and the closing remarks by the Seminar Chair- social development. man.It is hoped that the momentum generated by Against such background, the Korean Publishers the Seminar will carry on establishing and enforcing Association sponsored an international seminar on resolutions adopted by the Seminar. PART ONE

A. ROLE OF BOOKS IN DEVELOPING KOREA 9. Mr. Byung-hun Oh suggested that the present university teaching method had to be revised with 1. Dr. Mun-hwan Choi, President of Seoul National University, delivered the keynote address on the sub- the emphasis shifted from note-taking to reading as- ject of Role of Books in Developing Korea as reprod- signments. He also proposed that all libraries should uced in the Part II, KPA/BookND/1. permit books to be loaned out. 2. In the course of the discussion following the 10. Mr. Sung-jong Hyun stressing the importance keynote address, it was agreed that the library sys- of wider circulation of books for general education tem was a base for profitable book publishing. among the high school and university students, noted 3. Mr. Benjamin stressed that the development of that almost the entire time of high school students had education, the development of human resources and been preoccupied with the preparation for We legally the development of books and book industry went competitive university entrance examination while hand in hand with the development of libraries.He the university spared only one year for general edu- observed that a nation that had a strong and impor- cation.He urged that the government ought to revise tant Gook publishing industry had a very wide and the present educational system of the universitr. strongly developed library system. He recalled that 11. Mr. Tae-lim Yoon suggested the publication of within a number of years, the U.S. federal assistance more books for general education designed particu- to libraries had been increased from one million five larly for those 'high school graduates who go straight hundred thousand dollars to 250 million dollars. to work as he had observed them constituting the 4. Mr. Barnett, however, expressed a contrary view great portion of the book readers. by citing the library situation in Korea where he had 12. Mr. Choo-jin Kang stressed the development of noted the lack of books and reading habits had been the national economy and his opinion that the book hampering further development of the library system. reading habit is prerequisite to the development of the 5. Mr. Shimonaka suggested from the past Japanese book publishing industry.He further urged the need experience that it was advisable for the developing for the service or well-trained librarians in helping countries to start with many smaller libraries rather readers as well as various book guides. than a few large libraries.He recalled that numerous 13. Mr. Lak-koo Choi recalled that the Ministry of school libraries in Japan which had been financed with Education, being aware of the vital role of books in government assistance and parents' contributions had national development, had requested appropriation in been of great help toward the development of the the last national budget for a book bank to assist the Japanese book publishing industry. publishers, and he expressed his regret that the re- 6. Mr. Noma stated that the book was a motivating quest had been cut off by the Board of Economic force of Japan's modernization, introducing western Planning. He expressed his belief that government civilization and popularizing the modern spirit among assistance to the publishing industry was essential the Japanese people.While admitting the impor- until the industry had reached a certain stage of tance of libraries, he stressed the need on the part of development. He added that establishment of a na- publishers to produce books that were readable and tional book council was under study. understandable for every man and to create writers B. ROLE OF BOOKS AS A TOOL OF NATIONAL who could write such books. 7. Mr. Soon-kap Shin reviewed the growth of Ko- DEVELOPMENT rean librariespublic, school and specializedfrom 1. Mr. Stanley A. Barnett, Director, International some 440 in 1963 to 3,400 in 1967 which he admitted Operations, Wolf Management Services, presented to was far from sufficient in the light of the population the first session of the second day of the Seminar increase.He emphasized the need for more extensive his paper on the Kole of Books as a Tool of National government assistance for libraries. Development, in which he stressed the role of books 8. In explaining about the development of book as "a most important (and in most cases the only publishing industry in the United States, Mr. Benja- practical) tool through which the citizens of the coun- min recalled that the last twenty years, and the last try could develop en masse the knowledge and skills ten years in particular, had been the period of greatest required to accelerate effectively the national growth development and reiterated the important role played process."(cf. Part II, KPA/BookND/2.) by libraries.He noted that today many books de- 2. Dr. Jacobs, however, expressed disagreeing views pended on the library for 70 to 80% of sales. by pointing out that illiteracy problems had to be 6/7 solved before books could pPrforman effective role Mr. Benjamin also explained that computer storage in promoting education and contributingto accelera- of information cost MIT $320a year to store the tion of economic as wellas national development. He contents of one 400-page book, while the MIT library reminded the Seminar of the factthat in most of itself could store that book for 25 cents.This situa- the Southeast Asian countries80 percent of the popu- tion forced MIT to spend $4 million to expand its lation could not read and write. traditional library, he added. As a second obstacle toeffective use of books for Accordingly he warned developing countries not to national development, he citedthe traditional methods be too enthusiastic about thenew educational tech- and practice of education whichdid not entourage nology for some years tocome, unless some gold and effective use of libraryresources. uranium mines were found which could provide the He said that removal of thesetwo obstacles was necessary finances for the project. prerequisite to making beaks usefulin developing 6. The Seminar agreed with Prof. Osttinger'scon- countries where electricitywas poor and the logistics clusion that "while educational technology has extraor- and technical support for maintainingeducational dinary long-term promises it is most unlikely to have technology were limited. a significant impact on instruction and learning in Therefore, he emphasized, the roleof books as the next decade" even in most advanced nations. media of informationas well as the "only practical 7. Mr. Harris supported Mr. Barnett's theory that tool" of education for national growthwould have to no industrialized economy could function and no de- be re-examined in order fordeveloping countries of veloping nation could advance without making impor- Southeast Asia to achievea breakthrough in the edu- tant and intensive use of books. cational gap. He called attention to the fact that input of labor He maintained that developmentof a new educa- and capital alone could not attain desired economic tional technology by combinationsof computer net- growth, for even in highly industrialized societies it works, laser beams, micro-wave channels,etc. should accounted for only about 50 percent of economic be given priority over book developmentin develop- growth. The contribution of the residualfactor ing countries. which could not be accounted for by input of labor Therefore, he disclosed, SEAMESwas working to and capital, he said, was about approximately the establish a regional center to studyhow to develop same as labor and capital in accelerating or develop- and apply in practicaluse the new concept of educa- ing economic growth. He saidone of the most tional technology through this innovativeprocedure significant residual factors in economicegrowthwas so that books may not receive over-emphasisas the education.This is particularly true in developing most effective tooL-of education in thisregion. countries, he said. 3. The Seminar agreed with Dr.Jacobs' views to Mr. Harris further pointed out that: the extent that the book industry hadto associate a. No education could be expected to make satis- itself with the new educational technologyand that factory contribution to government economic objects certain technological advances would indeedreplace if the vital and important role of books in education and better certain kinds of books. strategy should have been forgotten. 4. However, his advocation ofnew technology in b. Books are extremely important because essential- place of books as the most practical toolof education ly the problem of economic development isa problem and national development for developingcountries of the development of humanresources involved in met with strong disagreement fromthe participants creating the institutions and the competenceneces- and observers. sary for economic growth. 5. Mr. Benjamin of McGraw-Hillsaid "I don't think c. Books are, however, often forgotten, because it is going to be in thenear future."Because it is countries seem to think that all one needs is to estab- a very expensive business, he explained, it will be lish the hardware and the capital buildings required many years before "even we in the United States for education and are not sufficiently concerned with can afford the new educational technology"as advo- what kind of education it is and what thepurpose cated by Dr. Jacobs. of education might be. He quoted Prof. Anthony Oatingerof Harvard d. One of the important things thata developing University, who discovered that, toperform the same country needs to do is to develop a strategy of edu- kind of instruction throughcomputer-aided instruc- cational development and within that strategy assign tional materials, the pupil cost, bythe most optimistic an important and vital role to the development of estimates, would be $50a year whereas under the books, the publishing industry, the printing industries present book and lecture system itwas $4.(Prof. and to the proper allocation ofresources for books, Osttinger of the Division of Engineering and Applied not for themselves alone, but because of the vitalcon- Science of Harvard University is involved inthe pro- tribution the books make to economic development. gram on technology and society.) 8. Dr. Kyu-nam Choi, one-time Ministerof Educa- 8

1 tion and President of Seoul National Univerbity, ers-book-reading campaign sponsored by housewives shared the views of Dr. Harris that books make a in some parts of Japan. vital contribution to economic development. He said 14. Mr. Yong-koo Kim of the Hankook Ilbo and he believed that book publishing, education, and eco- other participants and observers considered that ef- nomic development should go hand in hand because fective advertisements of new books would help wider they constitute a cycle helping to accelerate over-all circulation of books. national developmer t. He explained that it is a policy and conviction of C. PUBLISHING IN KOREAA HISTORICAL SURVEY the government that investment in book development should never be considered as waste.It is a long- and term investment for national growth, he said. D. PROBLEMS OF KOREA'S PUBLISHING INDUSTRY In view of the fact that more than 45 percent of primary school graduates discontinue school educa- AS SEEN THROUGH MARKET SURVEY tion, he said, it is most imperative to encourage them to continue to use books.To achieve this purpose, 1. Mr. Barnett's paper was followed by presenta- he said, it is necessary to train primary school chil- tion of two papers, first by Mr. Man-nyun Han, Pres- dren to use library resources so that they might be ident, I',:hogak Publishing Co., on A Historical Survey able to utilize libraries whether they advance to middle of Publishing in Korea and then by Prof. Yun-hyun schools or drop out.He also called for renewed Chin, Professor of Kukmin College, on Problems of efforts by concerned authorities and industries to Korea's Publishing Industry as seen through Market promote effective use of village libraries. Survey.(cf. Part II, KPA/BookND/3 & 4) 9. Prof. Suk-hong Min of Seoul National University 2. In the course of the discussions following pres- supplemented Dr. Choi's view by calling upon the entation of the two papers, the Seminar considered government and other concerned authorities to study problems of effective book distribution in Korea and a measure by which all the nation's industrial firms the importance of library development as one of the and business companies, in addition to schools, should most important institutional markets. establish libraries for their employees. He deplored 3. Mr. Barnett called attention of the Seminar to a the fact that development of human resources through chart of Prof. Chin's paper which illustrated a com- books and education had been neglected in the govern- plicated set of marketing channels of book distribu- ment's economic development plans. tion.He explained that chaos was unavoidable as 10. His call for human resources development ef- far as completely different sets of discounts were forts was supported by Prof. Jin -Man Kim of applied and the same publisher would sell the same Korea University. book through all the different channels of wholesalers, 11. Mr. Shimonaka of Japan said that efforts to retailers, door-to-door salesmen and the cooperative vitalize the book industry could attain success easily at the same time.The studies he made two years in Korea, because Korea has favorable conditions. ago on the Korean book market, he said,disclosed He called attention to the low rate of illiteracy and that "the Korean booksellers have a lot of faults but wide spread education. the booksellers in Korea have some fairly good points Under the prevailing circumstances, whatis most against publishers."He pointed out thatit was urgently needed is creation of an atmosphere condu- difficult to sustain a distribution system when there cive to sound growth of the book industry, he said. was that chaos. He stressed publishers should be helped to produce However, Mr. Barnett expressed optimism about their books cheaply enough and should be encouraged the future of the Korean book distribution.With to have conviction that their books would sell. this apparent chaos in one sector of distribution, he 12. Mr. Shimonaka's proposal was supportedby said, "Korea has the potential and Korea's publishers President Tae-lim Yoon of Sookmyung Women'sUni- have the potential of evolving a very sophisticated versity, who called upon the governmentauthorities distribution system such as they have in the distribu- to give the publishers of "good books"incentives tion of secondary school textbooks." He elaborated such as import of book paper at low cost. on the efficiency of the secondary schooltextbooks 13. Prof. Man-kap Lee of Seoul National University distribution through the cooperative of textbook pub- suggested that in order to implement President Yoon's lishers.The texts were developed individually, but call for an incentive plan it might be necessary to they were sold and distributed through the coopera- establish a committee to select "good books." He also tive of publishers which collected money and handled explained that to disseminate good books widely payment of royalties."This is an example of coopera- among youth might require promotion of the book tion that I for one haven't een in any other develop- reading habit on the part of mothers.His statements ing country in Asia," he said. referred to Mr. Shimonaka's explanation of a moth- Therefore, he said, "it shows that it is not beyond 9 the capability of Korea's publishers to sit down and This was responsible for making university libraries to reorganize their trade books distribution system understaffed and under-equipped.They urged that into something that is much more rational, that is the by-laws of the Library Development Law should mudi more equitable and that will bring profit to be put to force as soon as possible. fiveryone concerned." 10. Following the discussions on the need of a book 4. The Seminar accepted Mr. Barnett's views as a bank and library development plans, the Seminar proposal for the test solution of the chaotic situation heard delegates from Indonesia and Thailand explain of the Korean book distribution system. about book-related problems and efforts of their 5. Mr. Sullivan explained how effectively book co- respective countries. operatives were organized and run for institutional and general markets in Canada and Scandinavian E. TEXTBOOKS IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT countries.He also touched on the British system of maintaining a set price for orderly distributio of 1. Mr. Stanton Whitney, Vice President, D. Van books.He also explained about the discount rates Nostrand Co., delivered his paper on Textbooks in and royalty practices prevailing in the United States. National Educational Development at the afternoon He said the library operation in the U.S. could be session of the second day of the Seminar.(cf. Part described as "chaotic" too, because sales to libraries II, KPA/BookND/5) involved a set of different discount rates and different 2. Discussions following his speech were focused market channels. on the problems of national textbooks andprivately- 6. Mr. Noma of Japan explained in detail how his developed textbooks for secondary education. country's distribution systems were organized and 3. Mr. Man-nyun Han criticized the recent govern- run.He elaborated on the organization and func- ment decision to nationalize all textbooks for vocation- tions of the Tohan and Nichinhan distribution net- al high schools, which accounted for about 50 percent works, which actually monopolized book and magazine of the nation's total high school enrollment.He de- sales in Japan. He said the two mammoth distribu- clared the nationalization of vocational high school tion systems owed their success to rigid enforce- texts constituted "a violation of the Constitution." ment of listed price sales by retailers.Discount sales He also criticized the government of shrinking by were strictly forbidden, and this contributed a great half the commercial sector of publishing of high deal to distribution of books at low cost. school textbooks. 7. Representatives of the Korean Publishers Asso- 4. On behalf of the Ministry of Education, Director ciation emphasized that they believe that money is Nak-ku Choi of the Textbook Bureau explained that the best tool with which the 'chaotic market situation it was the policy of the government to open the text- could be redressed.This was why the Association book market to the pi ivate publishing sector as mud, is trying so hard to persuade the Korean government as possible.In the course of his explanation, Direc- to allocate government funds to establish a "book tor Choi emphasized that the government had to bank."They stressed that the book bank was pro- nationalize all vocational high school textbooks be- posed to be a source of revolving funds for book dis- cause no texts were published on many subjects by tribution, that the establishment of the book bank the private publishers.Vocational trainees had to would relieve the book industry of its burden of do without textbooks at all in certain subjects, be- usurious interest, and would contribute to producing cause private publishers declined to publish textsin and distributing books cheaply in Korea. such courses as might have only two hundred students 8. Participants and observers also agreed that one throughout the country. of the best ways of promoting the beck industry is Director Choi explained that the government would development of libraries at all levels.However, they publish vocational high school texts in 177 courses complained that a lot had to be done before the under a three-year program which had started last library development could satisfy the public need and year.However, he pointed out, the government would the concerned industries.The Seminar, therefore, take step-by-step measures to denationalize these na- called upon the government to expedite implementa- tionalized texts. tion of by-laws of the Library Development Law so The Director also touched on the controversy de- that the government authorities might be obliged by riving from the government order by which all the the law to spend more money to build new libraries n 3n- vocational high school textbooks were revised at and to buy more books with government money for the same time last year.The government had been the libraries. criticized for creating confusion and chaos by order- 9. Participants expressed regret that university ing all high school texts to be rewritten at the libraries were not controlled by the Library Law but same time. by regulations governing university establishments. Director Choi explained that the government con-

10 sidered the private sector's complaints "justifiable." would provide service to the developing countriesin Therefore, he repeated, the government would prefer this region. course-by-course revision to all-at-once revision in 4. Mr. Benjamin expressed regret and disappoint- the future.The government representative also ex- ment that due to the unfortunate Viet Namconflict, plained about the process of preparing and producing nothing had come of the United States policy for aid national textbooks of high schools in answer to in- of books and library facilities as enunciated in Pres- quiries from the participants and observers. ident Johnson's Smithsonian address and in his later 5. Prof. Jin-man Kim of Korea University asked directive of January 1967. the government to allow foreign textbooks, especially 5. Mr. Shadily made a brief report on the develop- in the course of foreign language training, to be in- ment of the book publishing industry in Indonesia. cluded among the government-approved text category. He observed that there are about 400 publishers reg- He said that it seemed unfair and foolish to limit istered with the Publishers Association which accepts the use of texts authorized by Koreans for foreign membership on the basis of publishing at least three language training. books a year.There are about 1,000 good bookstores 6. The government was ready, said Director Choi, who cooperate very nicely with the publishers.He to allow foreign texts to be used in the future asthe further explained about the library situation in In- government was considering this matter seriously. donesia. 7. Participants and observers also exchanged views 6. Mr. Suwan presented a brief account of the book concerning the process of textbook development and publishing industry in Thailand.He recalled that production and of adoption practices of textbooks printing in Thailand had been first started by the by schools. government in about 1850 but it had not got very 8. Mr. Whitney gave detailed explanations on the far until 17 years ago, when the Ministry of Edu- U.S. practice of textbook adoption and royalty pay- cation was founded. He further referred to the in- ment to textbook authors. crews - .1. rate of students which is far toogreat for 9. The Seminar agreed that on many subjects the the government to fulfill the demand for textbooks. house editor's role was most important indeveloping He observed that publishing business in Thailand to- good textbooks. day is considered quite a prosperous investment be- 10. At the close of the discussions, theSeminar cause of the wide potential market, and there areonly heard Dr. Jacobs explain the SEAMESorganization about 10 to 15 publishers. and activities and the Seminar hoped thatSEAMES 7. Mr. Harris explained the organization and ac- would study establishment of a regional bookdevelop- tivities of the Franklin Book Program. He stressed ment center for Asia as one of its priorityprojects. that the program works with both private publishers and governments, but in either case, the program F. DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLISHING INDUSTRY would not work in a country unless the government AN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION itself desired the program to work in the country. 1. Three papers were presented on thesubject by the following speakers : G. PANEL DISCUSSION Mr. Yung-bin Min, Executive Director,Korean 1. The entire discussion, which was conducted in Publishers Association a free discussion style, was focused on the matterof Mr. Warren Sullivan, President,Barnes & No- international copyright protection as Mr. Benjamin ble, Inc. began it by reviewing the development of a series of events that had taken place last year concerning the Mr. Michael Harris, President,Franklin Book international copyright conventions,including the Institute Stockholm Protocol.He explained the U.S. position The papers are reproduced in PartII, KPA/ against the Protocol. BookND/6-8. 2. He further suggested that it would be easy for 2. In the course of discussions, it was urged that Korea to join the Universal Copyright Convention proper utilization of Korean printing facilities should because little would have to be changed in the Ko- be made by the United States and other countries for rean Copyright Law to qualify for UCCmembership. not only reprints but eventually for original publica- While he expressed regret that the situation in South- tions lest such venture should result in monopolizing east Asia had delayed the execution of the President's facilities where it would be harmful to the Korean book project, he offered that the U.S. publishers would publishing industry. participate in the expansion of printing facilities in 3. The seminar welcomed the idea of establishing Korea if Korea joined the Universal Copyright Law. a regional book development centerin Asia which 3. Mr. Shadily complained about the general lack

11 of Interest on the part of U.S. publishers in copyright copyright crisis was over and that, therefore,it was requests from Indonesian publishers, citing cases in hard for Korean publishers to tell whatto do at the which U.S. publishers had neglected to reply perhaps moment. because of small amount of royalty based on small size of editions proposed by Indonesian publishers. H. RESOLUTION 4. Mr. Benjamin expressed the hope that he and Seminar his colleagues might form a clearing house for all on publishers on a voluntary basis in order to do some- Books and National Development thing about such situation.He attributed such neg- April 27-April 29, 19611 ative attitudes of U.S. publishers to the fact that many U.S. and British publishers were notparticu- The Seminar on Books and NationalDevelopment larly attuned to the international market and inter- was held at the AcademyHouse, Seoul, Korea from national problems. He expressed his belief that if 27 to 29 April, 1968 sponsored by theKorean Pub- a clearing house had been organizedfor English lan- lishers Association.The meeting was attended by guage books for translation rightsin UNESCO de- 86 Korean participants as well asobservers from five veloping countries, it would be dealt with promptly foreign nations and SEAMES. and reasonably. The seminar was opened with greetingsfrom the Minister of Education and a cordial messagefrom 5. Mr. Shadily reported that although there was a Asso- copyright law in Indonesia, it had not become a law the President of the International Publishers ciation.Dr. Mun-whan Choi, President of SeoulNa- yet.He told about an Indonesian publisher who was of the mislead by the Stockholm Protocol. tional University delivered the keynote theme seminar "The Role of Books in DevelopingNations" 6. Mr. Byung-ki Min expressed his appreciation on which subject livelydiscussions were held by par- about the opportunity to learn about copyright con- ticipants regarding the best means todevelop the ventions, particularly to the U.S. participants for en- book industry of Korea and to promoteregional co- lightening Korean professors on this matter. He operation in Asia in the book publishing area. asked about the basic difference between the Berne Constructive views were exchanged on therelation- Convention and Universal Copyright Convention. He ship between the Republic of Korea andinternational further asked for an explanation of the circumstances copyright conventions. which have so far barred Korea's entry znto an in- The participants and observers, lvningdiscussed ternational copyright convention. many mutual problems, agreed onthe Iv towing points 7. Mr. Benjamin explained the basic difference be- as worthwhilepriority objectives : tween the two conventions, noting the BerneCon- 1. We reaffirm that books are a vital tool of na- vention as more strict than UCC in many terms. He tional development that should be used to an impor- explained that UCC was a UNESCO organization and tant degree. its real purpose was to make it easier for certain 2. We recommend that the governments of those countries to join particularly in terms of the copy- represented at this conference stimulate their book- rightprotection. related efforts especially including library develop- 8. Mr. Yung-bin Min observed that very little in- ment and that they provide due assistance to those terest had been expressed on the matter of interna- engaged in publishing. tional copyrights in the past twenty years since Ko- 3. In view of prevailing conditions in the countries rea's liberation from Japan in 1945 and it was just of East Asia, we are in accord that mutual coopera- a dawn of a new era of hot discussions whether tion should be effectively promoted to help solve the Korea ought to join an international copyright con- common book problems in the region.For example, vention and what benefit Korea would be able to further book publishing seminars should be held in draw from becoming a member of either interna- other countries to carry on a continuous exchange of tional convention. experience. Speaking of his own observations on the NewDelhi 4. We agree that an Asian Book Development Cen- Seminar of East Asian countries of January,1967 ter should be established speedilyin cooperation on internationalcopyright problems and the Stock- with UNESCO, SEAMES, and/or other concerned holm Protocol developments originating fromthe In- foreign agencies. dian Seminar, Mr. Min said that theinternational 5. We support wholeheartedly the initiatives of the copyright was currently in a crisis becauseof dis- Korean Publishers Association to help insure the agreement between the blocs of developingcountries sound growth of the Korean book industryespecially and developed countries. He also expressedhis views in important developmental projects such as the Book that it would take some time before theinternational Bank and the National Book Development Council.

12 PART TWO

ROLE OF BOOKS IN DEVELOPING KOREA

i

by Mun-Hwan Choi President Seoul National University

18 ROLE OF BOOKS IN DEVELOPINGKOREA

Strenuous efforts are now being madein all devel- Many developing nations in Asia are striving to oping nations to accelerate the rateof development. rationalize the economic and other aspects oftheir While knowledge plays a vital role insuch efforts, life.Modernization is the ultimate goal of all their books are the essential mediafor the dissemination efforts.This applies not only to Korea where mod- premise," of knowledge.Therefore, the role of book publishing ernization is expressly upheld as a "value is regarded more and moreimportant. The great but also in other nations where no suchexpressed The implementation of an eco- poet, Sir Rabindranath Tagore,praised Korea as "the slogan is advocated. Lantern of Asia."It is a significant event that an nomic development plan or pursuit ofindustrialisation international meeting is held on "Booksand National indicate efforts toward the achievementof modern- Development" in this country with theattendance of ization in the economic field. the honored guests.I regard it a great honor to We cannot too strongly emphasize the importance Publishing in De- of knowledge in carrying on such efforts.This is address you on the theme, "Book plays in veloping Nations." not the first time when the role knowledge As you probably know well, the world's first mov- the course of the development of societyis highly able metal types were invented in Korea in the year evaluated.British sociologist Alfred Marshall said, of 1234 or 735 years ago, and 50 volumes of manuals "Even if all the material wealth on the earth were but land, on manners entitledKogum-sangjong-yeman were destroyed by an earthquake leaving nothing knowledge and food enough to support his lifeuntil published.It was the first book to be ever printed in 10 by movable metal types in the world.That was near- the next harvest, man would certainly recover ly 200 years before Johannes Gutenberg invented and to 20 years prosperity almostcomparable with that popularized the printing method.In this sense, we before.However, if knowledge which has been ac- have chosen the right place to hold a meeting todis- cumulated up to today wei-1 destroyed, itwould take books toward a better thousands of years for hiri. to recoverprosperity on cuss printing and publishing remained intact." tomorrow. the earth even if the material wealth The efforts now being made in alldeveloping na- His words were vindicated during the period after tions to achieve a rapid development stemfrom the the close of World War II.In only around 10 years "Great Awakening" of the people.The cause of the out of war ruins, the European nations built up ma- "Great Awakening" has been theirenlightenment. terial prosperity even better than that they had en- which was made possible through theextension of joyed before the war.In Asia, Japan was rehabili- knowledge through books.Now, authoritative per- tated like a phoenix out of war ruins.Nevertheless, sonages, devoted to the publishingof books, assemble the Southeast Asian nations which suffered little or here.I dare say that it sets a milestone onthe cre- less from the war, are still suffering from poverty ating of another page of our cultural history. and underdevelopment. In Therefore, the demand for knowledge is onthe in- Great is the significance of book publishing. The first spite of the emergence of such modern mediaof mass crease in two sensesin developing nations. communications ar radio, newspapers andtelevision, necessity is to create man suitable formodernized important means society, and the second necessity, which maybe re- the book has beet, and is the most in a large of extending knowledge.In a sense, radio, television. garded as included in the former category supplementary role sense, is to develope andaccumulate technology and etc., simply play an auxiliary and development. in extending knowledge, which isessential for the skill required for acceleration of material The book alone Modernization can hardly be achieved bythe tradi- development of a nation or mankind. It is necessary to create a has an indispensable value as thebasic means of reg- tional Oriental lethargy. of ex- new style of man based onthe new notion of value. ular school education and the effective means citizen of is unimaginable What we need are new man, modern man, tending know-how. Without books, it of science, and indus- to preserve and extendknowledge.This is all the the new Sty 2, man in the era developing countries where up- trial man. more remarkable in Drama, Prcfessor to-date media are not developed tothe fullest extent. In his recent book entitled Asian /05 Gunnar Myrdal said that the new style of man re- a great percentage.Therefore, it is believed that quires these aptitudes: efficiency, diligence, orderli- consideration of human factors is confined to the ness, punctuality, frugality, scrupulous honesty (which same elevation of the rationality of theoreticalmodel. pays in the long run and is a condition for raising In developing nations however, the residual which efficiency in all social and economic relations), ra- cannot be explained by means of the capital/output tionality in decisions on action (liberation from re- approach is very great.This is never confined to liance on static customs, from group allegiance and thecooperativerelations whichAlfredMarshall favoritism, from superstitious beliefs and prejudices, pointed out in discussing the relations of distribu- approaching onerationallycalculating"economic tion in a long-term normal situation or to the devel- man" of Western liberal ideology), preparedness for oping nations where the degree of nutrition is low change (for experimentation along new lines, and for as pointed out by Professor Myrdal. moving around spatially, economically, socially), alert- Is developing nations, Myrdal said, an increase in ness to opportunities as they arise in a changing consumption increases production by means of the world, energetic enterprises, integrity and self-reli- mobilization of more labor force because it will im- ance, cooperativeness (not limiting but redirecting prove the labor productivity due to the improved egoistic striving in a socially beneficial channel; ac- physique of individual workers, or because the con- ceptance of responsibility forlie welfare of the com- sumption of the national economy as a whole will munity and the nation), willingness to take the long increase due to the population increase even if the view (and to forgo short-term profiteering; subordi- per capita consumption may not change. nation of speculation to investment and of commerce He further asserted that, in developing nations, and finance to production, etc. consumption is not necessarily in inverse proportion The acquisition of such aptitudes will be impossible to savings, and savings does not necessarily contrib- without the massive introduction of new knowledge. ute to increased investment. He asserted that a de- In addition to such changes of attitude, the creation crease in savings due to an increase in consumption of a material foundation in modernized society re- does not hinder economic development but produces quires the recurrent, dynamical technological prog- the same effects as that of increased investment as ress, their new combination by capable entrepreneurs, far as developing nations are concerned. and the continuous increase of wealth and the sharp In this connection, it should be noted that the stan- increase in productivity through human labor with dard of knowledge is rapidly changing in developing skill and dexterity. nations, and that such changes makes primary con- In that sense, Simon Kuznets said in his "Economic tribution not only to the economic development but Growth and Structure" that the stock of knowledge also to the general modernization of society as a and technology alone can expedite the economic de- whole. The extension of such knowledge, and the velopment of developing nations. consequent emergence of the so-called elite or the The acquisition of knowledge thus plays an impor- new style of man who will lead the new society plays tant role in the modernization of developing nations, a greater role than the material factors in serving and great scholars have long since recognized its sig- modernization. nificance.It is, however, regrettable that no proper Therefore, the disregard of changes in the standard regard is given to the pan-national extension of of knowledge in the course of discussing all changes, knowledge in terms of economic theory on develop- including economic, political and social changes, will ment or in the course of enforcing policies in devel- seriously distort the concept of reality.This also oping nations. coincides with the historical fact that advanced na- The capital/output approach in the modern eco- tions owe around 90 per cent of their growth to the nomic theory based on the premise of an unchanged increase in labor productivity which is related with state of the arts has been useful as theoretical means the technical reform. of explanation on economic development and its in- However, understanding of this has been extremely ducement in the highly advanced Western European limited and political support weak for the extension and North American society.It has been made of knowledge in developing nations. .Professor Theo- known recently, however, that there is a residual dore Schulze said, "When poor countries enter upon which cannot be explained through such an approach, the process of developing a modern agriculture and and that it can be explained only by means of human industry, with some notable exceptions they invest factors, not material factors. too little in human capital relative to what they in- As a result, discussions are being held on invest- vest in nonhuman capital; skills and knowledge use- ment in man, investment in human capability and in- ful in their economic endeavor are neglected as they vestment in human resources.In advanced nations, concentrate on new plants and equipment. Thus an however, the unexplained residual does not constitute imbalance arises and as a consequence they fail, often

