Dinosaurian Faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation and LA-ICP- MS Detrital Zircon Ages for Three Stratigraphic Sections

Home , Acrocanthosaurus, Antlers Formation, Camarillas Formation, Cedar Mountain Formation, Ceratosauridae, Dryosauridae

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

2009-11-23

Dinosaurian Faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation and LA-ICP- MS Detrital Zircon Ages for Three Stratigraphic Sections

Hirotsugu Mori Brigham Young University - Provo

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd

Part of the Geology Commons

BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Mori, Hirotsugu, "Dinosaurian Faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation and LA-ICP-MS Detrital Zircon Ages for Three Stratigraphic Sections" (2009). Theses and Dissertations. 2000. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2000

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Dinosaurian faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation with

detrital zircon ages for three stratigraphic sections

and

The relationship between the degree of abrasion and

U-Pb LA-ICP-MS ages of detrital zircons

Hirotsugu Mori

A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science

Brooks B. Britt Thomas H. Morris Ritter M. Scott

Department of Geological Sciences

Brigham Young University

December 2009

Dinosaurian faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation with

detrital zircon ages for three stratigraphic sections

and

The relationship between the degree of abrasion and

U-Pb LA-ICP-MS ages of detrital zircons

Hirotsugu Mori

Department of Geological Sciences

Master of Science

The Cedar Mountain Formation contains the most diverse record of Early Cretaceous dinosaurs in the western hemisphere. However, analyses of its faunas have been hindered because 1) most taxa are based on incomplete/fragmentary materials or incomplete descriptions, 2) most sites and some horizons preserve few taxa, and 3) the stratigraphy and geochronology are poorly understood. To help resolve these stratigraphic and correlation problems U-Pb LA-ICP-MS detrital zircon ages were obtained at signiﬁcant sites and horizons. These dates indicate all sites at or near the base of the formation are no older than 122 to 124 Ma, thus all basal stratigraphic packages are time equivalent. Detrital zircons coarsely bracket the temporal span of the Ruby Ranch Member between about 115 Ma to 111 Ma while the base of the Mussentuchit Member is dated between 108 to 104 Ma and the top of the member is Cenomanian in age. Multivariate analyses utilizing Simpson and Raup-Crick similarity index and pair-group moving algorithms reveal that formation’s faunas fall into two groups. These groups are compared statistically with European, Asian, and Morrison faunas. Results indicate (1) that there is no close relationship between the Yellow Cat fauna and the Morrison Formation fauna and (2) corroborate long-standing hypotheses that the Yellow Cat fauna has European ties and the Mussentuchit fauna has Asian ties. Detrital zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages were used in this study to approximate the time of deposition of strata because volcanic ashes are rarely preserved in the formation. The ability to select the youngest crystals in a sample prior to applying analytical methods could substantially reduce the number of crystals and cost required to obtain these dates. To this end, the hypothesis that the most pristine, unabraded crystals should be younger than abraded crystals was tested by imaging detrital zircons via SEM, ranking the crystals by the degree of abrasion, and determining their ages. Results of this study partly corroborate the hypothesis in that there is a correlation between the degree of abrasion and ages – obviously abraded crystals are most likely the oldest while pristine to slightly abraded crystals are usually the youngest in a given sample.

Keywords: [Cedar Mountain Formation, dinosaur, fauna, detrital zircon, LA-ICP-MS] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis would not be completed without helps of following people. I sincerely thank all of them. Dr. Brooks B. Britt gave me precious advice as my academic advisor. Dr. Morris and Dr. Ritter supported my thesis as my committee. Dr. Scheetz advised me in many aspects of the thesis, especially about classification of ornithopods. Dr. Gehrels and Dr.Valencia at the

University of Arizona’s Laserchron Center allowed me to analyze the ages of detrital zircons, and gave me advice regarding the interpretation of the data, which is a crucial part of my thesis.

The Laserchron Center is supported by NSF grants EAR 0443387 and 0732436. Dr. Cifelli,

Dr.Tayler, Dr. Carpenter and John Bird gave me important information regarding fossils of the

Cedar Mountain Formation. Dr. Suarez, Dr. Dong, and Dr. Ruiz assisted with the ages of formations in Europe and Asia. Dr. Carrano and other staff of paleobiology database allowed me to access their wonderful database. Without this, statistical comparison of dinosaur taxa would have been impossible. Drs. Farrer and Dorais helped me with preparing and taking SEM images of detrital zircons.

Garrett Schwanke, L.J. Krumenacker, and Evan Staples provided valuable assistance measuring sections in the field. Also, the Department of Geological Sciences and the BYU

Museum of Paleontology provided me with financial support for my research.

Again, I appreciate all these people. TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: DINOSAURIAN FAUNAS OF THE CEDAR MOUNTAIN FORMATION WITH DETRITAL ZIRCON AGES FOR THREE STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS

ABSTRACT...... 1

INTRODUCTION...... 3

Purpose...... 4

STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY ...... 5

Background ...... 5

Methods...... 7

Results ...... 11

Discussion ...... 26

FAUNAS OF THE CEDAR MOUNTAIN FORMATION...... 32

Background ...... 32

Methods...... 34

Result and Discussion ...... 37

RELATION TO THE GLOBAL FAUNAL DISTRIBUTION AND THE MORRISON FORMATION...... 40

Background ...... 40

Methods...... 41

Result and Discussion ...... 46

CONCLUSIONS...... 53

REFERENCES...... 55

APPENDIX 1...... 67

Yellow Cat Member Quarries...... 67

Poison Strip Sandstone Quarries...... 69

Ruby Ranch Member Quarries...... 70

Mussentuchit Member Quarries ...... 71

iv APPENDIX 2...... 74

List of Tables Table 1 ...... 35 Table 2 ...... 42 Table 3 ...... 43

List of Figures Figure 1...... 3 Figure 2...... 6 Figure 3...... 13 Figure 4...... 14 Figure 5...... 16 Figure 6...... 17 Figure 7...... 20 Figure 8...... 22 Figure 9...... 24 Figure 10...... 25 Figure 11...... 31 Figure 12...... 38 Figure 13...... 41 Figure 14...... 47 Figure 15...... 48 Figure 16...... 49 Figure 17...... 50

CHAPTER 2: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEGREE OF ABRASION AND U-Pb LA-ICP-MS AGES OF DETRITAL ZIRCONS

Abstract...... 90

Introduction...... 91

Methods ...... 92

Results ...... 95

Discussion...... 98

Conclusion ...... 100

v References ...... 102

List of Tables Table 1 ...... 98 Table 2 ...... 99 Table 3 ...... 99

List of Figures Figure 1...... 94 Figure 2...... 96 Figure 3...... 97

vi CHAPTER 1: DINOSAURIAN FAUNAS OF THE CEDAR MOUNTAIN FORMATION WITH DETRITAL ZIRCON AGES FOR THREE STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS

ABSTRACT

The Cedar Mountain Formation is signiﬁcant because it contains the most diverse record of

Early Cretaceous dinosaurs in the western hemisphere. The formation is composed of ﬁve members. They are the Buckhorn Conglomerate, Yellow Cat, Poison Strip Sandstone, Ruby

Ranch, and Mussentuchit Members. Sites from the basal members contain taxa similar to

European faunas while taxa from the upper members share some similarities with Asian faunas, indicating a crucial faunal turnover is preserved in the formation. However, there is no consensus as to how many faunas the formation contains. Problems that have hindered previous faunal analyses include 1) the majority of taxa are based on incomplete/fragmentary materials or are incompletely described, 2) few taxa are preserved at most sites, and 3) the stratigraphy and geochronology of the formation is in the early stages of development making it difﬁcult to place quarries into stratigraphic or chronologic context.

To help resolve the stratigraphic and correlation problems LA-ICP-MS detrital zircon ages were obtained at signiﬁcant sites and horizons. These dates indicate that all sites studied at or near the base of the formation are no older than 122 to 124 Ma, thus all basal stratigraphic packages are time equivalent to quarries in the Yellow Cat and Poison Strip Sandstone members.

Detrital zircons coarsely bracket the temporal span of the Ruby Ranch Member between about

115 Ma to 111 Ma while the Mussentuchit ranges from about 108 to 104 Ma to the Cenomanian, or possibly the Turonian.

Multivariate analyses utilizing Simpson and Raup-Crick similarity index and pair-group moving algorithms were used to determine the likely number of faunas. The results suggest the formation’s faunas fall into two groups—the Yellow Cat and Mussentuchit faunas. These faunas

1 are compared with faunas of formations/localities of Europe and East Asia using the aforementioned algorithms. Results of this analysis corroborate previous hypotheses that the

Yellow Cat fauna has European ties, and the Mussentuchit fauna has Asian ties. Finally, the similarity analyses do not support a close tie between the Yellow Cat and Morrison Formation faunas.

2 INTRODUCTION

The Cedar Mountain Formation (CMF), located primarily in east-central Utah (Fig. 1) yields a wealth of terrestrial vertebrates (e.g. Bodily, 1970; Cifelli et al., 1997; Kirkland, 1996, Britt et al., 2009). The formation has long been known to be Early Cretaceous in age (Stokes, 1952) but only recently have absolute dates been available (Cifelli et al., 1997; Burton, 2006; Greenhalgh

H Û¶ GHF 7#$*/8 1+/2

NP NP Û DEF HHDF HHHF F

,/*0#+#&'()*+% 5$.6# HL '/$4(*&'()*+% 1.*+/2&'()*+% Û¶ B#C#*; HE :$/*;&'()*+% A)+6$(0 HM '/<+8#&=/8# ?(@* '()*+%&4()*;/$% HK G :$##*&>.-#$ E J Û HG K I II IH HJ HI M D HD L HH !"#$%&'()*+% 3(/4 ,#-.#$&'()*+% Û¶ 9/%*#&'()*+%

Û Û¶ Û Û¶

FIGURE 1—Index map of localities included in this study. 1 = Dinosaur National Monument quarry 16; 2 = Gaston ornithopod quarry; 3 = Hotel Mesa site; 4 = Cedarosaurus site; 5 = Gaston quarry; 6 = Dave’s campsite; 7 = Lorrie site; 8 = Nedcolbertia site; 9 = Andrew’s site; 10 = Tony’s bone bed; 11 = Doelling’s Bowl site 12 = Bodily Nodosaur site; 13 = Dalton Wells; 14 = Crystal Geyser; 15 = Suarez Sister’s site; 16 = Price River 1; 17 = Price River II; 18 = Price River III; 19 = Carol site; 20 = Long Walk quarry; 21 = OMNH microfossil sites; 22 = Robison Egg shell site. Outcrop pattern of the Cedar Mountain Formation and quarries after Kirkland, and Madsen (2007).

3 et al., 2007). Comparison of the primarily microvertebrate fossils, some with Asian afﬁnities

(e.g., tyranosaurid, troodontid, and Neoceratopsia) of the upper part of the formation

(Mussentuchit Member) and macrofossils from the lower part (Yellow Cat and Poison Strip

Sandstone Members) some with European afﬁnities are indicative of a faunal shift that has been attributed to immigration (Kirkland, 1992; Carpenter et al., 2002; Carpenter, 2006). However,

Kirkland (1996) and Burton et al. (2006) asserted the presence of an additional, intermediate fauna. Kirkland and Madsen (2007) consider that a quarry at the bottom of the Cedar Mountain

Formation (that yielded a primitive therizinosaurid, Falcarius) represents a fourth Cedar

Mountain Formation fauna. Part of this confusion comes from the difﬁculty in correlating quarry stratigraphy and fragmentary nature of the fossils (for example, only seven genera are shared by multiple quarries of the Cedar Mountain Formation). Nevertheless, it is generally agreed that the older faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation share similarities with corresponding European fauna, and the younger faunas share similarities with Asian faunas (Kirkland, 1996; Cifelli et al.,

1997; Carpenter et al., 2002; Carpenter 2006; Kirkland and Madsen, 2007), although no statistical background has been given to the faunal analysis.

Purpose

The purpose of the research is to determine age of the members of the Cedar Mountain

Formation, and thereby decide the number of multivariably supported faunas in the Cedar

Mountain Formation and their relationships to coeval Asian and European faunas. Comparisons with North American and southern hemisphere faunas are not dealt with at this time, because the primarily purpose is to test the hypotheses that the lower Cedar Mountain Formation fauna is similar to the European fauna, and the upper Cedar Mountain Formation fauna is similar to the

Asian fauna (Kirkland, 1996; Cifelli et al., 1997; Carpenter et al., 2002; Carpenter 2006;

4 Kirkland and Madsen, 2007). This paper is composed of three parts. First, the stratigraphy and geochronology are discussed based on new stratigraphic for the Cedar Mountain Formation utilizing detrital zircons, and second, the chronostratigraphic data are incorporated into faunal analysis, utilizing Simpson similarity (Simpson, 1943) and Raup-Crick similarity (Raup and

Crick 1973) coefﬁcients with pair-Group moving algorithms. Third, the Cedar Mountain faunas are compared with corresponding age faunas reported from Europe and Asia to test previous hypothesis of relationship. The Morrison Formation, which underlies the Cedar Mountain

Formation is included in this test to determine whether the regional fauna remained endemic following a circa 25 Ma hiatus.

STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY

Background

Although the Cedar Mountain was deﬁned over sixty years ago, its internal stratigraphy continues to evolve (Fig. 2). The Cedar Mountain Formation was ﬁrst designated as a formation by Stokes (1944). He combined a conglomerate layer (the Buckhorn Conglomerate) above the

Morrison Formation and the overlying Cedar Mountain Shale into the Cedar Mountain

Formation. In 1960, Young recognized three sandstone packages (lower, middle and upper) but his claim was negated by Craig (1961), based on an absence of biostratigraphic or geochronologic correlation data. Later, Kirkland et al. (1997) divided the “shale” package above the Buckhorn conglomerate into four units, which are from bottom to top: Yellow Cat, Poison

Strip Sandstone, Ruby Ranch, and Mussentuchit Members. The Yellow Cat Member was deﬁned as primarily a mudstone unit at the base of the Cedar Mountain Formation with calcrete or polished chert pebbles being common at the base. The Poison Strip Sandstone includes ﬁne to medium grained chert pebbles in a sandstone immediately above the Yellow Cat Member. The

5 Stage Stokes Kirkland et al. Aubrey (1998) Burton et al. (2006) Roca and Nadon Greenhalgh and Britt This study Age (1952) (1997) (2007) (2007) (Ma) 90 Mancos Shale Turonian Mancos Shale Mancos Shale Mancos Shale

↑ Cenomanian Dakota Sandstone ？ Dakota Sandstone Dakota Sandstone Dakota Sandstone Dakota ？ SS 100 Mussentuchit Mbr. ↓ ↑ Mussentuchit ？ Mussentuchit Mbr. Albian Mbr.

