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University Microfilms JANUS AND NARCISSUS: WOMAN'S SITUATION AS DEPICTED IN 'THE SECOND SEX,' THE WORKS OF FICTION, AND THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors O'Sullivan, Deborah Ann, 1944- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 12:20:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290309 INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox Education Company I 72-25,512 0'SULLIVAN, Deborah Ann, 1944- JANUS AND NARCISSUS: WOMAN'S SITUATION AS DEPICTED IN THE SECOND SEX, THE WORKS OF FICTION, AND THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SIMDNE DE BEAUVOIR. [Portions of Text in French]. The University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1972 Language and Literature, modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN' MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED JANUS AND NARCISSUS: WOMAN'S SITUATION AS DEPICTED IN THE SECOND SEX. THE WORKS OF FICTION, AND THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR by Deborah Ann O1Sullivan A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN FRENCH In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 7 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under ray- direction by Deborah Ann O'Sullivan entitled JANUS AND NARCISSUS: WOMAN'S SITUATION AS DEPICTED IN THE SECOND SEX. THE WORKS OF FICTION, AND THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy A»/it /m Dissertation Director IJ Dateite J After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:"" iqp. This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: IkfoViaA 0./?'SuMuHUA.J f "Si la situation est injuste tu ne peux pas la vivre correctement." Simone de Beauvoir Les Mandarins iii I ACKNOWLEDGMENT S I would like to thank those people, without whom I would not have been able to write this dissertation, namely my mother Elizabeth K. McMillan, and my husband Thomas. I would also like to acknowledge my appreciation for their time and advice to Professors Edouard Morot-Sir and Inga Kohn. Special thanks go to my adviser Professor Charles Rosenberg, who suggested the topic to me and gave me much help and encouragement along the way. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 PART 1. THE SITUATION OF WOMEN 7 II. DEFINITION OF SITUATION 8 Biological 8 Historical 16 Existential 21 III. ASSUMPTION OF SITUATION 31 Roles 31 Inauthenticity 40 Authenticity 49 IV. LIBERATION 60 Definition 60 Method 70 Results 74 PART 2. FICTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMAN'S SITUATION 81 V. SITUATIONS REPRESENTED 82 Setting 82 Roles 90 Age 117 VI. ASSUMPTION OF FICTIONAL SITUATION 123 Search for Being 123 Inauthenticity 131 Authenticity 138 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page VII. LIBERATION IN FICTION 146 Sexual Roles 146 Attempts at Liberation 155 Failure 158 PART 3. SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR'S LIFE 164 VIII. SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR'S SITUATION 165 General Situation 165 Relationship to Men 179 Relationship to Feminism 188 IX. ASSUMPTION OF SITUATION 192 Definition of Goals 192 Authenticity 199 Inauthenticity 209 X. LIBERATION 218 Liberation in Situation 218 Personal Project 225 Liberated Woman? 229 XI. CONCLUSION 236 LIST OF REFERENCES 241 ABSTRACT Simone de Beauvoir has expressed herself in theory, fiction, and in her autobiography on the situation of women, and has had all three genres praised, making her a rather unique writer. Le Deuxieme Sexe. being one of the most influential, and important studies on the situation of women, transcends the field of French literature. Its relative importance can be judged in the light of current social phenomena in this country and elsewhere. The most original idea contained in this work is that the feminine situation is a product of culture and not a product of nature. Based on this premise, Simone de Beauvoir maintains that the historical subjection of women can be explained by her relegation to the category of "other" by man. Thus she adds a philosophical dimension, drawn from existentialism, to the problem of the continued inequality of the sexes. In view of these considerations it seemed relevant to examine the female characters in her fiction to determine the literary expression or lack thereof of the ideas pre­ sented in Le Deuxieme Sexe. The female characters were found to be, with a few exceptions, contemporary, and drawn from a rather restricted group. The main female characters, Fran^oise (L'Invitee). vii viii Anne and Nadine (Les Mandarins), Helene (Le sang des autres), and La Femme ("L'age de discretion") are intellectuals and on the left politically. The fiction written after Le Deuxieme Sexe is more concerned with women who have difficulty conforming to the stereotype that is demanded by society, and tend to reveal exaggerated afflictions in their failure to conform. * Paule (Les Mandarins). Monique ("La Femme Rompue"), Laurence (Les Belles Images), and Murielle ("Monologue"), are depicted as victims. No female character is completely authentic, and no female character is completely liberated. They all center their lives on the love of one man. They exhibit to various degrees the actual situation of women, and none attains consistently that elusive quality which defines authenticity; the maintenance of tension in the perpetual flight of the "pour-soi" before the "en-soi." Theirs is a world of immanence not transcendence. Simone de Beauvoir has presented us with her own image in her autobiography. It gives valuable insights into her childhood and formation (Memoires d'une jeune fille rangee), as well as indicating her later development (La Force de 1'age and La Force des choses). From this material many of the actual problems encountered by Simone de Beauvoir are viewed in light of their consistency with the theories in Le Deuxieme Sexe. The emphasis is thus placed on her ix relationship to men as well as her relationship to feminism. In the final analysis she is more liberated than are her female characters, but even she is not completely free from the cultural influences that determine the place of woman as secondary. She has failed to thwart some of the original cultural influences in her life such as an adherence to the puritan ethic in the realms of sex and duty. In using Le Deuxieme Sexe as a basis for this study, I find that the female characters as well as Simone de Beauvoir, reflect conditions as they are and not as she and others would like them to be.
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