16 of extending knowledge to the masses,the functions or by a wide margin, to attain their optimum rate media are economic growth." contribution which books perform as a still highly evaluated.The significance of books is Investment in human capital can be classified into nations where such One is education, and the other naturally great in the developing two large categories. popular zed to the health.The latter factor is tentatively shelved here modern media are not developed or fullest extent. because it is not directly connected with the theme. is not de- Book publishing has an absolute bearing on educa- Unfortunately, however, book publishing nations.This is tion.Ever since the ancient days, the book has been veloped adequately in developing inter- partly ascribable to the highilliteracy rates in those the fundamental means of education, and the of education, generational means of conveying knowledge. nations due to the inadequate extension but more basically to the verylow degree of under- How much can be invested in human capital and effective object to what extent can it contribute to the rationalization standing about books, as a cheap and pri- of investment in human capital, notonly among the and improvement of human life has depended their governments or plan- marily on the extent of popularization of education. masses but also within Also, to what extent education can be carried out has ning authorities. depended on the extension of booksthe material From the economic point of view, books arealso demand, means of education. subject to the economic rules of supply and The basic cause of the high standard ofculture though they are relatively low in termsof prices. Korea enjoyed in the past consisted ultimately in the Therefore, their production relies on theireffective development of printing and publishing technology. demand, or the scale of market in atraditional eco- The West European nations achieved brilliantmental nomic sense.The per capita income of developing and material civilization in the modern agesbecause nations and their population are verysmall as com- extensive investment was possible in humancapital pared ..vith those in advanced countries.Excepting and India, Indonesia and Pakistan, almost alldeveloping due to the development of the modern printing million each, publishing technology. nations have a population of around 10 the rela- and a per capita income of aroundUS$100.00.There- In the developing nations today, however, $1 billion tions of book publishing with education areby no fore, the size of their markets is around In the latter half of the 1950s, each, which is incomparable with those ofWest Euro- means satisfactory. $100 billion each, or the U.S. when developing nations began acceleratedgrowth pean nations scaled at through human efforts, educational expenditurewas market scaled at $800 billion. very small relative to GNP in mostof the developing The small scale of their markets and thehigh per- scale of nations.Their per capita educational expenditure centage of their illiterates greatly limit the was very miserable as comparedwith that in advanced book publishing and hinders its development as an nations.Their expenditure concerning education con- enterprise.This confines the operation of book pub- stituted an average of around 10 percentin their lishing in most cases to the status of o....-man pro- government budgets.Their illiteracy rates are there- ducer-owner-manager, and bars it from self-sustained fore still considerably high. development. The high illiteracy rates and the lowstandard of Solution should therefore be worked out by the knowledge are greatly hindering the developmentof government to such marketing factors.Nevertheless, the retarded nations, chiefly because ofthe lack or the governments of developing nations are too pre- inadequacy of modern facilitiesfor extension of occupied with investment in nonhuman capital in the knowledge due to their historical factors, andbecause fields of conspicuous production to give proper regard the developing nations are financiallyincapable of to political support for book publishing, as Professor paying for the establishment of moderneducational Theodore Schultze pointed out. and research institutions.Essential now is, there- For example, the establishment and operationof a fore, to devise functions to substitute for orsupple- publishing fund or issuance of publication subsidies ment the method of learning knowledgesystematically are very limited, and taxexemption measures are very with such imperfect facilities.The significance of lukewarm for publishing houses.Adequate adminis- book publishing is all the greater in thisconnection. trative support is not rendered to the importationof Books supplement the functions of educationby publishing materials or supplies which cannot be providing school education with essentialmaterials produced at home, such as high-class printing paper and can act as a cheap substitute, to someextent, and printing machines. for education particularly in poor developingnaticlr. Moreover, no close relations are maintained be- Even in advanced countries where books may seem tween education and book publishing, partlybecause to be overwhelmed by such modern masscommunica- of defects involved in the education system.The tions media as radio, television and newspapersin cramming-style education still in practice in many de-

17 veloping nations chiefly through textbooks hasde- been inadequate to those projects in terms of both prived students of interests in and attachmentto quality and quantity." - books, and makes them regard books as a short-term Such kinds of investment are not wholly without means of education.This is why the habits of read- effects in the long run.During the 1962-66 period, ing books are not developed in developing nations.Of the number of pupils increased by 81,000 a year on course, large-scale book-reading campaigns are con- the average.Providing them with school facilities ducted yearly under the government's sponsorship. increased the potentiality (although it did not directly However, such campaigns are actually confined to increased the effective demand) of increasing direct some government agencies, schools,libraries and pub- investment in human capital and the book-reading lishing houses in most cases, but are not extended to population.It in turn expanded the investment in the whole nation as in advanced nations.So such nonhuman capital, which, in conjunction with the in- campaigns have mostly ended in vague slogans. crease in income, increased the effective demandfor The developing nations also lack a system for pay- book publishing. ment of due social rewards for efforts made in read- The increased investment in the installation of ing books.In Korea, for example, the understanding school facilities thus substituted for and supplemented of investment in human capital has been extensively education.however, it did not satisfy the demand enhanced, and the system for payment of social re- for high quality manpower, which was eminently re- wards improved, but not yet to the satisfactory ex- quired in the course of development. The investment tent.This is not confined to Korea but applies to all in education, therefore, did not produce adequate ef- the developing nations. fects during the First Five-Year Economic Develop- In spite of modernization sought ak. her national ment Plan, under which investment was unbalancedly concentrated in material factors. goal, Korea does not offer adequate rewards for the reading man. The expansion of overhead social cap- For these reasons, book publishing constitutes a ital was upheld as one of the basic targets under the very small proportion of the entirenational economy, First Five-Year Economic Development Plan.But and is stagnant.According to the results of a min- targets were actually confined to transportation, tele- ing and manufacturing industry census conducted in communications and waterworks or sewage facilities. 1966, publishing and printing industry occupied only Under that plan, the rational combination of human 3.5 per cent of the net product of the manufacturing resources and natural resources was mentioned.But industry, and 0.5 per cent of the net domestic product. the rational combination was confined to increased During the 1960-65 period, the manufacturing in- employment. dustry achieved a growth of 118.4 per cent as a whole, Out of a total of W321.5 billion the government but the publishing and printing industry showed an planned to invest, W99.64 million or 3.1 per cent was increase of only 65.6 per cent.It may therefore be allocated for education.But the allocated funds were concluded that book publishing in Korea is adequately mostly intended for the construction or repair of performing its function of extending knowledge and serving the national development, and that it is not classrooms, purchase of school lots or installation of This is very auxiliaryfacilities.The allocation of government operated properly simply as a business. funds for the extension of books was neither recog- discouraging. nized nor implemented. Commenting on this situa- We can also say that developing nations cannot tion, the government explained in a report, "It was achieve rapid development unless our publishing en- inevitable because of the extreme financial shortage terprises are actively operated on business like bases, of this country."The report also said, "Educational unless they properly function as media ofknowledge. and cultural projects have been disregarded more and unless they contribute to the creation of a new miserably than any other project, and support has style of man needed by the new society. 0

18 ROLE OF BOOKS AS A TOOL OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

by Stanley A, Barnett Director, International Operations Wolf Management Services

19 ROLE OF BOOKS AS A TOOL OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

No industrialized economy can function, and no de- Book development in a country reflects a number of veloping nation can advance, without making impor- factors, among the most important of which are cul- tant, intensive use of books.For the developing tural patterns, the educational system and economic countries of East Asia, books are a most important conditions. (and in most cases the only practical) tool through In some countries, such as Korea, there is greater which the citizens of the country can develop en masse reverence for learning and for education than in some the knowledge and skills required to accelerate effec- others in the region. A nation that respects educa- tively the national growth process. tion tends to be more receptive to the printed word, Books are the principal instrument of education at through which learning is so effectively communi- all levels.They are required in technical and pro- cated, and it develops the "reading habit" more easily fessional training.They are the key medium of and in greater depth. instruction and learning, and the major repository of information in nation-building disciplines such as The educational system in its use of books is a pre- basic and applied science, mathematics, engineering, dominant shaper of the book market and thus of the agriculture and natural resources management, medi- book industry in the developing nations of East Asia. cine, pedagogy, public administration, public health, Our 1966 book survey in Korea showed that 95% of business management and economic growth. the books produced in 1965-1966 (70,184,000 copies out of a total of 73,610,000 copies) were either text- As a general rule, a nation's production and use of books or student reference books.In other countries books is considered a good index of its general stage visited during 1966 and 1967, the overwhelming im- of development. portance of books used in the formal school system Developing countries produce relatively few books. was equally evident.In general, educational publish- Thus in 1964 or 1965 (while Japan produced 24,000 ers are the key publishers in a nation, forthe edu- book and pamphlet titles) Thailand produced 4,100; cational system is not only the largest market for the Republic of Korea produced 2,500;Indonesia books, it also is the basic instrument for training 2,200; the Republic of Vietnam 1,600; the Philippines the population in their use. 1,000; and Laos 52. Importantly, since school books reflect the educational I have grouped the book and pamphlet totals bedause system in which they are used, the nature of the such data most often is available only in that form. educational system shapes and circumscribes the role In point of fact, however, many of the "books" prod- which books perform in the learning process.If, as uced in East Asia are pamphletsaccording to the is too often the case, the educational system stresses accepted over-48 page UNESCO definition. A "book" rote memorization and recitation, the books are mere in Korea and the Philippines can have as few as30 repositories of facts and cannot fulfill a multipurpose pages ; in Thailand as few as 24 pages;in Indonesia function. as few ae 16 pages; and inLaos, any bound, printed work of eight pages or more is defined as a book. Although I am an economist, I have found that social factors and the educational system influence book The above-mentioned quantities of locally produced development more than economic factorsexcept in titles are inflated in that they represent reprints as unusual and rare circumstances.One such case is well as new editions.Thus, almost one-half of the Indonesia, where hyperinflation and general economic Philippine total and 15% of the Korean total are disintegration have resulted in the near collapse of reprints.* a once-flourishing book industry,along with many On the other hand, Korea's total appears to be an underestimate other fields of endeavor. in the comparison to those of other countries becauseitslarge production of books for the common (elementary and secondary) schools reportedly is not include4 in the 2.500 total.For the 1964- Within the framework of a nation's social, educa- 1965 academic year, 700 common school textbook titles were produced in Korea. With a newly approved secondary school curriculum in tional and economic fabric, one of the principal aims force, 500 new titles recently were approved at that level for the current spring semester. of any program for national growth is to assurethe /21 availability of the books that will be required, as well 9.Development of a professional commercialdistri- as the means of producing and usingthem. bution and promotion network, includingwork- able mechanisms for bibliographicinformation, Books have two distinct roles in communicating the warehousing, shipping, and wholesale andretail kinds of knowledge and skills needed for national bookselling. growth : one is the dissemination of such information within the developing country; the other is the trans- 10. Provision of adequate long-term andworking and mission of required information from developed coun- capital financing for publishers, printers tries to the developing country.The latter function booksellers. is relatively simple ;it requires only that books pub- 11. A strong book industry organization,including lished in technically advanced countries be readily strong industry trade associations. available.Far more difficult and complex is the problem of developing and using books to disseminate A fruitful use of books in national growth requires information and skills within a developing country. the concurrent or near-concurrent development of all The healthy, sound growth of a book industry within these steps and close cooperation between recipient a developing country requires the creationof a set and donor countries, as well as close coordination be- of interrelated skills, institutions, and other resources tween the private book industry and interested gov- that are sufficient to plan, create, manufacture, dis- ernment ministries and agencies. tribute, and use books of the kinds and in the quan- This brings me to a 12th and final point :It is evi- tities required.This is not easy.It requires a dent that a developmental book program must be complex series of conditions: coordinated with many other aspects of an overall 1. A sufficiently large base of effective literacy to national development program.This is usually diffi- support a book industry.The book market in cult, for generally accepted national priorities too a small country like Laos, whereperhaps only often overlook the fact that the nation's most impor- 20% can read, is too small to permit local pro- tant potential developmental resource is the knowledge duction of needed books. and skill that its citizens can be taught, and that those 2. An educational system that is available to the sectors (including, importantly, the book industry) majority of the populationone that makes ef- who help transform this resource into actuality de- fective use of books as materials of classroom serve top-priority support. instruction (and, hopefully, later as tools for The benevolent assistance of the State is needed if reference and research). students are to be provided with the textbooks and 3. Conditions under which student wastage is mi- supplementary books they require; it is also needed nimized.Even ifallschool students receive to make sure that there are books for new-literates books, enrollments in most countries in the re- who no longer attend schools, as well as for the pro- gion shrink so rapidly as the educational ladder fessionals, scientists and technicians who require a is climbed that relatively small percentages con- continuing flow of books for learning enrichment. tinue through elementary school or on to sec- In truth, no comprehensive program for national ondary school.Under such conditions, too few growth can be fully effective unless the national gov- children are able to continue their schooling long ernment makes a dedicated commitment, backed by enouph to retain the reading habit, or literacy allocations from the national budget, to provide ac- itself. cessibility to those important tools of development 4. A cultural tradition of respect for learning and books. books. Other speakers will elaborate on the role of books 5.Sufficient purchasing power to permit the pur- in education, on the role of international cooperation, chase of books. and on the development of the publishing industry. 6.Installation of printing equipment ; assurance of I cannot close without paying a short tribute to the sufficient supplies of paper for books.In Indo- sponsor of this Seminar, the KoreanPublishers As- nesia, the lack of paper (and foreign currency) sociation, and the important role it has assumed in has stifled the once-important local book industry. the growth of the book industry inits country often in the face of adverse circumstances, and often 7. Development of publishing skills.the capacity to plan, and to manage the creation and production without support from any other quarter. of books. At times it has been successful in itseffortsfor 8. Development of editorial and writing skills example in opening continuing lines ofcommunica- especially for the creation of textbooks. tion between the private sector and thecentral gov-

22 ernment ;and in the worthwhile Korean Publishers publishers' book fund was deleted from the budget. Association/Asia Foundation-sponsored market survey Despite all, however, the Korean Publishers Associa- of Korea's book industry, which Professor Chin of tion has continued to progress and grow in influence Kukmin College will discuss later on.At other times and strength until, today, it is a force to be reckoned it has not been as fortunatefor example when re- withand by far the strongest publishers' trade asso- cently the national book council it had championed ciation of any in the six East Asian countries I have was suspended ; and when the Ministry ofEducation studied during the last two years.

23 PUBLISHING IN KOREA A HISTORICAL SURVEY

by Man-Nyun Han President Ilchogak Publishing Co.

1 CONTENTS

I.Origin of Publishing Industry in Korea 1) First publications of Korea 2) Invention of hangul 3) Introduction of modernpublishing technique 4) Stagnancy of publishingculture 5) Legal suppression ofpublishing industry

II.Post-Liberation Era 1) Era of U.S. Military Government 2) Establishment of the Republicof Korea Government 3) Three Korean-war years 4) Post-armistice period 5) Before and after April 19students' revolution 6) Post-Military Revolution period

III.Current Status of Korea's PublishingCircles 1) Trend of book publishing 2) Trend of book supply 3) Trend of book reading population 4) International culturalexchange 5) Campaign for developmentof publishing industry

c, . 7 4 27 TABLES

1) Annual Statistics on PublicationsDelivered for Censor

2) Kinds of Books Delivered forCensor and Circu- lation (1965-67)

3) Number of Books Deliveredfor Censor by Cate- gory and Title(1966-67)

4) Statistics on BooksTranslated by Title and Lan- guage (1967) 5) Number of Students and Number of Copies of Textbooks

6) Book Supply Statu4 of the KoreanPublishers Co- operative (1963-67)

7) Comparison of Domestic and Foreign Prices of Paper

8) Export-Import Status ofBooks (1967)

9) Number of Libraries andCollection of Books

28 I. Origin of Publishing Industry in Korea a vast number of books in the face of many adversi- ties.Books were printed and published by private 1. First Publications of Korea individuals as well as by the state. Publications of this era include Buddhist sutras, A controversy mny arise as to the origin of book Confucian teachings and many annotations.The pub- publishing industry in Korea.According to docu- lishing activities were far more advanced than those mentary evidence, however, the first publication by of other countries h terms of both volume and quality. movable type dates back to the reign of King Hyon- The state published the Hunmin Chongum, Yong- jong of the Koryo dynasty (1011 A.D.) when a collec- bioch'onga and Wolinch'ongangjikok as the tools of tion of Buddhist sutras was printed from wooden the propagation of hangul. type -. or to the reign of King Kojong of the same dy- At about the same time, books were introduced nasty [1230 A.D.) when the Sangjong Yemun, a text- from China, to foster further the publishing industry book on civilities, was printed from copper types. Many books came to be included in the covetous ob- The copper types used in the printing of this text- jects of foreign powers invading the country. book preceded the invention of movable cast types in As demand for printing paper and need for stor- Germany by Gutenberg (1394-1468 AD.) in 1446 A.D. age of books increased, the Paper-Making Office was by more than 200 years. established in the 15th year of the reign of King There are four books extant todayPuksa Sangsol, T'aejong of the Yi dynasty (1415 A.D.) to improve Taehak Yonui, Sipch'olsach'an Kokum T'ongyo and the quality of printing paper and incrnse its pro- Songjo P'yojol Ch'ongyu which were printed from duction, though handicrafted. The result was that bronze types at a foundry established in the 3rd year high-quality "Korean paper" was exported to foreign of the reign of King T'aejong of Yi dynasty (1403 countries after satisfying domestic demand. A.D.).The printing of the books preceded the print- ing of the first Bible by Gutenberg (in 1446 A.D.) by Reflection on feudal publishing activities half a century. The invention and use of metal types and the crea- 2. Invention of hangul tion and propagation of hangul, the two epoch-making events which marked the history of publishing in Before the invention of Magid the Korean nation Korea, were both accomplished either ',y the mon- was dependent on Chinese characters, anideograph, archy or under its leadership. for its literary life.The difficulty of reading Chi- We shall study major causes which hampered the nese letters together with themonopoly of them by development of metal types and hangul before em- the aristocracy excluded the general public fromthe barking on a study of modern publications in order benefits of literacy. to deepen our understanding of the historyof pub- In 1446 A.D., King Sejong of the Yi dynasty in- lishing in our country. vented and propagated hangul, an alphabetical sys- First, continuous development of metal types was tem of a highly scientific structure which iseasily undermined by shortcomings in casting technique. learned by the masses, in the name ofIlunmin The lack of alignment in the process of melting, cast- Chongum. The alphabet have since been in wide use ing, use, supplementation of raw materials, remelting, as the original letters of theKoreans. recasting and reuse together with shortage of mat- The invention of bronze types and creation of the rices must have required the same amount of work hangul alphabet formed the basis of publication cul- in the casting of a type as required in the casting ture in Korea in the early stage. of a bell. Such early start, however, has not been kept up Second, the efforts of the state to guide and by the invention and use of metal types.For long lead the publishing industry lacked consistency and our publications were dependent onhand-copying or constancy. the use of wooden plates and printing from suchmetal This is ascribable to the fact that there emerged types as Kyongja-ja (1420 A.D.), Kapin-ja(1434 A.D.), no kings gifted enough to uphold andfurther the Ulhae-ja (1455 A.D.) or Kapchin-ja (1484 A.D.) were aspiration of King Sejong, as reflected in the inven- limited to rare occasions. tion of hangul. as well as frequent coups d'etat which This failure to make full use of metal typesby rendered consistent leadership on the part of the our ancestors resulted instagnancy of Korea's pub- royal throne impossible. lication culture. In short, the inner shortcomings of the political structure exerted adverse effects on the development Feudal publishing methods of publishing business. While p-blishing methods remained primitive in Thirdly, there were frequent foreign incursions. the feudal age, our ancestors printed and published Frequent invasion and occupation of the country by

29 Javnese and Chinese forces inflicted heavy damage of the Korean Kingdom, Yu Kil-chun, after a tour of on Korea's cultural heritage, including books andbook Europe and America. publishing facilities.The Japanese forces especially Although the travelogue regrettably was pub- coveted our books and metal types, making them the lished in Japan, it made a considerable contribution primary objects of their pillage. to the enlightenment of the Korean people in West- There are other factors which were detrimental to ern civilization. the growth of the publishing industry.However, due The first translated book published in the country to the limited paper space allowed here, we shall skip was Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan.The book the study of them. was translated and published in 1886by the mis- Modern publishing made its debut with the intro- sionary, Dr. Gale, and his wife.The work was fol- duction of power printing machines. lowed by the translation by Yun Ch'i-ho of Aesop's Fable and Gulliver's Travel. 3. Introduction of modern publishing technique In 1887 the government established a national letter research institute where Chu Si- gyong set up The introduction of modern publishing techniques a laboratory for the study ofhangul. coincided with the introduction of Western civiliza- A general tendency to disdain the act of selling tion around 1884. books, however, undermined the marketing of books In 1883 when Occidental culture found its way in the initial stage of the Enlightenment Era. to the Korean peninsula the Pangmun-guk Publishing Bureau was established and the Hansong Sunbo, a 4. Stagnancy of publishing culture ten-day newspaper, was published.Efforts were also made for the development of typography.But the The first publishing house, Kwangmun-sa, was efforts bore little fruits. established in 1896. By the time the country was annexed by Japan in 1910, there were a number of In 1888, the Catholic Church of Seoul established publishing houses in operation.They included Tok- a typographical printing house for the publicationof The following hung Sorim, Kwangin-sa, Aedong Sogwan, Yongch'ang the Bible and other religious books. Sogwan and Pojinje. year, 1889, A.D. Appenzeller (1858-1902) established a printing department in the PaejaeSchool and in- The fledgling publishing culture, however, was vited the Rev. F. Oh linger, who had been engaged in destined to suffer under the oppressive policy of Im- missionary activities in China, to head the department. perial Japan. The printing department of the Paejae School As publishing culture came into being to answer cast hangul and English types to print and publish the demand of the times in the initial period of the the Bible and the News on Korean Christians, a week- Enlightenment Era, publishing circles could not exist ly publication.The department established a book- apart from the demand of the times before and after binding center in cooperation with the printing de- the March 1 independence movement of 1919. partment of the school in 1896 to print and publish Publications and persons engaged in publishing the Tongnip Sinmun. The following year the Hyop- business plungedintotheindependencestruggle song Hoebo and the Maeil Sinmun, the first daily news- against the colonial title of Japan. Among persons paper ever published in Korea, the Mansebo, a maga- who championed the cause of national' independence zine, and textbooks were printed and published here. were Ch'oe Nam-Son, owner of Sinmungwan, and Kim Hong-Kyu, workshop supervisor of Posong-sa. With the advent of Western civilization private In the third year of the reign of King Sunjong of publishing houses came into being one after another. the Korean Empire (1909) the Japanese who actually The printing houses in operation at this time included ruled the country in the capacity of vice ministers Poson-sa, Huimun-gwan and Sinmun -groan.There enacted and promulgated Law No. 6 which subjected was a lithographic printing house Muna-dangtoo. not only books on political and ideological matters They used 10.5 point and 14 point types and operated but also books on science to strict censorship. printing machines of hand-operating or foot-pedal- Under such censorship, the publication of books of ling type. any value was rendered virtually impossible.Not Gradually publishing circles came to use printing only that.Books passing the double censorship were machines operated on petroleum motors and imported subject to sales bans and confiscation after they were printing paper. put on the market. The oldest of titles published in this period is As a result of the censorship, publishing circles Kohwandangjip (1883), and the first publications ever sought an outlet in the publishing of literature. Con- to use Chinese characters and hangdl in combination sequently, poets and writers appeared one after were Nongjong Choalyo, a guidebook on agriculture. another.Conseous of their role as the vanguard of and Sogyonmun, a travelogue written by a diplomat the nation, the,/ made unceasing efforts to inspire

30 patriotic and anti-Japanese spirit in the heart of the Although the Japanese did not establish their own people in the face of threat of bans imposed by the publishing houses in Korea, they set up book market- Japanese. ing businesses in Korea with the opening of Nikkan The cultural policy of the Japanese colonial gov- Shobo and other bookstores. ernment came to essume a new face in the wake of the March 1 independence movement.Turning to a 5. Legal Suppression of Publishing Industry lenient policy, the Japanese authorized the publica- tion of the Tong-A Ilbo and the Chosun Ilbo.As the In 1910 the Japanese promulgated a set of regu- newspapers made their debut, ways were open also for lations requiring registration of publishing houses the publication of magazines and books. operated by Korean nationals.In October of the New type faces were introduced for printing in a same year they confiscated all school textbooks com- more refined style and such large publishing houses piled by the Koreans. as the Hanson, Book Co., Ltd. came into being to With their endurance at end, publishing circles make a great contribution to the publishing industry organized in March 1923 an association for revision of the country until its building was lost in a fire of the publishing law and newsprint law.The asso- ciation sponsored a rally for denunciation of perse- after the Liberation. Books published in this period include Abraham cution of press and organization.The rally, however, Lincoln, On Self-awakening and speeches of U.S. failed to materialize when the Japanese police inter- These are books keenly reflecting vened and arrested its leaders. President Wilson. Oppression grew in intensity after the promulga- the inclination of the Korean nation toward nation- tion of the Public Security Law in 1925 and its alism and democracy. amendment and promulgation in 1928. Foreign literature was also introduced energetic- In 1931 publishers filed a seven-point request, ally.The works of major foreign authors and poets began to be translated for publication. which included a request for the abolition of censor- Books written by Korean writers also began to ship, with the Japanese Governor, but the request was appear. And such books written solely inhangul as of course turned down. Hyongum Choson Munjon (Modern Korean Gram- In 1938 the subject of Korean language was mar), Rug° Pogam (Korean Language Texts) and dropped out of the middle school curriculum as the Chosono Munbop Cheyo (Outline of Korean Grammar) Japanese intensified their drive to ban the Korean bore witness to the birth of a nationalist culture. language altogether and force the Koreans to use Japanese as their daily language. Books serving as a tool of the study of foreign Imperial Decree No. 37 (on limitations imposed languages published at the time include Silyong Yong- on newspaper articles) promulgated in 1941 and Im- son Hoewajon (Practical English-Korean Conversa- perial Decree No. 37 (on publishing business) pro- tion), and National Readers on English-Korean Let- mulgated in 1943 dealt a coup de grace to the already ters.Ck'oesin Paekkwa Sinsajon was an encyclope- suffocating press.The right to publish in Korean dia bulky by the standard of the time. A range language was virtually deprived. phenomenon was the large quantities of genealogical records published.The records of pedigres made up a substantial portion of the workload of thepublish- II. Post-Liberation Era ing industry. By the 1930s book binding technique had made a 1. Era of U.S. Military Government considerable progress and books bound in foreign On the heels of the Liberation in August 1945, style began to appear. five daily newspapers, three wire services and five In 1938 the publication of such libraries as the magazines went into business.The Pangmun Ch'ul- Choson Mungo and Pangmun Mungo greatly acce- Vansa and the Chongumsa made a renewed start as lerated the propagation of books among the people. publishing houses while a number of publishing It was in this year that Ch'oe Hyon-Bae founded the houses including the Eul-Yoo Publishing Co. and Chongum-sa publishing house for the purpose of pub- Koryo Munhwasa newly came into being. lishing Uri Malbon (Korean grammar). In 1946 the number of weekly and daily newspa- While the high illiteracy rate of the country and pers increased to 60 and 140, respectively. the propensity of the farming masses to limit their The number of publishing houses in operation reading material to folk history books still hampered amounted to 150.The number of book titles pub- the propagation of books of quality, the number of lished mounted to nearly 1,000 and of first print intellectuals purchasing Japanese books rapidly in- copies to about 5,000. creased.The consequent influx of Japanese books The remarkable increases in the number of titles posed a threat to domestic publishing industry. and copies reflect the unlimited freedom of press and

