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Cryptostegia Grandiflora Roxb. Ex R. Br

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Cryptostegia Grandiflora Roxb. Ex R. Br www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” Cryptostegia grandiflora Roxb. Ex R. Br. 1. Descripción taxonómica cie exótica pone en riesgo a la flora y los vertebrados e invertebrados ya que puede Reino: Plantae convertirse en una especie dominante. Phylum: Spermatophyta Clase: Dicotyledonae En México se le ha reportado en Chiapas, Orden: Gentianales Tabasco, Yucatán y Baja California Sur Familia: Apocynaceae (CABI, 2013). Género: Cryptostegia Especie: Cryptostegia grandiflora 6. Hábitat 2. Nombre común En Madagascar se distribuye como un tre- pador en el piso superior de los bosques de Chicote, clavel alemán, manto de cristo, galería y en forma de arbusto en zonas ri- canario morado, caucho de la india, bejuco, Foto: Jayesh Patil. bereñas, a lo largo de barrancos, arroyos y rubber vine, purple allamanda. cunetas donde se acumula el agua de esco- Fuente: http://www.naturalista.mx/pho- rrentía (CABI, 2013). Puede invadir ambien- 3. Sinonimias tos/46014 tes semiáridos, tropicales y subtropicales, específicamente se dispersa sobre las zonas Nerium grandiflorum Roxb (CABI, 2013; ribereñas, ya que prefieren sitios con abun- Tropicos, 2017). 5. Estatus en México dante humedad y arbustos o árboles bajos para apoyar sus tallos trepadores. 4. Origen y distribución Desde 1935 se le documento su presencia en un oasis, pero no se le había dado impor- Experiencias que comparten Rodríguez-Es- Es nativa de Madagascar, se le ha repor- tancia, fue hasta el 2006 que el equipo de trella y colaboradores (2010) confirman tado como especie invasora en Estados trabajo de Rodríguez-Estrella et al. (2010), que en Baja California Sur la C. grandiflora Unidos (Arizona, Hawái), Aruba, Cuba y quienes comenzaron a explorar algunos se expande por los oasis y las zonas ripa- Australia, éste último la ha reportado como oasis de Baja California Sur para conocer rias de todo el estado, la cual afectando la una especie que debe ser rechazada por el más sobre su distribución y los efectos que estructura y composición de dichas comu- riesgo a convertirse en una plaga grave tiene en las zonas riparias, los resultado nidades, ya que puede llegar a desplazar la (PIER, 2001; CABI, 2013). de su investigación sugieren que la espe- vegetación endémica. A B C D Foto: A) Mauricio Mercadante; B,D,E) Shel- don Navie; C)Chris Gardiner; F) Protección de la Tierra, QDNRW. Fuente: https://key- server.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/ E F Html/cryptostegia_grandiflora.htm www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” 7. Descripción y ciclo biológico cm, corola campanulada con lóbulos en Neotrópico son de 15, con capacidad para punta, de 5-6 cm de largo y 4-7 cm de diá- 700 semillas por vaina, o 10,500 semillas C. grandiflora es una trepadora leñosa metro y 6 estambres. Los frutos son folícu- por planta (CABI, 2013). Se estima que perenne, puede crecer como un subarbus- los leñosos en sección generalmente trian- una planta puede vivir por 80 años (Rente- to en situaciones abiertas, con el látex de gulares, de 10-12 cm de largo y 2.5-4 cm ria & Christensen, 2007). color blanco lechoso. Los tallos jóvenes de ancho producidas en pares y opuestas, son delgados, con numerosas lenticelas conteniendo aproximadamente 350 semi- 8. Daños causados diminutas, con corteza lisa verde; las ra- llas oblongas, de color marrón de 0.8 cm mas viejas con tallos gruesos y escamosos, de largo, con una extremidad provista de CABI (2013) señala los siguientes daños a corteza de color marrón grisáceo, pueden un mechón de pelos sedosos, largo 3.8 cm, la estructura vegetal: subir hasta 20-30m, pudiendo cubrir y que facilita la dispersión a través del vien- sofocar hasta grandes árboles; de las he- to y del agua (Acevedo-Rodríguez, 2003; • Es una especie de rápido crecimiento ridas exuda abundante látex pegajoso e CABI, 2013). que puede asfixiar las plantas que usa irritante. Raíces robustas, de color marrón como soporte. rojizo, pueden penetrar hasta 12 m. Hojas Las semillas del clave alemán germinan con opuestas, laminadas de 5-10 cm de largo y las primeras lluvias de la estación húme- • Una vez establecida puede dominar y de 2-3 cm de ancho, elípticas a redondea- da, la tasa de crecimiento es inicialmente desplazar la vegetación nativa. das, membranáceas, glabras, el ápice agu- lenta; sin embargo pueden alcanzar de 4 a do u obtuso, la base obtusa a redondeada, 5 metros de longitud en el primer año. La • Modifica la estructura y función de los decurrente en el pecíolo, sin glándulas en la floración se produce durante todo el vera- ecosistemas, provocando la pérdida de unión con el pecíolo, los márgenes enteros; no y cesa en invierno, las semillas maduran biodiversidad. nerviación obscura, pinnada, con 11-13 pa- hacia finales de la estación