110 Ruby Ranch Mbr. Cedar Mountain ↑

Cretaceous Unnamed shale Formation ？ Ruby Ranch Mbr. Poison Strip Ruby Ranch Mbr. Aptian Ss. Poison Poison Strip Ss. Strip Ss. 120 in Formation Mounta Cedar

Yellowcat Sandstone in Formation/Dakota Mounta Cedar Yellowcat Cong. Mbr. Cong. Mbr. Buckhorn Cedar Mounta in Formation Mounta Cedar Buckhorn

Cedar Mountain Formation Cedar Buckhorn Barremian ? Conglomerate Buckhorn Cong. Yellow Cat ↓ Mbr. 130 Hauterivian hiatus hiatus Valanginian hiatus hiatus hiatus 140 Berriasian

Jurassic Buckhorn

Morrison Fm. Morrison Fm. Fm. Morrison Fm. Morrison Fm. Conglomerate 150 Morrison FIGURE 2—Stratigraphic history of the Cedar Mountain Formation.

Ruby Ranch Member was deﬁned as the layer above the Poison Strip Member, characterized by variegated mauve to maroon colored mudstones rich in carbonate nodules. This member was regarded by the authors as the most widespread member of the formation. The Mussentuchit

Member is composed of drab, gray smectitic mudstone with a “popcorn”-like weathering pattern.

This stratigraphy is not unchallenged. Aubrey (1998) and Roca and Nadon (2007) argued that the Buckhorn Conglomerate interﬁngers with the Morrison Formation and should be considered a member of that Late Jurassic formation. Finally, Greenhalgh and Britt (2007) suggested that the basal three members of the Cedar Mountain Formation, the Buckhorn, Poison Strip, and Yellow

Cat, are simply different facies of the same prograding clastic wedge (Fig. 2).

6 In terms of geochronology, non-marine fossils in the Cedar Mountain Formation led Stokes

(1952) to conclude that it was Early Cretaceous in age. Later, based on plant biostratigraphy, the

Cedar Mountain Formation was determined to be between Barremian and Cenomanian (Peck,

1957; Tschudy et al., 1984; Carroll, 1992; Stephens, 2005). Signiﬁcantly, most of the

palynomorph studies (Tschudy et al., 1984; Carroll, 1992; Stephens, 2005) dealt with the

Mussentuchit Member because palynomorphs are rarely found in other members, likely as a

function of unfavorable chemistry at the time of deposition (Eberth et al., 2006). Also, lower

members of the Cedar Mountain Formation lack recognizeable volcanic ashes and normal

radiometric dating of those units is not possible. The Mussentuchit Member, however, has

volcanic tuff layers near the top, and its age is reported to be early Cenomanian based on

sanidine 40Ar/39Ar ages (Cifelli et al., 1997; Garrison et al., 2007). For these reasons, exact ages of other bone bearing horizons of the Cedar Mountain Formation were not known until U-Pb detrital zircon ages were obtained for three quarries in the Formation (Price River II, Dinosaur

National Monument quarry 16 (Burton, 2006), and the Dalton Wells area (Yellow Cat Member,

Greenhalgh, 2006b). These studies demonstrated the viability of utilizing detrital zircons in determining the ages of strata in the absence of well-preserved volcanic ashes. Prior to this study, the age of the Ruby Ranch Member has only been brieﬂy addressed in terms of absolute ages

(Burton et al., 2006; Britt et al., 2008) and one of the goals of this paper is to determine the range of this, the most widespread member of the Cedar Mountain Formation.

Methods

Stratigraphic sections were measured by standard methods using a metric surveyor’s pole and clinometer.

7 To aid in the correlation, and to determine the ages for members and some dinosaur sites, a newly available method of obtaining radiometric ages from strata in the absence of recognizeable volcanic ash beds, using detrital zircons, was employed. This method is used to obtain the maximum depositional ages of select horizons in measured sections in the vicinities of the three quarries (Bodily nodosaur site, Long Walk quarry, and Carol site) and of the quarries themselves.

In addition to these three sites, zircon samples were collected from the Crystal Geyser site,

Suarez sister’s site (Yellow Cat Mbr.), and Dinosaur National Monument quarry16

(Mussentuchit). At each collection site care was taken to avoid contamination by breaking off clean fragments of sandstone or excavating to a depth sufﬁcient to collect sizeable, cleanable fragments of mudstone. The samples averaged 8 kg each and were collected in thick plastic bags.

The samples were brought back to the lab and processed as follows.

1. Washing: The surfaces of the rock fragments were cleaned under running water to eliminate surﬁcal contaminants. Clay rich samples were held under running water to wash away contaminants and slough off a small amount of the sample surface. More durable samples were scrubbed with a wire brush under running water.

2. Drying: Wet samples were placed in stainless steel pans and dried in a low temperature oven at about 46 ˚C.

3. Crushing: Larger rock samples were broken down to a 2 cm or smaller fragments with a rock hammer on a clean steel anvil table. Resultant chips were reduced to powder in a roller mill.!

4. Removing clay: Clay rich samples were soaked in buckets, agitated manually or with a drill driven paint-mixing paddle and the clay fraction decanted. A surfactant, such as CalgonTM,

8 or hand soap was occasionally used to help keep the clays in suspension. This process was repeated until the bulk of the clay had been eliminated.

5. Sorting: Grains in samples were sorted by a Wilfley table into five groups by size and density. Samples were added to the Wilfley table manually or via bin feeder. The coarse fractions were run through the Wilfley table a second time to reduce the sample size prior to the next step.

6. Heavy liquid separation: Heavier minerals were separated from lighter minerals using liquid TBE (tetrabromoethane). First, the samples were put in a separatory funnel and tetrabromoethane of appropriate amount was added. Samples were stirred every about 20 minutes at least three times. Then, the stopcock was opened to allow only the heavy fraction to pass through and be captured by ﬁlter paper in the underlying funnel. Samples and residual grains were then rinsed with acetone to remove the tetrabromoethane.

7. Magnetic separation: The heavy mineral concentrate were passed through a magnetic separator (Frantz Isodynamic Separator Model L-1) twice, each time increasing the strength of the magnetic ﬁeld. The nonmagnetic fraction containing the zircons and magnetic fractions were stored in separate, labeled glass vials.

8. Picking: Zircon crystals were hand picked by wet brushes, with care taken to select the most euhedral grains, with the assumption that such grains are most likely to represent the youngest grains in the sample (Kowallis, 1987).

9. Mounting: Select grains were mounted with zircon standard samples on double-faced tape and consolidated with resin plugs. They were polished so approximately half of the larger surface of grains were exposed.

9 10. Analysis: The crystals were analyzed according to the standard practice in the Laserchron

Lab of Dr. Gehrels at the University of Arizona. The processes of picking and mounting are summarized by Gehrels at http://www.geo.arizona.edu/alc/detrital%20zircon%20methods.htm

11. Age Calculations: Depositional ages were calculated by three methods. Probability density curves and tuff-zirc ages were calculated using Isoplot 3.7 (Ludwig, 2008), Maximum depositional ages (MD) were calculated using AgePick (Gehrels, 2009). When processing data, zircons with high uranium concentrations (>800 ppm), high U/Th ratio (>10), and concordance outside the range of ± 1000 % were excluded because high concentrations could indicate lead loss and anomalously young ages. High U/Th ratio indicates metamorphic origin of the zircon grains (Williams, 2001, and Rubatto et al., 2001). Abnormally young grains were also excluded.

Probability density curves, ﬁrst used by Dodson et al. (1988), are drawn by combining probability distributions of data and errors of each grain in the sample. Tuff-zirc age is calculated on the assumption that the sample represents a single ashfall event, and age differences are attributed to measuring errors. The Tuff-Zirc routine for samples collected from tuff-rich layers was used. In both methods, older grains (> 180 Ma for Yellow Cat/PoisonStrip quarry samples,

>160 Ma for Ruby Ranch quarry samples, >130 Ma for Mussentuchit quarry samples) are not plotted as they do not help resolve the depositional ages. In most samples older crystals are more abundant than younger crystals that more closely approximate the actual depositional age.

Therefore, calculated maximum depositional ages (MD age) were also utilized using AgePick

(Gehrels, 2009). This Excel macro calculates the average age and errors from several youngest grains. Because some crystals with inclusions were undoubtedly utilized in the study, and because AgePick is not completely objective (the user determines which grains to use) some youngest grains were excluded, whose two-sigma errors fail to overlap with other grain ages

10 when calculating MD age. Since these three methods have both pros and cons, these three results are compared in the process of determining the most appropriate age for each sample.

When sufﬁcient numbers of zircons were not recovered, samples from similar positioned horizons at a given locality were regarded as a single sample and the maximal depositional ages were judged as a whole. Since AgePick uses two-sigma systematic errors for each sample mount to calculate one sigma errors of MD ages, the one-sigma errors cannot be calculated when several samples on different mounts are combined.

Results

In order to provide a stratigraphic and geochronologic framework for the faunal analyses portion of this study, stratigraphic sections were measured for, and detrital zircon samples were collected from, a total of six crucial dinosaur quarry sites in the Cedar Mountain Formation.

Stratigraphic sections through the complete Cedar Mountain Formation were measured at three localities where the stratigraphy had previously been poorly known; the Bodily nodosaur site

(Poison Strip), Long Walk quarry (Ruby Ranch), and Carol site (Mussentuchit). These complete sections provide a stratigraphic framework for the balance of the sites that were radiometrically dated in this study, namely the Crystal Geyser, Suarez sisters, and Dinosaur National Monument quarry 16 sites. At each of these sites partial stratigraphic sections were measured from the

Morrison/Cedar Mountain formational contact up to the bone horizons. Contacts between the

Morrison and Cedar Mountain Formations were picked based on the criteria listed in Greenhalgh and Britt (2007). The contact between the Yellow Cat and the Ruby Ranch Members were not well defined in their original description (Kirkland et al., 1997), but for the purposes of this study it is defined as the base of a fluvial sandstone zone, probably representing a period of reduced

11 accommodation, immediately beneath caliche nodule-rich layers which are diagnostic of the

Ruby Member, as the boundary. The contact of the Ruby Ranch and the Mussentuchit Members is here deﬁned as the top of a maroon colored paleosol complex at the top of the Ruby Ranch

Member, often with abundant caliche nodules, that developed during a prolonged period of non- or reduced-deposition. This paleosol is overlain by a white to green colored smectitic unit, which often is a sandy to silty mudstone that weathers to a popcorn appearance and often contains abundant intraformational caliche pebbles reworked from the underlying paleosol complex. In some areas, as in the badlands southeast of Castle Dale, Utah - or in the area of the Price River II quarry - the paleosol at the top of the Ruby Ranch Member is up to 10 meters thick and can easily be traced over long distances. In other areas, such as to the northeast of Castle Dale North there are multiple thick, maroon paleosols in the upper reaches of the Ruby Ranch Member, in which case the uppermost such non-smectitic paleosol is taken as the top of the Ruby Ranch

Member. This Ruby Ranch-Mussentuchit contact, although perhaps not so prominent, can also be found in the Bodily nodosaur site area, northwest of Moab, Utah.

During ﬁeld work, a total of 19 zircon samples as follows: Crystal Geyser site (Yellow Cat

Member, 3 samples) Suarez sister's site (Yellow Cat Member, 2 samples), Bodily nodosaur site

(Poison Strip Member, 7 samples), Long Walk Quarry (Ruby Ranch Member, 4 samples),

Dinosaur National Monument 16 quarry (bottom of Mussentuchit Member, 1 sample), and Carol site (Mussentuchit Member, 5 samples). The results of the U-Pb dates, stratigraphic sections, and geologic implications are discussed below.

Crystal Geyser site—This site is the type locality of Falcarius, a primitive therizinosaurid dinosaur (Kirkland et al., 2005) and it has been proposed that at least one hundred individuals of

Falcarius are preserved here (Suarez et al., 2007). The site is also important because it has been

12 200 m NW of Crystal Geyser site

7 cgz-7 N=19

MD age Relative probability = 123.4 ± 4.5 Ma 6 Peak at 122.1 Ma Number

4 Age (Ma) Meters

Yellowcat/Poison Strip Members Yellowcat/Poison cgz-5 N=117 3 Crystal Geyser site MD age Relative probability = 121.8± 2.2 Ma

2 ? Number

1 Bone layer

Upper Age (Ma) Morrison Mud Sand Cgl. A Mud Sand Cgl. B Cemented sandstone Silt/mudstone (paleoriver channel)

Bedded sandstone Maroon colored

Greenish-white colored

FIGURE 3—Crystal Geyser site stratigraphy and detrital zircon U-Pb ages. A. Stratigraphic section of knoll 200 m northwest of Crystal Geyser guarry site. B. Stratigraphic section of Crystal Geyser quarry, after Kirkland and Madsen (2007) and Suarez et al. (2007). Only zircon ages <180 Ma that meet the criteria presented in methods were utilized in age calculations.