81 during which marked the years, a greatnumber of titles was published the vast demand for book supply this period to fill the shelves ofbooks stores in the post-Liberation period. The book market of this period wascompletely a country. seller's market. However, shortage of newsprint andof printing 3. Three Korean-War years equipment soon plagued the publishingindustry. The Communist aggression of 1950dealt a devast- In the face of the materialshortage, the U.S. ating blow on the publishingindustry.The equip- Military Government encouraged the importationof ment, facilities and stock onhand which were con- newsprint and granted the publishingindustry the centrated in the capital wereleft to the mercy of privilege of business tax exemption. the Communists, who occupiedSeoul from within Publication of periodicals was subject tolicensing three days after the outbreak of the warfor 3 months by the U.S. Military Government.This licensing until the recovery of it by theUnited Nations forces. system and the Military Government'ssole control of The number of publishing housesregistered with newsprint gradually caused minorpublications to the Office of PublicInformation after the recovery disappear. of the capital was 185 andbook titles published by At about the same time, ideologicalconfrontation them 15. between the Right and the Left grewin intensity. The intervention of the ChineseCommunist forces On March 15, 1947 publishersbelonging to the de- resulted in the removal of the siteof the capital once mocratic rank organized the currentKorean Publish- again to Pusan.In the face of the adversitypub- ers Associationin a countermeasure against the or- lishing circles barely sustainedthemselves by the ganization by leftish publishers of thePublishers' publication of textbooks and schoolreference books Council. for the autumn semester ofschools. The Korean Publishers Associationraised high Titles published in that year wereextremely li- its flag advocating the reconstructionof the father- mited in number due to shortageof working capital land along democracy's line. and of printing equipment.The following year, 1951, however, 387 publishing housesregistered with the 2. Establishment of the Republicof Korea government and titles publishedby them numbered Government 1,322. publishing industry re- In 1948 the government of theRepublic of Korea The speedy revival of the was established in freegeneral elections held on the flected the ambition of publishersto satisfy demand basis of a United Nations resolution. for books which rapidlyincreased as a result of the The Korean society was not yetrecovered from loss of book stock on hand and atemporary suspen- the disturbances caused by theCommunist rebellion sion of publishing activities. which erupted in the Yosu-Sunch'on regionin that year.Unrest was observed elsewhere too. 4. Post-armisticeperiod As a result, book sales wereextremely limited A runaway inflationplagued society and economy despite the considerably improvedquality of printing, as anafter-effect of the war.On top of this the binding and decoration. reform of 1953 forced thepub- The number of copies printed pertitle began to blow of the currency lishing industry into another vacuum. dwindle. And althoughseveral publishing houses industry in recaptured made fortunes out of publishingand marketing text- Awaiting the publishing Seoul were vastly risenprices of equipment andin- books and school referencebooks in vast quantities creased production costs,dwindled purchasing power or hitting bestsellers, lack of coordinationand co- relationship with book operative relations betweenpublishing houses and and a further deteriorated books stores caused delays inthe recovery of the sellers. The wholesale book discountrate which was 25 prices of books. to 35 Association started its per cent beforethe outbreak of the war rose The Korean Publishers the time the governmentsettled itself journal, and resolved on a 215 percent wholesale book per cent during in Pusan. By the timethe seat of the government discount rate. back to Seoul, the discountrate had risen The number of publishing housescontinued to in- was moved to 40 per cent. crease until 1949when they counted as many as847 difficulties in firms. Many of these publishinghouses, however, Publishers had to surmount great less than a half of collecting bills.So the sale of booksand collection existed in name alone, and only to spell life or deathfor them were actually in operation. of bills for sold books came experienced severe publishing industry. Although publishing houses publishers convened a meeting fluctuations of fortune in theearly post-Liberation In December 1953

32 to discuss the effective means of the collection of within its party and social order was allbut non- bills; and in 1954 the Korean Publishers Association existent amid floods of public demonstrationsfor this established a committee for the promotion of a joint cause or that. marketing network in its eighth regular meeting. Despite such chaos, the number of titles published These moves, however, produced little effects, and in the year increased slightly over theprevious year the rate of sales declined in reverse ratio to the in- to 1,618. creasing rate of production cost.In 1956 a number A characteristic of this period was theinflux of of publishing houses were compelled to dump paper Japanese books and publication of translatedJapanese plates and books on hand, opening the way for the books.This, of course, was a result of the relaxation book dumping market of the East Gate and rampant of tension existing between Korea andJapan. dumping practices. The sales of books, however, remained low.The Book stores vied with one another in raising the publishers of magazines, who until then had enjoyed discount rate in a drive to overcome depression. a relatively more profitablebusiness by comparison Wholesale book sellers began to close doors one after with the publishers of books of other categories,also the other. came to suffer from generalstagnancy. In the depression the average number of copies Under such circumstances, the Korean Publishers printed per book title dwindled to 1,000.And pub- Association petitioned the government for atax- lishing houses came to compete with one another in exemption measure and later in February1961 for trying to win contracts for the publication of text- the lifting of the import-ban on highquality white books recompiled under a government project.As a printing paper, a ban which caused the priceof the result, titles published in 1957 were as few as 1,006. paper to rise. In 1958 when the publishing industry was on the Meantime, the Association, which sponsored a na- verge of total collapse, the Hagwonsa PublishingCo. tional book exhibition in 1947, made theexhibition published an encyclopedia in 12 volumes.This feat an annual event from 1958. was followed by the publication of K'unsajon (Larger In 1960 the Association sponsored the5th exhibi- dictionary) in six volumes by the Eul-Yoo Publish- tion on April 28.Over 9,000 titles were displayed ing Co. at the exhibition. A new vigor was infused into the industry as a sales system under which books were sold by sales- 6. Post-Military Revolution period men visiting offices and firms on installment pay- Social chaos caused by political crisis anddisor- ment basis offered a new stimulation to demand derly public demonstrations furthered thestagnancy for books. of publishing business. At this time the masses of people were in a severe The revolutionary government which was estab- financial plight because most available financial re- lished following the coup d'etat of May 16,1961 un- sources were concentrated in the economicrehabili- dertook bold reform measures. tation of the country.The publishing industry was It canceled registration for publishing houses with of course no exception to the general hardship. no publications to their credit andtransfered works Yet efforts were never neglected for improvement related to the registration of publishing houses to of printing types, refinement of scripts and introduc- municipal and provincial boards of education from tion of modern printing equipment with U.S. aid. the Ministry of Education. Thus, in the face of severe economic adversities the Thanks to the priority given by the government quality of publications was brought close to the in- to the development of agriculture, the publicationof ternational standard. books on agriculture vastly increased.Also, books In the meantime, pulp paper and high quality on medicine, engineering andother specialized knowl- white printing paper came to be manufactured by a edge came to reposit more substantial contents and number of manufacturers. The quantity made by have improved external appearance. domestic paper-makers, however, was far from satis- The publishing industry, however, suffered a se- fying domestic demand.Also, the quality and price vere financial setback fromthe currency denomina- of printing paper made at domestic plants fell far tion of June 1962 and the readjustment of the ex- from meeting the satisfaction of the demand. change rate of 1964.The situation was confounded further by the government closure of schools and 5. Before and after April 19 students' revolution colleges amid student demonstrations protesting the After the student uprising of April 19, 1960 top- Korean-Japan normalization talks. Demand for books pled the dictatorial regime of Dr. Syngman Rhee, the naturally decreased drastically as the bookmarket Second Republic was inaugurated.The government was narrowed. of the Second Republic was characterized by rupture Despite all these adversities, the number of titles

33 published in 1963 amounted to 3,042.It, however subjects, on the contrary, decreased from8,198,160 decreasea to 2,750 in 1964 due to the recompilation in 1965 by 707,590 to 7,490,570 in 1966.The number of textbooks designated or authorized by the govern- decreased further by 800,000 in 1967. ment (See Table 1). More serious than the decreases in the numberof One prevailing tendency of the publishing industry printed copies is the problem of the compositionratios at this time was to sell books on installment payment of book categories. basis through a network of salesmen who visited School reference books and children's books made homes, offices and firms for the sale of books. up to 76 per cent and 71.6 per centrespectively of A number of publishers began to plan publication the total number of titles published in 1965and 1967. of books specifically for students and intellectuals and Books dealing in specialized subjects made up toonly the publication of libraries became a revived boom. about 30 per cent of the total. With the coming into effect of the Library Law, School reference books made up to 25.3 per cent many high quality children's books went on the mar- of titles published in 1966.Literary books, books on ket to satisfy the increased demand of school libraries social science and on religion accounted for 17.6 per and reading rooms. cent, 13.1 per cent and 10.2 per cent respectively. And publishers came to take resort to the bolder The ratios were revised to 23.5 per cent for liter- business method of investing large capital in produc- ature, and 18.3 per cent for reference books in1967. tion and advertisement in an effort to discard the Books on social science and religion followed them in tradition of small business which characterized pub- that order. lishing business in the past.The fruits of such new In other words, the ratio of school reference books ventures, however, are yet to materialize. declined markedly while that of literature increased. As for the number of printed copies, school refer- ence books in 1966 made up to48.1 per cent of the III. Recent Status of Korea's PublishingCircles total with about 3,600,000 followed by books of re- ligion (11.5 per cent), literature (11.1 per cent) and 1. Trend of book publishing books on social science (7.4 per cent). Books In 1967 the volume of school reference books was reduced to a half.However, this book category still Thanks to the ambitious economic development headed others with a composition ratio of 37.5 per effort of the government, the industrial structure has cent followed by literature (15.7 per cent),religious steadily been undergoing the process of modernization books and books on social science in that order. and social overhead capital has been vastly increasing. We see that demand for religious books registered Gross national product grew by 8.1 per cent in a marked decrease over the years. 1965 and 13.4 per cent in 1966. As shown in Table 4, 343 translated titles were Amid such rapid economic growth, the publishing published in 1967 (of which two were reference books) business alone wallowed in chronic stagnancy. to make up 18 per cent of 1,810 titles of general books As shown in Table 2, the number of titles, ex- published in that year. cluding textbooks, published in past years has been The translated titles are broken down as follows : on a gradual decline. According to statistics on titles registered with Literature 184 titles (60.4 per cent) the government, titles published in 1965 numbered Technology and science 14 titles 9,294.The number decreased to 9,005 in 1966 (97.4 :dal science 29 titles per cent of titles published in 1965)and to 6,364 in Pure science 1 title 1967 (68.8 per cent of titles published in 1965). Although decrease in the published volume of The active translation of foreign titles in a coun- school reference books and children's books are chiefly try where the introduction of books serving as a tool accountable for the decline, the publication of trade of dissemination of information on manpower and books also rapidly declined over the years: titles pub- technical development is most desirable,but reflects, as lished decreased from 2,215 in 1965 to 1,810 (81.7 the Korean Publishers Association pointed out in its per cent) in 1967. proposal for the establishment of a book bank and a According to statistics, the number of printed book development council, the narrowness of the copies increased from 13,420,000 in 1965 to 18,260,000 book market, the limited number of book reading (136.1 per cent) in 1966.This increase in the num- population and delays in the turnover of capital. ber of copies printed, however, is chiefly accountable These are factors which drive publishers to concen- by the twofold increase of copies of children's books, trate their efforts in the publication of books in which *account for 59.0 per cent of titles published. limited categories. The number of printed copies of books, on general These circumstances call for plans for development

34 books and active government support of the publish- textbooks used in ordinary high schools were pub- ing industry. lished under the government-approval system from As of the end of 1967, the number of publishing the same year. houses registered with the government was 1,392 The controversy grew all the more serious as the in Seoul and 120 in the provinces.Of these 736 government recently disclosed its plan to drastically firms were affiliated with the Korean Publishers strengthen the vocational education in the ratio of 40 Association. per cent to 60 per cent in disfavorof humanistic In the same year the average number of titles pub- education. lished by a publishing house was only 1.2.The aver- The following are the highlights of conflicting age number was no more than 2.5 even in the case viewpoints between the two sides: of publishing houses affiliated with the Association. Those who support the government-authorization The meager figures eloquently bear witness to the textbook policy (in particular, in case of vocational stagnancy of the publishing business. high schools) : The number of translated titles increased by 64 1) The government-designated textbooks can be in 1965-1966, but decreased by 51 in 1967.Books on provided at lower cost than the government-approved social science, science and technology, and pure sci- textbooksbecausethekindofthegovernment- ence showed slight increases. authorization textbook is one for a subject. The majority of publishing houses is still handi- 2) All kinds of textbooks, including even such capped by the small scale of capital.Government textbooks which ordinary publishers refrain from measures for the fostering of the publishing industry publishing because the lack of interest, can be pub- are urgently called for. lished in disregard of interests in publishing them under the government-designated textbook policy. Textbooks 3) Accordingly, all government objectives in pub- lishing textbooks can be attained in case all textbooks Since July 1966,allState-designated textbooks will be published under the government-designation for first and second semesters of 1967 by the sixth system. graders of primary school were published after re- 4) The burden on the part of students can be compilation.And the compilation of 49 textbooks for eased as the textbooks used in all vocationalhigh technical high schools to be used beginning 1968 was schools can be published at lower cost by publishing completed. all humanities and vocational textbooks under the The government had authorized and approved in government-designated system. 1965, 200 books in 90 categories for middle schools. 5) In the contents of the textbooks, the qualityof It authorized and approved additional 200 textbooks the textbooks will be improved when they arepub- in 1966 accepting recommendations made by publish- lished under the government-designation system, and ing circles for improvement of textbooks. as for the contents of thetextbooks used in vocational As for textbooks to be used by high schools be- high schools, the specialities of the vocational educa- ginning in the 1968 academic year, the government tions can be fully met by publishing them underthe authorized and approved the publication 418 titles in government-designation system. September 1967 from among lists submitted in June 6) Financially, the publication of textbooks under 1967. the government-approval system will cost much more A number of scholars and publishers in Korea thanunderthegovernment-designationsystem confidently call for the transfer of the Education since onekindoftextbook can be published for Ministry's textbook policy from government designa- a subject under thegovernment-designation system, tion to government approval. whereas ten kinds of textbooks will have to be pub- However, scholars and publishers have repeatedly lished for a subject under the government-approval lodged protests with the Education Ministry to have system. the ministry's textbcok policy rectified. 7) Under the Korean circumstances, the need of The forced implementation of such textbook pol- publishing textbooks under the government-designa- icy has added to dissatisfaction among the scholars tion system is very grave. and publishers. 8) Accordingly, the decision on whether to adopt This is a major problem, and the problem remains the government-designation system or the government- a major object of serious controversybetween the approval system should be made in consideration of education authorities and the academic world. the national education and national economy. It is expected that this problem will soon reach Those who support the government-approval text- the point of explosion since all textbooks used in the book policy: vocational high school were published under the gov- 1) Textbooks should be made in various kinds so ernment designation system from 1968, whereas the that anyone can freely choose one. 35 textbooks in and powerful in advertisementhas posed a grave 2) The monopolistic publication of publishers who have thus which only a few textbook writers canparticipate threat to a lot of magazine be far exerted every possibleeffort to develop the na- should be rejected.The quality of textbooks can the spirit of pioneers. also improved only when a majorityof textbook writ- tion's world of magazines with The first magazine to appearin Korea was Sonyon ers can participatein a free competition. Nam-Son in 1908.Ever 3) The burden of students fortextbooks is very (Boys), published by Choe charges, in- since, a number of magazineshave made appearances slight compared with other educational cessation under the pres- note-books, and disappearances without cluding those required for stationary, colonial rule and in linewith the school uniform, school cap, etc.The cost gap between sure of the Japanese of the political andeconomic conditions. thegovernment-designationandthegovernment- ups and downs much stressed It is desired that theseparation speciality, and approval systems should not be too and magazines wouldbe simply for the "specialities of thevocational edu- classification of the readers made to explore a newclass of readers andto save cation." from excessivecompetition 4) Such textbooks in low-demandquantities should the magazine publishers be published on subsidies from thegovernment or among themselves. The Korea MagazinePublishers Association, an other means. The burden on thepart of students publishers which isunder cannot be eased even thoughtextbooks used in all organization of magazine the supervision of thePublic InformationMinistry, vocational high schools be publishedunder the gov- treat- has recently succeededin obtaining the same ernment-designation system. by the governmentfor 5) The arbitrarygovernment-designationtext- ment allowed to newspapers counter the procurement of paper. book policy without any legal grounds rims this treatment mightnot to the Constitution. But it is worried that succeed since, evenbefore the first shipmentof the 6) Accordingly, when we decidewhether to adopt tariff-free treatment the government-designation system orthe govern- papers madeunder the special accorded to newspapersarrives, discussions arere- ment-approval system, we have to takeinto account ministries concerned over the "Korean circumstances" inpassing judgment on portedly underway among the possible repealof the special treatment. this problem. with the Ministry ofPublic 7) The so-called "waste of nationaltreasury" can Magazines registered Information as of theend of June 1967total 221, be forestalled by advance order andadvance distribu- Those of which commercialmagazines take up185. tion of textbooks. with the Ministryin 1966 8) Moreover, the monopolistic approvalto a pure which registered newly number 95, and thosewhich got theirregistrations civilian publishing organ which is not agovernment- amount to 94.This clear- give a tremendous benefit only revoked in the same year run enterprise would convulsion which themagazine publish- to the relevant organ under thepretext of the protec- ly indicates a ing world undergoes. tion of interests of all students.In any case, the monthly magazines (209) right to publish the textbooks should beallowed to The total circulation of is estimated at 2,130,000copies, an increase by ap- capable civilian publishing enterprise. proximately 34 per cent overthe 1,590,000 at the 9) The government'stextbook policy planners that the publica- end of August 1966. should not forget the grand premise Publishing Circles : tion of textbooks be allowed tocivilian publishers particular, slumped in strengthen the nation's Book printing business, in under a publication policy to the latter half of 1966what with inactivity insales, world of publication. textbooks and what not.Such kinds of applica- what with revision of The following table shows the printers as P'yonghwa-dang,Kwangmyong and Sam- tions for the publication of thegovernment-designa- hwa, on the other hand,imported and put into op- tion and government-approvaltextbooks, the total separators, and broughtin total volume : eration, electronic color amount of supply and the current various kinds of up-to-dateautomated printing and publishing machines includingtwo and four-color off- Magazine Publishing set printing machines. in Korea, it can Korea's printing technique has nowreached the The current world of magazines orders from the U.S. for be said, is a place of physicalcompetition among al- international standard, and addressed to almost bonded typesetting are increasing.For bonded type- most the same kinds of magazines program which limited number of readers onthe one setting for Japanese customers, a same class and Munhwa Kyoyok Co. was hand and of an outflow ofworldly and popular maga- began in 1964, the Kukche inaugurated in April 1967 with anannual capacity of zines on the other. magazines backed up by 10,000 pages.The printed matter exportedin 1966 Tile appearance of new time, to some $550,000. such organs as newspapersrich in financial resources amounted, for the first

36 Efforts to increase exports through printing, how- According to statistics compiled by the Federation ever, began to face difficulties due to ahot compe- of Booksellers Cooperatives, the number ofbookstores tition for order, excessive expenditures for facilities throughout the country decreased to 2,000 in1967 of one and same kinds, and training of newly hired from 3,500 in 1966.This decrease testifies that the workers on foreign letters.Some printers have al- rise and fall of book selling business is notnormal ready averted their faces from foreign clients. Those either. A majority of book sellers had to suspend still taking orders from foreigners alsohaie problems business or find other business since 1966 becauseof of their own. imbalance between two ends. These difficulties facing Koreanprinters are ap- The retail margin has been reduced to 10 to 15 plying pressure on the Korean printingcircles in per cent, making it difficult even tocompensate fur many respectsthe mostoutstanding being shortage operating expenses.Din-der in the market system of workload and rises in the operatingcost.Some may be called one of majorfactors reducing book express apprehensions ongrounds that Korean print- sellers to poverty. ing plants are being transformed intocontractors or To overcome the business slump, some printing alighted plants of foreign printers. houses introduced a monthly installment sales system Book binding remains to be mechanizedand re- under which salesmen call un clients with avariety quires pre-modern manual processes.Hence, the in- of benefits.Some thrived under this system but it ducement of modern facilities is desired,but uncer- was not long before they wentbankrupt because of tainty of mass-production preventsKorean printers an excessively hotcompetition.Printers not only from readily undertaking the program. suffered severe losses but found an even worse sit- It is open to question whether masssupply of uationsome printing houses on the verge of bank- cheap books is made possible byacquiring the ability ruptcy had to dump their books on stock. to mass-produce, or whether largedemands for books Dumping book sellers are currently runningprint- is prerequisite to mass-production. ing business as well and publishing low-qualitybooks In offset printing, the tendencytoward expanding intended for dumping purposes only.These low- facilities of mass-production fromsingle color to two quality books and shortage of requirements havebe- to four colors is remarkablyshown among printers, come a perilous existence whichendangers the print- but in movable type printing, expansionof such faci- ing world. lities as rotary press for printingbooks, multi-color gravure printing machinesand automatic book-binders Production Cost remains to be undertaken. Prices of paper for publishing books havesoared more than twofoldof those on the international mar- 2. Trend of Book Supply ket (see Table 7), and advertisementfees rose in 1967 of the by as much as 25 per cent over theprevious year. The Korean Publishers' Cooperative has, as higher rate end of 1967, a membership of 100companies, 33 pro- Hence, the production cost is rising at a suppliers, two pro- than ordinary commodity prices. vincial suppliers, two provincial with vincial cooperative stores and 33cooperative stores Fixing prices, however, would not keep pace The amount of books supplied forthe past the wholesale trends of ordinarycommodity prices. in Seoul. practice to five years is as shown in Table 6. Besides, discounts have become a common rising trend : all book sellers, and collection ofsales takes long. The -supply in general indicates a terrible fund Seoul recorded a rise to 30 per centin 1967 from 23 The printing business thus confronts a The supply in provinces, however, shortage.The fund shortage is becoming worseand per cent in 1966. unable to raise funds on mort- shows a gradual decrease. worse because printers, handled by the Co- gage, have to rely onusurious loans (at an annual The number of kinds of books cannot get operative totaled 3,485 at the endof June 1967, of interest rate of 60 per cent) because they which 1967 editions numbered360, 1966 editions 661 bank loans (26 per cent in annual interest). and 1965 editions 770.The remainder, 1,695, were Printing houses are thus hoarding theirtock, es- published in 1964 or before.These books numbering timated at W2 to 3 billion, in theirwarehouses and one to two thousandcopies unsold four to five years bookstores.The number of these books approximates after publication indicate a facet ofthe business slump twice or thrice that of their annualproduction. facing the Korean publishingworld. Import and Export of Books Bookstores The IMG funds (of about $400,000 per year), a Book wholesalers were compelled to turninto re- program started in 1963, wasterminated in March tailers, and wholesalers now find little room toexist. 1967, and the book sellers had to rely solely on Korean 87 foreign exchange.Accordingly, they can freely im- in one year, and their books also increased by some port foreign books but find the prices of such books 90,000.But the number of their readers and books On the domestic market rise because of difficulties in read showed a remarkable decrease. D/A and credit import. Japanese books imported for the one year period Village Library from June of 1965 amounted to $540,000, and those imported in the fu !owing year totaled $645,000, an According to statistics released by the "Village increase of $105,000.Western books imported under Library" headquarters, a total of some 10,000village IMG and KF X funds increased from $327,000 to libraries were established (by the end of 1967) and $418,000.Requirements for foreign magazines under are contributing to theenlightenment of farmers and the UNESCO coupon system show a gradual increase. fishermen and enhancement of their aspirations for The status of foreign books imported in 1967 is as book reading.An annual plan, now under way by shown in Table 8. the headquarters, calls for establishment oflibraries Exportation of books is in a really insignificant in a total of some 49,000 villages. situation.Those exported to Japan in 1967 amounted Book reading, however, is yet to become a com- to $40,000, those supplied to European and American mon practice.Investment rates in schooling in Ko- nations on order nearly $30,000, and those for inter- rea are high and schools ofall levels are well dis- national exchange supplied through libraries about tributed throughout the country.The number of $5,000. students is on the increase (See Table 5), and stu- The orders from European and American nations dents occupy a major portion of the Korean reading dealt mostly with materials for the study of Korea population.Such popularizationof education and and the Orient. A majority of these orders, however, economic growth are encouraging factors to thein- have not been met.Hence, it is desired that the gov- crease of reading people andrequirements for books. ernment take steps to promote exportation including Prevailing in Korea now is a tendency to set up a reproduction of rare books and pioneering the over- long-range book development plan and assist and seas book market. foster publishing business by realigningadministra- tive organizations related to publications. 3. Trend of Book Reading Population 4. international Cultural Exchange Library Libraries existing throughout the country as of Efforts for exchange of information and strength- the end of March 1967 total 3,229 as shown in Table ening of friendly relations among nations through 9, and they have a total of 10,690,000 books.This books are well manifested by joining the Interna- shows an increase of 801 libraries and 2,090,000 books tional Publishers Association in April of 1957, by over those of the previous year. sending a four-man delegation to the general meet- Of the libraries, 57 are public libraries with some ing of the IPA convened in Copenhagen, Denmark. 820,000 books.Of these books, some 1,020,000 were and by dispatching two representatives to the con- read in 1967.This shows a decrease of some 290,000 ference of standing member nations held in 1958 in books preserved and some 200,000 readers from those Munich, West Germany.Korea has been represented of the preceeding year. An analysis indicates that in all conferences of the IPA since, and the Korean the decreases were attributable to shortage of books representative was elected vice chairman at the 16th preserved, inadequacy of facilities and advertisement general meeting. activities. In 1962, Mr. Chun-Ha Chang, publisher of the University libraries number 117, and their books Sasanggye magazine, inaugurated a fund called "In- increased to some 4,380,000.Their readers and books dependence Cultural Award" with the prize money he read, however, decreased by 630,000 and 310,000 re- received as a winner of the Magsaysay Award. spectively.Although the decreases are said to have Korea sent a two-man delegation to the meeting been caused by shortages of days when the libraries of publishing specialists in the Asian region held in were open, due to the closure of universities,efforts Tokyo in May, 1966, another two-man delegation, to attract readers remains to be made. consisting of a government representative and a Pub- School libraries take up nearly 90 per cent of the lishing Association representative, to the East Asia total 'number of libraries with 2,956, an increase by copyright seminar held in January last year in New 772 in one year.Books kept in these libraries num- Delhi, India, under the sponsorship of the Interna- ber 4,680,000 an increase of some 780,000. tional Association for Protection of Immaterial As- The number of special libraries increased by 18 sets.Korea also joined the Asian Area Book Read-

38 ing Data Supply Center of UNESCO in June last as a UNESCOdelegate, the Korean publishing circles year in an effort to further exchange of information briefed him on the status and difficulties facing them with other nations. and asked for international cooperation toward over- Korea also participated in international book ex- coming the difficulties. hibitionsthe world children's book exhibit in 1954, Mr. Curtis Benjamin, president of the McGraw- Tokyo international book exhibit (six times), book Hill Publishing Co., who visited Korea in March, 1967, exhibits held in the U.S. (four times), those held in as a member of the U.S. privateinvestment and trade Frankfurt, West Germany, and Hong Kong (twice promotion mission, held talks with Korean publishing each) and other exhibits of large and small scales. businessmen, and Mr. Barnett revisited here for re- view of the realities of the Korean publishing circles. 5. Campaign foi Development of Publishing Industry Dr. McA ffrey, managing director of the American Textbook Publishing Association and former advisor to the Tokyo conference, also visited Korea in July At the conference of Asian area publishing spe- of the same year on a leg of his tour of Asia for cialists held in Tokyo in May 1966, goals were set observation of the book development situation at the at increasing the annual per capita supply of educa- request of AID. He made a first-hand observation tional books to 80 pages and that of other books to of the Korean publishing world and furnished valu- 80 pages by 1980.For the achievement of these able advice for the development of books in Korea. goals, discussions were made on the ways of possible The Korean Publishers Association,meanwhile, and effective assistance for the acquisition of faci- requested the National Economy Research Institute lities and materials needed for the development of of Kukmin University to conduct a survey onthe books and establishing a book development plan or- status of sales of the Korean publishingcircles in ganization in each nation. October 1966 under financial assistance of the Asia The Korean Publishers Association, accordingly, Foundation. submitted recommendations to the President and re- A survey report by the institute emphasizedthe lated government agencies on measures studied in- need of a wholesome wholesale organizationfor the cluding "the Publications Development Plan Aimed normalization of the book suppliers' structure in Ko- at Contributing tothe Fatherland Modernization rea and recommended thegovernment to promote a Tasks." A survey team led by Mr. Stanley Barnett, book development plan to meet internationalstandards chief of International Operations of the Wolf Busi- and sup- fact- and study the ways of protecting, fostering ness Management Research Institute, made a porting the publishing circles.The recommendations finding trip to Korea on the status of book develop- of the demand and of were made based on an analysis ment plans in Korea in June 1966 at the request supply of books in Korea, marketing structureand AID. A survey report made by the team cited the fol- financial status. The 20th regular meeting of the KoreanPublish- lowing as factors restricting the book market of in November 1966 adopted Korea : 1) Lack of professional and specialized tech- ersAssociationheld the following recommendations to the government and nique in publishing ;2) correspondingly high prices of books ; 3) shortage in the number of public libra- related agencies, noting the need of establishing a ries and collection of books, 4) high postage and new organizatiqn to take chargeof publications ad- freight charges for shipment of books and education- ministration as provided under the Government Or- al data ;and 5) lack of ties with the international ganization Law and to carry out recommendations contained in the two survey reports : copyright agreement. The report recommended the following asthe 1) Establishment of a Book Development Council means of solving the pending problemsconfronting to set up and promote development objectives on a the Korerpublishing circles :1) Analysis of the national scale such as establishment of a publication current practice of supply of books and research for and book development plan, determination of the per its increased circulation by the Korean publishing capita reading volume, long-range estimate of per circles under the assistance of USOM and the Asia capita paper consumption, review of supply and de- Foundation ;2) Survey on pricing policy of paper mand plans for paper and prices of paper, study of manufacturing concerns in Korea ;3) Promotion of the taxation system on publications and accounting merger of publishing firms; 4) Campaignfor increas- forpublications,arrangementoflong-termlow- ing export of books ; and 5) Strengthening of ties interest-rate loans, and expansion of book exports withtheinternationalcopyright andtranslation and overseas markets ; agreements. 2) Establishment of a Book Bank to take charge When Mr. Malhotra, vice president of the Indian of such duties as furnishing financial support needed Publishing Association, visited Korea in October 1966 for the promotion of a book development plan, pro- 39 The publishing businessisstill viding scholars with subsidiesfor publication and budget for 1968. the faced with difficult situationsbecause of the finan- assistance in publishing aswell as promotion of manufacturing cost, dis- books; cial shortages, increasing turnover of sales credit for rupted marketing structure, anddecreasing demand 3) Reimbursement for booksdelivered for regis- for books on the domesticmarket. tration with the government. In 1967, a series of round-tablemeetings was held Efforts should be made, therefore,to develop the among governmentofficials concerned, publishersand publishing industry in Korea withcooperation ren- bookstore operators to seek measuresto develop the dered by various foreign agencies,including UNESCO. of publishing business andnormalize the circulation concerned submitted a petition Both domestic and foreign personages books.In July, the publishers books seem to have littleunder- authoritieasking for effective in the publishing of to the government standing of these problems.It is desirable thatthey measures to overcomedifficulties in obtaining paper realize national developmentbegins in the mindsof for books. submitted in No- men and it ishardly attainable withoutdevelopment Recommendations were again This important taskof estab- vember, as resolved at the21st general meeting, on of a book industry. Council and lishing a publishing policy orsetting a nation's mind the establishment of aBook Development of books should not be well as on loweringpostal charges in a right direction by means a Book Bank as ignored by leaders andpolicy-makers.Itis now and rail freight charges onbooks. to promote gov- however, was taken for urgent to seek some new measures No budgetary measure, ernment activities to find asolution to such problems. establishment of the BookBank in the government

