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Afrotropické Bělozubky Rodu Crocidura V Kontextu Rejskovitých Hmyzožravců Konga

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Afrotropické Bělozubky Rodu Crocidura V Kontextu Rejskovitých Hmyzožravců Konga MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE Afrotropické bělozubky rodu Crocidura v kontextu rejskovitých hmyzožravců Konga Bakalářská práce Bc. Michal Bureš Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Adam Konečný, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Michal Bureš Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Afrotropické bělozubky rodu Crocidura v kontextu Název práce: rejskovitých hmyzožravců Konga Studijní program: Evoluční a ekologická biologie Studijní obor: Zoologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Adam Konečný, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet stran: 130 Klíčová slova: Rejskovití, Soricidae, bělozubky, Crocidura, Konžská pánev, Kongo, hmyzožravci, Eulipotyphla, Suncus, Congosorex, Sylvisorex, Scutisorex. Bibliographic Entry Author: Bc. Michal Bureš Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of botany and zoology Afrotropical white-toothed shrews of the genus Title of Thesis: Crocidura in context of Congolese shrew fauna Degree programme: Evolution and ecological biology Field of Study: Zoology Supervisor: Mgr. Adam Konečný, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2015/2016 Number of Pages: 130 Keywords: Shrews, Soricidae, white-toothed shrews, Crocidura, Cogno basin, Congo, insectivors, Eulipotyphla, Suncus, Congosorex, Sylvisorex, Scutisorex. Abstrakt Oblast jihozápadního Konga je stále málo probádanou oblastí a dosud zde neproběhl výzkum týkající se čeledi Soricidae. Jedná se o jednu z nejméně prozkoumaných čeledí savců a jejich fylogenetické vztahy nejsou dosud zcela uspokojivě popsány. Cílem této práce bylo zjistit druhové složení čeledi Soricidae v jihozápadním Kongu na základě markeru cytochromu b, který je vhodný pro určování savců do jednotlivých druhů. Dalším cílem byla fylogenetická analýza afrických zástupců čeledi Soricidae a popsat jednotlivé linie a zjistit vztahy vzorků z jihozápadního Konga ve vztahu k africkým zástupcům této čeledi. Dalším cílem byla fylogenetická analýza rodu Crocidura, který je nejvíce diverzifikovaný v aftrotropické oblasti. Z 64 vzorků jsem získal spolehlivá data z 62 vzorků, které jsem následně určil do 10 druhů - Crocidura attila, Crocidura batesi, Crocidura crenata, Crocidura dolichura, Crocidura goliath, Crocidura grassei, Paracrocidura schoutedeni, Suncus remyi, Sylvisorex johnstoni, Sylvisorex ollula. Z fylogenetické analýzy mi vyplynulo, že podčeleď Crocidurinae je dobře oddělená od ostatních zástupců čeledi Soricidae. Mezirodové vztahy nebyly dobře prokázány a to z důvodu charakteru vybraného genetického markeru cytochromu b. Nebyla potvrzena teorie o monofylii rodu Crocidura, ani jeho rozdělení na 3 klady. Potvrdil jsem, že rod Scutisorex v sobě zahrnuje druhy Sylvisorex konganensis a Sylvisorex ollula. Tyto dva druhy se v mé studii nachází na bazální pozici rodu Scutisorex, což dosud nebylo publikováno v žádné předcházející studii. V rámci mé studie se tedy ukázal rod Sylvisorex jako parafyletický, stejně jako rod Suncus, u kterého sice byly odděleny dvě větve (africká a eurasijská), nicméně toto rozdělení nemělo v mé fylogenetické analýze potřebnou podporu. Rod Paracrocidura se ukázal jako monofyletický, ale s nejistým zařazením v rámci rodu Crocidura. Na základě mé fylogenetické analýzy zástupci druhů Crocidura maxi a Crocidura monticola z ostrovů Jáva a Borneo vytvořily dvě větve. Jedna větev zahrnovala zástupce obou druhů z ostrova Jáva a druhá větev také zahrnovala zástupce obou druhů, ale z ostrova Borneo. Bylo by vhodné srovnat populace těchto dvou druhů na ostrovech Jáva a Borneo. Má fylogenetická analýza obsáhla největší počet vzorků a druhů rejskovitých než jakákoliv jiná dosud publikovaná studie a poskytla náhled na samostatné linie druhů čeledi Soricidae a v dalších studiích by bylo potřebné tyto údaje doplnit o jaderné markery, aby se určily vztahy na vyšších fylogenetických pozicích. Abstract The area of southwestern Congo is still deficiently explored region, and yet in this area had not exist research specialized on family Soricidae. It is one of the least explored families of the mammals and their phylogenetic relationships are not yet fully satisfactory described. The aim of this study was to determine the species composition of the family Soricidae in southwestern Congo based on marker cytochrome b, which is suitable for determining the mammals of different species. Another aim was the phylogenetic analysis of African representatives of the family Soricidae and describe individual lines and determine relationships of the samples from the southwestern Congo in relation to African representatives of this family. My next aim was phylogenetic analysis of the genus