13 10 9 sgz-1 + sgz-2 N=29 Sandstone Cemented sandstone 8 (paleoriver channel) MD age R 7 el = 122.5 ± 2.4 Ma a 6 ti Bedded sandstone Conglomerate v 5 e P r Number 4 obabili Maroon colored Greenish colored 3

2 t y 3 1 0 6 * sgz-2 N=13 Peak at 119.2 ± 1.3 Ma

5 R el a

4 ti v e P 2 Number 3 r obabili 2 t 1 y

Meters 0 ) 4 1 sgz-1 N=16 Peak at 122.6 ± 0.7 Ma

3 R Bone layer el a ti v e P

Poison Strip/Yellowcat Members Strip/Yellowcat Poison 2 Number r obabili

0 1 t y

0 Upper

Morrison 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 Mud Sand Cgl. !"#$%&'(

FIGURE 4—Suarez sister’s site stratigraphy and detrital zircon U-Pb ages. Samples sgz-1 and sgz-2 yielded few zircons so the samples were combined in upper diagram to calculate the maximal depositional age of the composite horizon. Only zircon ages <180 Ma that meet the criteria presented in methods were utilized in age calculations. suggested that the horizon is substantially older that other basal portions of the Cedar Mountain

Formation (Kirkland and Madsen, 2007). To test this interpretation, two detrital zircon samples were collected (Fig. 3). Sample crz-5 was collected from a sand layer about 50 cm above the quarry, about 30 cm below the “caprock” or bedded sandstone layer that overlies the quarry. The sample has one anomalously young grain, dated as 115.9 ± 0.7 Ma that here is attributed to

14 contamination or inclusion problems. Maximal depositional age calculated from ﬁve next to youngest zircons is 121.8± 2.2 Ma. Crz-7 sample was collected from a thick paleoriver channel

200 m west-northwest from the quarry. This sample provides a maximal depositional age of

123.4 ± 4.5 Ma, based on the two youngest grains. This age is essentially the same depositional age as crz-5.

Suarez sister’s site —This site is located approximately 1 km northwest of the Crystal Geyser site, discussed above. Like the Crystal Geyser site, the Suarez sisters site rests on the Morrison

Formation and it contains abundant Falcarius elements, but it also contains bones of a large polacanthid (Kirkland and Madsen, 2007). The bone-bearing layer rests on, or is only slightly above the unconformable contact of Yellow Cat Member and Morrison Formation, and it is composed of poorly sorted, pale green matrix (silty-muddy sandstone) and conglomerates, suggestive of a debris ﬂow deposit (Fig. 4). Such characteristics are also reported for the Dalton

Wells and Crystal Geyser quarries (Britt et al., 2009), suggesting that all were deposited under similar conditions. Zircon samples were collected from the bedded sandstone immediately above the bone layer (sgz-1) and non-bedded sandstone about 1 meter above the bone layer (sgz-2).

Zircon recovery from these samples were small, with only 24 zircon grains from sgz-1 and 26 grains from sgz-2. Because so few grains were recovered, data from both samples evaluated as a single sample via AgePick to calculate the maximal depositional age of the horizon, which comes in at 122.5 ± 2.4 Ma. The youngest grains of the two samples do not overlap at the one- sigma level, so this is only a rough approximation of the maximal depositional age.

Bodily nodosaur site—This quarry was ﬁrst reported by Bodily (1970) who identiﬁed the specimen as cf. Hoplitosaurus. Materials include caudal vertebrae and associated armor.

Carpenter et al. (1999) initially identiﬁed the specimen as cf. Sauropelta but later regarded it

15 "! bns-5 Bodily Nodosaur site * MD Age=111.3 ± 2.2 Ma 2/34567/1809.4.6365:1 ) Peak at 111.8 Ma ( 70 ' N=37 &

+,-./01 % $ 60 # " ! $!1

bns-9 MD Age=117.5 ± 2.7 Ma 2/34567/1809.4.6365:1

“Dakota Sandstone” 50 #&1 Peak? at 113.3 Ma #!1 N=105

"&1

40 +,-./01 "!1 Meters &1

!1 (1

30 bns-4 N=47 2/34567/1809.4.6365:1

Mussentuchit Member '1 MD Age=120.8 ± 2.4 Ma

Cedar Mountain Fm./”Dakota Sandstone” Mountain Fm./”Dakota Cedar (Fig. 6C, D) &1 Peak at 120.9 Ma %1 20 $1 +,-./01 #1

Ruby RanchRuby Member "1 10 !1 Bodily % Nodosaur Md Age=117.2 ± 3.7 Ma site bns-3 2/34567/1809.4.6365:1 → $ Peak at 116.6 Ma

Poison Strip Cat /Yellow (Fig. Mbr. 6A, B) 0 N=14 # +,-./01 "

Upper Morrison !

"!1 bns-2 N=37 2/34567/1809.4.6365:1 Mud Sand Cgl. )1 MD Age ≦ 124 ± 2.9 Ma Peak at 123.7 Ma Calcrete cemented Cemented sandstone '1 (paleoriver channel)

+,-./01 %1 Caliche/calcrete nodule Sandstone #1

!1 Calcrete/limestone Silt/mudstone $1

bns-1 MD Age=< 130 ± 2.4 Ma 2/34567/1809.4.6365:1

Chert nodule Maroon colored #1 Peak at 130.0 Ma

Smectitic mudstone Greenish colored +,-./01 "1 N=11

Conglomerate Tan to green colored !1 "!!1 ""!1 "#!1 "$!1 "%!1 "&!1 "'!1 "(!1 ")!1 FIGURE 5—Bodily Nodosaur site stratigraphy and detrital U-Pb ages. Only zircon ages <180 Ma that meet the criteria presented in methods were utilized in age calculations.

16 A

Cedar Mountain Fm. Morrison Fm.

B C

Mussentuchit Mbr. Cedar Mountain Fm. Ruby Ranch Mbr.

Morrison Fm.

D Mussentuchit Mbr. Ruby Ranch Mbr.

FIGURE 6—Bodily Nodosaur site stratigraphic contacts. A) Morrison/Cedar Mountain boundary looking west. B) Close up of Morrison/Cedar Mountain foramation boundary. A ~ 30 cm thick calcrete is present at the base of the Cedar Mountain Formation. C) Close up of the Mussentuchit/Ruby Ranch member boundary. The boundary is identiﬁable by the transition from a maroon colored, calcrete-rich mudstone to a grey smectitic mudstone. D) View of the Ruby Ranch/Mussentuchit boundary.

17 simply as a polacanthid (Carpenter et al., 2008) and this is the identiﬁcation followed in this study. Bodily’s (1970) paper predated the subdivision of the “shale member” of the formation into members so this is the ﬁrst detailed stratigraphic analysis of the site. The stratigraphy and detrital zircon U-Pb ages are shown in Figure 5. Sample bns-1 was collected from a consolided sandstone layer immediately above the Yellow Cat Member - Morrison Formation (Fig. 6A and

B), and the age of the youngest grain is 130 ± 2.9 Ma. The quarry is located 5.5 m above the

Yellow Cat-Morrison contact, and yielded an AgePick date of 124 ± 2.9 Ma from the three youngest grains of the sample bns-2, which is consistent with the peak of the probability density curve, 123.7 Ma). Sample bns-3 was collected from a paleoriver channel above the quarry, and provided AgePick date of 117.2 ± 3.3 Ma, although the peak corresponding to this age is not conspicuous due to the strong peak of 121 Ma. Above this sandstone, there are about 15 m of the

Ruby Ranch Member and 50 m of Mussentuchit +Dakota Sandstone (Fig. 6C and D). The recognition of the Mussentuchit Member in this area is significant because previously it was thought to be absent in eastern Utah (Kirkland, 1997; Kirkland and Madsen, 2007. The boundary between the Ruby Ranch and Mussentuchit is distinct, with a deep paleosol marking the top of the Ruby Ranch Member (Fig. 6C). A sample (bns-4) was collected four meters below the contact and two samples (bns-9, bns-5) from the Mussentuchit Member. Like bns-3, bns-4 and bns-9 have a strong peak at around 120 Ma, and no younger peaks are well defined. Sample bns-4 provided AgePick data of 120.8 ± 2.4 Ma from the youngest five grains, and bns-9 provided 117.5 ± 2.7 Ma. For the calculation of bns-9, the youngest two grains were excluded because they do not overlap in their sigmas with the average of other youger grains that form the prominent peak in the histogram. It is possible that these young grains are results of LA-ICPMS error, attributable to inclusions but based on dates recovered from the Mussentuchit Member

18 discussed later in this study, they are not anomalous but better approximate the depositional age than the balance of the grains in the sample. Sample bns-5 is from a sandstone that is interpreted as one of several Dakota Sandstone horizons that are separated by mudstones in the area. This suggests that the Mussentuchit Member and Dakota Sandstone interﬁnger. An alternate interpretation that is more plausible based on observations made as part of this study in the

Castle Dale areas, is that what has typically been interpreted as the Dakota Sandstone are ﬂuvial channels preserved within overbank deposits, represented by the Mussentuchit Member. Sample bns-5provided AgePick data of 111.3 ± 2.2 Ma, and its probability density curve has a peak at

111.8 Ma.

Long Walk quarry—This quarry was excavated by staff of University of Utah (DeCourten,

1991), and yielded primarily brachiosaurid elements, including vertebrae, ribs, teeth, and some skull and limb elements that DeCourten (1998) tentatively referred to "Pleurocoelus". Theropod elements were also recovered, including a distal ungula of a small dromaeosaurid (cf.

Deinonychus) and a larger theropod, tentatively identiﬁed as Acrocanthosaurus. Figure 7 is a stratigraphic section of the Long Walk quarry and probability density curves for each sample.

DeCourten (1991) and Kirkland et al. (1997) reported that in the vicinity of the quarry the Ruby

Ranch Member is about 130 m thick and rests on the Morrison Formation. One sample (lwq-0) was collected from a maroon mudstone unit with caliche nodules at the top of the Morrison

Formation and three samples (lwq-1, lwq-2, lwq-DSS) from the lower 35 m of the Ruby Ranch

Member. Forty zircons were recovered from Lwq-0, but only 17 of them are younger than 160

Ma, and its maximal depositonal age is calculated as 147.0 ± 4.2 Ma, the probability density curve is at 147.6 Ma. Both ages agree with the accepted age of 148 Ma for the Brushy Basin

Member of the Morrison Formation (Kowallis et al., 1998). Lwq-1 was collected from a

19 MD Age=115.0 Ma 120 lwq1 + Peak at 114.8 Ma Plant fossils lwq2 + 110 DSS nodules N=79

Calcrete cemented Mussentuchit/Dakota Ss. 100 aragonite Caliche/calcrete nodule = lwq-DSS MD Age=115.3 ±2.8 Ma 90 Peak at 116.2 Ma Calcrete/limestone N=14

80 Chert nodule cross trough Smectitic mudstone 70 + lwq-2 MD Age=115.3 ± 2.1 Ma Conglomerate nodules 60 Peak at 116.5 Ma

Cedar Mountain Fm./Dakota Sandstone Mountain Fm./Dakota Cedar N=46 Cemented sandstone Meters (paleoriver channel) 50

Sandstone RanchRuby Member 40 + Silt/mudstone lwq-1 MD Age=114.4 ±2.7 Ma

30 Peak at 114.2 Ma Maroon colored

N=19 Greenish colored 20

Tan to green colored 10 Long Walk quarry lwq-0 → MD Age=147.0 ± 4.2 Ma Scroll bar Peak at 147.6 Ma 0

Upper Morrison Fm. N=13 SandMud Cgl

FIGURE 7—Long Walk quarry stratigraphy and detrital zircon U-Pb ages. Samples yielded few zircons so the three of the samples (lwq-1, lwq-2, lwq-DSS) were combined in upper diagram to calculate the maximal depositional age of the lower Ruby Ranch Member as a whole. Only zircon ages <160 Ma that meet the criteria presented in methods were utilized in age calculations.

20 paleoriver channel above the contact that represents a scroll bar in a meander complex. The quarry horizon is about one to two meters above the scroll bar system, so it is likely that the river that formed the same river transported and buried the bones in this quarry. Lwq-2 was collected from the quarry horizon, and lwq-DSS was from and exhumed river channel about 35 meters above the Morrison-Cedar Mountain contact. All of the samples provided a strong peak around

120 Ma with a younger peak around 115 Ma. This peak is not clearly shown in the probability density curve of lwq-2, due to the strong peak of 120 Ma. These three samples were also combined as one sample to calculate the maximal depositional ages of the lower 35 m of the

Cedar Mountain Formation. The probability density curve of the combined samples shows a peak at 114.8 Ma, and the AgePick date is calculated as 115.0 Ma.

Dinosaur National Monument quarry 16—The quarry yields a minimum of four brachiosaurids, including two articulated skulls, a nearly complete disarticulated skull and a braincase. Limb and girdle elements are common but short articulated strings of vertebrae have also been found. The taxon is more derived than Brachiosaurus in that the tooth crowns are narrow, as in Pleurocoelous (Chure et al., 2006). The only other taxon recovered from the horizon is a medium sized theropod, represented by the distal end of a hind limb and a tooth. The theropod remains to be identiﬁed (B. Britt, personal communication, 2009). Stratigraphically, the quarry occurs in channel sands near the base of a 12 m deep paleo valley ﬁll, at the base of the

Mussentuchit Member, and sample (PV) was collected from a smectitic mudstone ﬁll at the base

(Fig. 8). The deep popcorn weathering of the mudstone suggest the mudstone may represent a weathered, volcanic ash. Consequently, the TuffZirc routine was utilized. The probability density curve has a peak at 111.8 Ma, and TuffZirc age is calculated as 111.07 + 0.93/- 1.16 Ma.

However, AgePick routine resulted younger age: Its maximal depositional ages are calculated as

21 &# PV &" R DNM-16 quarry MD age el &! a ti

= 108.6 ± 2.3 Ma v % e P r

Peak at 111.8 Ma obabili Mussentuchit Mbr. $ Number N=50

# t y " ! 30 '! &!! &&! &"! &(!

Calcrete cemented &"$ !"##$%&' ,50.,,6,&&&7!8,,,9!7'(,,,:&7$$,,;3 )*+,-./0-12,34.,& σ &"" <'=7'>,?*@AB,A4*C,?*-.4.@1,04*DE,*A,"!F Caliche/calcrete nodule &&% a) &&# ormation

Calcrete/limestone F

g e (M &&! A tain n &!$

Chert nodule 20 ou Meters M &!" box heights are 1 σ

edar '% Smectitic mudstone C

Conglomerate RanchRuby Member

Cemented sandstone (paleoriver channel)

Sandstone 10

Silt/mudstone

Maroon colored

Greenish colored

0 Yellowcat/ Poison Strip Members Tan to green colored Upper Morrison Fm. Mud Sand Cgl

FIGURE 8—Dinosaur National Monument-16 stratigraphy and detrital zircon U-Pb ages. Tuff zirc age is also calculated as it is collected from a smectitic mudstone layer. Only zircon ages <130 Ma that meet the criteria presented in methods were utilized in age calculations.