40 Table-1 Annual Statistics on Publications(Delivered for Censor)

Kind Books and School Reference Book Others Total Remark

Year Kind Index

..M1..... 1.136 1 946 1,134 100%

.111MID 1,754 49 1, 754 154.4

IIIMID 50 796 5 1 798 70.2

1,391 52 1,391 122.4 1,100 53 1.100 96.8 1.550 54 1, 558 137.1 1,300 55 1, 308 115.1 1,434 56 1, 434 126.2 1.006 57 1, 006 88.6 1,201 58 1,281 112.3 1,606 59 1, 606 141.4 1,61 60 1, 618 142.4 2,290 6 1 2.290 201.6

1, 268 4, 234 62 2.966 261.1

2.226 5.260 63 3.042 267.8

3.213 5,963 64 2, 750 242.1

6.062 9,249 65 3.187 280.5

b, 901 9.05 66 3.104 273.2 6.364 67 2.216 195.1 4.148

35,545 22.010 50,363

(Source: Korean Publishers Assodatios)

41 table -2 Kinds of Books Delivered for Censor and Circulation

Kind Number of Kind

A) - 13) School C) D) Year Books A/D Reference B/D Others C/D Total Book

96 96 96 96 1 965 2,215 23. 972 10.5 6,06 65.5 9, 24 100

(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

1 966 2, 320 25.8 784 8.7 5, 901 65.5 9, 00 100.0

(107.7) (80. 7) (97.3) (97.4)

1 96 7 1,810 28. 406 6.4 4, 14 65.2 100.0

(81.7) (41.8) ,68.8) (68. 8)

Circulation Kind F) School G) H) Books E/H Reference F/H Others G/H Total Book

96 % 1 9 6 5 3, 777, 460 2d. 1 4, 420, 700 32. 5. 227,0701 38. 9 13, 425. 100

(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

1 9 6 6 3, 890, 97 21. 3 3, 599, 600 19.7 10, 775, 6 59. 18, 266,170 100.0

(103.0) (11.4) (206.2) (136.1)

1 9 6 7 3, 090,16 44.5 1, 851, 700 [6.7 1, 996, 4501 2o. 6, 938, 310 100.0

(81.8) (41.9) (38.2) (51.7)

(Source: Korean Publishers Association)

42 Table-3 Number of Books Delivered for Censor by Category and Title

Year 1 9 6 7 A' 8. .._Edition 1st Edition 2nd Edition Total

Item Circu-Printed Printed Title CirculationPrinted Title Circulation Average lationAverage Title Average Kind \...... 1

38 98, 780 2, 599 7 6, 4 105, 280 2,117 General (2.1) (2.3) (1.9) (0.9) (2.0) (2.1)

4 44, 500 1, 035 11,90 , 56, 400 1,175 Philosophy (2.3) (1.0) (1.4) (1.7 (2.2) (1.1)

22 559, 750 2, 495 37, . 2 596, 750 2, 446 Religion (12.1) (13.2) (5.4) (5.3) (11. 0) (12.1)

237 375, 250 1, 513 54.700 1,11 27 429, 950 1, 552 Social Science (12.8) (1.8) (10.9) (7.1) (12.5) (8.7)

52, 450 1,109 2.900 SS, 350 1,581 Pure Science (1.5) (1.2) (1.6) (0.4) (1.6) (1.1)

15 4 156,450 1, 029 94,100 2,1 19 250.550 1,278 Technology (8.2) (3.7) (12.0)(13.5) (1.8) (5.1)

5 118, 730 2.083 1 24, 1, 71 71 142, 730 2, 010 Arts (3. 1 ) (2.8) (3.8) (3.4) (3.2) (2.9)

6 103, 300 1, 505 4134.7 i 238.000 2.204 Language (3.4) (2.4) (12.5)(19.3) (4.9) (4.8)

683, 850 1.554 81 94, 1.1 521 771,150 1, 494 Literature (23.8) (16.1) (22.1)(13.6) (23.5) (1S.7)

91 161,200 1, 771 7,00 1 168.200 1, 682 History (4.9) (3.8) (2.4) (1.0 (4.5) (3.4)

136 232.800 1,712 36, 1, 241 1 268, 800 1, 629 Children's 800k11 (7.4) (5.5) (7.9) (5.2) (7.4) (5.4)

1, 656, 900 4, 873 6194, 32, 64 1, 151. 700 4,561 School Reference (18.4) (39.0) (18.0),07.9 (18.3) (37.5) looks

Total 1, 4, 243, 960 2.293 317617, , , , , 2,214, 941, 160 2,230 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)(100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

43 Table-4 Statistics on Books Translated by nth and Language (1967) I.Language 2 KDC

Language Title Ratio KDC Title Ratio

Japanese 53 19.5

Chinese 43 15.7 Religion 33 13.9

Social Science 22 8.0 English 106 38.8

Pure Science 1 0.4

French 15 5.5 Iodine logy 12 4.4

Arts 4 1.5 German 13 4.8

Laneuc IP 2 0.7 10 Russian 3.7

Literature 165 60.4

Others 3 1.0 History 10 3.7

Children's Books 11 4.0

School Reference 1 0.4 Books

Total 273 100.0 273 100.0

(Source: Kanan Publishers Association)

44 Table-5 Number of Students and Number of Copies of Textbooks

Textbooks No. of Copies

1 9 1 9 6 5 1 9Ti.-7 6 7 1

50,192, 270 52,251, 299 49,392, 365 ( Primary School) National Textbooks

(Secondary School) 2, 431. 523 2,922, 763 1,745,116 National Textbooks

(Sec.) 67, 541, 493 7,015, 686 5,26n. 773 Authorized/Approved Textbooks

56,396, 234 Total 60,185, 286 62,189,748 (10090 (103.3) (93.7)

No. of Students

School 1 96 5 I 1 9 6 6 I 1 9 6 7 1 1967 (Ratio)

4,491, 345 5,165, 496 5. 382. 500 78.0 Primary (100%) (115.0) (119.8)

Junior High (7th to 9th grade) 751, 341 821, 997 912, 938 13.2 (100.0) (109.4) (121.5)

Senior High (10th to 12th grade) 426, 531 434, 820 441, 946 6.4 (100.0) (101.9) (103.6)

14, 089 0.2 5year Training School 7, 623 10, 546 (100.0) (138.3) (184.7) 14;734 0.2 Junior College 15, 536 17, 063 (100.0) (109.8) (94.8) 8.818 0.1 Teachers College (2 years) 5, 920 8, 077 (100.0) (136.4) (149.0) 1.8 College (4 years) 10S, 643 131, 354 124, 029 (100.0) (124.3) (117.4) 100% Total 5,803, 939 6,599,353 6.899, 054 (100.0) (113.5) (1 16. 9)

(Source:Iliaider of Education)

46 Table-6 Books Supply Status of theKorean Publishers Cooperative(1963-1967)

Wholesale Number of Total of Tagged 1Totalof Wh-Average Wholes- AveragePrice le Price per KindPrice Ratio Date of Surve y Books SurveyedPrice per Kind olesale Price (96) 137 293, 053 106 0.77 62 12 31 2.770 380.308

164 419, 335 131 0.8 63 12 31 3, 203 524, 667

198 566, 680 160 0.81 64 12 31 3, 536 700, 163

237 678, 626 194 0.82 65 12 31 3.502 830, 517

274 810, 962 224 0.82 66 12 31 3, 625 991, 764

331.40 1, 000.952 270.80 0.81 67 12 31 3, 6951 1, 224, 695

Soles Year Annual Increase Marketing Ratio (Seoul : Province) Total Amount Seoul Provinces (%)

1:2.7 18, 949,342 51,402,294 20.0(%) 1 962 70,351,636

22, 382,168 49,058,345 1.6 1:2.2 1 963 71,440,513

303 49,673.155 S. 7 1 :1.9 1 964 75,538,458 25.865,

229 52,361,549 6.2 1:1.9 1 96 5 80,232,778 27.871,

022 56,554,596 13.2 1:1.6 1 966 90,836,618 34, 282,

44, 536,501.90 58,533,902.95 13.S 1:1.3 1 96 7 103,070,404.85

(Source:Korean Publishers Cooperative)

46 Table-7 Comparison of Domestic and Foreign Prices of Papers (I)Newsprint

Ratio of World Domestic Category Market world Price weight Price Domestic Papers to unit marks+ Country LBS converted Price Margin Imported Price into Won Papers (96) 50 L U.S$ 3.77 1,027.33 1,550 522.67 151.9 U.S.A. * * * * 1,027.33 * * * Canada * * * * 1,02.733 * * Europe * * * * 1,027.33 * * * Sweden * * * * 1,027.33 * * * inland 48 * U.S. 3.50+ 953.75 * 596.25 162.6 Republic of Chino 50 . * 3.91* 1,065.48 484.51 145.3 Japan

(2)Wood-free Paper (%Y 70 LBS U.S. 8.68W 2,365.30 3,100 735 131.1 Japanese quality * * *7.34 2,000.15 2,800 800 140.0 Japanese Medium quality * * .5.70. 1,053.25 2,800 1.747 265.9 Japanese Low quality

(3)Art Paper (%) 90 LBS U.S $ 18.66 5,084.85 3,916 177.0 England * * * 18.75 4,718.75 4,282 190.8 Japan * 4 9,000 Korea

(4) Manila Board Paper (96) 280 LBS U. S $ 25.03 6,820.68 1,820 126.7 Norway 240 * * 23.12+ 6,300.20 2,440 137.1 Norway 246 * + 23.12 6,300.20 2,440 137.1 Sweden 295 . '23.27. 6,341,08 2,299 136.3 Japan 240 . 6,640 Korea

(Source:Korean Publishers Association)

47 Table-8 Export-Import Status of Books (1)Import

Cultural Science Natural Science Total

Quantity TitlesCopies Amount Titles CopiesI Amount TitlesCopiesI Amount

Country Ratio 'Ratio Ratio Ratio RatioI Ratio Ratio Ratio 1 Ratio

37,916247, 427384, 100. 13 39, 828131, 319387, 244.8777,7443.'" 746 771, 345.00 Japan

6,947 64, 640208, 045.87 7, 241 52, 972433, 897.1114,188117, 612 641, 942.98 U.S.A.

3,806 9, 99027, 691.58 532 1, 270 6, 502.964,338 11, 260 34, 194. 54 England

1,025 6, 812 550.53 11 61 10.481,036 6, 873 561.01 W. Germany

406 8, 36217, 397.68 406 8, 362 17, 397.68 France

2 30 175.00 2 30 175.00 Netherlands

437 5,773 27 555 464 6,328 Republic of China

8 808 877.20 8 80 877.20 Hong Kong

7 35 59.00 34 376 824.85 41 411 883.85 India

' I552343, .721. 476,752186,583'Y 8,655.27 227530, 1 467,377.N

(2) Export

Cultural Science Natural Science I Total

Quantity Titles Copies Amount Titles ICopies Amour.t TitlesI CopiesI Amount

Country IRatioRatio Ratio Ratio I RatioI Ratio RatioI RatioI Ratio

1 1, 957 12y 00717, 741, 24 12 529 1,019.861,96912,536 18,761.10 Japan 228 4, 412 7, 311.39 9 237 4, 421 7, 311.39 U.S.A. 2 100 612.50 2 100 612.50 W. Germany 2 180 2 180 Australia 195 3, 336 810.33 .... 195 3, 33 4, 810.33 Vietnam

1 300 1 300 Singapore 2,38520, 30,475.461 21 1,019. 2,4 20, 31,495.32

(Source:Korean Publishers Association)

48 Table-9 Number of Libraries and Collectionof Books

7 Year 1 9 65 1 96 6 1 9 6

I Collection Number ofCollection Ratio Kind Number ofCollectionNumber of Libraries Libraries of BooksLibraries of Books Libraries of Books

1 (96) Public Libraries (%) 49 694, 515 53 772, 619 57 820, 954 (100) (111.2) (118.2)

(100) (108, 2) (116.3) 1.8

College Libraries ( %) 1093, 951, 379 1104, 177, 160 1174, 382, 060 (100) (105.7) (9.7)

(100) (100.9) (107.3) 3.6

School Libraries( %) 1, 4221, 944, 737 2, 1842, 914, 091 2, 9564, 680, 602 (100) (149.8) (35.0)

(100) (153.6) (207.9) 3.1

Special Libraries( %) 71 623, 850 81 827, 864 99 912,134 (100) (132.7) (146.2)

(100) (114.1) (139.4) 91.5 Total (%) 1,6517,214,481 2,4288,691,734 3, 10,795,750 (100) (120.5) (149.6)

(100) (147. 1) (195.6) 100.0

(Source Korean Publishers Association)

49 School System and State Textbooks Grade Age

Graduate 27 School

26

25

24 Medical 18 College 23

17 22

Collegeof 16 Univers,ty 21 Dentistry 15 20

Junior College 14 Technical 19 College Educational Teachers' College 13 College 18

12 17

Vocational LiberalHigh II High School School 16 I0 15

Liberal 40% Vocational 60% 9 14

Middle School 8 13

7 12

6 II

5 10

4 9

3 8

2 7

1 6

50 PROBLEMS OF KOREA'S PUBLISHING INDUSTRY AS SEEN THROUGH MARKET SURVEY

by Yun-Hyun Chin Professor Kukmin College

51 CONTENTS

I.Problems of Book Publishing inKorea....55 1) Shifts of Production of Publishing and Printing Industries 55 2) Recent Situation of Book Publishing 55

II.International Comparison of Book Publish- ing Industry 55 1) Comparison of Number of Titles 55 2) Comparison of Number of Copies per Title 56 3) Comparison of Literary Books 56 4) Comparison of Translated Books 56

III.Problems of Book Distribution in Korea ...56

1) Current Situation of Book Distribution ..56 2) Book Distribution Structure and Channels 57

3) Prices of Books and Sales Promotion .. 58

IV.Problems of Book Purchase in Korea 59

1) Trend of Reading Public 59

2) Trend of Book PurchasingPower 59

V.ProblemsofPublishingManagementin Korea 60

1) Business Scale of Publishing and Print- ing Industries 60 2) Financial Status of Publishingand Print- ing Industries 60

VI.Countermeasures 60

-ci.7/53 TABLES

1) Trend of Growth of Publishing, Printing and Other Similar Industries(1955-1966) 2) Status of Publishing of Books and Periodicals (1966) 3) Number of Copies by Category(by UNESCO Standard) 4) International Comparison of Titles

5)Number ofTitles by Category (UNESCO Standard)

6)International Comparison of Literary Books 7) Business Scale of Publishing andPrinting Firms 8) Structure of Capital and Assets of Publishing and Printing Industries

9)Production Costs of Publishing and Printing Industries

CHARTS

1) Comparative Production Index between Pub- lishing-Printing and other Manufacturing In- dustries 2) Trend of Publishing and Printing Industry Ratio to Manufactu.:_ne; 3) Price Trend 4) Trend of Profit Ratio to Gross Capital in Pub- lishing and Printing

5)Turnover Ratio of Inventory Assets in Pub- lishing and Printing

6)Trend of Current Ratio of Publishing and Printing

54 I. Problems of Book Publishing in Korea According to statistics compiled by the Korean Publishers Association, the number of publications 1) Shifts of Production of Publishing and Printing registered with the government in 1966 was 7,490,000 Industries copies.The figures are similar to those presented in (1) Korea's gross national product grew at an the census report.The number drastically decreased average annual rate of 8.3 per cent during the First to 4,940,000 copies in 1967. At the same time, the average number of copies Five-Year Economic Development Plan period (1962- 1966). per run per title decreased from 2,413 in 1966 to According to tentatiye estimates by the Bank 2,230 in 1967. of Korea, the GNP in 1967 was W1,249.2 billion, or The number of publications of more than 49 pages W991 billion at the constant price of 1965.Per ca- pita national product of the year is estimated at each (UNESCO Standard) decreased by one third W41,941, roughly equivalent to U.S.$154. from 6,890,570 copies in 1966 to 4,596,600 in 1967. The ratio of publications meeting the UNESCO The highest growth rate vas achieved by manu- standard to the number of publications registered facturing industries : 22.4 per cent in 1967, account- ing for 20.5 per cent of the GNP. with the government increased from 92 per cent in According to the census report on mining and 1966 to 93 per cent in 1967 (See Table 3). manufacturing industries for 1966 by the Economic To sum up, the number of books published has Planning Board and the Korean Reconstruction Bank, steadily decreased in recent years and publications below the UNESCO standard are registered with the the product of manufacturing industries grewap- proximately 7-fold in 1966 over 1960 (See Table 1). government (as books) and included in statistics of books. It grew 2.15-fold by production index (See Chart 1). (2) The industrial survey on mining andmanu- (2) Production facturing industries is conducted in accordance with According to the aforementioned census report. the classification instituted and promulgated by the W1,608,237,000 worth of books and periodicals was Economic Planning Board under the provisions of the published in 1963.Its ratio to the overall production Statistics Law Enforcement Decree in 1963.(But of publishing and printing industries was 29.9 per publishing and printing industries were placed in cent.The corresponding amount and ratio of 1966 separate classifications by the 1967 revision of the were W2,687,771,000 and 22.3 per cent. Medium IndustryCooperatives Law Enforcement We have seen that the growth rate of publishing Decree.) and printing industries lagged in recent years behind Statistics of publishing and printing industries that of the manufacturing industry as a whole and involved in the survey are for the most part classified that the growth rate of the publishing industry lagged under the category of "Printing, Publishing and Si- behind that of the printing industry. milar Industries" (Intermediate Classification No. 28) This gloomy situation developed at this juncture and only a limited portion of the statistics were com- when the importance of the role of books in manpower piled under the category of "Publishing of Books and klevelopment and enhancement of culture cannot be Periodicals" (Sub-classification No. 2820). overemphasized. And it calls for study of the root According to the statistics, the growth rate of pro- causes of such stagnancy in the publishing industry duction of publishing and printing industries lagged and formulation and implementation of a strategy to behind that of the manufacturing industry as a whole remedy the situation. in the 1960-1966 period.It increased during the period5.64-fold(1.91-fold by production index). Therefore, the ratio of printing and publishing in- H. International Comparison of Book dustries to the manufacturing industry as a whole Publishing Industry decreased from 4.4 per cent in 1955 to 2.9 per cent in 1966 (See Chart 2). 1) Comparison of Number of Titles 2) Recent Situation of Book Publishing The status of Korea's book publishing by interna- (1) Number of Publications tional standards is shown in Table 4. According to The Book Revolution by Robert Es- According to the aforementioned census report, carpit (UNESCO), 250,000 titles of books were turned the total number of copies published in 1966 was out in 1952.The number increased by 40 per cent 70,880,000, of which 82.4 per cent were textbooks and to 350,000 in 1962. 71 per cent magazines and other periodicals.Books During this 10-year period books published in of general category accounted for only 10.5 per cent Korea increased from 1,393 titles by 167 per cent to with 7,440,000 copies (See Table 2). 3.720.The rate of increase by far exceeded the aver-

55 age growth rate of 33 percent achieved by thepub- 4) Comparison of Translated Books lishing industry of other Afro-Asiannations. According to theIndex Translatum, 44 coun - In other words, Korea had maintained arelatively tries published 31,384translated titles in 1960. The high growth rate in publishing industrydespite her number represented about 10 percent of 310,000ti- low national income level. tles published in those countries. But the problem of Korea'spublishing industry The number of translated titlespublished in Korea began when the number of titles decreasedto 2,459 in that year was 233 which considerablyexceeded the in 1964, and Table 5 shows that thenumber of titles average international ratioof 10 per cent.Out of of 1966 decreased from that cf 1965 to2,510 titles. the 233 translated titles, 147 or 63.1 percent were The figure decreased further to2,045 in 1967. translated from English. This stagnancy in the publishingindustry consti- In 1967 the number of translated titlespublished tutes a sharp contrast to thegeneral growth trend of increased by 40 titles over 1960 to 273titles.The other countries. ratio of the number of translated titles tothe overall production, however, slightly decreased to13.3 per 2) Comparison of Number ofCopies per Title cent.The number of books translated fromEnglish decreased by 41 to 106 titles over the years.The According to The BookRevolution, the average ratios of original languages to theoverall number of number of copies per title in majorbook publishing translated books in 1967 were: follows: countries in 1952 is estimated as English 38.8 per cent Japanese 19.5 per cent England 15,200 copies Chinese 15.7 per cent U.S A 13,900 copies France 9,700 copies In 1960 the ratio of translatedtitles of the world West Germany 7,700 copies to the overall number ofpublications was only about 10 per cent; and among countriesfalling below this The figures range from 3,000 copies to6,000 copies low standard were such countries withhigh gross for other countries. national product standards as theUnited States, The number of copies published perbook title in England and Japan. Korea was 2,745 in 1966 and 2,248in 1967 (See Table. Itis Mr. Escarpit's opinion thatunless these 3).It had drastically decreased compelling ageneral countries take pains to maintainsystematic and close raise of the price of books.It also follows that Ko- cultural ties with foreign countries thereis danger rea's publishing industry is financiallyhandicapped. of a sort of homo-fertilizationof culture to follow. This is to say that the need for awell-organized 3) Comparison of LiteraryBooks government policy to regulate publishingis not limited to developing nations. Difficulties of defining the category ofliterature Korea must undertake projects todevelop the book necessarily entails many problems morecomplicated publishing industry while implementingher economic than those arisirir from the publishingof specialized development plans. science books. literary books were pub- In 1952, 57,000 titles of in Korea lished throughout the world.The number of titles III. Problem of Book Distribution published in 1962 increased to 80,000.The figures represent roughly 22.8 per cent ofthe total number 1) Current Situation of BookDistribution of titles turned out. In the same period the ratio ofliterary books to the overall number of titles turned outin Korea de- (A) Korean manufactured goodsmarketed in 1960 creased from 39 per cent to 15 per cent(See Table 6). were worth W59.3billion.They increased 2.8- The ratio was 21 per cent in 1966and 25 per cent fold in 1963 and 6.9-fold in 1966(See Table 1). in 1967. and pub- According to the aforementioned bookby Robert Shipment of publications by printing lishing industries increased 2.5-foldin 1963 and Escarpit, on the world scene if 20% ratioof literary The ratio of the books to the overall production of1962 is taken for 5.6-fold in 1966 over 1960. of West European shipment of the products ofpublishing and the comparison standard, most manufacturing countries exceeded this average whilethe countries printing industries to that of the of East Ger- industry as a whole decreased from3.8 per cent of Eastern Europe, with the exception 1966 (See Table 1). thany and Yugoslavia, fell shortof it. in 1958 to 2.9 per cent in

56 (B) The shipment of books and periodicals amounted to 482 per cent over the same period, showing to W1,360 million in 1963.Its ratio to the turn- thattheprices of ordinary books increased out of publishing and printing industries was more markedly than thoseof textbooks and 25.5 per cent, and decreased to 22.1 per cent in periodicals. 1966.During the period the shipment of the The ratio of shipment of trade books to the turn- publishing industry decreased at a more rapid out was the lowest, 95.7 per cent in 1966.The industry. pace than that of the printing ratio of trade books' year-end inventories to out- put was 20.4 per cent (See Table 2). (C) The quantity of the trade book shipments in 1966 decreased by 11.6 per cent of that in 1963. The In Korea, shipment is not equal to actual sales value of the shipment, on the contrary, increased but only means delivery of books to bookstores 3.3-fold.Therefore, the value ratio of the ship- for consignment sales.The large stock on hand, ment of trade books to the overall production of despite such a system, reflects the dwindling of books and periodicals increased from 28 per cent the book market in recent years.

SHIPMENTS OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS (Amount unit:1:000 won)

1 963 1 966 1 I

I Q'ty (C)I Amount ( D) I (-C-) (--D--)(%) Q'ty (A) I IAmount (B) A B

Magazines and 25, 078, 048 380, 616 5, 005,17 377, 92 20.0 99.3 (14.3) Periodicals (45.0) (28.0) (7.1) 165.4 Textbooks 22, 391, 45 599.396 58. 573, 126 991, 261261.6 (40.2) (44.0) (82.7) (37.5) Other Books 8,238, 28 381, 646 7, 282.83 1, 272, 52 88.4 333.4 (14.8) (28.0) (10.3) (48.2) Total 55,707, 1,361,6M(25.5%)70, 861,1 2, 641, 704(22.1%)127.2 194.0 000%) (100%) (100%) Printing, publish- (100%) ing and similar 5, 336.61 11, 927.95 223.5 (100%) industries (100%) Source:Mining and Manufacturing Industries Census Report. 1963and 1966.

2) Book Distribution Structure and Channels Beside these ordinary channels of marketing, there is a book dumping market operated by theproducers and suppliers of low-quality books and piratedbooks. (1) At the end of 1967, there were 1,512 pub- (2) Membership of the Korean Publishers Asso- lishing houses registered with the government. One ciation stood at 736 as of the end of 1967.The fact hundred small and medium publishing houses organ- that the membership was less than a half of the total ized the Korean Publishers Cooperative as a joint number of publishing houses registered with the gov- marketing channel. ernment shows that many publishing houses existed As for the wholesalers and retailers of books, the in name only. number was estimated at 2,000.Besides, there were The ratios of books marketed by the KoreanPub- many salesmen who sold books oninstallment-payment lishers Cooperative to the overall turnoutof books basis visiting homes and offices. in recent years are as follows:

Amount of books Amount in Amount in price supplied (Ratio price of books B/C to price) (A) (B) published (C)

1965 W80,233.000 (0.82) W97.845.000 WI.260.122.000 71%

1966 W90.837.000 (0.82) WI 10.777.000 WI.407.038.000 7.904 i WI03.070.000 (0.81) WI27.247.000 WI.285.965.000 9.9% 1 1967

67 1 The table above shows that despite a 2 per cent transact with the wholesalers and retailers of books. increase of the ratio of publications supplied by the Book marketing channels are further complicated by Korean Publishers Cooperative to the overall turnout wholesale and direct retail operation on the part of of books, the Cooperative's book supply accounted for large bookstores.This inevitably has given rise to less than 10 percent of total production in 1967. severe competition for discount sales.The produc- (3) As a consequence, other books are marketed tion and marketing operations of dumpers on top throughthechannelsof non-member publishing of the severe sales-competition has forced many pub- houses while some member publishing houses directly lishing houses and bookstores to close shop.