seca para que res de nervios secundarios, haz opaco, en- la vaina dehiscencia y pueda dispersarse la • Bloquea los cursos de agua e incre- vés pálido con la nerviación obscura, pecío- semilla antes del inicio de lluvias. menta el riesgo de erosión del suelo los glabros, 17-10 mm de largo, estípulas debido a la falta de cobertura vegetal. ínter e intrapeciolares. Las inflorescencias Las semillas pueden permanecer viables son cimas terminales que se dividen di- o por menos de 1 año, aunque si se les alma- • Previene el acceso al agua tanto a ga- tricotómicamente, llevando flores de color cena a 5 ° C puede sobrevivir durante mu- nado como a animales nativos. de rosa pálido a púrpura intenso con cáliz chos años. Las estimaciones de la produc- con cinco lóbulos en punta, largo cerca 1,3 ción de vainas por plantas cultivadas en el 9. Distribución y alerta C. grandiflora se distribuye en el sur-oeste seco de Madagascar donde la precipitación anual es de 600 - 300 mm, a una altitud por debajo de 600 m, donde la estación seca dura por lo menos 8 meses, pero las sequías de 12-18 meses y no son infrecuentes. Sin embargo, en Australia ha ampliado su dis- tribución en las zonas más húmedas con un máximo de 1.400 mm de precipitación anual, aunque no de semillas debido a la alta precipitación. C. grandiflora es tolerante a una amplia variedad de tipos de suelo y crece en suelos que van desde la arena de la playa a los suelos arcillosos pesados, pero es espe- cialmente favorecida por las zonas tropicales secas donde la escorrentía y las aguas sub- terráneas accesibles recogen. Puede tolerar suelos con todo tipo de ph, textura y tempo- ralmente inundados (CABI, 2013). Mapa 2. Observaciones de C. grandiflora registradas en México (NaturaLista, 2017). Su distribución a nivel internacional y nacio- nal, se puede apreciar en los Mapas 1 y 2. www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” 10. Forma de dispersión que el uso de los incendios tiene que ser más eficazmente utilizando cualquiera ba- equilibrada contra los impactos ambienta- sal-corteza o aplicación del corte del tocón Las semillas son dispersadas por el viento, les negativos, tales como cambios nocivos con un herbicida tal como el éster de bu- el agua es también uno de los principales en la composición de pasto, la pérdida de tilo 2,4-D. En infestaciones medianas, una medios de dispersión ya que las semillas nutrientes, aumento de la erosión (Rente- pulverización foliar con 2,4-D, solo o con pueden flotar por períodos largos en los ria & Christensen, 2007; Rodríguez-Estrella picloram puede ser utilizado. Para infesta- cursos de agua. Además, la semilla puede et al., 2015). ciones densas (> 2000 plantas / ha), ta- tolerar períodos prolongados de inmersión llo, foliar y se recomiendan aplicaciones al en agua salina lo que facilita la dispersión • Control mecánico suelo pero invariablemente dentro de un oceánica (CABI, 2013). sistema integrado y utilizando a menudo Como regla general, los métodos mecáni- aérea (helicóptero) pulverización con te- 11. Controles recomendados cos son poco prácticos y prohibitivamente butiurón (Renteria & Christensen, 2007; caros debido a las grandes áreas involucra- Rodríguez-Estrella et al., 2015). Una vez ubicadas las áreas a tratar para das, sin embargo, puede ser recomendados la erradicación o control de C. grandiflora para infestaciones densas en sitios fácil- • Control biológico puede emplearse algún método de control mente accesibles y tiene que ser seguido o combinarse algunos métodos, depen- por otros métodos de control para prevenir La oruga de Euclasta whalleyi de Mada- diendo del nivel de infestación. Lo que es de el rebrote (Renteria & Christensen, 2007; gascar se alimentan de hojas, fue lanzado gran importancia es que las áreas tratadas, Rodríguez-Estrella et al., 2015). en Queensland, Australia en 1988 a 1991, deben ser revisadas periódicamente (por a pesar del hecho de que no es específico lo menos durante 2 o 3 años) y cualquier • Control químico para el género Cryptostegia pero sólo den- rebrote o nueva plántula debe ser trata- tro de la subfamilia Periplocoidae (Evans, da (Renteria & Christensen, 2007; Rodrí- La mayoría de las infestaciones de malezas 2002). guez-Estrella et al., 2015). son tan grandes que el control general por herbicidas químicos no es factible, ya sea En Queensland, Australia, algunas evalua- • Control cultural prácticamente, económica o ambiental- ciones del hongo de la roya de Madagas- mente, especialmente cerca de los cursos car (Maravalia cryptostegiae) mostró que El fuego podría ser un método rentable de agua. Se utiliza más comúnmente para este patógeno tuvo el mayor potencial de para el control de infestaciones de malezas prevenir la colonización de nuevas áreas biocontrol de los enemigos naturales en- densas, ya que reduce la masa foliar y la pulverizando los frentes invadidos (Rente- cuestados: ser muy perjudicial.
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