22 108.6 ± 2.3 Ma from 13 grains, and 104.5 ± 2.9 Ma from the three youngest grains. The former

ﬁgure is consistent with the “bump” on the probability density cuve, but the later one is more consistent with the histogram. Therefore, the maximal depositional age is unclear, but probably the younger of the two ages.

Carol site—This site consists of two small quarries separated horizontally by about 15 meters and 3 meters stratigraphically. This quarry is signiﬁcant because is the type locality for both

Eolambia and Animantarx. The holotype of Eolambia is represented by disarticulated partial adult skeleton including partial skull, vertebrae, ischium, tibia, and ﬁbula (Kirkland, 1998a), while the holotype of Animantarx consists of a partial skull, vertebrae, ribs, scapulocoracoids, left ilium with ischium, and left femur (Carpenter et al., 1999). The quarries are positioned near the top of the Mussentuchit Member (Fig. 9) not far below a volcanic ash horizon. In this area, on the western ﬂank of the San Rafael Swell northeast of Castle Dale, Utah, the beds dip gently to the west and crop out in a broad strike valley exposing the circa 200 m of the Cedar Mountain

Formation (Fig. 10-A). The quarry occurs near the top of the Mussentuchit Member, only about

10 meters below the lowest Dakota Sandstone channel complex. The two quarries at this site occur in muddy sandstones of ﬂuvial origin. It is possible that the preservation of the bones at this site relates to a ﬂuvial system chocked with volcanic ash. Placing the quarry near the top of the Mussentuchit Member contradicts the conclusions of Kirkland and Madsen (2007) who placed the site low in the member, just above the Mussentuchit – Ruby Ranch contact. This difference of opinion ties to differences of interpretation of a a maroon colored smectitic layer below the quarry (Fig. 10-B) which is here included in the Mussentuchit Member, while

Kirkland and Madsen (2007) place it in the Ruby Ranch. In this case, the differences of opinion are of little concern until the two members are better diagnosed because it is clear that the Carol

23 ? ( crz-5 240 ' MD Age=88.4 ± 2.0 Ma Peak at 87.7 Ma & % n=35 Dakota Ss. $

220 Number # " ! Carol site )! *! "!! ""! "#! "$! 200 ( → crz-4 ""% !"##$%&' .720..8.*%9''...:"9&*...;"9$*..<5

MD Age=91.4 ± 2.7 Ma Relative Probability (Fig. 10-B, C) ' ""! n=41/63 =*&>.?,@AB.A6,C.?,/[email protected],DE.,A.#)F & "!' "!# % Peak at 180 95.5 Ma *) $ *% Number Age (Ma) Age *! #

Mussentuchit Member )' " )# (Fig. 10-A) +,-./012/34.560."σ 160 ! () )! *! "!! ""! &

crz-3 MD Age=96.9 ± 2.5 Ma Relative Probability n=39 % Peak at 140 $ 99.4 Ma

Number #

" 120

Meters ! '

crz-2 MD Age=108.6 ± 2.6 Ma Relative Probability & Peak at 109.9 Ma

100 Sandstone Mountain Formation/Dakota Cedar % N=30

# Number 80 "

Ruby RanchRuby Member ! )! *! "!! ""! "#! "$! 60 Age (Ma)

Calcrete cemented Conglomerate Maroon colored

Caliche/ 40 Calcrete nodule Sandstone Greenish colored

Calcrete/limestone Laminated sandstone Tan to green colored 20 Cemented sandstone Chert nodule (paleoriver channel) Poison Strip/ Yellowcat 0 Smectitic mudstone Silt/mudstone Upper Morrison Mud Sand Cgl FIGURE 9—Carol site stratigraphy and detrital zircon U-Pb ages. Tuff Zirc age is also calculated for crz-4, a sample collected from a smectitic mudstone layer with abundant biotite crystals. Only zircon ages <130 Ma that meet the criteria presented in methods were utilized in age calculations.

24 A <- East West -> Mussentuchit Mbr.

Ruby Ranch Mbr.

B C

Mussentuchit Mbr.

Ruby Ranch Mbr.

FIGURE 10—Carol site area stratigraphic contacts. A) Mussentuchit and Ruby Ranch Member boundary, looking south. The beds dip gently to the west. B) Gray mudstone resting on maroon mudstone in the Mussentuchit Member. The lower, maroon layer is similar in color to the Ruby Ranch Member but it is here included in the Mussentuchit Member because of its smectitic nature – one of the diagnostic characters of that member. C) Close up of the Mussentuchit and Ruby Ranch Member boundary.

site is situated near the Mussentuchit – Dakota contact. The recognition of the ash layer is signiﬁcant because future work may allow correlation of this bed regionally and the presence of abundant biotite suggest that sanidine crystals may also be present, allowing the site to be dated with 40Ar/39Ar methods. Three horizons from the Mussentuchit Member and one from the

Dakota Sandstone were dated at this site using detrital zircons. The lowest of the samples, crz-2

25 is from a light colored, smectic mudstone about 35 m below the quarry and just four meters

above the Mussentuchit-Ruby Ranch contact (Fig. 10-C). It provides an AgePick date of 108.6 ±

2.6 Ma and its probability density curve has a peak at 109.9 Ma. By contrast, crz-3 from the

bone-bearing horizon provides an AgePick date of 96.9 ± 2.5 Ma and its probability density

curve has a peak at 99.4 Ma. Crz-4, collected from a highly smectitic mudstone horizon with

abundant biotite crystals about 1 mm wide (which is here interpreted as a reworked ash fall

horizon) about 1 m above the bone horizon, yields an AgePick date of 91.4 ± 2.7 Ma, and 95.5

Ma peak in its probability density curve. Because the smectitic mudstone represents a reworked

volcanic ash, the TuffZirc routine was used in the age analysis and provides an age of 94.66 +

1.59/- 1.39 Ma. The ﬂuvial sandstone some 10 m above the quarry is the Dakota Sandstone and it

yields an age of 88.4 ± 2.0 Ma (AgePick) and 87.7 Ma via the probability density curve peak

method.

Discussion

In this section the depositional ages of relevant Cedar Mountain Formation members are discussed. Radiometric ages of detrital zircons do not guarantee the true depositional age of the horizon, but only maximal depositional age, meaning the horizon cannot be older than the radiometric age. In order to estimate the true age of deposition, samples of the same horizon from different localities must be compared. Previous radiometric studies of the Cedar Mountain

Formation and Dakota Sandstone (Cifelli et al., 1997; Burton et al., 2006; Greenhalgh, 2006;

Garrison et al., 2007; Greenhalgh and Britt, 2007) incorporated in this discussion.

Yellow Cat and Poison Strip Members—Two adjacent sites in the Yellow Cat Member were

analyzed, the Crystal Geyser and Suarez sisters sites. Because the Crystal Geyser quarry is

located at the base of the Cedar Mountain Formation, just above the Morrison Formation contact

26 and it produced a new dinosaurian genus, Falcarius, Kirkland and Madsen (2007) speculated that the site is substantially older than other Yellow Cat quarries. However, from the samples of

Crystal Geyser, it can be concluded that the maximum depositional age of the quarry is around

122 Ma. One anomalously young grain was dated at 115.9 ± 0.7 Ma, but which is attributed it to sample contamination. Thus the Crystal Geyser sites are no younger, or are perhaps slightly younger than, the only other well-dated basal Cedar Mountain bonebed, the Dalton Wells quarry, which is no older than 124.6 ± 2.6 Ma (Greenhalgh, 2006; Greenhalgh and Britt, 2007) for the basal Cedar Mountain Formation.

As to the samples from the Bodily nodosaur site and Suarez sister’s site, although 76 (bns-2) and 57 (Suarez sister’s site, collectively) grains, only three grains from each site could be used to calculate the maximum depositional ages of 124 ± 2.9 Ma (bns-2), and 122.5 ± 2.4 Ma (sgz-1 and 2), which are equivalent in age to the Crystal Geyser and Dalton Wells quarries.

Therefore, it is concluded that the Yellow Cat and Poison Strip Members are 124 to 122 M old. This range is supported by the Ruby Ranch Member sites with strong peak ages of 121 to

122 Ma (Fig. 5 and 7), as these zircons are likely re-worked from the underlying Yellow Cat and

Poison Strip Members.

Ruby Ranch Member—In this study, zircon samples were collected and analyzed from the

Bodily nodosaur site and Long Walk quarry. Based on the stratigraphic section of the Bodily nodosaur site, the ﬂuvial sandstone above the quarry taken as the base of the Ruby Ranch

Member. Due to the strong volcanic signal of circa 121 to 122 Ma (Fig. 5 and 7) derived from the reworking of underlying members, the exact depositional age of the sandstone is hard to determine – as is apparent in the probability density curve of bns-3 sample (Fig. 5) and lwq-2

(Fig, 7). Nevertheless, the probability density curve of bns-3 indicates a probable peak at 116.6

27 Ma, and the maximal depositional age calculated by Age Pick from the youngest 5 grains is

117.2 ± 3.7 Ma. These ages likely approximate the maximum depositional age of the Ruby

Ranch Member.

These ages are consistent with data from the Long Walk quarry (Fig. 7). Three samples collected from the lower Cedar Mountain Formation (lwq-1, 2, DSS) have peaks at ~120 and

~115 Ma. Combining these data, 79 dated grains, produces a maximum depositional age of 115.0

Ma for the bracketed section. This supports the idea previously proposed by DeCourten (1991) and Kirkland et al. (1997) that the Poison Strip and Yellow Cat Members are absent in the vicinity of the Castle Dale. The lowest sample in the vicinity, lwq-0, was collected from the underlying, presumed, Morrison Formation and returned an age of 147.0 ± 4.2 Ma, supporting the idea that the Ruby Ranch Member rests directly on the Morrison Formation in this area.

Mussentuchit Member—A total of six detrital zircon samples were collected from the

Mussentuchit Member of the Bodily nodosaur site, Dinosaur National Monument quarry 16, and the Carol site. Kirkland (1997) and Kirkland and Madsen (2007) reported that the Mussentuchit

Member is absent in eastern Utah but it is certainly present both at Dinosaur National Monument and the Moab area, at the Bodily site. This recognition is based on the presence of grey, sometimes organic rich, highly smectitic mudstones. Zircons from the Ruby Ranch/

Mussentuchit boundary near the Bodily nodosaur site (bns-9) had the peak at 120 Ma and

AgePick data of 117.5 ± 2.7 Ma (Fig. 5). However, as determined earlier, the maximum depositional age of Ruby Ranch Member about 115 Ma. Two grains recovered from same sample give the age of 113 ± 3.1 Ma, thus, most ages from sample bns-9 pertain to crystals reworked from underlying members and do not reﬂect the depositional age of the Mussentuchit. Bns-5, a sample collected from about 20 meters above the Ruby/Mussentuchit contact, has peaks at 112

28 and 111 Ma. On the other hand, a sample collected 4 meters above presumed Ruby Ranch/

Mussentuchit boundary in the vicinity of Carol site (crz-2) yields a probability density curve peak at 109.9 Ma, and AgePick data of 108.6 ± 2.6 Ma. Another sample, PV, collected from a paleovalley ﬁll at the bottom the Mussentuchit Member at Dinosaur National Monument quarry

16 has a peak at 111.8 Ma and an AgePick point at 108.6 ± 2.6 Ma. These results are consistent with Burton et al. (2006), which concluded that the age of Price River II quarry, which is near the base of the Mussentuchit, as 116 to 109 Ma. However, sample PV has some three younger grains dated to between 104.4 to 104.5 Ma old, and the AgePick age calculated from these grains is

104.5 ± 2.9 Ma (Fig. 7). Taking all of these ages into consideration, it is likely that the base of the Mussentuchit Member dates to between 109 to 105 Ma. Consequently the 112 to 111 Ma peaks of bns-5 and bns-9 (Fig. 5) represent crystals reworked from the sediment in the upper

Ruby Ranch Member.

Three more samples were collected from the Carol site. The maximal depositional age of the quarry is estimated to be 99.4 Ma (the peak) to 96.9± 2.5 (result of Age Pick) (Fig. 9), which are indistinguishable from reported ages of 96.7 ± 0.5 to 98.2 ± 0.6 Ma (Garrison et al., 2007) and

98.39 ± 0.07 Ma (Cifelli et al., 1997) of OMNH sites, from which fossils of Eolambia were excavated, and of course, the Carol site is the type locality of Eolambia. Sample crz-4, collected from reworked tuff about 1 meter above the quarry yields a younger age: Tuffzirc gave the age of

94.66 + 1.59/- 1.39 Ma, the probability density curve has a peak at 95.5 Ma, and an AgePick date of 91.4 ± 2.7 Ma, which is signiﬁcantly younger than the other two ages. This discrepancy is possibly due to either (1) young ages derived from inclusions, or (2) a true younger depositional age (overprinted by reworked zircons). In the former case, probability density curve peak and

Tuffzirc ages shall be adopted, and in the later case, the AgePick age shall be adopted. Because

29 Garrison et al. (2007) conclude the age of the upper Mussentuchit Member as 96.7 ± 0.5 Ma, and

Hook (2007) and Dyman et al. (2002) reported the age of the overlying Dakota Sandstone as middle Cenomanian, the results of TuffZirc and the probability density curve yield appear to be more accurate in this case. However, crz-5, a detrital zircon sample collected from the overlying

Dakota Sandstone, yields ages of 87.7 Ma (peak of the probability density curve) and 88.4 ± 2.0

Ma (calculated by AgePick, Fig. 9). These ages are signiﬁcantly younger than the middle

Cenomanian ages reported by Hook (2007) in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New

Mexico and Dyman et al. (2002) for the Grand Staircase National Monument, Utah. The young ages from crz-5, however, also suggest that the AgePick age of crz-4, 91.4 ± 2.7 Ma (middle

Turonian) may not be wrong. It is also likely that many zircon age analysis of the sample were affected by inclusions. If the young ages are correct, it indicates that the beginning age of the basal Dakota Sandstone differs from location to location and the Mussentuchit Member, if not the Mussentuchit fauna itself, may range to late Cenomanian or early Turonian. These anomalously young ages need to checked in a future study.