MARKETING CHANNELS OF BOOKS

Publishing house with membership Korean in the -IPublish ers Retailer Korean Cooper Wholesaler Publishers ative Cooperative

Non-member publishing house Peddler Consumer

4A Dumping Dumper 4field 1Retailer r 3) Prices of Books and Sales Promotion (2) The table above shows that the rising rate of the average unit price of newly published books and (1) Mc producer's price index of publications of the wholesale unit price of books marketed by the and printing materials has exceeded that of the manu- Korean Publishers Cooperative by far exceeded that facturing industry in recent years but lagged be- of Seoul consumer prices. hind theindexes of wholesale commodity prices The principal cause of the drastic rise of the price (See Chart 3). of books is to be found in a rapid rise of the price Recent statistics compiled by the Korean Publish- of paper.The price of paper in Korea rose to over ers Association showing the unit prices of books 1.5 times international prices in recent years. Other moeting the UNESCO standard and the wholesale reassns a the price rise are a recent tendency to (average) price of new or old book marketed bythe bind books in an increasingly luxurious binding and Korean Publishers Cooperative are as follows: taggin:, prices at deliberately raised levels on the part of publishers in order to cover loss incurred from Averageunit Average wholesale discount sales. price of price of new Index of Seoul new book or old book consumer prices The rapid rise in the price of books inevitably aroused resistance from the reading public which in 1965 W140.72(100%) WI94 (100%) I00 turn made the marketing of books a far more dif- ficult enterprise. 1966 196.64(I39.7 %) 224 (114.6%) 112.1 (3) Newspaper advertisement of books has grad- 1967 267.23(189.9%) 270 (139.2%) 124.2 ually been on the decrease.This is a result of a steady rise of the cost of newspaper advertisement. 58 Korea's publishing industry st -.:1d seek some media creased in the 1962-1966 period by 16.7 per cent and of advertisement other than newspapers. 9.6 per cent respectively. Magazine advertisement, however, still offers ac- This shows that the results of economic growth cessibility to only a limited reading public and adver- achieved during the period of rapid industrialization tisement through radio and TV media is still unprac- were not distributed equally. tical because of the limited financial resources of the (2) The table below showsa comparison of con- publishing industry. sumption standards between agricultural workers, who As a consequence, many publishing houses have compose 55.7 per cent of the total working popula- come to distribute advertisement leaflets or seek other tion, and that of urban workers. advertisement media.There are some which employ salesmen who peddle books to homes and offices on Destitute farm household average an installment payment basis. National farm household (Less than 0.5 chongbo of Badly needed are systematic efforts for the de- average arable land) velopment and employment of modern marketing Cities techniques. Seoul Cities Seoul (Workers) (110.6) (131.5) (154.1) (183.2)

IV. Problems of Book Purchase in Korea Salary 150.3 175.3 209.5 244.3 1) Trend of the Reading Public workers Day 83.8 94.1 116.8 131.3 (1) The libraries of primary, middle and high laborers schools together amount to 91.5 per cent of the total number in the country as of the end of 1967.Public (Note:1 chongbo is equal to about 2.45 acres.) libraries accounted for only 1.8 per cent with 57. The number of persons utilizing library service Source :Economic White Book has steadily decreased, with the exception of the stu- The table above shows that the consumption stand- dents of primary, middle and high schools, in recent ard of rural villages is far below that of urban areas. years.The number of persons utilizing the services It follows that any increase of book purchasing of public libraries decreased by 8.1 per cent in 1967 power cannot be expected where rural communities from that of 1966.Persons utilizing the services of are concerned. college libraries and of specialized libraries of insti- tutes and organizations decreased by 12.8 per cent and (3) The marginal consumption propensity of the 72.7 per cent, respectively, in the same period. national economy marked its peak in 1962 with 100.7 (2) It may be that the rapid spread of such mass per cent and has since decreased to 87.7 per cent in communication media as radio and TV has affected 1966.Engel's coefficient decreased slightly by 0.1 book reading trends adversely. And the general trend per cent to 56.6 per cent in the 1961-1966 period.It of luxury-seeking with its motif for demonstration is far higher than that of other developing nations. may have caused the decrease of book purchasing Needless to say, the decrease in the actual value power.To determine the causes in a more definite of income of the masses and the relatively high manner, however, extensive survey and studies will Engel's coefficient are factors eating away book pur- be required. chasing power. The Micro-Library Association which has estab- In this connection, the author is in full agreement lished over 9,000 libraries in rural communities in a with the recent review of Professors' Evaluation campaign to propagate the book reading habit among Group for Economic Development which said "em- farming and fishing villages is pointing out the short- phasis must be given to discontinuance of excessive age of books worth recommending for rural people. development and in securing of fair and stabilized distribution of wealth."Only such economic change 2) Trend of Book Purcha-sing Power will enable increased expenditure on the purchase of books as well as propagation of the reading habit (1) Per capita national income grew 2.7-fold dur- among the masses. ing the First Five-Year Economic Development Plan Period. During the same period commodity prices rose V. Problems of Publishing Management in Korea 1.9-fold; so actual increase of per capita national in- 1) Business Scale of Publishing and Printing Indus- come was 1.4-fold. tries According to the Economic White Book, 1967, pub- lished by the Economic Planning Board, the actual (1) According to the aforementioned census re- values of wage of mining and industrial workers de- port, the number of printing and/or publishing houses

59 employing five or more workers was 973 in 1966; an The result was the decline of the paymentcapacity average number of 23 workers. The outputof these of the industry; the ratio of receivablesdeclined to firms amounted to W12,345,000 (See Table 7). 4.2 per cent of the inventory. Large firms employing over 200 workers numbered In view of the dim prospect of the maintenance only 21 or 2.1 per cent of the total numbel of the of the publishing industries by themselves, somefos- publishing and/or printing houses.Their combined tering measures of the government areurgently production and shipment constituted 50.9 per cent of needed for the industry. the overall output and shipment.The 952 publish- (3) According to the Business Cost Analysisof ing houses each employing less than 200 workers ac- the Bank of Korea, during the four-yearperiod from counted for less than a half of the overall output and 1963 to 1966, the cost of raw materialsaccounted shipment.Thii3 shows that there is a wide gap in for 55.9 per cent on the average ofproduction cost the management scales. of large publishing houses.This calls for readjust- (2) Printing and publishing houses each employ- ments of the supply and demand of paper,printing ing five to 19 workers numbered 801 or 82.3 per cent ink and other raw materials to lower theproduction of the total number of the publishing and printing cost.And in view of the fact that monetary inter- houses.They accounted for 22.2 per cent of the over- est paid by the firm accounted for 4.3 percent of the all output and shipment.The average number of total expense, means must be explored to makelow- workers employed ty these firms was nine. interest loans available to the industry.Lowering Thus, most firms engaged in publishing and print- of railroad freight rates and postal chargeswill also ing are operated on a family level.And per capita help cut down general administrative andselling production and shipment of these small houses were costs for the publishing industry. not more than a half of those of large houses.More- Although the ratio of break-even point to sales over, the salary and wage levels ofsmaller houses has decreased gradually from 98 per cent in1963, it were usually one third oftheir counterpartsin still maintains the average rate of 85.2 per cent. By large firms. comparison with other industries, the break-even It is therefore deemed desirable that the manage- point of the industry is relatively high. ment of these destitute firms be improvedand mod- ernized through amalgamations or orgsnizationof VI. Countermeasures cooperatives. 2) Financial Status of Publishing andPrinting In- 1) Establishment of BookDevelopment Council dustries The publishing industry of Koreahas been on a If the (1) According to Business ManagementAnalysis, remarkably steady decline in recent years. published by the Bank of Korea, the ratio of current country is to participate inthe book development in medium program currentlybeing undertaken by UNESCOand assets to total assets increased remarkably fatherland in the cul- publishing industry since 1965, and it reached to85.8 accelerate modernization of the tural field, her publishing industrywill have to be per cent in 1966 ( See Table 8). fostered to achieve the growth rateachieved by the The ratio of current assets was only 3.1 per cent manufacturing industry as a whole.It will be neces- and 82.7 per cent of the total assets was accounted institute with functions to con- And current liabilities sary to organize an for by inventories and others. duct a survey on the problemsof the publishing in- constituted 92.9 per cent of the gross capitalof the for the Owned dustry and analyze the results of the survey medium book publishing industry in 1966. formulation of effective countermeasuresto solve capital for only 5.9 per cent.This means that liabil- the problems. ities were 16 times as much as owned capital. Such possibility was discussed atthe UNESCO (2) The ratio of net profit to gross capitalde- 1.9 per conference of book development inAsian area held creased drastically since 1965, and it reached in Tokyo in 1966 and suggested on anumber of cent in 1966 (See Chart 4). Association to The low profit ratio is attributable tothe low occasions by the Korean Publishers gross capital turnoverratio of 0.34 as well as the the government. decrease of net profit ratio to sales.The turnover ratio of the inventory in small and mediumpublishing 2) Consolidation of PublishingFirms houses was 0.93.Therefore the year's sales failed even to be on the parwith value of the inventory There are a great number offly-by-night pub- (See Chart 5). lishing firms registered with the government aswell Thus the current and quick ratios decreasedto 92.4 as illegal dealers ofbooks specializing in the opera- per cent and 3.36 per centrespectively (See Chart 6). tion of dumping fields.

60 For the publishing industry's part, it will be nec- The decline in actual wages the workers earn in essary to streamline the industry itself through volun- the process of excessive industrialization at the ex- tary amalgamation of small firms, consolidateits pense of the farmers and laborers reduces purchasing trade functional organization and establish morale power on the part of the working masses and con- and discipline among themselves.For the govern- sequently the demand for books.The number of ment's part, it will be necessary to unify adminis- citizens habitually reading books isalso declining trative functions related to the publishing industry because of poor facilities at public libraries and a under a single structure, promote amalgamation of weakening tendency for sound reading. small firms through tax, financial and other measures, It is to be hoped, therefore, that the government and improve regulations governing the publishing and would attempt to encourage reading by the citizens marketing of books, while fostering an atmosphere by means of increasing actual incomes of the work- in which the publishing industry may help the na- ing masses by shifting the stress in its economic tion's efforts for manpower development and enhance- policy on economic stability and sound distribution ment of the cultural standard. of wealth, build more public libraries and support the village libraries. 3) Readjustment of Supplies and Demand of Raw The publishing circles meanwhile are called upon Materials to positively endeavor to popularize reading as well The supply and demand of raw materials of the as the consumption of books by so planning publica- publishing industry are characterized by low quality tions as to meet the desire and need of the readers and high prices, which cause the high price and low and launching a modern campaign for increasing the quality of published matters. demand for books. It therefore is desirable that the government re- study its trade and tariff policies where the raw ma- 6) Rationalization of Publication Management and terials of the publishing industry are concerned and Government's Financial Support ensure smooth supply and demand of them, control- Most publishers in Korea, being short of owned ling price and quality. capital, rely too heavily on liabilities.Consequently, 4) Promotion of Book Supply they suffer from poor solvency and instability.In addition, their profitability and productivity are low Book sales agencies in Korea are suffering from due to irrational management in terms of production confusion.Due to severe competition seen in sales and sales. of books on an consignment basis at discounts, col- It follows then that they should increase their lection is delayed.Publishers have to bear expen- own capital and rationalize their management.How- sive sales expenditures such as railway freight fees ever, it must be emphasized here that thedifficulties and post charges since preferences in such areas as they face now cannot be overcome without positive given in advanced countries are yet to be realized. supports by the government. Accordingly, it is required of the government to The publishing industryisparticularly handi- enforce steps to lower transportation expenses of capped by prolongation of the turnover period.And books, and take measures to help establish order in as discounting of drafts issued by bookstores is dif- the book sales market. ficult because of lacking available funds, Korean pub- Meanwhile, publishers and book sales agents are lishers cannot but depend on personal loans imposing called upon to enhance the general standard of com- high rates of interest.This increases financial ex- mercial morality, promote the sales of books at certain penses of the publishing industry. set prices and put an end to excessive competition It is in an attempt to overcome such financial dif- among themselves, with a view to systematize the ficulty that some publishing houses resort to door-by- book supplying agencies.To that end, it is recom- door sales or dumping of books, thereby confounding mended that publishers and book sales agents form the chaotic book marketing channels. an organization of mutual cooperation to jointly solve In order to put an end to such confusion, the Ko- difficulties they confront. rean Publishers Association has proposed to the gov- 5) Increase of Income and Enhancement of Reading ernment the establishment of a book bank.The bank, Habit the Association envisions, will supply funds for the Consumption of books in Korea is extremely low discounting of drafts issued by bookstores and shorten compared with its increasing population, increased the capital turnover period. number of students attending schools at various levels The government is well advised to give priority to and economic development.This constitutes one of loans and investment in the proposed book bank while, the basic causes of all the problems the publication at the same time, studying measures of financial as- circles of the nation face today. sistance to the industry.

61 Table-1 Trend of Growth of Publishing,Printing and Other Similar Industries

Item Number of Enterprises Number of Employees Production (F) (A) (B) (A/B) % (C) (D) (C/D) (E) (E/F) Kind Printing &Manufac- Pr inting &Manufac- Printing &Manufac Ratio turing Ratio Publishing turing Ratio Publishing turing Publishing Year

1955 319 8,628 9,698 221,200 1,120,60025,307,500 (57.8) (56.7) 3.7 (78.4) (80.4) 4.4 (52.4) (42.4) 4.4

1958 535 12,971 13,202 260,427 (96.9) (85.3) 4.1 (107.0) (94.6) 5.1 -

1960 552 15,204 12,342 275,254 2,137,37859,734,866 (100.0) (100.0) 3.6 (100.0) (100.0) 4.5 (100.0) (100.0) 3.6

1963 813 18,310 16,252 401,981 5,371,174166857,471 (147.3) (120.4) 4.4 (131.7) (146.0) 4.0 (251.3 (279.3) 3.2

1966 973 22,718 22,584 566,665 12,012,122417370,292 (176.3) (149.4) 4.3 (183.0) (205.9) 4.0 (562.0) (698.7) 2.9

Table-2 Status of Publishing of Books andPeriodicals (1966)

Delivery Inventory at End of Year Code No. Item Unit (A) (B) (C) (D) Quantity Amount Quantity Amount

9,593 262, 001 Periodical 5,005,173 327,920 51,591 (7.1) (14.3) (1.1) (2.8) 60,601 282.002 Text 58,573,126 991,261 3,518,984 (82.7) (37.5) (77.4) (17.8) 271,239 282, 003 Book 7,282,833 1,272,523 977,106 (21.5) (79.4) % (10.3) (48.2) 70, 861,132 2, 641,704 4,547,681 341, 433 (100%) % (100%) (100%) (100%)

62 Delivery Salaries & Wages Tangible Fixed Assets (G) (H) (G/1-1) (I) (J) (1/J) (K) (I.) (KA) Printing & Manufac- Printing & Manufac- Printing & Manufac- Ratio Publishing turing Publishing turing Ratio Publishing turing Ratio

- - _ 1,730,45545,513,856 427,654 5,765,375 - -- (81.8) (76.7) 3.8 (89.7) (85.2) 7.4 - -- 2,116,47259,305,485 - 476,980 6,764,611 1,946,71729,849,188 - (100 *0) (100.0) 3.6 (100.0) (100.0) 7.1 (100.0) (100.0) 6.5 5,333,618163,199,452 - 919,894 16,147,839 - - (252.0) (275.2) 3.3 (192.9) (238.7) 5.7 - - II, 927,956408,036,347 - 2,088,19837,821,414 7,512,584178,548,306 (563.6) (688.0) 2.4 (437.8) (559.1) 5.5 (385.9) (598.2) 4.2

(Source:Mining and Manufacturing Industrial Census Report, 1966 Republic of Korea, Economic Planning Board and Korean Reconstruction Bank)

(E/F) (D/F) (A/E) (C/E) (B /A) (F/E) Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of Unit Production Production Delivery to Inventory to Delivery toInventory to Delivery Unit Cost (E) (F) Production Production Production Production Price (F/E) -, Quantity Amount B/F D/F A/E C/E B/A 5,018,009 380,375 99.4 2.5 99.7 1.0 0.076 0.076 (7 1) (14.2)

58,425,680 977.305 101.4 6.2 100.3 6.0 0.017 0.017 (82.4) (36.4)

7,441,970 1,330,091 95.7 20.4 97.9 13.1 0,175 0,179 00.5) (49.5)

70, 885, 659 2, 687, 771 98.3 12.7 100.0 6.4 0.037 0, 038 (100%) (10055)

(Source:Mining and Manufacturing Industrial Census Report, 1966. Republic of Korea Economic Planning Board and Korean Reconstruction Bank) 63 Table-3 Number of Copies by Category (by UNESCO Standard)

i Category i Social Pure Technol- General Religion Arts Language phy ScienceScience ogy Edition Year

1966 120, 150 62, 200745, 550446, 790147, 800173, 200155, 100160, 100 1 (2.5) (2.9) (2.6) (2.7) %/o (2.0) (1. 1) (12.6' ,7.6) 1st Edition 67 97, 480 44, 500445, 350350, 900 18, 650144, 900101, 230102, 300 1 % (2.5) (1. 1) (11.4) (9.0) (0.5) (3.7) (2.6) (2.6)

1966 10, 100 25;500114, 500106, 660 32, 300 68, 900 43, 000115, 500

(1.0) (2.6) (11.7) (10.9) (3.3) (7.0) (4.4) (11.8) 2nd Edition 67 6.500 11, 900 59, 200 54, 700 2, 900 94, 100 24, 000134, 700

% (0.9) (1.7) (8.48) (7.7) (0.4) (13.3) (3.4) (19.1)

( 1966 130, 250 87, 700860, 050553, 450180, 100242, 120198,100275, 600 % (1.9) (1.3) (12.5) (8.0) (2.6) (3.5) (2.9) (4, 0) Total 67 103, 980 56, 400504, 550405, 600 21, 550239, 000125, 230237, 000

% (2.3) (1.2) (11.0) (8.8) (0.5) (5.2) (2.7) (5.2)

Category Litera.. History Child- School Total RatioTiiiesAverage ture ren's Reference (1966 Printed Books Books Basis) Copies Edition Year per Title

1966 137, 850 116, 450297, 4003,345, 3005, 907, 910 1002, 132 2, 771

% (2.3) (2.0) (5.0) (56.6) (100) 1st Edition 67 668, 050 108, 000196, 8001,612, 4003, 890, 560 65.91, 676 2,321

% (17.2) (2.8) (5.1) (41.4) (100)

1966 90, 40 15, 000106, 500 254, 300 982, 660 100 378 2, 600

% (9.2) (1.5) (10.8) (25.9) (100) 2nd Edition 67 94, 300, 3, 000 34, 300 186, 800 706, 100 71.9 369 1, 914

% (13.4) (0.4) (4.8) (26.5) (100)

1966 228, 250131, 460403, 9003,599, 6006, 890, 570 1I1 2, 510 2, 745

% (3.3) (1.9) (5.9) (52.2) (100) Total 67 762, 111, 000230, 8001,799, 2 4, 596, 66.72, 1 2,243

% (16.6) (2.4) (5.0) (39.1) (100)

(Source:Korean Publishers Association) 64 Table-4 Infernationi Comparison of Titles

1 9 64 Title 1 9 5 2 1 9 6 2 Country (Total) 1st Edition

Developed countries

U.S.A. 11, 840 21, 901 28, 451 20, 542

Canada 684 3, 600 3, 000 1, 990

Sweden 3, 286 5, 472 6, 602 4, 815

Australia 627 1, 793 2, 379 2, 133 W. Germany 13, 913 21, 481 25, 204 18, 741

Engla id 18, 741 25, 079 26, 123

France 11, 954 13, 282 13, 479

Netherlands 6, 728 9, 674 10, 026 5, 680 ).X22, 754) (14, 238) lapan 17, 306 22, 010 24, 049 13, 447

Spain 3, 445 12, 243 15, 540 14, 160

Developing countries Panama 22 - - - Greece 1, 016 1, 277 1, 320 1, 267

Guatemala 70 ('53) 500 90 ('63)

Honduras 70 ('56) 189 189 ('62) 16T

Brazil 3, 208 3, 911('61) 5, 133('63)

Korea 1, 393 3, 720 2, 459 1, 936

Ceylon 268 1, 969 1 '488 1, 063

Philippines 195 ('53) 595 ('63) 621

China 427 2, 625 3, 095

Uganda 70('63) 65 61

Vietnam 936 1, 515 532 495

India 18, 252 11, 086 13, 128 12, 417

Malaysia - 492 321 Indonesia 778 $69('61) 791 ('63) 449

Thailand 3, 953 1, 397('61) 4, 083 (*Figures with asterisks were derived from PublicationYearbook of Japan) (Source: UNESCO Yearbook. 1965)

65 Table-5 Number of Titles by Category (UNESCO Standard)

Category Social Pure General Philosophy Religion Science Science Technology Arts Edition Year

1965 42 61 172 301 15 165 85 (1.8) (2.9) (7.2) (12.6) (0.6)1 (6.9) (3.2)

1st Edition 1966 30 65 222 270 22 141 92 (1.4) (3.0) (10.4) (12.7) (;.0) (6.6) (4.3)

1967 36 43 195 223 17 142 46 (2.1) (2.6) (11.6) (13.3) (1.0) (8.5) (2.7)

1965 26 8 3 54 7 62 12 (4.9) (1.5) (6.6) (10.1) (1.3) (11.6) (2.3)

2nd Edition 1966 31 12 27 49 3 52 24 (0.8) (3.2) (7.1) (13.0) (0.8) (13.8) (6.3)

1967 7 5 27 40 6 44 14 (1.9) (1.4) (7.3) (10.8) (1.6) (11.9) (3.8)

1965 355 , 227 97 (2.3) (2.4) (7.1) (12.1) (0.8) (7.8) (a.3)

Total 1966 319 193 116 (1.3) (3.1) (9.9) (12.7) (1.0) (7.7) (4.6)

1967 263 186 60 (2.1) (2.3) (10.9) (12.9) (1.1) (9.1) (2.9)

Category School I ( Ratio) LanguageLiterature History Children'sReference Total Books Books I (1965 Basis] Edition Year

1965 93 573 52 184 647 2,390 100% (3.9) (24.0) (2.2) (7.7) (27.1) (100.0)

1st Edition 1966 97 457 57 210 46 2,13 89.2 (4.5) (21.4) (2.7) (9.8) (22.0) (100.0)

1967 61 435 108 314 1, 0 70.1 (3.6) (26.0) (3.3) (6.4) (18.7) (100.0)

1965 38 87 9 82 11 53 100% (7.1) (16.3) (1.7) (15.4) (21.2) (100.0)

2nd Edition 1966 22 59 15 23 37 61.5 (5.8) (15.6) (4.0) (6.1) (23.5) (100.0)

1967 46 81 6 28 369 69.2 (12.5) (22.0) (1.6) (7.6) (17.6) (100.0)

1965 131 660 61 266 7 2, 100% (4.5) (22.6) (2.1) (9.1) (26.0) (100.0)

rotas 1466 119 516 72 233 2, 51 85.9 (4.7) (20. 6) (2.9) (9.3) (22. 2) (100.0)

1967 107 516 62 136 2, 70.0 (5.2) (25.2) (3.0) (6.6) (18.5) (100.0)

(ileeree: Iowa Publishers Assoetatiou) 66 Table-6 International Comparison of Literary looks

1 9 6 4 Year I 1 9 5 2 1 9 6 2 (AL ) (B) Country ;Wary Total OM Books

Developed countries: % % I % U.S.A. 4, 423 37 7, 259 33 7, 325 28, 451 26

Canada 200 29 654 18 731 3, 000 24

Sweden 1,179 36 1, 772 32 1, 905 6, 602 29

Australia 159 25 211 12 275 2, 379 12

W. Germany 3, 535 25 4, 957 23 5, 864 25, 204 23

England 6, 533 35 8, 077 32 7, 348 26, 123 28

France 4, 063 36 4.440 33 4, 057 13, 471 30

Netherlands 1, 557 23 2, 721 2 2, 761 10, 026 28 (*4, 017)02(.23) Japan 5.650 33 5, 063 23 6, 876 24, 049 29

Spain 1, 547 45 4, 360 3 4, 326 15, 540 28

Developing countries Panama 2 9 - - -

Greece 468 31 443 3 442 1, 320 33

Guatemala 25 ('53) 36 37 7 26 90 29 Honduras 4 ('53) 6 7 4 - -

Brazil 870 27 716 18 886 . 33 17

Ceylon 38 14 552 28 468 1, 48 31

Philippines 43 ('53) 22 103('63) 17 27 621 4 Chino - - 1, 438 55 1, 082 3, 095 35 Uganda 2g63) - -

Vietnam 213 23 171 11 50 53 9

India 2, 467 14 3, 534 3 2, 775 13,128 21

Indonesia 100 13 97('61) 11 99 791 13 Malaysia - - 9 80 .492 16 Thailand 571 14 405 (' 61) 29 1, 266 4, 083 31

Korea 537 39 540 15 848 2, 459 34

ice: UNESCO Yearbook, 105

67 Table-7 Business Scale of Publishing and Printing Firms

(F) (D/C) (B/A) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Item Ratio ofNumber of Tangible Delivery toEmploye 4 Number ofNumber of Salaries & Production Delivery Fixed AssetsProductionper Enter- Enterprise Employees Scale\ ages Total (D/C) prise (B/A)

Total 973 22, 58412, 012, 12211, 927, 9562, 088, 19 7, 512, 584 99.3 23 (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)

519 801 6, 8512, 672, 3712, 652, 156 368, 5332, 209, 543 99.2 9 5-19 Persons (82.3) (30.4) (22.2) (22.2) (17.7) (29.4)

20^,49 103 3,086 1,490,067 1,482,951 218,0861,104,1,104,041 99.5 30 (10.6) (13.7) (12.4) (12.4) (10.4) (14.7)

5049 31 2, 206 802, 320 803, 228 148, 144 409, 489 100.1 71 (3.2) (9.7) (6.7) (6.8) (7.1) (5.5)

100",199 17 2, 211 935, 651 922, 014 195, 76e1,109, 488 98.5 130 (1.7) (9.8) (7.8) (7.7) (9.4) (14.8)

16 5,172, 963, 577 2, 959.315 654, 4841, 386, 813 99.9 323 200499A (1.6) (22.9) (24.7) (24.8) (31.3) (18.5)

More than 500 5 3, 053, 148, 136 3,108, 292 503,1831, 293, 210 98.7 712 (0.5) (13.5) (26.2) (26.1) (24.1) (17.2) I (C/A) (D/A1 (E/A) (F/A) (C/B) 1(D/B) (E/B) (FIN

Item Production Wades & Fixed AssetProduction Salary Fixed Assets per Enter-Deliver per Wages per per per livery perWage per per prise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise Employee Employee Employee Employee Scale (C/A) (D/A) (E/A) (F/A) (C/B) (D/B) (E/B) (F/B)

Total 12, 345 12, 259 2,146 7, 721 531.9 528.2 92.5 332.7

5-19 Persons 3, 336 3, 312 460 2, 75 390.1 387.1 53.8 322.5

20.49 14, 467 14, 39. 2,117 10, 719 482.9 480.5 70.7 357.7

50,%,99 25, 881 25, 911 4, 779 13, 209 363.7 364.1 67.2 185.6

100,199 55, 0 54, 236 11, 516 65, 264 423.2 417.0 U.S 501.8

200"499 185, 224 184, 957 40, 905 86, 676 573.0 572.2 126.5 268.1

500 629, 627 621, 65 100, 637 258, 642 1, 029.5 1, 016.5 164.6 422.9

(Source:Milting and M4111101thiringlitillarld Cows Report) 65 Table-8 Structure of Capital and Assets of Publishing and Printing Industries

Ratio of Current Assets Composition Ratio of Capital

Current Assets Liabilities Owned Capitol Business Type Current Fixed Curren.1 inventoryl Others TotalLiabilities LiabilitiesCapitol Total Assets Assets

Printing & Publishing

Small & Medium 22.45 14.16 0.92 37.53 26.99 16.96 24.5 56.04 enterprises '62{ Large enterprises 9.7 42.45 5.24 57.47 52.15 10.24 16.85 37.61 Over all 10.75 40.26 4.91 55.9 50.21 10.76 17.4 39.03

Manufacturing 12.10 22.6 4 19.91 54.6 42.69 17.85 23.40 39.46

Printing & Publishing

Small & Medium 25.5 11.93 1.23 38.69 22.98 5.34 54.74 71.68 enterprises '6{ Large enterprises 15.9 37.16 7.48 60.54 53.90 8.21 20.67 37.89 Over ail 16.47 35.64 7.12 59.23 52.04 8.04 22.7 39.92

Manufacturing 11.95 22.57 15.04 49.56 33.20 14.78 33.19 52.02

Printing & Publishing

Smog' & Medium 38.91 13.14 2.72 54.77 43.70 11.76 21.25 44.54 enterprises Large enterprises 10.1 21.63 5.48 37.2 13.76 14.2 46.6 72.02

Over all 11.1 21. 5.39 37. 14.88 14.12 45.76 71.00

Manufccturing 11.1 22.24 15.32 48.78 29.71 20.40 32.87 49.89

Printing & Publishing

Small & Medium 37.06 32.72 0.34 70.1 47.68 18.72 18.98 33.60 enterprises '65{ Large enterprises 10.08 31.77 9.86 51.71 32.12 11.73 37.71 56.15 Over all 10.54 31.7 9.70 52.0 32.38 11.85 37.39 55.77

Manufaturing 13.63 25.93 12.41 51.97 28.89 19.49 30.28 51.62

Printing & Publishing

Small & Medium 3.12 37.03 45.66 85.81 92.85 1.30 3.6' 5.85 enterprises Lore enterprises 12.26 21.60 14.42 48.2 32.46 13.5 22.74 54.03

Over all 11.21 23.37 17.99 52.57 39.36 12.11 20.56 48.53

Manufaturing 11.74 22.74 17.55 52.0 37.37 16.7 26.2 45.93

.66 (Source:lassinees Ass link Bank of Her& 69 Tab le-9 Menu racturin4 Cost in Publishing and Printing

'63 '64

Category Item Amount I Ratio Amount Ratio

Raw materials

Direct raw materials 385.456 50. 1 40. 1 255, 440 43.3 33. 7

Indirect 18.143 2.4 1.9 19, 900 3.4 2.6

Sub-total 403, 599 52.5 42.0 275, 340 46.7 36.3

Labor expenses

Direct labor expenses 166, 507 21.6 17.3 198, 563 33.6 2A. 2

Indirect 39, 393 5.1 4. 1 4, 138 0.7 0.5

Sub-total 205, 900 26.7 21.4 202, 701 34.3 26.7

Maufacturing expenses Welfare expens 2, 128 0.3 11,515 2.0

Depreciation 12, 924 1.7 19, 761 3.3

Rent 240 3, 080 0.5

insurance dues 1, 131 0. 1 403 0. 1

Repair expenses 8, 347 1.1 3, 964 0.6

Electric power 8, 632 1.2 16,151 2.7

Fuel 4, 339 0.6 5, 041 0.9

Water 777 0. 1 413 0. 1

Travel and transpor- 4, 901 0.6 3, 370 0.6 tation expenses Experiments research 5, 390 0.7 0.6 641 0. 1 0.0 expenses Wages paid tosub- 59, 894 7.8 6.2 20, 805 3.6 2.7 contractors Other expenses 51,137 6.6 5.3 27, 198 4.6 3.6

Sub-total 159, 840 20.8 16.6 112, 342 19. 1 14.8

Manufacturing cost 769, 339 100% 80.0 590, 383 100% 77.8 General administrati- ve and marketing 178, 027 18.5 153, 844 20.0 expenses Interest paid 13, 861 1.4 14, 529 1.9

Total cost 961, 227 100% 758, 756 100%

Break-even point 98. 00(98. 5) 73.8 (82.1)

70 '65 '66 Average

Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio

602, 086 50. 4 42. 7 1, 544, 615 58.5 46.7 696,899 53.7 43.3

11,641 1.0 0.8 68, 095 2.6 2.1 29,445 2.8 1.8

613, 727 51.4 43.5 1,612,710 61.1 48.8 726.344 55.9 45.1

315, 596 26.5 22.4 331, 005 12.5 10.0 252,918 19.5 15.7

22, 702 1.9 1.2 155, 910 5.9 4.7 55,536 4.3 3.5

338, 298 28.4 24.0 486,915 18.4 14.7 308.454 23.8 19.2

22, 675 1.9 98, 844 3.8 33, 791 2.6

34, 991 2.9 98,715 3,7 41, 598 3.2

2, 740 0.2 1, 160 0.0 1, 805 0.1

3, 748 0.3 5, 508 0.2 2, 698 0.2

10, 552 0.9 22, 015 0.8 11,219 0,9

32, 235 2.7 69, 596 2.6 31, 653 2.4

2, 676 0.2 7 787 0.3 4, 961 0.4

675 0.1 1,146 0.0 753 0.1

6, 037 0.5 3, 144 0.9 9, 363 0.7

889 0.1 O. 1 14,509 0.6 0.4 5, 357 0.4 0.3

60, 126 5.0 4.3 59, 684 2.3 1.8 50, 127 3.9 3. 1

64, 471 5.4 4. 6 138, 359 5.3 4.2 70, 291 5.4 4.4

241, 815 20.2 17.2 504, 467 20.5 16.3 263, 616 20.3 16.4

1, 193, 840 100% 84. 7 2, 640, 092 100% 79.8 1, 298, 414 100% 80.7

202.738 14.4 430, 915 13.0 241, 381 15.0

12, 855 0.9 236,286 7. 1 69, 383 4.3

1, 409, 433 100% 3, 307, 293 100% 1, 609, 178 100%

87. 8 (92.1) 81. 3(84. 2) 85.2 (89.2)

Note : Figures in parentheses represents port of direct labor expenses counted fixed co.!. (Source:Coat Analysis, 1966, Bank of Korea)

71 (Production Index) Chart 1 (96)

180 176.9 (Paper and Products) 160 ,. 154.6 (Manufacturing) 1./. 145.5 ..0°" 147.3 140 1. 137.9 "1;1. 8 Ni1/4 122. 4---;-.00 gm. 9 ,,d_____ 120 (Publishing & Printing) .0° 106.2 100 011101110111 .104. 3 ...°99. 7 80.8

1960 61 62 '63 '64 65 66

(Source. Monthly Statistical ,KRB)

(Trendof Publishing & Printing Chart 2 Industry Vatic) to Manufacturing) (96) 8

1 (Wages) .N.

