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Study of Accessibility to Ontario Law Schools

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Study of Accessibility to Ontario Law Schools STUDY OF ACCESSIBILITY TO ONTARIO LAW SCHOOLS REPORT submitted to Deans of Law at Osgoode Hall, York University University of Ottawa Queen’s University University of Western Ontario University of Windsor Alan J.C. King Wendy K. Warren Sharon R. Miklas Social Program Evaluation Group Queen’s University October 2004 This project was funded by the Law Foundation of Ontario and the Law Society of Upper Canada Aussi disponible en français TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Introduction 1 B. Purpose of the Study 1 C. Advisory Groups 3 D. Brief History of Ontario Law Schools 3 E. Research Methodology 5 1. Research Design 5 2. Sources of Information 5 3. Survey Respondents 7 F. Individual Law School Reports 8 G. Organization of the Report 8 II. THE LAW PROFESSION 11 A. Introduction 11 B. Application Rates to Law Schools 11 C. Status/Prestige of the Legal Profession 14 D. Income and Employment Opportunities 15 E. The Practice of Law 17 F. The Decision to Enter Law 19 G. Choosing a Law School 25 H. Law School Experience 27 I. Choosing a Specialization 30 J. Summary 36 III. COSTS OF ATTENDING FIVE ONTARIO LAW SCHOOLS AND FINANCIAL SUPPORTS 37 A. Introduction 37 B. Cost of Attending Law School 37 i 1. Tuition 37 2. Costs Per Year 40 3. Bar Admission Course 41 a. Bar Admission Course Costs and Financial Assistance 42 b. Articling 43 i. The Articling Search Process 44 C. Financial Supports 45 1. Parental Support 46 2. Savings and Summer Jobs 46 3 Paid Part-time/School-Year Jobs 48 4. Financial Awards 52 a. Bursaries 52 i. University/Law School Bursaries 53 ii. Canadian Millennium Bursary 54 b. Scholarships, Awards and Prizes 55 5. Loans 56 a. Personal Loans 57 b. Canada-Ontario Integrated Student Loans (OSAP) 58 c. Bank Loans, Lines of Credit and Credit Card Debt 60 6. Other Sources of Financial Support 64 D. Tuition Increases and Financial Support 65 E. Student and Graduate Views on Financial Assistance 66 1. Introduction 66 2. General Themes 67 a. Timing of the Notification of Financial Assistance 67 b. Communication of Information Available on Financial Assistance 67 c. Conditions for Receiving Financial Aid/Fairness 68 d. Impact of Tuition Increases 70 3. Financial Assistance Sources 70 a. OSAP 70 b. Bursaries 72 c. Scholarships 73 d. Work Study 75 ii e. Line of Credit, Credit Cards 76 4. Special Categories of Students 76 a. Mature Students and Students with Families 76 b. Disadvantaged: Visible Minority Students 77 c. Aboriginal Students 78 F. Summary 79 IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF LAW STUDENTS 81 A. Introduction 81 B. Representativeness of the Law School Population 81 1. Gender 82 2. Marital Status 83 3. Sexual/Gender Identity 84 4. Language of Law School Students 85 5. Socioeconomic Status 86 a. Parents’ Education 86 b. Parents’ Income 88 6. Ethnocultural Background 89 7. Citizenship 92 8. Geographic Origin 93 a. Region of Ontario 93 C. Diversity in the Law School Population 95 1. Disabled Students 96 2. Aboriginal Students 98 3. Mature Students 100 4. Visible Minorities 100 5. Other Provinces/Countries 100 D. Summary 101 V. CHANGES OVER TIME IN LAW STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS 103 A. Introduction 103 B. Age at Entry 103 C. Gender 104 D. Marital Status 105 iii E. Socioeconomic Status 106 1. Parents’ Education 106 2. Parents’ Occupation 108 3. Parents’ Income 109 F. Ethnocultural Background 111 G. Geographic Origin 112 H. Language 113 I. Special Needs Students 114 J. Summary 115 VI. DEBT AND IMPACT OF DEBT 117 A. Introduction 117 B. Debt 117 1. Debt at Entry to Law School 117 2. Debt at Exit from Law School 119 3. Background Characteristics of Students and Graduates in Relation to Extent of Debt 124 a. Debt at Graduation by Gender 125 b. Debt at Graduation by Age 127 c. Debt at Graduation by Language 128 d. Debt at Graduation by Marital Status 131 e. Debt at Graduation for Students/Graduates With or Without Dependents 132 f. Debt at Graduation by Parents’ Education 134 g. Distribution of Debt by Visible Minority Status 138 4. Debt in Relation to Sources of Financial Support 141 5. Part-Time Work and Debt 142 C. Impact of Debt Load 145 1. Impact of Debt on Career Decisions 145 a. Articling Placement 145 b. Type of Law to be Practised 147 2. Impact of Debt on Law School Experience 149 a. Choice of Law Subjects Studied 149 b. Purchase of Texts and Other Learning Resources 151 iv c. Academic Achievement 152 d. Satisfaction with Law School Experience 154 3. Impact of Debt on Family and Personal Relationships 156 4. Impact of Debt on Basic Needs 157 5. Debt and Decision to Enrol 159 D. Summary 159 VII. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 163 A. Introduction 163 B. Summary of Findings 163 1. Who Goes to Law School? 