The results of these preliminary age brackets for each non-conglomerate member of the

Cedar Mountain Formation are presented in Figure 11 and are here summarized as: (1) the

Yellow Cat/Poison Strip Members range from 125 to 121 Ma (Early Aptian), (2) the Ruby Ranch

Member ranges from 120 - 117 Ma to 111 Ma (Late Aptian to earliest Albian), and (3) the

Mussentuchit Member ranges from about 109 - 105 Ma to 99 to 96 Ma (mid-Albian to mid-

Cenomanian) and perhaps as young as 91 Ma (Turonian).

Mussentuchit Fauna Mussentuchit Fauna Yellowcat

Cedrorestes, ), Nedcolbertia,

Planicoxa, Planicoxa, ), Brachiosauridae, ), Brachiosauridae, ), , other*), Cedarosaurus, Cedarosaurus, , other), Therizinosauridae , other), Utahraptor Acrocanthosaurus*?, Acrocanthosaurus*?, Eolambia Cedarpelta Animantarx Gastonia , other?), Camarasauridae, basal , other?), Camarasauridae, Dinosaurs ), Iguanodontidae ( ), Iguanodontidae Tyrannosauridae*, Troodontidae*, Troodontidae*, Tyrannosauridae*, Therizinosauridae*?, Dromaeosauridae*, Nodosauridae ( Pachycephalosauridae?* Pachycephalosauridae?* other), Brachiosauridae ( ), Nodosauridae (Peloroplites Ankylosauridae ( Iguanodontidae Nodosauridae, Brachiosauridae Nodosauridae, Dromaeosauridae, macronarian Iguanodontidae ( Iguanodontidae Dromaeosauridae ( Dromaeosauridae ( Polacanthidae (Falcarius Brachiosaurid*, Ceratopsia*, Brachiosaurid*, Ceratopsia*, Venenosaurus

Suarez sister’s Suarez stratigraphic positions of dinosaur quarries positions of dinosaur Relative stratigraphic ie’s site rrie’s Lo Carol site, OMNH sites, Robison egg shell site, Price River I Price shell site, Robison egg OMNH sites, site, Carol Warren’s Nodosaur site (position uncertain) Nodosaur site Warren’s Mesa (position uncertain) Hotel site quarry Walk Long Price River II, Price River III, Dinosaur National Monume River III, Dinosaur National nt-16 River II, Price Price Bodily nodosaur site Tony’s bone bed Tony’s Dave’s camp, Andrew’s site, Gaston quarry site, Andrew’s camp, Dave’s site Gaston ornithopod quarry, Nedcolbertia Bowl, Dalton Wells, Crystal Geyser, Doelling’s

~ ~ 96 99 88

121 124 117 115 111 105 109 Age (Ma) Ruby Ranch Member Mussentuchit Mbr. Mussentuchit Member Ranch Ruby ? ? Ss. Cat Strip Mbr. Dakota Ss. Poison Poison Yellow Yellow —Relative stratigraphic positions of sites and proposed faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation. Taxa with asterisk Taxa of sites and proposed faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation. —Relative stratigraphic positions FIGURE 11 unit facies of a single depositional Cat and Poison Strip units represent different Yellow The were identiﬁed primarily on teeth. of varing stratigraphic 2006a,b; Greenhalgh and Britt, 2007), and there are multiple sandstones (Eberth et al., 2006; Greenhalgh, Strip Sandstone cannot accurately facies. Consequently the positions of quarries in the Poison positions in the Poison Strip Sandstone correlated and the positions indicated here are approximate.

31 FAUNAS OF THE CEDAR MOUNTAIN FORMATION

Background

The Cedar Mountain Formation was originally reported as unfossiliferous (Stokes, 1944).

Later, the discovery of two non-marine invertebrate sites indicated the formation was Early

Cretaceous in age Stokes (1952). This paper is concerned with its vertebrate fauna, and almost exclusively with dinosaurs, as they comprise the bulk of the fossils recovered to date. A wealth of

Early Cretaceous dinosaurian ﬁnds have been reported (e.g., Bodily 1965; Kirkland et al., 1993;

Cifelli et al., 1997; Eberth et al., 2006; Carpenter et al., 2008). Jensen (1970) reported fossil egg shells excavated by Mr. Carlyle Jones from the Cedar Mountain Formation in 1965, but it was not known whether they were of dinosaurs, other “reptiles” or birds. Bodily (1970) described an armored dinosaur from the Cedar Mountain Formation northwest of Moab, Utah, within a few miles of the local airport. Through the 1970’s a number of sites were excavated in the same region, most reported to the University by Lynn Ottinger, including Dalton Wells, which was operated in 1973, 1975, and most extensively in 1978 (Eberth et al., 2006). Two of these ﬁndings were documented by Galton and Jensen (1975), who reported the discovery of

“hypsilophodontid” and “iguanodontid” bones. The iguanodontid, which was from Dalton Wells, was further conﬁrmation of the Early Cretaceous age of the formation and led to renewed interest in its dinosaurs. DeCourten (1991) excavated at Long Walk quarry in a western outcrop of the

Cedar Mountain Formation near Castle Dale. The site, discovered by Carlyle Jones (BYU

Museum of Paleontology ﬁeld notes of James A Jensen), yielded sauropod bones and theropod teeth that DeCourten (1991) referred to Pleurocoelus and Acrocanthosaurus respectively. In

1992, Kirkland described a polacanthid and a new theropod dinosaur from the Cedar Mountain

Formation north of Arches National Park and noted that the fauna differed from that of the Long

32 Walk quarry. In 1993, Kirkland et al. described a new theropod Utahraptor, based on specimens from both the Gaston and Dalton Wells quarries. Following Galton and Jensen’s (1975) interpretation, based on the “hypsilophodontid” and “iguanodontid”, Kirkland suggested that

Gaston quarry fauna with a polacanthid thyreophoran, later described as Gastonia (Kirkland,

1998b), indicated a close connection with the European faunas and represented a new, basal

Cedar Mountain Formation fauna. Later, Kirkland recognized a third dinosaurian fauna, from what became known as the Mussentuchit Member (Kirkland, 1996), based on tooth microfossils later reported by Cifelli et al. (1997). Because this microvertebrate fauna shared similarities between corresponding Asia and North American faunas, it was suggested that the European-like fauna was replaced by Asian immigrants (Cifelli et al., 1997).

In 1998, Kirkland reported a new ornithopod, Eolambia from the Cedar Mountain Formation

(Kirkland, 1998a) and classiﬁed it as a hadrosaurid. Later, the taxon was re-classiﬁed as an advanced iguanodontid (Head, 2001). Nevertheless, Eolambia has been used as evidence of close ties with Asian faunas (Head, 2001, Kirkland and Mudsen, 2007).

Gilpen et al. (2002; 2007) reported another iguanodontid from the Yellow Cat Member that is possibly more advanced than Iguanodon. Also, the discovery of a primitive therizinosauroid,

Falcarius, from the bottom of the Cedar Mountain Formation was reported by Kirkland et al.

(2005). These discoveries cast doubt on Kirkland’s model that Yellow Cat fauna was substantially similar to that of corresponding age European faunas. Carpenter (2006) speculated that the Yellow Cat fauna represents an early stage of the transition from European type fauna to

Asian type fauna. However, Naish and Martill (2002) reappraised Thecocoelurus, from the

Wessex Formation, as oviraptorosaur-therizinosauroid clade theropod. If Thecocoelurus is a therizinosauroid, then the Yellow Cat fauna might represent a typical European-type fauna.

33 As of 2009, there is no consensus as to the number of faunas of the Cedar Mountain

Formation. Carpenter (2006) argued that there were two faunas – the Mussentuchit fauna and

Yellow Cat fauna, while Burton et al. (2006) argued that there are at least three distinct faunas – the Yellow Cat fauna, characterized by Utahraptor and Gastonia, a middle formation fauna characterized by brachiosaurids and Sauropleta, and a younger fauna of Eolambia and

Animantarx. Based on the discovery of the therizinosauroid dinosaur Falcarius, Kirkland and

Madsen (2007) claimed that there were at least four faunas. However, as is clear from the appendix section, many sites in the formation are characterized by low taxonomic diversity – for example, Dinosaur National Monument quarry 16 consists almost exclusively of a brachiosaurid sauropod, Lorrie’s site of Gastonia with a few Utahraptor bones, and the Crystal Geyser and

Suarez sister’s sites are overwhelmingly dominated by Falcarius. Therefore, the faunas of many quarries at the same stratigraphic level are hardly comparable.

From the chronological information discussed in the previous section, it appears that the therizinosauroid Falcarius, was contemporaneous with other dinosaurs of Yellow Cat/

PoisonStrip Members. If true, this casts doubt on whether the fauna of the lower Cedar Mountain

Formation is really similar to that of Europe, and whether there was a signiﬁcant faunal turnover.

In order to evaluate the faunal dilemma, multivariate statistics are utilized.

Methods

A taxonomic list as well as stratigraphic position and locality data for each quarry were compiled from the literature. Currently, only seven well-established taxa are known from two or more quarries (Falcarius, Utahraptor, Gastonia, Venenosaurus, Cedarosaurus, Nedcolbertia, and Eolambia). Therefore, primary comparisons must be done at the family level. First, dinosaurian families are united according to stratigraphic positions into four groups (Fig. 11,

34 Table 1, for specimens unearthed from each quarry, see appendix). Families excavated from

Yellow Cat and Poison Strip complex are included in the same group, because these members share the same genera (Gastonia and Utahraptor) and these members have been determined to represent the same depositional unit (Greenhalgh and Britt, 2007). The Mussentuchit Member is divided into two groups (bins), namely, the lower Mussentuchit group (Price River II quarry,

Price River III quarry, and Dinosaur National Monument quarry 16) and the upper Mussentuchit group (OMNH microfossil sites, Robison Egg shell site, and Carol site). Fossils from the upper

Mussentuchit Member consist primarily of microfossils, and these have been recognized as a distinct fauna by Kirkland (1996) and Burton et al. (2006). The lower Mussentuchit quarries were originally included in the Ruby Ranch Member or Poison Strip (Carpenter et al., 2001;

Burton et al. 2006), but recent reevaluations show they are near the bottom of the Mussentuchit

(Carpenter et al. 2008; this study). Therefore, the families of the Ruby Ranch Members and bottom of the Mussentuchit were put into different groups. Another justiﬁcation for these groupings is that no genus (except tentatively identiﬁed isolated teeth or elements referred to

TABLE 1—Presence/Absence matrix of dinosaurian clades in Cedar Mountain Formation stratigraphic units. Presence indicated by “x”. Tyrannosauridae Troodontidae Ornithomimidae Brachiosauridae Polacanthidae Nodosauridae Iguanodontoidea Neoceratopsia Therizinosauroide Camarasauridae Pachycephalosa Dromaeosauridae Ankylosauridae Stratigraphy Upper Mussentuchit x x x x x x x x ? Lower Mussentuchit x x x x Ruby Ranch x x x Yellow Cat/Poison Strip x x ? x x x x

35 Acrocanthosaurus and Tenontosaurus) is shared any of the upper three groups (Ruby Ranch, lower Mussentuchit, and upper Mussentuchit).

Using these stratigraphically deﬁned groups a data matrix is constructed and subjected to cluster analysis via PAST (Hammer et al., 2009) and mean linkage (or Pair-Group Moving

Average) algorithms, meaning clusters are linked based on the average similarities between all members in compared groups (Hammer, 2002). Thereafter, Simpson Similarity (Simpson, 1943) and Raup-Crick Similarity (Raup and Crick, 1979) algorithms are employed. The Simpson similarity is deﬁned as M/Nmin, where M means the number of matches and Nmin means the smaller of the number of presences in two compared samples (Simpson, 1943). Because the

Simpson similarity treats two groups as identical if one is a subset of the other, it is useful for fragmentary data (Hammer, 2002). The Raup-Crick similarity is defined such that the probability that taxa that are expected to be shared by the groups will be less than, or equal to, taxa that are actually shared on an assumption that all compared groups are identical and that all differences are are a function of sampling errors. PAST calculates the expected number of common taxa from 200 pairs of random replicates of the pool of taxa (Hammer, 2002). If there are taxa whose classification or identification is questionable, the taxa of two compared groups is ignored by the program when calculating Simpson similarities, or is regarded as non-existent when calculating

Raup-Crick similarities.

There are several problems with these analyses. First, the program does not take into account the nested (phylogenetic) relationships between taxa, and second, there are some disagreements in the classiﬁcations of some dinosaur taxa. For example, hypsilophodontid and possible

Acrocanthosaurus teeth have been reported from the Cedar Mountain Formation, but these were excluded for the following reasons. The Acrocanthosaurus specimens from the Cedar Mountain

36 Formation consist of only teeth or a claw, and DeCourten (1998) is dubious of the identiﬁcations.

Theropod teeth alone are generally difﬁcult to identify with precision because their morphology

is conservative. Denticle counts per 5 mm are one of the primary methods used in identiﬁcation,

but Farlow et al. (1991) reports the serration patterns tend to be under the inﬂuence of convergent

evolution. In addition, there is no consensus as to the phylogenetic position of Acrocanthosaurus.

Some paleontologists assign it to the Charcanodontosauridae (Harris, 1998; Franzosa and Rowe,

2005), but others as Allosauridae (Stovall and Langston, 1950; Currie and Carpenter, 2000). In

the case of Hypsilophodontidae, it is now thought to be paraphyletic because it does not include

the Iguanodontidae. (Norman et al., 2004). Therefore, this taxon was excluded from the analysis.

The family “Iguanodontidae” has similar problems. Many researchers now consider

Iguanodotidae as a grade rather than a clade that lead to Hadrosauridae (Head, 2001; Kobayashi

and Azuma, 2003; You et al., 2003; Norman, 2004). In this case, however, Iguanodontidae was

included because no Hadrosauridae is known from the Cedar Mountain Formation (Head, 2001).

The second problem is that the fauna is very poorly known – most quarries have only a small

number of taxa, almost all of which are poorly described, are very incomplete, poorly diagnosed,

or are only tentatively or questionably identiﬁed. The microfossil studies of the Mussentuchit

Member by Oklahoma Museum of Natural History present a problem in that the specimens were

collected in a different manner form other quarries, and large numbers of taxa and elements were

recovered so the data are not really suitable for statistical comparison with the meager and less

reliable identiﬁcations typical of standard dinosaurian quarries.