5.7 M.11MoMftWftftOMMIJO 5.5 (Employees) 5.1 (Enterprises) (Production) 4: 5 4.1 4.4 4.3 4 simmesionmaime mama 0 4.0

3.7 OOOO 000000000000 Delivery) 000000 3. 3 2.9

1955 '58 '60 '63 '66 1966 (Source: Mining & Manufacturing industrial Census Report, 1966, published by EPB and KRB1 703 (Price Trend) Chart 3 (%) 310 298.1-±...-0---*/ 300.6 295. 9

(Wholesale Price Index for Imported Papers) 268. 1 X252.3 250 (Wholesale Pricetricreir) 238,0 .""° 221.4 220 , 221.2-70' SS 192.7.0' 207.5 201.1 190 191.2 16b. 3 167. 4 (Manufacturing) 160 164.4 149.3 (Producer's Price) 133. 1 123. 130 113. '122.5_ 132.8 108.0 7"M" (Publishing & Printin ) 117.6 ( Producer's Pi'ice) 100100.0

0 1960 rel 62 '63 '64 '65 66 '67 (Source: "Monthly Statistical Report. KRB: "Monthly Statistical Review."BOK)

(Trend of Net Profit to Gross Capital Chart 4 in Publishing & Printing Business) (96) 12 (Publishing-r & Printing) (Large Enter rises) .10. 18 10. 15 9.65 ....-+""" 4g, 87 9.65 9. filf . 9.04 \ . 6 (Publishing & Printing) I *.q. (Overall) (Manufacturing) ...... 111 IMO 0=11 re moo a.m. 7. 78 7. 48 c

6.25 V70 / 5.75

41(5.05 (Publishing & Printing) (Small & Medium Enterprises) 2.55

.49 11.94

1962 '65 '66

(Source: Business Analysis. BOK)

74 (Turn-over Ratio of Inventory Assets Chart 5 in Publishing & Printing Business)

14. 81 I .. (Publishing & Printing)I (Small& Medium Enterprises) 12. 5 N.. .'..

10 / X9.0707 (Manufacturing),8.60 . 7. (Publishing & Priding) (Overall) . / 5. 54 1.... \ 5 . 4 75 / ...... /...... 3.92 tv4.0(98 3.26 ...... -.... 3. 01 \it32 3. 47 3.01 .0.'1 2.36 - 2. 51.8 .. "" 2. 84 "... .. (Publishing& Printing) 2. 34 1.66 (Large Enterprise) 0.93

'63 '64 '65 '66 (Source: Business Analysis, BOK)

(Trend of Current Ratio in Chart 6 Publishing & Printing Business; (96) 120 .111.12 (Publishing & Printing) N.,... (Small & Medium Enterprises) *<'. I 100 .. . ,,/'° 'v89. 04 efts..... 8083.14 . 1,...... '44-`7-4. 75.24 77. 72

(Publishing& Printinv: A, % (Overall) /7354. 60

47.16 40 31. 61-35 99 ...... --.-- ip.,.. _____A 37. 78 32.54...... yht.;,7.:437.76 :1.41 28.354 .. 29. 49 (Manufacturing) 31. 39 Pc 128.49 21.42 18.75 '' .. (Publishing& Printing) (Large Enterprises) 3.36 0 1 '63 '64 '65 66

(Source: Business Analysis. 130K) 76 TEXTBOOKS IN NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

by Stanton Whitney Vice President D. Van Nostrand Co.

, ''',1/77

I Mr. Chairman, distinguished delegates, mally considered, but of its culture; a thing that and honored guests branches out in countless directions, but here is the base, the root....The danger of not listening, not It is with considerable humility that I address you thinking and rethinking about the world of which we on this happy occasionhappy at least for me who are a part, is such a great and present danger that has never before had the opportunity of visiting this our very future may depend upon how well we learn lovely country or, indeed, any country in the east. the lesson now.For better or worse we are learning My delight at this opportunity to come to Korea is it in the school books that living publishers have tempered only by my disappointment that my stay made available.These, of course, display the widest must perforce be so very brief and by my own sense imaginable variety, as certainly should be the case. of inadequacy in being called upon to speak to an They may be the tall books with pictures in them, audience whose accomplishments in the field of text- that elementary schools supply to pupils who dog-ear book publishing during the past few years have been them until they have to be replaced.They may be little short of phenomenal. When I read of the great the books--thick ones, thin onesthat millions of advances made in so short a time I wonder whether high school students live with through four impor- it would not be more appropriate for you gentlemen tant years.They may be maturer works of ref- to be visiting us in the United States to tell Amer- etence; atlases, dictionaries, encyclopedias,concord- ican textbook publishers the secrets of the truly mi- ances, collections of formulas, or diagrams ortables. raculous progress you have been able to achieve in They may be advanced textbooks. ...In the end it only a few short years.Perhaps such a visit can be all goes on in the student's mind; only one of millions, arranged within the next few years.That we United but it is his to keep." States publishers could benefit from yjur accumulated This fitting and deserved tribute to the impor- wisdom and experience is a foregone conclusion. That tance of the textbook in our national educational de- we would welcome such a visit is equally certain. velopment has been emphasized and expanded by the Meanwhile I am glad that the situation is reversed National Education Association, our most respected, and that I am privileged to be _here speaking to you. influential and largest teachers' association which re- Otherwise the chances of my ever having an oppor- cently in a pamphlet published jointly with the Amer- tunity to visit Korea would be slim indeed. ican Textbook Publishers Institute entitled "Guide- I have been asked to speak on we subject of the lines for Textbook Selection" had the following to say textbook's role in national educational development. ablmt textbooks. It is a subject dear to my heart.Some may question whether the textbook plays any role in this develop- 1. Textbooks are books organized for learning and ment, but such individuals, I submit, have little un- teaching subjects ranging from beginning reading to derstanding of the educational process or the impor- the most complicated technological processes, such as The textbook is important in education tance of the textbook therein.That importance has eye surgery. been expressed far better than I could by Mark Van because most of the accumulated knowledge and tech- Doren, American writer, philosopher, college pro- nology of man's past, his social heritage, is found fessor, who spoke of the textbook in the following between its covers. words in an addrnss to the members of the American 2. Textbooks provide the best way yet devised for Textbook Publishers Institute almost exactly a year each generation to acquire the accumulated knowledge ago."It is hard to imagine this country without of the past.Biologically each generation born into schoolbooks.Indeed, it is impossible; for then we the world is very much like other generations born should not have the country as it is....From the during the past 10,000 years.Each would be unaware first primer to the latest textbook in the rarest of the advances made by previous generations were science, from the hornbook to the illustrated guide, it not for communication, especially the textbook.In school books have maintained a central, controlling this sense textbooks are threads that help stitch the position in our common life....Our people came generations together.... from everywhere. And if they have become one peo- 3. Not only do textbooks include between their cov- ple here, the school book has been the chief instru- ers most of man's accumulated knowledge, but they ment through which that _miracle was performed.It also provide it in a form that is adaptable to any is a quiet instrument, making no great noise in the learning situation.The textbook can be read and market place.When children leave school for 'dome, reread at the pace suited to individual needs and abil- the objects they carry are nothing but bundles of ities.It is the principal instrument for individual words.Nothing but ; as if anything could make more study.It is the principal guide for teachers in su- difference in their lives, or in the general life of pervising the learning of students.Its pages are mankind.Those books are the common denominator always available for review and for drill.It can be not merely of the country's educational effort, for- transported easily and translated readily.it is no

78 wonder that books, with their readily avpilable stored search and concepts are incorporate(' in the book. knowledge play an important role in extending to While the textbook acts as a unifying force, it also each generation and to all peoples the knowledge provides for individual differences and for varying accumulated by man. community goals. 4. Textbooks provide the mem' of introducing in- 7. In a democracy, in which the citizens have the novations in the classroom.Through innovations, ultimate authority in decisions about education, the culture is made to chanpc, and textbooks are the schools have a special responsibility to keep the public bridge over which the neeegrch of scholars and scien- informed about the subjects taught and the issues tists crosses to the classroom.Today, the textbook raised and diwussed in the classroom. The textbook has special significance as sn instrument of change. carried home by millions of young peopleserves As commissions and committees complete their studies to keep parents and citizens informed about the learn- for the improvement of education, they expect the ing activities going on in the schools. textbook authors to introduce the new findings and Moreover, textbooks.:ovide for the community concepts to teachers and pupils. an indication of the school's response to change :Is 5. Textbooks also assist in unifying gaieties of the school teaching the best that scholars know about men by giving them a common language, a common their subjects through methods proved most efficient arithmetic, a common technology, common goals and by research?Thus, another role of the textbook is common traditions.In the United States, the text- to provide an index of progress.Forward-looking book has a unique role 'an unifying a nation com- communities, concerned with preparing their youth posed of many regions and of people drawn from for tomorrow, use modern, up-to-date texts. many different ethnic groups and races. The United 8. For the school administ. ator and the classroom States is a geographically large nation with a plu- teacher, the textbook helps to solve many instructional ralistic society that prefers to function without a problems. When planned as a series, textbooks pro- federalized system of education to dictate its goals vide for orderly growth from year to year.Teachers and to control its courses of study.If America's returning to classrooms after an absence of several schools are to act as a unifying force., educational years find the textbook helpful in acquiring nf N teach- leaders must seek to provide the common zlenonsina- ing methods and skills. tors in city and state courses of study T .,, . t 7 must The textbook's most important contributions to make certain that the schools teach a national eoint ednaition lie ahead. As films, television, and record- of view rather than a regional one.They must mate ings are reinforcing and extending learning and certain that the content of the classroom helps U. assisting teaching by means of sound and picture, unify parents, students, and citizens, with their dif- authors and publishers are improving the educational ferences in traditions, religious beliefs, and ethnic impact of print. New types o' books and new ways backgrounds.In a society that includes many mi- of using print to teach, such as programming, are norities, the school curriculumand especisily the adding new dimensions of flexibility and efficiency textbooksmust take into account "minority rights" to teaching and learning.Furthermore, the contri- if all Americans are to support the schools and have bution of textbooks in the future will rest not only confidence in them. on benefits to our own society but also on the transfer In one sense, the unifying process of the textbook of science, technology, and social science from the results from the economics of publishing. To keep highly developed to the developing lands. the price of textbooks reasonable, publishers must As the world changes, Americans will require ex- appeal to a large market. They must plan their panded and improved educational programs concerned books so they will be marketable in all regions and with the cultures of all lands and peoples.In this states and acceptable to peoples of different religions expanded and improved world of learning, the text- and cultural backgrounds. To do so, textbook authors book will continue to play a great historic role. and publishers eudy the current courses of study, These statements, mind you, were made by edu- trends, opinions of the whole American society so cators, not publishers.They lend added importance that the final products will be marketable in metro- to a conviction shared by all textbook publishers politan areas and in rural communities, in all the that despite the many and revolutionary changes and states, and in all the nation's schools. advances in education and the tools of learning during 6. While publishers seek common denominators as the past ten years, the textbook is the center of any unifying forces, they also build differences into their educational system just as education is central to the textbooks.These differences may be in the content, economic and social development of a nation.Today's in the organization, in the ability level of pupils to textbook may differ in style, organization and content which the text is directed, in the difficulty of reading I rom those of only ten years ago, but an organized level, or in the extent to which new and original re- body of knowledge, presented in sequential order, is

79 essential to instruction.With the advent of radio, developing a new textbook it is not unreasonable to television, films, tape recorders and the multiple other expect a period of three or four years from the time audio visual aids on the educational scene, the text- authors and editors agree on the final outline to the book may no longer be the sole instructional tool date of publication.Often considerably more time available to the teacher, but it is still his principal is required, because of the desirability or even neces- instrument which the other tools of education are sity of trying out portions of the material in pre- desir-A to supplement and assist. liminary form with students to determine its effec- Tile textbook did not achieve this position of im- tiveness.But all the time, effort and money spent portance in United States education by chance but on the lengthy and complicated task of developing an rather by the untiring efforts and devoted purpose outstanding text become worthwhile when the finished of many teachers, writers, and editors who over the product is available.Writers, editors, and publishers years have labored to make out textbooks as effective can all take pride in their work and look forward teaching tools as they could devise.The job of put- confidently to the personal satisfaction as well as the ting together and publishing a textbook that is at financial reward of seeing the book successfully used the same time accurate, pedagogically sound, signifi- as an instrument of learning for years to come. cant, appealing, and understandable to the student is Because a good textbook can, with proper revision, no mean task.Skilled writers, knowledgeable in their go on for years.In the high school field with which sibjects and in the needs of the studenti, are essen- I am most familiar we think in terms of revising all ti&l.So, too, are artists skilled in the creation and our texts every four, five, or at the most six years. use of diagrams, pictures, maps, etc. thatillustrate In this way they can be kept up to date insofar as the subject matter of the text. We in the United subject matter as well as pedagogy are concerned. States have been told that the saying, "One picture Sometimes these revisions must be so complete as is worth a thousand words" was first spoken by Con- to require, practically speaking, the publication of a fucius almost 2,500 years ago.Certainly the impor- brand new book.Other times only a minor revision tance of good illustrations in aiding learning aswell with changes in only a small proportion of the pages as in adding interest to the written wordand attrac- is necessary.Whatever the extent of the revision, tiveness to the book is hard to overemphasize.Final- however, it is economically justified because it makes ly, the third essential skill is that of the editor who available to teachers, who have used and liked earlier must nurse the book from its embryonic beginning as editions, a new version of the same title by the same a raw manuscript through its many stagesof develop- author.Consequently,it has a "built-in" market ment to birth as a finished text capable ofperforming ready andf 33d0118to use it immediately on publica- the functions for which it was designed. tion.In my own company we have dozens and dozens It is difficult to overemphasize the contributions of textbooks at both the college and high school levels that a skilled and conscientious editor can make to the that are currently in their fifth, sixth, seventh or finished book.His is the initial responsibility to eighth editions.One exceptional text which was first ensure that the author covers the required subject published in the last century is now in its eighteenth matter, that his development of that material is peda- edition, is still going strong, and is scheduled for gogically sound, that it is written at a level of dif- another revision next year or in 1970.During the ficulty appropriate for the students who will be using course of its more than seventy-five years of existence, the text.His, too, is the primary responsibility for hundreds of thousands of copies have been sold and it making the most effective use of illustrations in the has become almost a household word among the mem- text to assist the student in his understanding of bers of the electrical trades for whom it was written. basic concepts. He should have at least some say in Earlier in this talk I pointed out that the creation the styling of the text and the selection of type faces and production of a textbook is no overnight task. to make sure again that the book is not only appro- The same thing is true of the development of the priate for the age Level of those students who will be United States textbook as it exists todaya develop- using it but is also attractive to look at and interest- ment which has been 200 years or more in the making. ing to use.Finally, the elimination of errors, sub- Today's sophisticated text with its carefully designed stantive as well as typographical, is up to him even typography, its four-color illustrations, its tested sub- more than to the authors.So basic are his contribu- ject matter and its carefully conceived pedagogy is a tions to the quality of a textbook that only a short far cry from the hornbook cited by Mark Van Doren examination of the published book is necessary to or even from the famous McGuffey Readers with reveal the level of skill of the editor or editors who whose name and reputation some of you may be worked on it. familiar. Many factors have contributed to this de- The process of publishing a textbook obviously is velopmentnot the least among them being the tech- sot and cannot be a rapid one.In planning for and nological advances that over the years have made

SO possible the continual improvement of the finished own ideas and who look forward to opportunities of product.The impetus for this constant effort to expressing them. produce better and better textbooks, however, would not have existedat least to thesame degreehad Obviously, all textbooks are not equally successful. if not been for the compulsion of individual publish- Some may never repay the investment in time, effort ers to outdo and surpass the efforts of their com- and money that went into their preparation. The petitors. That this compulsion was originally dictated more careful the research, the more painstaking the largely by self-interest is undeniable, but the result, preparation and the more skillful the editing, how- at least as we see it, has been completely beneficial ever, the less the chances of actual financial loss. as competition between individual publishers has Moreover, such loss, in the unfortunate event it does served not only to foster the continued improvement occur, can be more than compensated for by the suc- of textbooks but also to provide a multiplicity of texts cess of other texts which surpass their originally from which teachers and school officials can select projected sales estimates.Meanwhile, students and those they believe will best serve their own particular teachers alike have the advantage of being able to needs.All students do not learn alike.Apart from select from several available texts theone most suited anything else they are of varying abilities and dif- to their own particular needs and tastes. ferent aptitudes. What is the right text for one may I hope that my words have served to convince be entirely the wrong text for another.Similarly, you, if any one needed convincing, that the textbook sill teachers do not teach alike, andone may do a does play a role in national educational development. superb job of instruction with a text that another Indeed that role is the predominantone in such de- would find impossible to use effectively.The avail- velopment. We have a saying in the UnitedStates ability of a wide range of educational material with that the textbook is the second most importantin- differing approaches to both content and methodology fluence in education.Second, that is, to the teacher. is consequently beneficial to the entire educational When national educational development is concerned, community.Furthermore it tends to encourage crea- however, the textbook plays second fiddleto no other tive writing and to permit wholesome competition of influence.Indeed, in my opinion, in this particular new ideas and is particularly attractive to authors respect, it transcends the influence of teachers:because who traditionally have taken pride in developing their it is their primary tool of instruction.

81 DE'. ri'MENT OF PUBLISHING INDUSTRY AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

by Yung-Bin Min President Current English Co.

V (r) White the newly independent country was strug- gling to achieve its built-in goal, the Korean War The Korean people take pride in their culture. We broke out in 1950.The three-year war reduced vir- can proudly say that our cultural history andtradi- tually all printing facilities and readers' book 'helves tions are comparable to many of developed countries. to ashes.When the war ended in 1953, printing facil- The evidence is found in various forms of books our ities were brought into the country at a cheap cost, ancestors printed. These publications testify the long thanks to American dollars provided in the form of history of publishing in Korea. economic assistance.At low costs incomparable to It may be said that the history of Korean pub- world market value, printing materials were alsoin- lishing and printing is as long as that of China, for troduced.Paper supply was no exception.(During Korea served for long as a bridge between China and this period an unrealistic dollar conversion rate was Japan.The renowned P'alman-taejanggong, a collec- used an favor of the local industry.) tion of Buddhist books, is an excellent example of the These conditions enabled, as a result, the publish- brilliant history of wooden block printing in Korea. ing industry to supply books at a reasonable price Germany's Gutenberg begat' to use his movable level.Refugees, in the meantime, returned to their type some 200 years after our ancestors had invented ruined homes. Many of them badly felt the need of it and put their invention into practice.Their dedi- at least several books and most of them could afford cation to making books was unexcelled.They had to buy them because book prices were reasonable in recognized the importance of books as early as any relation to other daily necessities.Book-stores en- others in the world.They realized that books are joyed thriving business.Good market situation and the oldest and most basic tool of communication of demand for new editions encouraged and enabled them man and ar. essential and indispensabletool of edu- to invest more cash. cation in the most lasting form.What made the It may be said that this situation continued until situation better is the distinctive characteristics of 1960.The years leading up to 1960 may well be Koreans, who are all of the same racial origin and termed as "a reconstruction period" during which who all use the same language. printers, publishers, book-stores and readers cleared Owing greatly to King Sejong's invention of Hangul up the ravages of war on the strength of theirunity. (Korean alphabet) in 1446 AA, we have little suf- More important is the relationship between uni- fered from language problems, which in many develop- versity education and the publishing industry.The ing countries became political issues hindering their end of war brought about the skyrocketing increase national unity and cultural development. in the number of college students.Parents' enthu- However, our forefathers have failed, to our regret, siasm for their children's college education and the to effect essential changes in the tradition of culture, resulting adverse impacts were such that some even when our country stepped into the modern era.They maintained that the colleges and universities destroy also failed to adapt our culture and traditions to the the nation's economy and integrity.Around this modern (Western) civilization.This failure is most time, the publishing industry was stimulated to pro- responsible for making today's Korea a developing duce books for college education in a large quantity. country, economically as well as culturally. The result was far-reaching.It helped create an The historical background and the present-day cul- intellectual stratum of new readers of scholarly books tural circumstancesespecially the low illiteracy rate of high valueas against popular books, thereby implies a possibility that publishing business may contributing greatly to relatively active publishing have a bright future. during the post-war years of the 1950s. (II) (III) The Japanese, who colonized Korea in 1909, em- The era of book pi-hushing in which publishers ployed a policy of assimilation; even banned the use supplied books to ornament book shelves at homes had of the Korean language by Koreans.Because of this, almost come to an end, due to saturation, when the comparatively few Korean books were published at the April 19 students' uprising took place. time when modern printing techniques began to A state of utter disorder and chaos reigned in the spread widely in this part of the world.After the wake of the April 19 revolution of 1960. The severest end of World War II, demand for Korean-language blow of all was, most probably, felt by the publish- books was, in the main, explosive and resulted in ing world. stimulating printing and publishing industries.This Thirteen months after the students' uprising there was prompted by the necessitythat the gap between came the military revolution. A three-yearmilitary 1909 and 1946 should be promptly filled up by fast rule ensued.Changes permeated every corner of surply of books in the Korean language. the society.

84 The various educational and social reforms under- to Book Publishing. He said : "No one can learn book taken by the Military Government indirectly drove publishing from a book.It is learned by doing." the publishing industry into stagnancy.For social This truth has a particular relevance in our country changes and unrest, whenever and wherever they may where few people have ever learned publishing busi- occur, are bound to wither publishing.This is more ness at school. so in a developing country. One demerit of the lack of school education is the The establishment of a new order under the mili- absence of proper scat accounting. Many publishers tary rule took time.And the general elections of fail to analyze the cause of the rise of production 1963,held for the transfer of power to the civilian cost and to study the possible effects of economic hands, and the social upheaval which accompanied plans on the price of books.Very often this failure the Korea-Japan normalization talks protracted the accounts for business failure. depression ut publishing business. Lack of a proper market survey also is a factor Not only the general public but also publishing which drives publishing houses out of business. Many circles themselves are prone to overlook the fact that publishing houses were compelled to close doors after the biggest single factor which caused the depression they continued to consign books to bookstoreswhich in publishing business in the1960s was the change were on the verge of bankruptcy.It is almost ft in the aid policy of the United States. common practice to continue suet transactions with At the beginning of the decade, when the country bookstores which habitually issue bad checks. was under the rule of the Democratic Party, the U.S. Accounting systems used by publishing houses excluded Korea from specific privileges and the ex- also raise a problem.Because of the preponderant change rate was readjusted to free market value. dependence of publishers on consignment sale, the At about the same time grant aid was replaced fulfilment of tax obligations to the letter is practically with loans. impossible where publishing houses are concerned. The readjustment of the exchange rate caused There is the need to study the feasibility, for in- overnight the doubling of production costs in the stance, of a tax legislation which would make the publishing industry which depended on imports for amount a the price of books collected, instead of the equipment and the raw materials of its vital supplies, price of books shipped, the base of taxation. including ink and printing paper. As the prices of books soared along with the price To attain that end, we will have to formulatea of daily necessities, the book market shrank notice- proper and effective formula of accounting and ably. Many publishing houses went out of operation inventory for publishing businesses, taking les- while others closed doors tentatively. sons from the practice of the publishing circles A number of publishing houses began seeking an of foreign countries.This is a point made in outlet by means of selling books on installment basis. the AID survey report on our publishing indus- And as early beginners proved successful, many others try of1966. followed suit, giving rise to a sort of "boom." Soon excessive competition ensued.At the end there were more publishing houses which ended up bankrupt B. Small financial scale of publishing houses than those who made profit. A lamentable by-effect of the selling of books by There are more than 1,000 publishing houses in salesmen on an installment basis was that disdain for Korea.Publishing housesinoperation,however, books was planted in the minds of readers. aumber less than one-third of the total, andthose To make matters worse, profit accruing from in- with any substantial financialresources are far more stallment sales these days is not enough to cover in- limited in number. terest on borrowed capital, and the protracted period Thanks to development plans whichwere launched of turnover of capital not sufficient to make up for at the beginning of the1960s,industries have been the devaluation of the currency due to inflation. improved both qualitatively and quantitatively, with the aid of foreign capital. We shall study problems arising from sucha crit- It is said that it is nec- ical situation of the publishing industryone by one. essary for an industrial firm to have an annual sale ofW300million ($1 million), if it is to survive in A. Rationalization of management of publishing Korea.The publishing industry, however, falls far house below the level of other industries. There is a saying that the publishing business is Although the AID survey group recommended learned through experience.This truth is empha- amalgamation of publishing houses into larger sized by Datus C. Smith Jr., former president of the units, a more urgent and practical step would be Franklin Book Programs Inc., in his book A Guide the establishment of a joint marketing system.