Crocidura, which is the most diversified in aftrotropical area. The 62 samples from 64 samples were applicable, I determined 10 species - Crocidura attila, Crocidura bates, Crocidura crenata, Crocidura dolichura, Crocidura goliath, Crocidura grassei, Paracrocidura schoutedeni, Suncus remyi, Sylvisorex johnstoni, Sylvisorex ollula. My phylogenetic analysis showed that subfamily Crocidurinae is well separated and well suported from the other members of the family Soricidae. The relations between genus have not been established and because of the character of my genetic marker cytochrome b. It was not confirmed the theory of the monophyly of the genus Crocidura. It was not confirmed the theory about three clades of the gengus Crocidura. I confirmed that genus Scutisorex includes two species - Sylvisorex konganensis and Sylvisorex ollula. In my study these two species are in the basal position of family Scutisorex, which has not been published in any study. In my study, genus Sylvisorex is paraphyletic as well as genus Suncus In the genus Suncus have been separated two branches (African and Eurasian) however this branches was low supported in my phylogenetic analysis. The genus Paracrocidura is monophyletic in my study but uncertain classification within the genus Crocidura. Based on my phylogenetic analysis, it seems that the representatives of the species Crocidura maxi and Crocidura monticola from the islands of Java and Borneo are distinct species, because the samples of these two species clustered to each other but created two branches - one from Java and one from Borneo. My phylogenetic analysis has encompassed the largest number of samples and species of the family Soricidae than any other previously published study and provided insight into separate branches of the species of family Soricidae. In the future studies would be necessary to supplement these data on nuclear markers to determine the phylogenetic relationships in the higher positions of the family Soricidae. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád chtěl poděkovat především mému vedoucímu Mgr. Adamovi Konečnému, Ph.D. za jeho rady, ochotu, trpělivost a vstřícnost. Také bych rád poděkoval za podporu a pochopení celé mojí rodině a přítelkyni. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat moji spolužačce Daniele Mizerovské za cenné rady a podporu. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Souhlasím s uložením této bakalářské práce v knihovně Ústavu botaniky a zoologie PřF MU v Brně, případně v jiné knihovně MU, s jejím veřejným půjčováním a využitím pro vědecké, vzdělávací nebo jiné veřejně prospěšné účely, a to za předpokladu, že převzaté informace budou řádně citovány a nebudou využívány komerčně. Brno 2. května 2016 ……………………………… Bc. Michal Bureš Obsah 1 Úvod ................................................................................................................................................ 14 1.1 Cíle práce .............................................................................................................................. 17 2 Úvod do problematiky ............................................................................................................. 18 2.1 Charakteristika studované oblasti ............................................................................. 18 2.2 Čeleď Soricidae .................................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Čeleď Soricidae v Konžské pánvi ................................................................................ 24 2.4 Rod Crocidura .................................................................................................................... 26 2.4.1 Afrotropická větev rodu Crocidura ................................................................... 29 2.4.2 Asijská větev rodu Crocidura ............................................................................... 31 2.4.3 Starosvětská větev rodu Crocidura ................................................................... 33 3 Materiál a metodika .................................................................................................................. 35 3.1 Terénní výzkum ................................................................................................................. 35 3.2 Fylogenetická analýza ..................................................................................................... 37 4 Výsledky ........................................................................................................................................ 40 4.1 Zjištění zástupci Soricidae v jihozápadním Kongu .............................................. 40 4.2 Fylogenetická analýza afrických rejskovitých ....................................................... 41 4.3 Fylogenetická analýza rodu Crocidura ....................................................................
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