Result and Discussion

Both the Raup-Crick and Simpson similarity tests of the four stratigraphic-based groups deﬁned above result in two major clusters, or groups: the Yellow Cat/Poison Strip group and the

37 Mussentuchit + Ruby Ranch group (Fig. 12), as previously suggested by Carpenter et al. (2002).

The claim that there are distinct Ruby Ranch fauna and lower and upper Mussentuchi faunas is not well supported, contradicting Kirkland (1996) and Burton (2006)). The Raup-Crick index is designed so that it tests the possibility that the observed similarity is more than a coincidence

(Raup and Crick, 1979). While the indexes compared the upper three groups are less than 0.5, the

Raup-Crick similarity index between the upper group and Yellow Cat/Poison Strip fauna is 0.32. +-:9/+,;3< +-:9/+,;3< =..>1/?-@@>;8-3<28 =..>1/?-@@>;8-3<28 ABC>1/?-@@>;8-3<28 ABC>1/?-@@>;8-3<28 D>77BC/0,8EFB2@B;/5@" D>77BC/0,8EFB2@B;/5@"

!"*(

!"*' !"&&

!"* !"&

!"&' !")$

!"& !"(%

526.@B;/52627,1289 !")' !"'( +,-./01234/52627,1289

!") !"%&

!"(' !"%

!"#$ !"( ! " FIGURE 12—Similarity groupings of Cedar Mountain Formation faunas. The four faunal groups are defined by stratigraphic position. A. Simpson similarity coefficient. B. Raup-Crick similarity coefficient. These dendrograms indicate faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation are divided into two groups, a Yellow Cat/Poison Strip + lower Mussentuchit.group and a Ruby Ranch + upper Mussentuchit group.

38 This is normally regarded as insignificant by statisticians, and care must be taken in defining groups. For example, in previous studies the division of the Mussentuchit Member into two distinct faunas was based on few identifiable taxa, making the division suspect. Another problem is the sampling bias, with large numbers of reliably identified microvertebrates only the upper

Mussentuchit fauna. Nevertheless, the fact that no genera are shared by the Yellow Cat/Poison

Strip group and Ruby Ranch/upper and lower Mussentuchit groups, suggests that the difference is more likely a coincidence. If the tentative identiﬁcations of Tenontosaurus and

Acrocanthosaurus prove to be correct, it would lend credence to the presence of only two faunas in the Cedar Mountain Formation. The principle differences are that the lower fauna (Yellow Cat/

Poison Strip) includes Camarasauridae/basal macronarians and Polacanthidae, and the upper fauna (Ruby Ranch + Mussentuchit) includes Nodosauridae, Troodontidae, Neoceratopsia,

Tyrannosauroidea, and probably Pacycephalosauridae. From the result of the chronostratigraphy above, the faunal transition was likely to have happened before 117 Ma. This transition might have something to do with the volcanic activities around 120 Ma (Fig. 5 and 7), but this needs to be studied further. This result along with stratigraphic is summarized in the Figure 12.

39 RELATION TO THE GLOBAL FAUNAL DISTRIBUTION AND THE MORRISON

FORMATION

Background

The faunal transition of the Cedar Mountain Formation, from European type to Asian type was

ﬁrst proposed by Kirkland (1996) and Cifelli (1997), and has been discussed by Carpenter et al.,

(2002) and Carpenter (2006). It is generally agreed that the fauna of the lower Cedar Mountain

Formation is similar to the European fauna, and the fauna of the upper Cedar Mountain

Formation is similar to the Asian Fauna. Recent dinosaurian ﬁnds in the Cedar Mountain

Formation, however, tend to weaken view (discussed above). To determine probable relationships of the Cedar Mountain faunas to those in Europe and Asia taxonomic and geochronologic data were extracted from Paleodatabase.com and Weishampel et al., (2004) to build the datasets contained in Tables 2 and 3.

A number of roughly contemporaneous Early Cretaceous fossils have recently been discovered in Asia and Europe. For example, The Yixian Formation, now reported to be at the

Barremian and Aptian boundary (Yang et al., 2007), bears many feathered dinosaurs (i.e., Chen et al., 1998; Xu et al., 2004). Cenomanian microvertebrates from France indicate an inﬂux of

Asian taxa (Vullo et al., 2007), suggesting that the connection between Europe and North

America was not lost during the Cenomanian. These new data were used to test the hypothesis that the lower Cedar Mountain fauna is similar to European fauna and the upper Cedar Mountain fauna is similar to Asian fauna by cluster analysis using Simpson and Raup-Crick similarity tests.

The Morrison Formation fauna was included in the dataset to determine whether or not the lower

Cedar Mountain Formation fauna retained an endemic, North American signature.

40 Methods

The two faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation were compared with roughly equivalent aged, Barremian to Cenomanian, faunas of European and Asian formations (Fig. 13, Table 2 and

3). Presence/absence data matrix of the formations were compiled as in the table 2 and 3. The following dinosaur families/superfamilies have been reported from the Morrison Formation:

Dromaeosauridae?, Troodontidae, Allosauroidea, Tyrannosauroidea, Spinosauridae?,

Ceratosauridae, Brachiosauridae, Camarasauridae, Diplodocidae, Polacanthidae, Stegosauridae,

Iguanodontidae, Haplocanthosauridae, and Heterodontosauridae (Paleobiology Database, 2009).

As to the Polacanthidae, the interpretation that Mymoorapelta and Gargoyleosaurus, an ankylosaur from the Morrison Formation, are polacanthidae (Kirkland and Carpenter, 1994;

Killbourne and Carpenter, 2005) was followed. Then comparison was done at the family/ superfamily/infra order level, using the Simpson similarity and Raup-Crick index with mean- linkage algorithms as discussed above. Since the Raup-Crick similarity presumes frequencies of

39-45 46 53 31-36 51-52 Utah 1-8 29-30 50 14-15 9 47-49 10-11 5554 25-28 12-13 16-24 56-57

FIGURE 13—Locality map of Barremian to Cenomanian dinosaur bearing formations/sites referred to by number in table 2 and 3. Locations are approximate. Mid Cretaceous paleogeographic map from Blakey (2006).

/ ) @ ( + ) ? % ! , * % % @ ( / / * V

) ! + % A * ) ( / >

O.?),%@%,*+)

1 1 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 N%@%!)?(+@)/

31 1 11

-,M"&%!)?(+@)/ L%&)I),*B+@)/

11 11 11 1 G*/.%!)?(+@)/

31 1 111 111

K)#/,IB+!)?(+@)/ J/$$)IB+!)?(+@)/

111

>/*+%!)?(+@)/

>)#)()!)?(+@)/ H()IB+%!)?(+@)/

D+*),%!)?(+) GA+,%!)?(+@)/

1 1 13 F(,+*B%#+#%!)?(+)

DB/(+E+,%!)?(%+@/)

D"(),,%!)?(%+@/) -&&%!)?(%+@/)

3113131 113 31 1 1 11 1

D(%%@%,+@)/ C(%#)/%!)?(+@)/

3 111 131 1 1313 1 1 1

>%#A!%.,)*B+@)/ >)?@+A*/(".+@)/ -./ -A*+), H)((/#+), -A*+),R-&$+), -A*+), H)((/#+), H)((/#+), -A*+), >/,%#),+), H)((/#+),R-A*+), >/,%#),+), -A*+),R-&$+), H)((/#+),R-A*+), S)*/:V)?*/(+W+),:X:Y)(&":-A*+), -A*+), >/,%#),+),RY)(":D?(%,+), H)((/#+), -A*+), >/,%#),+), >/,%#),+), H)((/#+),R-A*+), S)*/:V)?*/(+W+),R:Y)(&":H)((/#+), H)((/#+), H)((/#+), H)((/#+),R-A*+), H)((/#+),R-A*+), H)((/#+), H)((/#+), H)((/#+),

Q([!:b:C+,%!)?(+/,!:'%(#)*+%, L)A%:G/I%:'%(#)*+%, -(*%&/!:'%(#)*+%, Y&:>)!*/&&)(:'%(#)*+%, S):V?/(.?+,):'%(#)*+%, K+()#$/&:'%(#)*+%, Y!I?IB):'%(#)*+%, Y&:>%&&)@%:'%(#)*+%, F&B%!:-#)(/&%!:/:L%?!+%:@):Q)&/%*):'%(#)*+%, >)#)@)!:@/:-&#)(./#:'%(#)*+%, G)$&/!:@/:U)(/,,/!:'%(#)*+%, ^?)((+/!:%_:S):>B)(/,*/ >)!*(+&&%:@/:&):J/+,):'%(#)*+%, Q%&#)"%:'%(#)*+%, L+/@()B+*):@/:K?`a:'%(#)*+%, >)#)(+&&)!:'%(#)*+%, -(I+&&)!:@/:K%(/&&):'%(#)*+%, S%T/(:Q(//,!),@:'%(#)*+%, U/I*+!:'%(#)*+%, '/((?.+,%?!:G),@!:'%(#)*+%, L/(?I:Z%("I),":'(%#)*+%, Q([!:/*:G)$&/!:L+\?/*]!:'%(#)*+%, -(.+&/:):L&+I)*?&/!:'%(#)*+%, '%(#)*+%, 9%$?(,:G),@!:'%(#)*+%,PAA/(:Q(//,!),@:'%(#)*+%, PAA/(:9/)&@:>&)":'%(#)*+%, D%**/(,B%/:G*%,/:'%(#)*+%, !"#$%& 6 7 89/!!/1:'%(#)*+%, ; < 0 2 4 5 00 28 2; 0< 2= 20 22 24 25 26 27 02 04 05 06 07 08 0; 0= —European formations that are time equivalents to the Cedar Mountain Formation. For their location, see Figure 13. location, see For their Mountain Formation. to the Cedar are time equivalents formations that 2—European TABLE

d.3.-%A%43%!2,-*A2. @.-23%B!*2

7 7 7 7 P+,24%A%43*2

77 77 7 7 7 7 7 7= 7 7 7 77

77 O%A%!2,-*A2.

=77 7 54N"&%!2,-*A2.

777 77 7 77

M%&2J243C*A2. H3.+%!2,-*A2.

777

L2#.4JC*!2,-*A2.

K.$$2JC*!2,-*A2.

%!2,-*A2. 3* @. @2#2-2!2,-*A2.

7 77 I-2JC*%!2,-*A2.

24%!2,-*2 *3 E

7 7 7 7

HB*4%!2,-*A2. G-4*3C%#*#%!2,-*2

7= 7 7

7 EC.-*F*4%!2,-%*A.2

E"-244%!2,-%*A.2 5&&%!2,-%*A.2

7 E-%%A%4*A2.

7 7 D-%#2.%!2,-*A2.

77777 77 77

77 @%#B!%+423C*A2. @2,A*B3.-"+*A2. 777777 777 9?1 9?1 %4*24 *24 3*24R5&$*24 24R5&$*24 5B3* 5&$*24 5B3*24R5&$*24 _2&24+*4*24R5&$*24 5B3*24R5&$*24 5B3*24R5&$*24 5&$*24 5B3*24R5&$*24 @.4%#24*24RH243%4*24 I2--.#*24R5B3*24 5B3*24R5&$ 5B3*24R5&$*24 I2--.#*24R5B3*24 @.4%#24*24 5&$*24 5&$*24 @.4%#24*24RE,- @.4%#24*24 @.4%#24*24R@%4*2J*24 @.4%#24*24RH243%4*24 @.4%#24*24 V2-&"'5B3*24'(H,-.FW09 Q23.'5B V2-&"'5B3*24'(H,-.FW09 @.4%#24*24 I2--.#*24R5B3*24 @.4%#24*24R@2#B24*24 5+. I2--.#*24 ' 1 99?1 3*%4' 3*%4 -#2 -#23*%4 -#23*%4 -#2 -#23*%4 -#23*%4 -#23*%4 T4*3'(U*4#*4$2%1 -#23*%4 -#23*%4'(2&!%'I2&24%aaW'0 -#23*%4' '(2&!%'Q,J2be'5F,#2W'B.-!%2&'J%##,4*J23*%4W'0996 !W'099;f' N.C,')%-#23*%4 -#23*%4! &*

DF,4$2*4')%-#23*%4' I2-,4$2"2!N2"2')% [C,-.4'D,NC')% ]*4+!C24')% I2"*4'X%$*')%-#23*%4 V^*4C%-%')%-#23*%4 T&24C,!,C2*')%-#23*%4 d2!24A%4+')% Y*,a%324+')% I2"4!C*-..')%-#23*%4 [C%N'[-,23')%-#23*%4 b*7*24')%-#23*%4' 1:W'Q,J2!'099;' [C,NC3.N')#'(\.*!C2#B.&'.3'2&W'099 5B32*4R5*$*24 H24+B*4+')%23*%4'-# X-g!'!,Bh-*.,-!')% Y*4+24+Z,24')% Y*4C,2')%-#23*%4 H,4^*2S24')%-#23*%4 5* HC*-.+**4RX2!,4')% d*N2+.4%!2S2')%-#23*%4' b%4+c24J,4')%-#23*%4 E%4+a%!*')%-#23*%4 L*AA&.'X-."' Q%S.-'K.A'T4*3'(U*4#*4$2%1 H.$2"2!C*')%-#23*%4 [*32A24*')#e Y2`NC&243')% )% Q*24#,+*4')% !"#$%&'()*+,-.'/01 !" 80 88 88 8: 8; 8< 86 :9 :/ :0 :8 :: :> :; :< :? :6 :6 >9 >/ >0 >8 >: >> >; 06 89 8/ —Asian formations that are time equivalents to the Cedar Mountain Formation. For their location, see Figure 13. location, see Figure For their Mountain Formation. to the Cedar are time equivalents formations that 3—Asian TABLE

43 occurrence of certain taxa in terms of their distribution, ideally groups of the same range (in terms of space and age) shall be compared. If no distinction was made between quarries and formations, faunas of the quarries would be overrepresented or assumed to be more widespread than they actually are, because a single formation can include more than one quarry. Therefore, quarries whose formations are not identiﬁed or groups which are not clearly divided into formations are ignored, except faunal groups of the Cedar Mountain Formation (they are compared at the member level). The Cenomanian microfossil sites of Charente, France (Vullo et al., 2007) are included because contain dinosaurs presumed to be of Asian origin (Nodosauridae and Troodontidae), and thus they could be relevant to the uppermost horizons of the Cedar

Mountain faunas. Dendrograms are presented that show the relationships of the faunas of Cedar

Mountain Formation and the formations of corresponding/overlapping age in Europe and East

Asia. Dendrograms that show the relationships of formations that yield more than three taxa are also given due to a concern that formations that produce few taxa would not be suitable for statistical analysis, because a mean linkage algorithm was employed. The mean linkage algorithm links clusters based on the average similarities of all groups included in compared clusters, so formations that yield few taxa can affect clustering. No taxon is lost by eliminating formations with less than two taxa. At this time, Q mode (clusters formation/localities) and R mode (clusters taxa) cluster analysis were applied to reveal shared taxa. The Morrison Formation fauna was included in the comparison to determine whether the regional fauna remained endemic.