85 C. Marketing structure E. Establishment of book bank The shrunken purchasing power of the reader and It may be said that there is not a single publish- the deficit management of bookstoresform a vicious ing house in Korea which does not depend on usury. circle which keeps publishing houses in a destitute A 5 per cent monthly interest is rather low onthe state. scale.(Even bank loans charge a 26 to 30 per cent annual interest; but most publishing houses do not Therefore, the shortcut to the fostering of the have sufficient assets to establish mortgagefor bank publishing industry is rationalizing the distri- loans.) bution structure.The efforts of course would Loans granted out of the medium enterpriseloan require support from the government. And all fund of the Medium Industry Bankcharge 15 per foreign publishers and organizations which have cent in interest a year.Publishing industry, how- concern with international exchange amongpub- ever, does not benefit from theloans, because it is lishing circles are advised to pay special atten- given 30th place in the order of priority in thealio- tion to this requirement. cation of the loan fund. The Korean Publishers Association requested D. Printing paper the government to set up a W500 millionfinan- Printing paper, except for newsprint, cannot be cial fund for the publishing industry.The fund imported.This step is taken on the premise that was envisioned as a main sourceof the revolving the domestic supply of printing paper morethan meets funds of the publishing industry. domestic demand. Although the Ministry of Education included the The quality and range of printing paper produced amount in its budget, the EconomicPlanning in Korea, however, is extremely limited. Board pared it down to zero. In such special cases as when the importationof printing paper is licensed, a 60 per cent customsduty We may now have to turn to the WorldBank is imposed.(Last year the tariff rate was 30 per or the Asian DevelopmentBank for help. Book cent.) publishing is a field where international coop- eration is most urgently needed. Printing paper usually is sold on a cash payment basis, and when it is purchased on credit the usury rate is added to its price.It is little wonder that F. Book publishing and commercial printing books published under such adverse financialcircum- As the economy grew at a rapid pace, packingof stances and sold on installment basis yield littleprofit. commodities improved markedly.This has caused a drastic expansion of offset printing facilities Willie The government therefore is advised toliberalize typographical printing facilities remained the same. the importation of printing paper.The Korean According to the AID report, less than one-fifth Publishers Association has in the past petitioned of printing facilities throughout Korea were usedfor jointly with interested cultural organizations to the printing of books and magazines as of 1966.The lift the restrictions on a number ofoccasions. ratio has evidently decreased further since. The AID survey group also voiced theopinion Now larger printing houses are reducing their that customs duty should be exempted onim- type-setting and typographical printing facilities in ported printing paper while steps are takento favor of the expansion of offset printing facilities. set the price of printing papermanufactured in This general trend is accounted for by the flood of Korea at a proper and realistic level. orders for the printing of the wrappers and packages The tariff rate, however, has been increasedtwo- of chewing gum, candies, pharmaceutical products, ex- fold since the submission of the reportby the port items, etc. survey group. The place of publishers as the principal customers of the printing industry is now being taken over by The liberalization of the importation ofprinting other more lucrative businesses. paper will also be helpful tothe government pol- While printing plants built up and consolidated icy of fostering the internationalcompetitive their position on the strength of foreign exchange potentials of the domestic papermakingindustry. privileges they enjoyed in the 1950s, the publishing A possible solution to the problem of theprint- industry lost what meager financial position it held ing paper shortage will be the establishmentof before the social disorder of the 1960s. a paper-makingplant by publishing circles with So, it is no wonder that printing firms with their cooperation of foreign publishing circles. accumulated capital should take up book publishing

86 as well.Now, many printing firms are engaged in by and few lawsuits against the violation of copyright publishing business as well. have thus far been filed with the court of law. It is not difficult to predict who wouldprove the Our failure to join an international copyrightcon- winner inthe competition between such printer- vention, however, has caused chaotic disorder in the turned-publishers and the anemic old time publishers. publishing of translated titles. The situation is comparable withone where small A side-effect of this is theappearance of a large magazine publishers Ere threatened by magazines pub- book dumping market near the East Gate.This mar- lished by financial groups and largenewspaper firms. ket started as a place for the disposition of stockpiles of books by publishing houses known to publish cheap We shall try tosee a solution to the problem imitations of well selling translated titles published from the angle of international cooreration. The by established publishing houses.The dumping mar- first step will of course have to be theconstruc- ket has plagued the publishing industry fora number tion of a modern printing factory withsome of years shaking the whole distribution order of the development loans from foreignsources.The book market. need for such a measurewas agreed upon at the The only cure for the dumping practice is to be Asian publishing experts conference sponsored found in our accession to an international copy- by UNESCO in 1966.The agreement was sec- rilot convention.If our immediate participa- onded by the AID. The need ismore acute now tion in a convention proves infeasible, the next when type-setting of our letters ina mechanized best step might be the adoption of the declara- process has become a foreseeable possibility with tion system currently in effect in Formosa. the advance of the electronics industry. In promoting the participation inan internation- G. Textbooks and libraries al copyright convention by our publishing indus- try, we must work out some measures to prevent In the past two years all middle and highschool the dumping merchants from obtaining book textbooks were recompiled.This means giving a translation rights ahead of orthodox publishers. heavy workload to publishers.Most majorpub- lishing houses were takenup by textbook publishing (IV) and, as a consequence, titles published in 1967de- creased by 30 per cent from the previousyear. In retrospect, we may safely say thatwe publish- I wish to point out some inconsistency inthe text- ers have done rather well in the face of the adverse book price policy of the government. conditions enumerated above. Reduction of commodity prices isa professed pol- I shall outline the efforts made and resultsaccom- icy of the government.This year the government plished by the Korean Publishers Association for the plans to restrain the rise of wholesale goodprices development of book publishing in recentyears. below 6 per cent, and that of retail pricesbelow 11 per cent. A. Exemption of business tax The government policy has rendered impossible Publishing houses are exempted from the payment any substantial rise of the prices of textbooks. It is, of business tax from this year.The tax-exemption however, a general phenomenon that actual production measure belatedly freed publishers from the obliga- cost exceeds the ceiling of the hike of prices estab- tion to pay business tax while suffering losses from lished by the government. book publishing. It is important that the government understand that the price of textbooks,no matter how high B. Book market survey they may be, make up onlya small portion of educational expenses. A market survey was conducted by the Economic Research Institute of Kukmin University with help The current Library Law fails to provide for of the Asia Foundation. The findings ofthe survey the fostering of libraries.It is fortunate that will serve as scientific bases for the promotionof the Ministry of Education is rendering fullsup- the sale of books.The survey was the first of such port to the Five-Year Library Expansion Plan kind to be conducted in Korea. formulated by the ruling Democratic Republican Party. C. Participation in New Delhi seminaron copyright H. Copyright The Ministry of Educatio. and the Korean Pub- lishers Association dispatched their representatives Law governing copyright is relatively well abided to an Asian regional seminaron copyright held at 87 New Delhi to prepare the Stockholm Protocol re- operation of the Ministry of Education a plan for the garding developing nations in the Berne Copyright establishment of a Book Ethics Committee with the Convention. purpose of driving had books out of the market. The conference adopted a resolution calling for special copyright privileges for developing nations, J. Government subsidies which is responsible for "a crisis in international The Ministry of Education began granting sub- copyright." sidies, if small in amoInts, to the publishing industry D. Participation in publishers' conference sponsored in 1967.The subsidies are expected to increase in by UNESCO the future. The Korean Publishers Association sent two of its K. Others representatives to the book experts conference held in Tokyo in 1966 under the sponsorship of UNESCO. All the annual events of publishing circles are be- The significance of this representation is to be found ing observed without fail. in the fact that instead of government officials, per- sons specialized in book publishing represented our (V) country. I shall now discuss the problem of international E. Participation in publishers' training course cooperation in book publishing.Because of language barriers, Korea has virtually no overseas market for The Association dispatched two of its members to her books and other publications.Universities and a training course held in Japan under a resolution of public libraries in foreign countries are collecting the experts conference. some Korean books. And some text-books are exported as samples. As far as international cooperation in F. Proposal for organization of National Book Devel- the field of book-publishing is concerned. a significant opment Council breakthrough can be made in cooperative ventures In accordance with the resolution of the Tokyo between Korean and foreign publishers. conference sponsored by UNESCO, the Association Many American publishers are known to be in- proposed to the government the establishment of a terested in producing Asian editions in Korea, a ven- National Book Development Council and won support ture which has long been done in Japan.But it is from the Ministry of Education.The proposal, how- important to keep in mind the fact that such editions ever, failed to materialize in the face of opposition might have promising prospects only if they are from the Ministry of Government Administration. designed for export.(Domestic consumption is ex- The Association plans to continue to endeavor for its tremely limited.)One of the most feasible and prac- materialization. tical projects is to make the best use of Korea's cheap labor cost, namely, to use the Korean type-setting G. Filing of request for a $20,000 trust fund facilities.In fact, this is being done now on a rela- tively small scale.Again, this began in the '60s; The Association has submitted a request to USOM Artalcan and Japanese printers and publishers are for the establishment of a $20,000 trust fund to fi- using the Korean labor and facilities. nance a thorough book market survey.The compe- What kind of impact would this have on the small- tent government agency, the Ministry of Science and scale publishers in Korea? And what kind of influ- Technology, and USOM are currently studying the ence would it exert on the printing and publishing request sympathetically. industry as a whole? The industry, which has been already suffering H. Establishment of a book fund (bank) from increased demand of commercial printing on the The Association has requested the government to part of the printers, is faced with further adverse allocate W500 million f n a financial fund to finance effects as the result of increased orders for type- revolving funds and obtained the approval of the Min- setting from Japan and the U.S. This is partly respon- istry of Education.The plan was, however, miscar- sible for the hike in type-setting costs.This has ried upon the budgetary cut made by the Economic been also pointed in the AID report.The situation Planning Board. forced local publishers to spend more timemore The Association plans to push ahead with the plan. moneyin editing and proof reading : another factor for increased production costs. I. Establishment of Publishing Ethics Committet, Clear distinction should be made between publish- ing houses which are engaged solely in publishing The Association is currently formulating with co- and those which have printing facilities and publish 88 books also.I would like to stress that the promotion the proposal and hope for early materialization of of international cooperation might mean strong penal- the plan. ties to book publishersifone fails to define clearly Frankly, I must say the U.S. has not thus far the relations between the two groups of publishers. taken any concrete step to help foster Korea's pub- In many cases, international cooperation tends to lishing industry in relation to the AID proposals. be construed as increased type-setting orders from We hope the proposals made in the AID report and overseas.If this type of cooperation is enhanced, supported by Mr. McAffrey in his AID survey follow- local small-scale publishers might worry about being ing the reports will be materialized as soon as pos- driven out of printing facilities,unlessmeasures to sible.It is said that the1970s willbe an Asian and balance the situation between the two groups are Pacific era.It will be meaningful to establish a re- guaranteed. gional center for the development of book publishing Why? As was mentioned before, printers have in Asia at this juncture of time. changed their management policies in regard to non- book printing and foreign type-setting orders. There (VI) is a possibility that this kind of cooperation between Before concluding my speech, I wish to emphasize Korea and Japan would continue to increase further. As for the United States, however, the situation is a that it is up to us and no one else whether we will little bit different. The U.S. has legal restrictions on benefit or suffer from the stepped-up international cooperation in book publishing which is expected in type-setting of American books at low cost in foreign the1970s. countries.But some American publishers are under- I attach special significance to the timing of the stood as having strong interest in making Korea a arrival in Korea of the AID book survey group.It second base in Asia for producing their "Asia edi- came here after President Johnson of theU.S. sent tions" for export in the Asian area. to The U.S. cooperation with Korea in this line is a specie: message on book and library development impossible, it is said, until Korea enters an interna- Congress on F eb.2, 1966. I attach great significance also to the administra- tional copyright agreement.It is true that the Ko- tive directive which the U.S. President sent on Jan. 4, rean participation in an international copyright con- vention will benefit the entire country as well as the 1967to government branches and agencies which read : "It is the policy of the U.S. Government to positively publishing industry. But then the question ariseswhich of the two support and foster book publishing and marketing in publishers or printersbenefit more at the expense developing countries." Small It was during the one year interval between the of the others rather than mutual happiness ? announcement of the messages that the AID groups and meagerly-financed publishers have justifiable wor- ry over the danger that promotion of international made a tour of seven Asian countries to conduct a book survey.It was in that time that the UNESCO cooperation, under the above-reviewed circumstances conference of publishing experts was held in Tokyo. of the Korean publishing industry, could bring about The administrative directive of President Johnson upon them adverse effects greater than those which they have already experienced as the result of in- particularly stresses the following points : creased demand of commercial printing and type- 1) Efforts should be made to offer financial and setting services for foreign publishers. technical assistance to developing nations for the fos- tering of their book publishing industry and improve- No publisher would oppose, I believe, international ment of their book marketing channels. cooperation in the field of publishing.At the same time no one would support it either,ifhe has reason 2) More publishers, librarians, authors and com- to worry that it might damage his own business pilers of textbooks and persons engaged in book pub- too strongly before he could share the benefit from lishing in other capacities should be invited from the cooperation. developing countries to the U.S. for training. 3) The publishing houses and libraries of the U.S. This point must be given full consideration and due safeguard measures worked out for the protection of should be persuaded to extend cooperation to develop- ing nations for the development of libraries. small-scale publishing companies, which account for a majority of Korean publishers, in the process of pro- 4) Scholarship funds should be establishedto moting and achieving international cooperation. finance the training of librarians from developing The problems I have thus far enumerated are countries within the U.S. or elsewhere. pointed out in the AID report. The President also said emphatically that the ob- Our special attention is drawn to the AID pro- jectives of book development can neither be achieved posal for the establishment of a regional publishing by foreign assistance alone nor with the local resources center in Asia. We are one hundred per cent for of developing nations alone.It is on this ground 89 that the TJ.S. President stressed the need of U.S. co- The U.S. President did not forget to instruct gov- operation in book development. ernment and overseas agencies to render active sup- It is because of the encouragement I received from port to the publishing industry of the U.S.In doing the presentation of such policy by President Johnson so he set a good example for the leaders of develop- that I made many references in my paper to the ing nations. AID report.

0

90 DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLISHING INDUSTRY AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

by Michael Harris President Franklin Book Institute

91 Mr. Chairman, may I apologize first for not having the influence of culture on the development of pub- a written paper before you.I hope that the problem lishing, its state of economic development, and its of translation and the failure to have written notes economic goals, the state of its distribution and mar- before you will not plaCe too great a burden on you. keting systems, the availability of short and long term I should explain that I do not have a written paper capital, the organization of a vigorous, creative, and not out of laziness, but this is my first visit to Korea. imaginative publishers' association, and the coordinat- I happen to have a written paper with me, which I ing of publishing with other aspects of national goals. have discarded largely because the state of the pub- These all are essential decisions of national govern- lishini;:. istry in Korea is rather different from ments, and are influenced largely by national judg- the p....kqitions which I had before I came here. ments. He mentioned as well the availability of Even some of the statistical data which I had obtained sufficient equipment and supplies.Here again the before coming here, proved not to be the same as major resources are national although assistance can the data which I got during the sessions so far.So be obtained from other institutions by bi-lateral means I hope that you will forgive me for not having a writ- or through multi-lateral means.Now he mentioned ten paper because if I did present the one which I as well the development of technicalskills in publish- had prepared you would find that much of it was not ing and editorial printing and other factors which truly relevant to the position of the Korean industry. influence publishing.Here I think that international I have learned very much from this conference cooperation can play, if desired and if necessary, a about the Korean publishing industry and about your larger role than for the other items which he men- problems. Now I was extremely interested in the tioned.Again I want to repeat what I think is a very remarks which were made by Mr. Min because I think essential point, that the development of publishing that essentially we come out to the same major gen- industries is largely in the hands of the varioua na- eral conclusion. And that is that the development tional institutions concerned. of a publishing industry in any country is almost Now to the role of international cooperation in the completely the function of that country itself.And developmentofindigenous publishingindustries. that international cooperation can be useful, can be First, I think it might be useful to run downand helpful, and at times can be decisive.But by and to list some of the institutions that areinterested large, the development of publishing industries in any in this.I think these are pretty well known, but an country are really the result of the determination of inventory may be useful.There are, of course, means that country.I think that's an obvious point but of direct bi-lateral aid.And this largely comes from one that needs to be emphasized time and time again. governments, from AID, from USIS, from suchin- The development of publishing industries reflects the stitutions as the British Co- ,cil, and otherinstitu- country's own assessment of its values, its educational tions in a number of the developed countries.Gov- and its national goals, and its culture.These are ernmental assistance is not the only bi-lateralassist- decisions which any country makes for itself, and ance.The work of private foundations, such asthe these are decisions which international cooperation Ford Foundation, the Asia Foundation, theNuffield may be able to facilitate but cannot play a major role Foundation in the United Kingdom, the Volkswagen in.The development of publishing is largely influ- Foundation in Germany, and others can at timesbe enced by national decisions on education and economic extremely important.Foundations are not the source goals, on the allocation of national resources, financial of major capital for development of publishing.They and other, and by the administrative decisions made are, however the sourceof funds which at times are by a government on a range of factors influencing crucial to tl-e success of various kinds of innovative publishing.International cooperation can be useful programs and projects.There are, of course, a num- and helpful, but is very rarely a determining factor ber of things which can be done directlyby business. that will make the major decisions or, in the long I won't dwell on those.They range from joint ven- run, be the major influence in the development of tures to direct training programs. A greatdeal of publishing. training is done by businesses in theUnited States. If we look at the paper which Mr. Barnett pre- And then, of course, there are themulti-national sented, he lists 12 conditions for the establishment organizations, and they are important because during of publishing industries. And if we run through those the past decade particularly manymulti-lateral agen- very quickly, I think it is obvious that in most of cies have either come into existence or haveformu- these national decisions are the dominating factor. lated and enormously strengthened their programsin He mentioned the development of educational sys- the book field.A paramount one among these, of tems and literacy.These are national responsibilities course, is UNESCO, which amongother activities was which. international cooperation can assist, but there the sponsor of the 1966 Tokyo conferencethat brought are basically exclusively national judgmentsinvolved. into focus the problems and needs facing book devel- Similarly, he mentioned culture, a country's culture, opment in Asia and which dramatized the necessity 92 of increasing Asian book production. 121 /2 per cent of international cooperation that may be useful and annually if the region's educational development is to effective in the development of publishing.Franklin be adequately supported. UNESCO launched a world- Book Programs is a unique institution in that it is wide effort in 1964 to stimulate the- development of a non-profit private organization, solely devoted to book publishing. And since then, -.-with UNESCO en- books, and to the promotion and assistance and de- couragement and frequently with UNESCO assistance, velopment of indigenous book publishing industries in there have been many national book development coun- developing countries.It is private.It is not en- cils, book trusts, book weeks, workshops for writers dowed with a large sum of money. And it depends and illustrators, training programs, etc., to help plan on its support from a number of sources ranging from the increased production of educational books, cur- private contributors to the publishing industry in the riculum development projects, and studies of all kinds. United States, to private foundations, and has access UNESCO also sponored the universal copyright con- at times to contracts with American Government in- vention and the Florence afreement subscribed to by stitutions to finance certain activities.It depends on 46 countries providing f..,r duty-free importation of these for support with the exception of two coun- books and edileo!cmai and cultural materials.Essen- tries, Iran and Afghanistan, where the Franklin of- tially UNESCO has been 1.atalytic agent.It has fices are wholly self-sustaining and all of the activ- not provided capital funds; it has provided in ,the ities are supported out of the income which they main technical assistance and has been a basic instru- generate there in those countries.Franklin Program ment for focusing attention on book needs and of started essentially as a translation program because assisting in the development of book production.The of the desire of a number of countries to obtain books World Bank and the Asian Development Bank are from the United States and to translate them into concerned with educational development as a basic their local languages.The books are selected by each ingredient of ecviomic development. And it would country themselves.Franklin, New York, does not seem reasonable to think that they would be sym- play any role in the selection of the books except to pathetic to plans for ..renting or substantially expand- suggest titles which may be of interest when our ing book production capabilities, especially where advice is asked.But the choice of books is in the physical facilities are concerned.There are a num- hands of each country.Franklin negotiates with the ber of other multi-lateral institutions, such as the American holders of the copyrights and obtains rights United Nations International Children's Emergency at a very nominal fee, largely a concessionary rate by Fund, um international Labor Organization, and the the American publisher.Franklin pays that fee it- Pccd and Agriculture Organization.The individual self; the fee is not paid by the people in the country. programs of each of these agencies often have impli- This is done to the extent that Franklin has the re- cations for book development.One might point out sources, and there's a very definite limitation tothat. particularly the studies which the FAO has done on As a matter of fact, the demand for rights has been paper production and on new technology for fabri- great enough that we may have to reconsider our cating paper from various materials that may be practice of providing rights at no expense to the abundant locally, other than the traditional wood fiber publisher in the country.Franklin then delivers a that has been scarce in many parts of the world. translated copy of the book to a commercial publisher Filially, the International Board for Books for Young in the country, who then publishes the book under People has been organized to encourage and assist his imprint under no formal competitive conditions. exhibitions and various activities to stimulate greater Franklin does not publish; it is not in competition production and use of children's books.The educa- with local publishers.It simply facilitates their abil- tional group of the International Publishers' Associa- ity to obte3 on a competitive basis American books tion, a young organization founded in 1954, makes which are then translated into the local languages. possible a forum where educational publishers can Franklin does a variety of other things to assist pub- discuss common problems and take common action. lishers which I will mention later.The translation The International Community of Booksellers, founded program alone has seen the production of close to80 in 1956, has held two worldwide meetings.= won't million books in various languages, such as Urdu, enumerate all of the other international organiza- Bengali, Indonesian, Per3ian, a number in Spanish, tions that are involved.Simply suffice it to say Portuguese, etc. that there are a number who can act as essential Franklin has worked in the field of textbook pro- resource institutions to assist, to discuss common duction.For example, in Afghanistan, where all text- problems, and there are others, more limited in num- books have initially been imported by that country ber, who are concerned with problems essentially of and were extremely costly and in the judgmentof capital assistance. that country were not very good.Fin, klin took over Now if I may be immodest enough to refer to my a very old printing plant owned by theMinistry of own organization as one demonstrationof the kinds Education, trained the printers in it, and within a 93 period of two years the government of Afghanistan from $40 to $1,250. And the plant has returned in now produces in that printing plant all of its own the last five years dividends which are higher than textbooks at a much cheaper price than the imported 100 per cent of the original capital investment on an textbooks.This was facilitated by a loan from the annual basis. And Are regretfully remind ourselves Asia Society, which financed some of the capital equip- of our non-profit status when we think of that. ment needed, not to make a modern printing plant Franklin, in a number of countries, operating but to make this a little more workable than it had through commercial publishers, has promoted school been.Similarly, in Iran Franklin trained writers of library projects, has provided books flr villageli- textbookslocal writers, Iranian writers.All text- braries and materials for teachers.It is also engaged books in Iran for the elementary and secondary schools in several countries, again operating through com- are written by people trained by Franklin and paid mercial publishers, in the preparation of encyclope- by the local Franklin office there. In Egypt Franklin dias; there are encyclopedias coming out inBengali, prepares a series of textbooks in Arabic for the uni- in Urdu, in Persian, in Arabic, in Indonesian;dic- versities, a program which still continues. A great tionaries and in other reference works such as medi- deal of Franklin's work has been training, which has cal books.It also administers grant funds which been done in the United States and in the countries have been made available by private foundations, re- themselves.I mentioned we have trained printers volving funds to finance to a small extent some of the in Afghanistan, textbook writers in Iran, writers of local credit needs of private publishers for very spe- children's books in Egypt, a whole variety, and in a cialized purposes.In Latin America there are sev- number of countries in a whole variety of fields. One eral revolving funds which provide initial capital to of Franklin's major achievements has been training a publisher to enable him tofinance certain books peopleto produce children's magazines.In Iran which are not in the short run very good risks, but rranklin prepared the ground work by training peo- in the long run are good risks.The publisher re- ple and providing some initial funding for four maga- turns the money loaned to him at no interest, and zines which are exclusively devoted to children's ma- the money is again available as a circulating credit terials.These really consist of the following; one to the publisher.These funds, of course, depend magazine for age group 6-9; another for age group upon receiving them from a privatefoundation or 10-13; and two teacher's manuals.These magazines other institution which is interested in a specific pur- are used in the elementary schools for instructional pose. We have done a great deal ofexploratory work purposes.I should say that these magazines origi- in one country, Iran, on marketing and distribution. nally had to be assisted by a subsidy but are now And we believe that we are able to assist in the devel- wholly self-sustaining.They have a total circulation opment of techniques which are useful in developing of 500,000 copies paid by the students themselves and countries.The production of books in Iran may not reach every village, every remote urban area, and seem to be very impressive.They are when one looks rural area, throughout the entire country. And one at their history.Today the average editie1 of any indication of the interest in this is that Franklin has hard-cover book is 2,500 copies, but it is also pub- to employ two people to answer the 300 letters a day lished in a paperback and the sales of those are a which come in from the school children in response minimum of 10,000 copies for all paperbacks in these to each issue of the magazine. series and go as high as 50,000 copies.For a coun- Similarly, Franklin has assisted in the develop- try of Iran's size, this is rather significant and could ment of technical standards, the improvement of tech- not have been achieved without the creation of a dis- nical standards, the printing and publishing in a tribution network which was stimulated and developed number of countries.It is also engaged in a great by Franklin, a network that reached, incidentally, all numb, '1' of special projects. And just to give you of the rural areas and does not depend for sales on the range of these, I might mention a few.It pre- the few major urban areas.It has developed special pared the ground work in Iran for a private printing mechanisms for the distribution of books, including plant.This is one time I wish Franklin had not been the use of governmental distribution facilities where a non-profit organization and was able topartake of post offices are not in existence in rural communities. the profits because Franklin did a great deal of the It is engaging in a unique experiment now in which feasibility work for the creation of new printing a commercial bank which has 400outlets will be a dis- plants, urged the building of a plant, and the plant tribution and collection point for a costly encyclopedia, operates today with great success.I might say paren- with the bank guaranteeing payment of subscribers thetically that when that plant was organized ten to the encyclopedia being paid in turn by adiscount years ago, a share of stock in itsold for $40.Had which the bank receives.This is a very interesting we been a profit organization wewould have bought experiment to see because it means that a new dis- many shares to our great advantage today because tribution mechanism which is able to reach areas that 10 years later the value of those shares has gone traditionally could not be reached will be utilized for 94 an extremely costly encyclopedia. We areconfident into a vigorous, expansionary effort to irzrease the that this will prove to be an important addition to market. And this is why that as they have increased the total distribution facilities in that country. production, each time they have been satisfied and I said earlier that Franklin does not compete with why we believe at this point that to make the major private publishers.Franklin will probably go into breakthrough which we think is possible, we'll prob- private publishing itself in Iran. And it may do it ably have to do it ourselves by going into direct pub- in one or two other countries.The reason for it is lishing.I should say in this case that this is being very simply this : it has been thebelief of the people done with the full consent of the government involved, of Franklin who operate in the various countriesthat although I'm not sure that all publishers are happy the publishing industries in those countriescould do that we will be doing it. better if they tried to operate on a much higher volume In sum, Franklin as an institution which is cor- and lower individual unit profit, and that thisin turn cerned with all aspects of the publishing industryis would have very good repercussions for thedevelop- concerned with translations, with the productionof ment of publishing in those countries.I should say work in indigenous languages, with thestimulation parenthetically that these decisions are made by peo- and encouragement of original works in various coun- ple in the country because Franklin policy up tothis tries, and we are thinking now about what wemight date has been that its offices in thecountries in do in order to provide some books in thesocial sci- which it operates are manned exclusively bynationals ences which are much morenearly related to problems of that country. Franklin does not send its ownstaff of developing countries than translations are.I men- from New York on a residential basis to workin any tioned that in my own personal judgment (thisis not of the countries in which it gives assistance.We an official view of Franklin) manyof the books avail- will probably go into private publishing in one coun- able in certain of the social sciencesineconomics, try for a very simple reason.In the history of this business administration, and some otherfieldsare country, when Franklin started itsoperation, publish- books which are excellent but which arewritten essen- ers produced about an averageof 700-750 copies of tially from the point of view of a developedcountry each edition. As the results of some strenuousefforts, and are books which are not as keenly atunedto the that went up to about 1,500; itdoubled.Publishers problems of developing countries as they shouldbe were very happy, andthey then relaxed and said we for use in universities.This is a severe problem. are now making more money, wehave a better market It's one we are very interested in; we don'tknow than we had before, so we need donothing more. quite what can be done about it; we're devoting some Quite the reverse of what we had anticipatedwould study and attention to it because we thinkit's a vital occur because weanticipated that the publishers, hav- need which we may assist. ing gotten a taste of a larger market,would then Now finally Franklin is a small organization ;it proceed on their own initiative to developit the way has very modest resources; it's dependent entirely on it should be developed.But the contrary occurred. its ability to raise funds for operating purposes; and They were so overjoyed by this success thatthey es- it's devoted to the concept of assisting the develop- tablished the 1,500 copies as a ceiling, not as amin- ment of publishing in developing countries.In doing imum. As a result of some morework, the average so, it comes not with a lot of money, but it comes number of copies got up to 2,500. And the samething with an expertness and the ability to call upon the occurred. We are convinced that the average num- good will and resort yes of the American publishing ber of copies in various editions canbe quadrupled, industry which has on all occasions responded to every and in our own experience can go up to ashigh as 50 request we have made to provide an enormous range or 75 thousand.Publishers are unwilling to take of assistance from training to the provision of people that risk, so we will be possible tocreate a much who have competence in operational matters such as larger market than the publishers in thatcountry the operation of printing plants. We do not operate had anticipated. Now in saying thisI want to say in all countries because we are too small an organiza- that they in turn are products of their ownenviron- tion for that, but we do operate in a number of coun- ment, and their own environmentis one which is tries in Africa, in Asia, in Latin America, and hope satisfied with a very safe market carvedout and di- that we will be able in the near future to expand vided among a group of publishers.And their en- our activities to answer requests which we have re- vironment is one which does not encouragereadily ceived from a number of other countries to operate the effort, the energy, the risk-taking that must go within them.

95 DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLISHING INDUSTRY AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

by Warren Sullivan President Barnes & Noble, Inc.

F6/97 OBJECTIVES

I. To define and explain distribution, at least for the purpose of this seminar.

II. To review in some detail by analyzing the various segments of publishing the experiences and prac- tices in the United States, and in other countries, too, to demonstrate what a variety of means exists for developing total distributional systems for a publishing industry.

III. To relate these current practices, and the future challenges, to book distribution of the countries participating in this seminar.