163 2. Have there been changes in the background characteristics of law students since tuition deregulation? 163 3. What are the major sources of student financial support, and to what extent have they changed since tuition deregulation? 164 a. University/Law School Bursaries 164 b. Canada Millennium Bursaries 165 c. Scholarships/Awards/Prizes 165 d. Parental Support 165 e. Savings and Summer Jobs 166 f. Paid Part-Time/School Year Jobs 166 g. Loans 167 i. Personal Loans 167 ii. Canada-Ontario Integrated Student Loans (OSAP) 167 iii. Bank Loans, Lines of Credit and Credit Cards 167 h. Out-of-Province Student Loans 168 i. Funding for Aboriginal Law Students 168 4. What is the impact of debt on law students? 168 a. Debt at Program Entry and Graduation 168 b. Characteristics of Students with More or Less Debt 169 c. Impact of Debt on Students 169 C. Understanding The Law School Experience 170 v D. Myths/Realities 171 1. With increased tuition, there is a growing trend for law schools to serve only the children of affluent parents. 172 2. Members of visible minorities are underrepresented at law schools, and there is an increasing trend for this situation to worsen. 172 3. Most students will have a massive debt burden at graduation. 172 4. Many bursaries go to those who are not in financial need. 173 5. Many students are prevented from practising in the area of social justice and public interest because they must obtain high-paying jobs to pay down law school debts. 173 E. Future Directions 174 1. Increase Maximum Assistance from OSAP 174 2. Examine the Feasibility of a Debt-Relief Program 174 3. Refine the Work Study Plan 175 4. Align Bursary Allocations More Consistently with Student Financial Need 176 5. Ensure Openness, Fairness and Support for Students in Search of Articling Positions 176 F. Concluding Statement 176 REFERENCES 179 APPENDIX A – Surveys and Letters APPENDIX B – Tables B-1 to B-32 APPENDIX C – Focus Group Guide and Consent Form vi LIST OF TABLES Page Chapter I Table 1.1: Survey Respondents by Law School (% Students by Year & Graduates, 2000-03) 7 Chapter II Table 2.1: Salaries Associated with Practising Law ($) 16 Table 2.2: Estimated Gross Annual Earnings of 2000 Graduates Working Full Time in 2002, by Selected Professions ($) 16 Table 2.3: Employment Rate for 2000 Graduates in 2002, by Selected Professions (%) 17 Table 2.4: Current Practice Setting (% 2000-02 Graduates & Ontario Lawyers) 19 Table 2.5: Grades 10 & 12 Student Responses to ‘Expected Job After Schooling?’ (%) 20 Table 2.6: Parents as Lawyers and Judges (% Students & Graduates) 21 Table 2.7: Post-Secondary Education at Entry Into Law, by Year (% Students) 24 Table 2.8: Number of Law Schools Applied to, by Year (% Applicants, 1997-2003) 25 Table 2.9: Reasons for First Choice Law School (% Students, 2003-04 Graduates Articling & 2000-02 Graduates) 27 Table 2.10: First Choice of Law Practice Areas (% Students by Year) & Current Areas of Specialization (Graduates 2000-02) 31 Table 2.11: Articling Placement: Preferred & Expected Settings (% Students by Year) 33 Table 2.12: Graduates’ Actual Articling Settings (%) 34 Table 2.13: Preferred Settings to Practise Law (% Students by Year & Graduates) 35 Table 2.14: Activities of Graduates Not Currently Practising Law (% Graduates) 35 Chapter III Table 3.1: Tuition Fees at Six Law Schools (1997-98 to 2003-04) 39 Table 3.2: Estimated Total Cost of Attending Law School at Three Ontario Law Schools for the 2003-04 Academic Year ($) 41 Table 3.3: Articling Student Salaries 45 Table 3.4: Parent(s)/Guardian(s)’ Income/Savings as a Source of Financial Support (% Students by Year & Graduates) 46 Table 3.5: Sources of Financial Support from Own Income/Savings (% Students by Year & Graduates) 46 Table 3.6: Students & Graduates with Paid Part-Time Jobs 49 vii Table 3.7: Hours Per Week Spent on Paid Part-Time Jobs (% Students by Year & Graduates) 50 Table 3.8: Law-related Paid Jobs (% Students by Year & Graduates) 50 Table 3.9: Reasons for Paid Job(s) (% Students by Year & Graduates) 51 Table 3.10: Financial Support from Research/Teaching Assistantship (% Students by Year & Graduates) 52 Table 3.11: Number & Percentage Students Assisted by Law School Bursaries, Total & Average Amounts Awarded (1997-2003) 54 Table 3.12: Financial Support from Canada Millennium Bursary (% Students by Year & Graduates) 55 Table 3.13: Scholarships, Awards & Prizes Available at the Five Ontario Law Schools (2003-04) 56 Table 3.14: Personal Loans at Entry to Law School (% Students by Year & Graduates) 57 Table 3.15: Loans from Parents (% Students by Year & Graduates) 58 Table 3.16: Eligibility Requirements for the Canada-Ontario Integrated Student Loan Program (OSAP) 58 Table 3.17: OSAP Loan at Entry to Law School & Current OSAP Loan (% Students by Year & Graduates) 59 Table 3.18: Sources of Financial
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