Family lists of these formations were retrieved from the Paleobiology Database (http:// paleodb.org/) between January to July, 2009, and supplemented by Weishampel et al. (2004),

Lucas (2006), and Balanoff et al. (2008). A new discovery of a dromaeosaurid from the

44 Kitadani Formation is also included (Y. Azuma, personal communication, 2009). As discussed above, the shortcoming using Linnean ranks is that it does not take phylogenic relationships into account. This is addressed in the analysis by the way problem taxa are utilized.

For example, although Eolambia is generally regarded as more advanced than Iguanodon and is close to the hadrosaurids (Head, 2001), it is classiﬁed Iguanodontidae, and therefore cannot be used as an evidence to suggest a close tie with Asia, where many non-hadrosaurid iguanodontids were excavated. No distinction is made between Dryosauridae, Iguanodontidae and

Hadrosauridae, because the former two are now generally regarded as paraphyletic without the inclusion of the Hadrosauridae (Head, 2001; Kobayashi and Azuma, 2003; You et al., 2003;

Norman, 2004). For the same reason, Psittacosauridae and Neoceratopsia are not separated because while the monophyly of ceratopsia is well supported, the only genus conﬁdently included in the Psittacosauridae is Psittacosaurus. Hongshanosaurus (You et al., 2003), excavated from the Yixian Formation, is also classiﬁed as Psittacosauridae, but no cladistical support is given. Also, the Ornithomimosauria is not divided into families. Of six formations from which Ornithomimosauria dinosaurs were found, Garudimimidae occurs only in the

Baynshiree Formation, and Harpymimidae is only known from the Khuren Dukh Formation.

Allosaurid, carcanodontosaurid, tyrannosaurid, and therizinosaurid are compared at the superfamily level. Carcanodontosauridae and Allosauridae are treated as Allosauroidea, because the Paleobiology database indicates that among all of the formations in this study, only the

Hasandong Formation has taxa identified as Allosauridae, and all other specimens are identified only to the superfamily level, except some specimens discovered from Wessex Formation and one of the La Charente quarries which are identified as Carcanodontosauridae. For the same reason, tyrannosaurids are compared at the superfamily level (Tyrannosauroidea): No

45 Tyranosauridae is known from Early Cretaceous localities other than the Cedar Mountain

Formation. As to the Therizinosauroidae, Falcarius, the therizinosaurid of the Cedar Mountain

Formation, is not assigned to a family. Comparing therizinosaurid at the family level Falcarius

must be excluded from such comparison, which would be nonsensical because the goal is to

resolve the faunal similarities within the Cedar Mountain formation. Specimens which are only

identiﬁed as “Oviraptosauria”, “Maniraptor”, “Titanosauriform”, and “Ankylosauria” were

ignored, because except for the ”Oviraptosauria”, specimens of these groups from the Cedar

Mountain Formation are identiﬁed to lower taxonomic levels, and the purpose of this study is to

compare the faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation to equivalent aged strata outside of North

America. As to Oviraptosauria, only the Yixian Formation yields a basal Oviratosauria,

Incisivosaurus, but the formation also contains Caudipterygidae (Oviraptosauria), taxa shared

only with the Jiufotang Formation. Therefore, the decistion to utilize Oviraptosauria or

Caudypterigidae does not affect the result. Finally, the reliability of identiﬁcations were not

questioned, except within the Cedar Mountain Formation. For these reasons, this study may be

reliable in terms of the faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation and other faunas, but may not be

suitable for comparison with other faunas.

Result and Discussion

Results of comparison of Cedar Mountain faunas with those Morrison Formation, Asian, and

European faunas are presented in Figures 14 to 17. The dendrograms of the Figure 14 and 15 contain all formations/localities of the same age as the Cedar Mountain Formation. Figure 14 shows a dendrogram based on Raup-Crick Similarity, and Figure 15 shows a dendrogram based on Simpson Similarity. Figure 16 and 17 contain only formations/localities which contain more than three taxa: Figure 16 is based on Raup-Crick Similarity, and 17 is based on Simpson

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— Raup-Crick similarity dendrogram of Barremian to Cenomanian aged dinosaur bearing formations/sites. In text column E (blue) = Europe, A (brown) = Asia, N (red) = North America. The Yellow Cat fauna clusters with some of the Europoean formations and the Mussentuchit fauna clusters within a clade dominated by Asian formations. The Morrison Formation fauna clusters distantly with both Asian and European outliers.

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

!"# !"$ !"% !"& !"' !"( !") !"* FIGURE 15 — Simpson similarity dendrogram of Barremian to Cenomanian aged dinosaur bearing formations/sites. E (blue) = Europe, A (brown) = Asia, N (red) = North America. North American faunas cluster similar to those in ﬁgure 14.

48 Q)%("D6 Ŷ A'8+$. /#& '() #*'+ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ! 7+)'3%"& #' Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ <)%%*%$#*'+ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 7'(*#"3+)= 2#*'+ Ŷ 7%8"& %2$'3/#*'+ ! Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ! ;)%8'+%& '()#*'+ Ŷ Ŷ <#3'$%&'()#' Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 4$@=5%&'()#*'+ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ T ! ! ?)$#3/%8#8%&'()#' Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ! #$%&'()%#*+' Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ <=)'$$%&'()%#*'+ ! 9'. /. +"/'5%& '() #*'+ Ŷ ;#"5%*%. #*'+ Ŷ :'"5%. '$3/%& '()#*'+ Ŷ 7+)'3%& '()#*'+ Ŷ ! Q)%("D7 :+3+)%*%$3%& '()#*'+ Ŷ Ŷ ! Ŷ Ŷ !3+2%&'()#*'+ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 9%5'. '$3/#*'+ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 7'8')'& '()#*'+ ! Ŷ 7+3#%& '()#*'+ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 6)'./#%&'()#*'+ Ŷ ! Ŷ Ŷ ! ! ! Ŷ 455%&'()#*+' Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 12('$%*%$3%#*+' Q)%("D4 Ŷ ! Ŷ ! Ŷ Ŷ 0%*%& '()#*'+ Ŷ ,+--'. /#& '()#*'+ ! Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ !"#$%&'()#*'+

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

"#,

"#+ ,'("V7)#.@D!#8#5')#3= "#* "#) "#( "#' "#& "#% "#$

FIGURE 16—Raup-Crick similarity Q and R mode dendrograms of Barremian to Cenomanian formations/localities with three or more taxa. Black squares = presence; ? = Presence of questionable specimens. Group A = Morrison Formation fauna. Group B = Asian-Mussentuchit fauna; Group C = European-Yellow Cat fauna.

49 !"#$%&' Ŷ Ŷ 1"*-,&2%+< 7,-"% Ŷ 1(5&) (70"2$,-"% ! ! ! Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ A+0,2$(5,5()"*+," ! Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 9$%+,@,0()"*+(,-%" Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ?7*"0(-(02(,-%" Ŷ Ŷ 9,2"0()"*+," Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ :0><'()"*+,-"% ! Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 1%+"2(&) ," Ŷ ="5%0# $,) "*+ ,-"% Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 9<+"00()"*+(,-"% Ŷ 1%+"2() "*+,-"% Ŷ 6,&'(-(# ,-"% Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ;+"#$,()"*+,-"% Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ! Ŷ ! ! ! :''()"*+,-%" Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 9+((-(0,-"% Ŷ 8"&'(# "02$() "*+,-"% Ŷ ! 8%2%+(-(02() "*+,-"% Ŷ ! Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ /2%7()"*+,-"% ! Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ! Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 6+(5"%() "*+,-"% Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ 1"5"+") "*+,-"% Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ !('"# "02$,-"% Ŷ 3%44"# $,) "*+,-"% Ŷ ! 1%2,() "*+,-"% Ŷ ! Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ /&,0()"*+,-"% ! Ŷ Ŷ Ŷ ! Ŷ .(-() "*+,-"% !"#$%&( ! !"# $# %&$"'() "*+ ,-"%

.BC+%-DBUB.(+2$B:5%+,#"B :BUBC4+(I0DB:)," EBUBC4'*%DBE*+(&% CEDBE'B1")2%''"+BG(+5"2,(0B CEDB:+#,''")B-%B=(+%''"BG(+5"2,(0B CEDB:+2('%)BG(+5"2,(0B C:DB;"<0)$,+%%BG(+5"2,(0B C:DB/$,+%%7,0BQ")$*0BG(+5"2,(0B CEDBT%))%OBG(+5"2,(0B C:DBR,2"-"0,BG(+5"2,(0B CEDBS*"++,%)B(PBH"B1$"+%02%B C:DB R$*>$2%> BG(+5"2,(0B CEDB1")2+,''(B-%B'"B3%,0"BG(+5"2,(0B C:DBL"M>$'"02BG(+5"2,(0B C:DB=,--'%BQ+%

"#%% /,5&)(0B/,5,'"+,2< "#%

"#()

"#'$ "#&'

"#$%

"#$

FIGURE 17—Simpson similarity Q and R mode dendrograms of Barremian to Cenomanian formations/localities with three or more taxa. Black squares = presence; ? = Presence of questionable specimens. Group A = Morrison Formation fauna. Group B = Asian-Mussentuchit fauna.

50 Similarity. Relationships of Yellow Cat, Mussentuchit, and Morrison faunas to other formation faunas, and taxonomic implications are discussed below.

Yellow Cat and Mussentuchit faunas—In all of the resulted dendrograms that include all formations/localities (Fig. 14 and Fig. 15), the Mussentuchit fauna clustered on a clade dominated by Asian faunas, corroborating the hypothesis that the Mussentuchit fauna is Asian inﬂuenced (Cifelli et al., 1997). The Yellow Cat nests in a cluster dominated by European formations/localities in all of the dendrograms. The dendrograms which only include formations/ localities with more than three taxa (Fig. 16 and 17) show more clear results, with the exception of the Kitadani Formation, Japan, which clustered with European-Yellow Cat-Morrison

Formations. From this formation, possible Pssitacosauridae fossils were found (Dong et al,

1990), but later Lucas (2006) refuted the identiﬁcation, noting the bones “appear to be from a small ceratopsian”. Due to such uncertaintyCeratopsian is regarded as questionable. However, when it is regarded as a valid ceratopsian and changed the data matrix to have PAST to redraw a dendrogram, then the fauna of the Kitadani Formation clustered with other Asian Formations.

Finally, faunas of the quarries of La Charente, Cenomanian France, cluster within European faunas when Raup-Crick Similarity is applied, but with Asian faunas when the Simpson

Similarity is applied. Thereby, fauna is judged intermediate between Asian and European faunas, supporting the claim by Vullo et al. (2007).

Morrison faunas—The exact position of the Morrison Formation could not be determined:

The dendrogram of formation/localities with more than three taxa using the Simpson Similarity

(Fig. 17) clustered it with European faunas, but the Yellow Cat fauna does not cluster in vicinity of the faunas of Morrison Formation. The other dendrograms distantly cluster the Morrison

Formation fauna to both European and Asian faunas. Therefore, the faunas of the Morrison

51 Formation are not likely close to the Yellow Cat fauna. Thus the hypotheses that the Yellow Cat fauna is endemic, or a “continuation” of the Morrison fauna is rejected.

Taxonomic implication—According to the R-mode dendrogram drawn using Raup-Crick

Similarity (Fig. 16), the European-Yellow Cat faunal group is dominated by Spinosauridae,

Nodosauridae, Allosaurioidea, Brachiosauridae, and Polacanthidae. The Asian-Mussentuchit faunal group is dominated by Ceratopsia, Troodontidae, Ankylosauridae, Ornithomimosauria,

Therizinosauroidea, and Tyrannosauroidea. Among those taxonomic groups, Tyrannosauroidea and Troodontidae are grouped with the former groups to form European-Yellow Cat-Morrison faunal group in the dendrogram with Simpson Similarity (Fig. 15). This is a function of the occurrence of the Tyrannosauroidea and Troodontidae in the Morrison fauna, and Simpson similarity links faunas of Morrison Formation with European-Yellow Cat faunas, which is likely erroneous since all other three dendrograms (Fig, 14, 16, and 17) clusters the Morrison faunas distantly with both Europe-Yellow Cat and Asia-Mussentuchit faunas. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that the Morrison fauna has more common taxa with European-Yellow Cat fauna than

Asian-Mussentuchit fauna is also supported in the dendrogram with Raup-Crick Similarity (Fig.

17). The Dromaoesauridae and Iguanodontidae are pandemic, so they do not contribute to this study.

Finally, the presence of a therizinosauroid in the Yellow Cat Member contradicts these results, but supports either Carpenter’s view (2006) that the Yellow Cat fauna represents an early stage of the transition from European type fauna to Asian type fauna or the identiﬁcation of

Thecocoelurus by Naish and Martill (2002) as a European oviraptorosaur-therizinosauroid clade theropod.

52 CONCLUSIONS

The chronostratigraphy and detrital zircon age analysis indicate all known sites near the base of the Cedar Mountain Formation, including those with the therizinosauroid theropod Falcarius are no older than about 124 to 122 Ma and all are found within the Buckhorn/Yellow Cat/Poison

Strip Sandstone depositional package. The temporal span of the Ruby Ranch Member is about

120-117 Ma to 111 Ma, while the base of the Mussentuchit Member was deposited around

109-105 Ma, and most likely at the younger end of this range. The Carol site, located in the upper part of the Mussentucht Member is equivalent in age to the OMNH microfossil quarries

(97-98 Ma). Finally, the Mussentuchit Member ranges up to the Cenomanian, or possibly the

Turonian. These results are summarized in the Figure 11. In addition, presence of the

Mussentuchit Member near the Bodily nodosaur site mean the member is more widespread than previously thought.