IV. To instigate a dialogue through a period of open discussion which will lead to practical suggestions for the improvement of distribution techniques on a country-by-country basis. GENERAL STATEMENT by which to store and to convey information in a permanent, easily accessible form. Every nation represented at this conference has Too often governments, administrations, and teach- a total publishing complex, that is : production facil- ers either take the book for granted or give it short ities; publishers who create, organize, and prepare shrift.Yet it is the starting point of a literate so- books for sale; and a book trade to help distribute ciety and serves every facet of that society as it to the customer. develops.At times, as a means of overcoming the Of these three elements, the printing trade is critical shortage of schoolbooks, there is a tendency to throughout the strongest and the most sophisticated ; centralize the preparation and printing of such books followed by publishing; and, well to the rear in most under government control. We earnestly state that instances, the book trade, which is a part of the means this is short-sighted ; for the healthy competition of of distributiongetting the finished productsbooks publishers vying to provide the best quality books to the marketplace.Yet oftentimes publishing has for student use has been responsible for the avail- been an outgrowth of bookselling, which, in most ability of improved educational materials, and for the countries, including the United States, commenced very existence of private publishing, which must have before formalized indigenous publishing.Many times access to this schoolbook market as a foundation. This the printers have commenced their own publishing. delicate balance between state help and domination And occasionally all three elements are found under has been achieved with respect to the nations repre- one roof. sented at this conierence.The governments will have Regardless of the variety of combination, all have to continue and undoubtedly increase financial support one cardinal objective: how to achieve commercial dis- to schools and libraries. My own country in the last tribution of each publication; how to reach the mar- few years has provided more funds than ever before. ketplace.I am here to explore with you the strength- Meanwhile, the private publishing sector must pro- ening, and in many instances the creation, of the vide the required publications economically. means of marketing. On the assumption that publishing industries are There is, by the way, a vital other part to dis- growing because these conditions have been met in tribution; that is, order fulfillment.Every publisher, every nation here represented, let us now turn to an after his book has been delivered by the printer, must analysis of the major categories of books. have established in his firm the organization to ac- cept orders, to bill and ship them, and then to collect. Categories of Books This order cycle, which includes warehousing and shipping as well as order processing and invoicing, School Elementary becomes increasingly important as one's list grows College High in number and in variety. This, then, is physical distribution.Every pub- Teacher College lisher has these various functions under his own con- Vocational trol or rents certain of the services.Until recently, Adult Education their coordination into a cohesive whole has been largely neglected.This would require another study, Remedial Disadvantaged which we will omit for the purpose of this seminar. We turn our attention instead to the marketplace. Here is the source, not just of th.:r sales but of our Professional Agricultural nroduct .....A1; dl ;for, in publishing, our authors are Science found among our customers.Without authors there Engineering will be no books ; and unless publishers are able to Social Sciences reach the market, there will b* no publishing trade Business Management The existence of demand :a use-value relationship must be there or be fostered. For book publishing to Reference Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, exist, there must be literacy, there must be education. Atlases No book industry is able to thrive unless there is an educational system combined with a library system to GeneralLiterature Fiction provide the market and the means of distribution. Non-Fiction There must be a commitment to education.That Religious is the starting point.Further, there must be the Juvenile realization that books are indispensable tools, for a Quality Paperbacks book is still the most convenient and economic means Mass Market Paperbacks

99 METHODS OF MARKETING specialist stores; paperback; drug stores; department stores. Promotion, Advertising, Sales Remember, though, as the proprietary owner it is and Merchandising up to the publisher to be responsiblefor promotion Individual Mailing Pieces Direct Mail to the customers to bring them into the bookstore; Combined Mailing Pieces Mail (Mier Coupons and the publisher must be prepared to undertake most Subject Catalogues Book Clubs of the work of store inventory.Then, too, the estab- Complete Catalogue Special Quantity Sales lishment by the publisher of consistent and fair dis- Journal Ads and Reviews Exhibits at Meetings on count policies, credit terms in dollars and time, and Magazine Ads and Reviews Special Occasions general servicing are paramount. Radio and Television Direct Home Sales Recommendation by Street Hawking EXAMPLES BY COUNTRY Authorities SalesStaff(require- JAPAN Bibliographies ments vary by cate- Source Listings gory and by mix of A complete wholesale-retail relationship.I believe Personal Appearances of one's list) too much reliance and power reside with the whole- Author salers.The retail trade, on the other hand, has Display Pieces developed to a fine art; competitive salesmanship; Tie-in with Movies, etc. especially to industry. Cooperative Ads with Dealers INDIA Means of Delivery Mail, Train, Truck, Bicycle, Air Again, the retailers have highly developed tech- Rented services, or one's own niques for sales to all types of libraries.And I found excellent direct mail. What this really means is a conscious pre-planning for each book or group of related books by which PHILIPPINES information about them is prepared and made avail- able to every required channel.It should be accurate Here the specialty has been the cultivation of edu- and lucid, and it should be consistent and persistent cational sales by the stores to school and college in its execution. libraries, administrations, and students. AUSTRALIA THE MIDDLE MENTHE BOOK DEALERS An excellent wholesale and retail operation.In A major vehicle for display and sale of books. Un- my opinion the retailers dominate thepublishers fortunately, in many countries this constitutes the an overbalance. weal( link ; yet in Ow long run, wholesalers and re- tailers are essential to publishing, and properly nut UNITED KINGDOM tuned, they can ant; should be the vital link to the final purchaser, be it individual, or industrial or edu- A smooth relationship among all factorspublish- cational institution or library. ers, wholesalers, and retailers.But I believe Eng- Many of the promotion, merchandising, and sales lish publishers have or had become lazy or com- functions just delineated may be duplicated or under- placent in turning over to the book trade too much taken initially by the retailer.And remember, book- responsibility for sales. stores comprise the only permanent public display of books. SCANDINAVIA The total publishing operation always appears to WholesalersJobbers function with maximum efficiency and minimum fuss. Each segment has its responsibilities clearly Supply books for resale to other outlets; or to in- defined, and performs them crisply and with profit. stitutional buyers.Reduce buyers' cost burdens. UNITED STATES Mail Order Specialists Despite what one may read or hear about our hec- Retail tic competitive system, in which every one more Sell direct to customer. or less is or can be in every oneelse's business, General bookstores, exclusively or primarily; it is working.

100 Using 1966 figures, one arrives at the following some publishers have acted as representatives, and percentage distribution of books of all kinds : have also translated titles.

39% of total sales were made through Dealers TRAINING FOR CAREERS

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 39% Elementary Training for all aspects of publishing, but par- and High ticularly : Schools and Home Sales Distribution Marketing Promotion Sales of Refer- It is not feasible to expect any U.S. publishers' ence Books employees to spend six months or more in Korea 8.5% " 9 9 ff ,, 9 9 9 9 Book Clubs or elsewhere.

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 On the other hand, it would be possible to send 13.5% " by Publishers a picked delegate to the U.S. for intensive on-the- Direct or spot training. as Special Sales Requisites: INTERNATIONAL TRADE a.) Serious; willingness to work as an employee. Although I have concentrated up to this point on b.) Fluent in English. national distribution as being most relevant to the c.) Uponreturn,guaranteestoconduct own purposes of this seminar, book publishing is very much seminars. an international business. Would have to be in depth ; specific working and learning experience. Export U.S. publishers would not pay, but would absorb all training costs and expenses. Native language, except for special works of liter- ature and the arts, is a minor consideration. Financing:through Associations ;and Government Translation of important books, particularly in lit- to Government. erature, has a greater viability, but will not earn Cost in New York City:$250 to $300 per month. much income ether for publisher or author. Publication of reference works in the English lan- SUMMARY REMARKS guage offers the best opportunity.Many Japanese and Indian authors are published locally and sold in- Plan your publishing prcgrams.Investigate the ternationally. market(s). Do not try to be all things to all audiences The developing countries must build here slowly, at once. commencing with quality journals; then monographs ; Here is a diagrammatic representation of a total then seeking distributive agreements within a geo- graphic area, and expanding to the rest of the market conceptmarketing orientation : world through working agreements with U.S. and Market Research Manufac- Distribution U.K. publishers. Research and Devel- Luring Cooperation of publishers of one country is essen- opment tial, and more easily accommodated in international Identify theExperiment trade. needs for Then combine efforts on a regional basis. and develop new publi- new publica- Essential for development of international trade cations tions for the for publishers of each country to become members needs of UCC or Berne.Acceptance worldwide.Attend- ance 'it international meetings. Every one connected with a book or a series of books must play his part and be adequately rewarded Import as well : the author, the editor, the printer. It is vital to keep working at measures to support This aspect of trade in books in the Asian coun- and to encourage the flow of books from the publisher tries has been, ever since World War II, a growing through distributors to the customer. and prosperous business, with emphasis upon U.S. Pricing has a significant part to play.Attempt textbooks and professional books. to establish the optimum price ;i.e., the one which The retailers have been greatly strengthened ; encourages the maximum elasticity in the market.

101 It is not what is received per book sale, but, rather, Encourage book exhibits at schools and colleges ; total receipts which count. at libraries ; at teachers' meetings. Composition of pricing : the elements, the number Build joint mailing lists of the teaching profes- of choices ; an inexact science. sions, libraries, and distributors. Cooperation Publishers Organization Establish, or cooperate in the establishment a, Printers Organization journals for the professions concentrating on educa- Booksellers Organization tion.Journals train future authors ; review new pub- lications ; and pinpoint the market for advertising. Encourage commitment to education of each gov- Work for favorable book post ratesnationally ernment; and the maintaining of a private publish- and regionally. ing industry. Work for, and in fact if need be, provide national As publishersresponsibility to provide quality bibliographic materials.These are essential for a books at reasonable prices. coherent business. Campaign continuously among the teaching pro- Publishers have always been noted for independent fession to enhance the use of the book as a teaching spirit.The areas just mentioned speak out for mu- tool, and for pleasure, too, in reading.Value to the tual endeavor.In the long run, this cooperation will teacher as well as to the student. help to guarantee a growing market for books and Establish, at least at the college level, rental li- assure a burgeoning and profitable private publish- 1 braries for students. ing industry.

102 Annex 1

PROGRAM

Seminar on Books and National Development

Executive Committee

Chairman: Man-Nyun Han (Vice-President, KPA)

Vice-Chairman: Chong-Nak Cho (Chief, Publications Ministry of Education)

Member: Yung-Bin Min (Executive Director, KPA) Ick-Hyung Liu (Director, KPA) Kyong-Hoon Lee (Executive Secre- tary, KPA)

Secretary: Jae-Shik Min

/0 3104 1. Purpose: To discuss the importance and the role 20:30 - 22:00Film Showing at Seminar Room of books as a tool of national develop- (Optional) ment and seek measures conducive to drafting national policies as well as Sunday, April 28 promoting international cooperation in 7:00 - 9:00Breakfast (informal) book publishing. 9:00 9:30"Role of books as a tool of na- tic nal development" by Stanley A. 2. Period: April 27 - April 29, 1968 (3 days) Barnett 3. Place: Academy House, Seoul, Korea 9 :30 - 11 :00Discussions Moderators:. Ick-Hyung Liu, Kuk- 4.Sul' t .et: Pum Shin 1) Papers presented 11:00 - 11 :20Coffee Break 11:20 -12:00 "Publishing in KoreaA historical a. Role of books in Developing Korea (Mun- survey" by Man-Nyun Han Hwan Choi, President, Seoul National Uni- versity) 12 :00 -14 :00Lunch (informal ) b. Role of books as a tool of national develop- 14:00 - 14:30"Problems of Korea's publishing ment (Stanley A. Barnett, Director, Inter- industry as seen through market nationalOperations,WolfManagement survey" by Yun-Hyun Chin Services) 14 :30 -16 :00Discussions c.Publishing in KoreaA historical survey Moderators: Yung-Bin Min, Ick- (Man-Nyun Han, President, Ilchogak Pub- Hyung Liu lishing Co.) 16:00 -17:00Informal Hour (coffee served) d. Problems of Korea's publishing industry as 18:00 - 20:00Dinner (informal) seen through market survey (Yun-Hyun 20:00 - 20:30"Textbooks in National Education- Chin, Professor of Marketing, Kukmin Col- al Development" by Stanton Whit- lege, Seoul) ney e. Textbooks in national educational develop- 20 :30 - 21:30Discussions ment(Stanton Whitney, Vice President, Moderators: Man-Nyun Han, D. Van Nostrand Co.) Yung-Bin Min f.Development of publishing industry and in- ternationalcooperation(Yung-BinMin, 21:30 -22:30Panel Discussion President, Current English Co.; Micimel Moderators: So-Jin Kwak, Ick- Harris, President, Franklin Book Institute, Hyung Liu and Warren Sullivan,President, Barnes Monday, April 29 and Noble.) 7:00 9:00Breakfast (informal) 2)Discussions 9:3010:30 "Development of publishing indus- 3) Adoption of resolutions try and international cooperation" by Yung-Bin Min, Michael Harris Korean and English 5. Language: and Warren Sullivan. 6. Program: 10 :30 -12 :00Discussions Saturday, April 27 Moderators: Man-Nyun Han, Ick- Hyung Liu 13 :30 Assemble in front of New Korea Hotel to depart for Academy House 12:00 -14:00 Lunch (informal) 14:00-15:30Registration 14:0014:30Adoption of Resolutions Moderators: Yung-Bin Min, Ick- 15:30-16:00Opening Ceremony Hyung Liu 16:00 -16:30"Role of books in developing Ko- Closing Ceremony rea" by Mun-Hwan Choi 15:30 Departure from Academy House 16:30-17:30Discussions Moderators: Jong-Soo Hwang, So- 18:30 Assemble in front of New Korea Jin Kwak Hotel for reception 18 :00 -19 :00Reception (Host: President, Ke- 19:00 - 20:00Reception at Youngbin-Kwan rean Publishers Association) (State Guest House) 19:00 -20:00Dinner (informal), (Host: Minister of Education)

105 Annex 2

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Choo-Jin Kang Director National Assembly Library (1) Foreigns Soon-Kap Shin Director Name Nationality Title Central National Library No-Tae Park Secretary General, Korean Mr. Lee Nai RepublicManager (Branch in Committee for UNESCO Yang of ChinaTokyo) Dr. Tae-Lim Yoon President, Sook Myung Chen Chung Book Co., Women's University Ltd. Prof. Chong-Hwan LeePresident Kook Min College Mr. Hassan IndonesiaDirector Shadily Franklin Book Institute Prof. Sung-Jong HyunDean, General Education Mr. Shoichi Japan President Korea University Noma Japan Book Publishers Prof. Jin-Man Kim Prof. of English Assn. Korea University Mr. Kunihiko Of Vice-President Prof. Byung-Ki Min Prof. of Political Science, Shimonaka Japan Book Publishers Korea University Assn. Prof. Suk-Hong Min Dean, General Education, Seoul National University Mr. Robert U.S.A. Consultant to SEAMES Jacobs Bangkok Prof. Man -Kap Lee Prof. of Sociology, Seoul National University Mr. Vira T. ThailandThai Watana Printing Suwan Press Prof. Byung-Hun Oh Dean. General Education, Sung-Kyun-Kwan University Mr. Anuj PP Apapirom Prof. Bong-Mo Lee Dean, General Education Han Yang University Mr. Stanley A.U.S.A. Director Barnett International Operations Prof. Suk-Soon Chu Dean, General Education Wolf Management Chung Ang University Services Prof. Chung-Shik HongDean, General Education Mr. Curtis G. Chairman Tong Kook University Benjamin Management Board Prof. Suk-Ha Kim Dean, General Education McGraw-Hill Book Co. Tan Kook College Mr. Michael " President Mr. Il-Se Chang Prof. of Library Science, Harris Franklin Book Institute Ewha Women's University Mr. Warren Of President Prof. Sung-Ui Lim Prof. of Economics, Sullivan Barnes and Noble Co. Kook Min College Mr. Stanton " Vice-President Mr. Yong-Koo Kim Whitney D. Van Nostrand Co. Editorial Writer, Han-Kook Ilbo (daily newspaper) (2) Koreans Mr. Sah-Jung Hong Editorial Writer, Chung-Ang Name Title Ilbo (daily newspaper) Mr. Chull-Whi Lee Director, Audio-Visual Hong-Joo Moon Minister of Education Education Institute, Kyu-Nam Choi Member Ministry of Education Republic of Korea Economic and Scientific Council Mr. Sung-Ok Cho Director, Bureau of Culture and Athletics Mun-Hwan Choi President Seoul National University Mr. Jong-Nak Cho Chief, Publications Section, Chung-Han Kim Vice-Minister of Education Textbook Bureau Jae-Chul Lee Vice-Minister of Science and Mr. Young-Bok Choi Chief, Textbook Compiler, Technology Textbook Bureau Lak-Koo Choi Director, Textbook Bureau, Mr. Chong-Bin Kim Textbook Compiler, Ministry of Education Textbook Bureau Dong-Rak Choi President, Korea Scientific Mr. Nyun-Kyo Chung Chief, Cultural Section, and Technological Seoul Educational Information Center Commission

106 Mr. Won-Jik Lee Official, Publications OBSERVERS Section, Textbook Bureau Mr. Skillingstad Acting Dean, Sogang College Mr. Kuk-Bum Shin U SO M-Korea Mr. John A. BanniganRepresentative, Asia Mr. Chun-Ki Kim Chairman. Korean Printers Foundation Association Dr. Clifford S. Little USOM-Korea Mr. Min-Un Yoon Executive Secretary, Mr. Bert S. Miripolsky ft Korean Magazine Dr. Bascom H. Story tf Publishers Association Mr. Mule M. Warner f f Dr. Carl F. Bartz USIS-American Embassy PUBUSHERS Mr. Allan B. Croghan ,, Mr. Edward Wright U.S. Educational Mission Chin-Sook Chung Euiyoo Publishing Co. in Korea Chong-Soo Hwang Kaemyong Publishing Co. Man-Nyun Han Ilcho-gak Kwang-Soo Kim Uhmoon-gak Annex 3 Joon-Sung Hwang Shintaeyang Publishing Co. Yung-Bin Min Current English Co. Sang-Won Cho Hyunam-sa SPEECHES & MESSAGES Chul-Woo Yang Kyohak-sa Dae-Eui Lee Jangwang-sa Address Ho-Sung Byun Yangmoon-sa Man-Doo Baik Yungji Publishing Co. Yang-Hwan Ro Samjoong-dang Distinguished guests, dear colleagues... Ky-Jung Yoo Samhwa Publishing Co. Suk-Woo Hong Tamgoo-dang A Korean proverb says "Well begun is half done." Won-Ok Ahn Bakyung-sa Here we are gathered to begin an international meet- Ji-Yong Kwon Jilin.' Publishing Co. ing to discuss problems related to "Books and Na- Ick-Hyung Liu Pfinmun Book Co., Ltd. tional Development."Books have been a tool of na- Jong-Tae Lee Moonho-sa tional development throughout human history.This Soon-Jun Hong Moonchun-sa is a truth proven by history.This truth still prevails Bong-Jin Hong Ilsim-sa in the modern society of our era. Yong-Shik Shin Kyoyook Chu 1pan-sa However, we must recognize the danger that the Woo-Kyung Byun Soodo Publishing Co. importance of books as a tool of national development Hong-Myung Son Moon li-sa is too often undervalued. Ki-ok Lee Hongin Publishing Co. We have assembled here to exchange forthrightly Byung-Moo Lee Kangho Publishing Co. our views on how to attain book development.It is Chung-Chun Kil Yajung Publishing Co. my firm belief that our discussions of this three-day Bong-Kyu Kim Samsung Chu 1pan-sa meeting will greatly contribute to the aevelopment Hi-Joon Choi Chimlyehoe Cnulpan-sa of book industries of those countries you are repre- Tae-Sun Kim Deadong Publishing Co. senting and to the enhancement of international co- In-Soo Lim Hanlim Chu 1pan-sa operation among our countries. Joon-Suk Kim Joongang Chu 1pan-sa Remembering that beginning means half done, let Ik-Dal Kim Hakwon-sa us firmly resolve to tread on our march toward our Mal-Sun Ha Hyangmoon-sa common goal of contributing to national development In-Yong Joo Sajo-sa through books. We have made a good start, there- Sung-Soo Kim Bupmoon-sa fore, the goal, I am convinced, is within our reach. Myung-Hui Lee Huimoon Chulpan-sa I sincerely hope that each of you will find the Sun-Chool Cho Kidokkyosu-Hoe discussions fruitful and worthwhile, and enjoy your Nam-Hong Baik Baikyung-sa stay here in Korea. Thank you. Sung-Tae Shim Hyundae A kbo-sa Pyung-Sup Lee Segae 'Publishing Co. April 27, 1968 Byung-Joon Lee Minjoong-sukwan Sang-Moon Kim Dong-a Chulpan-sa CHIN -SOOK CHUNG Won-Sang Lim Dongwon-sa Chairman

107 Congratulatory Address ferent countries and the driving force to exchange and enhance mutual learning and understanding. Mr. Chairman, and honored delegates! I expect that this international meeting will pave this the way toward cultural exchange through books and It is my pleasure to pay my warm regards to contribute to the unity among free nations.Books illustrious international assembly convoked todebate I also play the role of protecting freedom and democ- the theme: "Books and NationalDevelopment." racy, as arms against those disturbingworld peace. pay my respect particularly to sponsorsof this meet- dele- Lastly, I hope that this meeting will become a ing who have provided this opportunity for the "new frontier for books for freedom" to disseminate gates from various countries, includingthe U.S., to spiritual development of our beliefs of a free society and build up a exchange their frank opinions for stronghold for the collective security of the free world. countries through book publication. I sincerely hope that this meeting will bear fruit- Korea has a long history of cultural achievements, ful results and facilitate the development of book pub- of wood-block such as the large-scale publication lication of free nations. printed books, development of advancedpaper-making techniques, and the invention of metal printtypes April 27, 1968 unprecedented by any other country as well asthe adoption of the nation's unique letters. HONG -J00 MOON Such achievements gave a great impetus toKorea's Minister of Education neighboring countries and also contributed totheir well national development through books. We are Cabin aware of the fact that thecultural exchange through the circulation of books plays an importantrole of YOUR SEMINAR DEALS WITH SUBJECTOF enhancing man's miltnre, happiness, andworld peace. MAJOR INTEREST TO UNESCO STOPSINCE There is a common !laying that "books willhold BOOKS VITAL TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT sway over the world." Tway,the efforts everywhere SEMINAR CAN POINT WAY TO ASSISTANCE are concentrated more oneconomic competition under FOR NATIONAL PUBLISHINGINDUSTRIES the principle of world peace than on war or arms STOP EXTEND BEST WISHES SUCCESSBEHR- race.In particular, we now live in at era wherethe STOCK strength of each nation is judged by theextent of THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERSASSOCIA- its scientific and technical development. AND Following the end of World.War II, it becamethe TION SEND ITS WARMEST GREETINGS SEMINAR common task of the -world toeliminate the gap be- BEST WISHES FOR A SUCCESSFUL EMPHASIZING DECISIVE ROLE OF BOOKS IN tween the advanced countries and theretarded ones, and achieve "universal freedom andprosperity" to NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNA- eliminate war, destruction, unrest and poverty onthe TIONAL COOPERATION STORER LUNT PRES- earth permanently. IDENT Developing countries have now entered the stage Closing Address of modernizing themselves by sloughing away poverty and unrest.Their national efforts are now devoted Ladies and gentlemen! to economic development as well as scientific and tech- nological promotion. I am pleased to say that we have tried to find out It goes without saying that books play an impor- several solutions to our common problems through a tant role as a media for dissemination ofscientific frank exchange of views, sharing room and board to- and technical knowledge, particularly among those de- gether for the past three days. veloping countries. It is a matter of common sense that books serve to In national development today, industrial potential further national development and play a fundamental serves as a chief index for economicgrowth.It is role in expediting internal exchange of culture.We evident, however, that intellectual productivity is the have to renew our realization again.This is one of business potential for high degree of growth. . those problems confronting the publishing The amount of book circulation and thevolime of in Korea today. readership are no less important as a barometer than Today, such problems confronting publicationbusi- GNP and per capita national income.Books, there- ness in Korea can beanalyzed from various angles. fore, are undoubtedly one of the importantfactors They can be roughly classified into internal and ex- expediting national development and modernization. ternal problems. Moreover, it will be no exaggeration to say that Internal problems are how to establish a proper books are a media for cultural exchange amongdif- posture of publishers towards publishing, promote commercialization and make their management ra- structive and new suggestions made here must be tional, traintechnical experts, and maintain order translated into practice immediately. in marketing.External problems are how to promote As a sponsor of this seminar, I feel myself to be a popular reading habit in daily life and urge the blamed for the schedule that had to be formulated government to establish an appropriate policy for de- so tightly.I regret this particularly for the partici- velopment of our publishing industry. pants who came from far away countries. Accordingly, it is difficult to expect that these Now, I shall declare before you that we have crossed problems can be completely solved merely by a partial over the half line toward our goal, with this closing and temporizing solution.In the first place, the fore- ceremony.Let us continue to quicken our pace to- going internal and external conditions must be im- ward that goal, and we shall see each other again. proved equally at least.What we want now is the Iprayforyourgoodjourneybackhome. government's fresh understanding of publishing and Thank you. establishment of an appropriate policy. April 29, 1968 This is so because in developing countries, the publishing industry can begin to grow, without ex- CHIN-SOOK CHUNG ception, only with a positive external help extended Chairman by the state, rather than.internal pgrfection. Annex 4 As for the effect of publishing on the state, Mr. Barnett pointed out the following, in his state- MASS MEDIA COVERAGE ON THE SEMINAR ment on the "Role of Books as a Tool for National Development." He emphasized the need to utilize The 3-day seminar on Books and National Develop- books, saying that "industrialized economic functions ment received noteworthy coverage by Korean mass would be paralyzed and national development inter- media.The leading daily newspapers in Seoul re- rupted where thereis no adequte and extensive ported the seminar nearly 40 times over the period utilization of books." from February 21 through May 12. Prior to this, President Mun-Hwan Choi of Seoul The coverage included advance announcements of National University won our attention, saying to the the seminar, news of the actual meetings ; editorials, effect that in a country with low educational stand- and excerpts from papers presented at the seminar. ards, it is difficult to expect national development Three editorials during the seminar and three ad- or reconstruction. ditional editorials after the seminar were published When viewed from this angle, publishing com- in five newspapers: The Korea Herald (Apr. 27), The panies themselves producing books, which make it Joongang Ilbo (Apr. 27), The Hankuk Ilbo (Apr. 28), possible to provide education for training human re- The Chosun Ilbo (May 4 and 11) and the Dong-A sourcesbasic elements for national development Ilbo (May 8). may well be called good colleges of the society.Each All editorials stressed the importance of books as publishing company is not a mere college for students vital tools for the national development, observed the only, but a social college to educate the society as deteriorating trends of the book publishing industry, a whole. and urged more positive government policies toassist the book industry. The Korea Herald advocated"equal Publishers themselves should be awakened, and and strict enforcement of international copyrights," the state, particularly policymakers, are urged to but also pointed out that the existing conventions realize this.I believe that by doing so, we can dis- in should be adjusted to suit the realities of nations cover an important role played by this seminar where publishing is still undergoing "growing pains." which you have consistently remained to exchange opinions sincerely. In adidtion to wide newspaper coverage, a thirty- minute TV program was broadcast on the eve of the In addition to these facts, I was also personally seminar over the TBC-TV network in which foreign impressed by Dr. Kyu-Nam Choi, member of the Eco- delegates were interviewed. On April 27, the first nomic and Scientific Council, and you who all made day of the seminar, the four major radio stations fresh suggestions on the importance of publication DBC, MBC, TBC and KBSkept broadcasting news contributing to national development. about the seminar all day long. In opening this seminar, I introduced to you a On May 11, The Kyonghyang Shinmun reported Korean common saying, i.e., "Well begun is half done." that a plan to assist the book publishing industry We have discussed a wide range of problems had been adopted at the meeting of policymakers which are important. We could also acquire various from the Administration and the ruling Democratic new knowledge at the seminar.Still, I think that Republican Party, held at the Park Chang Hee Guest our discussions were not sufficientaltogether.In- House in the morning of the same day.

109 The i: Ian includes the establishment of a book The current international seminar on books and council and a book bank with the capital of 300 million national development being held in Seoul under the won from thenational budget, specialratesfor auspices of the Korean Publishers Association car- posts ges and railway freights for books and special ries great significance ;its theme is especially rele- prices for book paper, all of which had originally vant to many nations in the Pacific area,including been proposed in the resolution adopted at the clos- Korea.The publishing industry in this country is ing of the seminar. faced with difficulties and challenges, but it also has The editorial from the Korea Herald is repro- abundant opportunities and bright prospects in view duced below : of the sufficient base of literacy, the relativelyhigher level of education, and the old cultural tradition which Books in Nation-Building reveres books and reading. However, economic and technical problems con- Contrary to the long-standing tradition which tinue to handicap Korea's fledgling publishing indus- held books and literati in high esteem, reading no try.Printing facilities are rated up to the par. Yet longer seems to occupy a high place in the mind printing paper and ink are in short supply and of and life of the Korean.Voluntary abandonment of coarse quality; printing techniques, aswell as invest- reading habits as part of today's popular culture ment and managerial skills, are inadequate.These syndrome is one cause ;at the same time, various factors prevent overseas export of printed products. disincentives, political and economic, may be another The weakest point in our publishing business is to reason. And the depressed publishing industry is at be found in the disorganized distribution system.On once the major cause and the effect of thedecline these wide range of problems, meaningful dialogues in general reading habits. among all seminar participants are expectedto lead The whole situation stands in acute need of a to closer and mutually productive cooperation. shot in the arm. At the root of all, there must be The seminar also provides an opportune occasion a strong awareness of the vital role of booksin na- to review the once proposed Stockholm protocolfor tional development.Such an awareness permeating developing countries in connection with a revision of the entire rank and file of the public, the policy the Berne copyright convention. makers and the leaders will prove to be a powerful Equal and strict enforcement of international copy- catalyst for reviving the art of reading and the trade rights is desirable as a matter of principle.However, of book making.Since Korea is in the midst of some established practices andsituations, whether rapid economic growth and industrialization,itis good or bad, necessitate streamlining and readjust- very important that this rather amorphous and es- ment of existing conventions to suit the realities, sentially futuristic area of books be emphasized and both the predicaments and the viability, of many na- developed now.Otherwise, our development endeav- tions whose publishing isstill undergoing serious ors are bound to suffer setbacks in many ways. growing pains.

110