Multivariate analysis utilizing Simpson and Raup-Crick similarity index and pair-Group moving algorithms suggest faunas of the Cedar Mountain Formation fall into two groups, here termed the Yellow Cat and Mussentuchit faunas. The Yellow Cat fauna is linked to faunas of

Europe, and the Mussentuchit fauna is linked to Asia, corroborating the faunal divisions suggested by Carpenter et al. (2002). Despite their geographic continuity, the faunas of the

Morrison Formation and Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, aside from the fact that the large herbivore guilds in each are dominated by sauropods, bear little resemblance to each other. Thus, some 25 Ma after the deposition of the Morrison Formation, in the earliest

Aptian, despite the widening of the Atlantic Ocean, North America and Europe still shared several clades, suggesting relict connections between the continents and relatively low

53 diversiﬁcation dominated by Spinosauridae, Nodosauridae, Allosaurioidea, Brachiosauridae, and

Polacanthidae. The Asian-Mussentuchit fauna is characterized by Ceratopsia, Ankylosauridae,

Ornithomimosaria, Therizinosauroidea, and quite possibly Troodontidae and Tyrannosauroidea.

The possible existence of a therizinosaurid dinosaur in Europe might suggest therizinosaurids distribution spanned the northern hemisphere.

54 REFERENCES

AUBREY, W.M., 1998, A newly discovered, widespread ﬂuvial facies and unconformity marking

the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous Boundary, Colorado Plateau: Modern Geology, v.

22, 209-233.

BALANOFF, A.M., NORELL, M.A., GRETT-TINNER, G., and LEWIN, M.R., 2008, Digital preparation

of a probable neoceratopsian preserved within an egg, with comments on microstructural

anatomy of ornithischian eggshells: Naturwissenschaften, v. 95, p. 493-500.

BODILY, N.M., 1970, An armored dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah: Brigham Young

University Geology studies, v. 16, p. 35-60.

BLAKEY, R.C., 2006, Global paleogeographic views of earth history – late Precambrian to

Recent, http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext2.html. Checked August 2009/

BURTON, D., GREENHALGH, B., BRITT, B.B., KOWALLIS, B.J., S., E.W., and BARRICK, R., 2006,

New Radoimetric Ages from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, and the Clovery

Formation, Wyoming: Implications for contained Dinosaur faunas: Geological Society of

America Rocky Mountain Section, v. 38, p. 52.

BRITT, B.B., EBERTH, D.A., SCHEEZ, R.D., GREENHALGH, B.W., STADTMAN, K.L., 2009,

Taphonomy of debris-ﬂow hosted dinosaur bonebeds at Dalton Wells, Utah (Lower

Cretaceous, Cedar Mountain Formation, U.S.A): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,

Palaeoecology, v. 280, p. 1-22. doi:10.1013/j.palaeo.2009.06.004.

CANUDO, J., ROYO-TORRES, R., CUENCA-BESCOS, G. 2008, A New Sauropod: Tastavinsaurus Sanzi

Gen. Et Sp. Nov. from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of Spain: Journal of Vertebrate

Paleontology, v. 28, p. 712-731.

55 CARPENTER, K., 2006, Assessing Dinosaur Faunal Turnover in the Cedar Mountain Formation

(Lower Cretaceous) of Eastern Utah, USA: Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems 2006, p.

21-25.

CARPENTER, K., BARTLETT, J., BIRD, J., and BARROCK, R., 2008, Ankylosaurs from the Price

River Quarries, Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), East-Central Utah:

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 28, p. 1089-1101.

CARPENTER, K., DICROCE, T., GILPIN, D., KINNER, B., SANDERS, F., TIDWELL, V., and SHAW, A.,

2002, Origins of the Early and "Middle" Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America:

Imprication for plate tectonics, New Concepts in global tectonics, La Junta, p. 289-308.

CARPENTER, K., KIRKLAND, J.I., BURGE, D., and BIRD, J., 2001, Disarticulated Skull of a New

Primitive Ankylosaurid from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Utah in Carpenter, K., ed.,

The armored dinosaurs: Indiana University Press, Bloomington, p. 211-238.

CARPENTER, K., KIRKLAND, J.I., BURGE, D.L., and BIRD, J., 1999, Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria;

Ornithischia) of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah and their stratigraphic distribution:

Miscellaneous Publication Utah Geological Survey, v. 99, p. 243-251.

CARPENTER, K., and WILSON, Y., 2008, A new species of Camptosaurus (Ornithopoda:

Dinosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National

Moument, Utah, and a biomechanical analysis of its forelimb: Annals of the Carnegie

Museum, v. 76, p. 227-263.

CARROLL, R.E., 1992, Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of mid-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks,

eastern Utah and western Colorado: A palynological interpretation. (volumes I and II):

Ph.D, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 400 p.

56 CAVIN, J.L., KIRKLAND, J.I., and ANONYMOUS, 2007, Taphonomy of the Andrew's site quarries,

Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Grand County, east-central Utah:

Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America, v. 39, p. 33.

CHEN, P., DONG, Z., and ZHEN, S., 1998, An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from

the Yixian Formation of China: Nature, v. 391, p. 147-152.

CHRISTIANSEN, E.H., KOWALLIS, B.J., and BARTON, M.D., 1994, Temporal and spatial distribution

of volcanic ash in Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Western interior-An alternative

record of Mesozoic magmatism, in Caputo, M.V., Peterson, J.A., and Franczyk, K.J.,

eds., Mesozoic Systems of the Rocky Mountain Region, USA, SEPM Special

Publication, p.73-94.

CHURE, D.J., 2001, A new sauropod with a well preserved skull from the Cedar Mountain

Formation (Cretaceous) of Dinosaur National Monument, UT: Journal of Vertebrate

Paleontology, v. 21, p. 40.

CIFELLI, R.L., KIRKLAND, J.I., WEIL, A., DEINOS, A.R., and KOWALLIS, B.J., 1997, High-precision

40Ar /39Ar geochronology and the advent of North America’s Late Cretaceous terrestrial

fauna: Proceedings National Academy of Science USA, v. 94, p. 11163-11167.

CRAIG, L.C., 1961, Discussion of 'Dakota Group of Colorado Plateau,', by Young R.G.: American

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 45, p. 1582-1584.

CURRIE, P.J., and CARPENTER, K., 2000, A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis

(Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower

Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA: Geodiversitas, v. 22, p. 207-246.

57 DECOURTEN, F.L., 1991, New data on Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Long Walk Quarry

and Tracksite, Emery County, Utah: Utah Geological Association Publication, v. 19, p.

311-324.

DECOURTEN, F.L., 1998, Dinosaurs of Utah: University of Utah Press, Salt lake City, 300 p.

DICROCE, T., and CARPENTER, K., 2001, New ornithopod from the Cedar Mountain Formation

(Lower Cretaceous) of eastern Utah, in Tanke, D., and Carpenter, K., eds., Mesozoic

Vertebrte Life: Indiana University Press, Bloomington, p. 183-196.

DODSON, M.H., COMPSTON, W., and WILLIAMS, I.S., 1988, A search for ancient detrital zircons in

Zimbabwean sediments: Journal of geological Society, London, v. 145.

DONG, Z., HASEGAWA, Y., and AZUMA, Y., 1990, The age of dinosaurs in Japan and China: Fukui

Prefectural Museum, Fukui, Japan, 65 p.

DYMAN, T.S., COBBAN, W.A., TITUS, A.L., OBRADOVICH, J.D., DAVIS, L.E., EVES, R.L., POLLOCK,

G.L., TAKAHASHI, K.I., and HESTER, T.C., 2002, New biostratigraphic and radiometric

ages for Albian-Turonian Dakota Formation and tropic shale at Grand Staurcase-

Escalante National Monument and Iron Springs Formation near Cedar City Parowan, and

Gunlock in SW Utah: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, v. 34, p.

13.

EBERTH, D.A., BRITT, B.B., SCHEETZ, R., STADTMAN, K.L., and BRINKMAN, D.B., 2006, Dalton

Wells: geology and signiﬁcance of debris-ﬂow-hosted dinosaur bonebeds in the Cedar

Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of eastern Utah, USA: Palaeogeography,

Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 236, p. 217-245.

58 FARLOW, J.O., BRINKMAN, D.L., ABLER, W.L., and CURRIE, P.J., 1991, Size, shape and serration

density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth: Modern Geology, v. 16, p. 161-198.

FIORILLO, A.R., 1999, Non-mammalian microvertebrate remains from the Robison Eggshell Site,

Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Emery County, Utah: Miscellaneous

Publication Utah Geological Survey, v. 99, p. 259-268.

FRANZOSA, J., and ROWE, T., 2005, Cranial Endocast Of The Cretaceous Theropod Dinosaur

Acrocanthosaurus atokensis: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 25, p. 859-864.

GALTON, P.M., and JENSEN, J.A., 1975, Hypsilophodon and Iguanodon from the lower Cretaceous

of North America: Nature, v. 257, p. 668-669.

GALTON, P.M., and JENSEN, J.A., 1979, Remains of ornithopod dinosaurs from the Lower

Cretaceous of North America: Brigham Young University Geology studies, v. 25, p. 1-10.

GARRISON JR, J.R., BRINKMAN, D., NICHOLS, D.J., LAYER, P., BURGE, D., and THAYN,

D., 2007, A multidisciplinary study of the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation,

Mussentuchit Wash, Utah: a determination of the paleoenvironment and paleoecology of

the Eolambia caroljonesa dinosaur quarry Cretaceous Research, v. 28, p. 461-494.

GEHRELS, G.E., 2000, Introduction to detrital zircon studies of Paleozoic and Triassic strata in

western Nevada and Northern California: Special Paper Geological Society of America,

v. 347, p. 1-17.

GEHRELS, G.E., 2009, Age Pick ver. 3.7. Tucson, Arizona, USA.

GILPIN, D., CARPENTER, K., DICROCE, T., and ANONYMOUS, 2002, New ornithopod with

hadrosaur-like features from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah: Journal of Vertebrate

Paleontology, v. 22, p. 58-59.

59 GILPIN, D., DICROCE, T., and CARPENTER, K., 2007, A Possible New Basal Hadrosaur from the

Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Eastern Utah, in Carpenter, K., ed.,

Horns and Beaks: Indiana University Press, Bloomington, p. 79-89.

GREENHALGH, B.W., 2006a, A stratigraphic and geochronologic analysis of the Morrison

Formation/Cedar Mountain Formation boundary, Utah: M.S. Thesis, Brigham Young

University, Provo, 37 p.

GREENHALGH, B.W., 2006b, New U-Pb age control from the lower Cedar Mountain Formation

and an evaluation of the Morrison Formation/Cedar Mountain Formation Boundary,

Utah: Geological Society of America Abstract with Programs, v. 38, p. 52.

GREENHALGH, B.W., and BRITT, B.B., 2007, Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Morrison-

Cedar Mountain Formation Boudary, East-Central Utah: Diverse Geology of a Dynamic

Landscape, v. 36, p. 81-100.

HAMMER, Ø., 2002, Palaeontological community and diversity analysis- brief notes, 2002,http://

folk.uio.no/ohammer/past/doc1.html Checked 1.13 2008.

HAMMER, Ø., HARPER, D. A. T., and RYAN, P. D., 2009, PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software

Package for Education and Data Analysis, ver 1.90: Oslo, Norway.

HARRIS, J.D., 1998, A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and

paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas: New Mexico

Museum of Natural History and Science, v. 13, p. 75.

HEAD, J.J., 2001, A reanalysis of the phylogenetic position of Eolambia caroljonesa (Dinosauria,

Iguanodontia): Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 21, p. 392-396.

60 HOOK, S.C., 2007, A condensed middle Cenomanian succession in the Dakota Sandstone (Upper

Cretaceous), Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, Socorro County, New Mexico: New

Mexico Geology, v. 29, p. 75-99.

JENSEN, J.A., 1970, Fossil eggs in the lower Cretaceous of Utah: Brigham Young University

Research Studies, Geology Series, v. 17, p. 51-65.

KILLBOURNE, B., and CARPENTER, K., 2005, Redescription of Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum, a

polacanthid ankylosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Albany County, Wyoming: Neues

Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Monatshefte, v. 237, p. 111-160.

KIRKLAND, J.I., 1992, Dinosaurs deﬁne a two-fold Lower Cretaceous zonation of the Cedar

Mountain Formation, central Utah: Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of

America, v. 24, p. 22.

KIRKLAND, J.I., 1996, Biogeography of western North America's Mid-Cretaceous dinosaur

faunas; losing European ties and the ﬁrst great Asian-North American interchange:

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 16, p. 45A.

KIRKLAND, J.I., 1998a, A new hadrosaurid from the upper Cedar Mountain Formation (Albian-

Cenomanian, Cretaceous) of eastern Utah; the oldest known hadrosaurid

(lambeosaurine?): New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, v. 14,

p. 283-295.

KIRKLAND, J.I., 1998b, A Polacanthine Ankylosaur (Ornithischia-Dinosauria) from the Early

Cretaceous(Barremian) of Eastern Utah: Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial

Ecosystems: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, v. 14, p.

271-281.

61 KIRKLAND, J.I., 2005, Utah’s newly recognized dinosaur record from the Early Cretaceous Cedar

Mountain Formation, Survey Notes: Utah Geological Survey, p. 1-5.

KIRKLAND, J.I., BRITT, B., BURGE, D.L., CARPENTER, K., RICHARD, C., DECOURTEN, F., EATON, J.,

HASIOTIS, S., and LAWTON, T., 1997, Lower to Middle Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of the

central Colorado Plateau; A key to understanding 35 mi llion years of tectonics,

evolution, and biogeography: Brigham Young University Geology studies, v. 42, p.

69-103.

KIRKLAND, J.I., BRITT, B.B., WHITTLE, C.H., MADSEN, S.K., and BURGE, D.L., 1998, A small

Coelurosaurian theropod from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation

(Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of Eastern Utah: New Mexico Museum of Natural

History and Science Bulletin, v. 14, p. 239-248.

KIRKLAND, J.I., and CARPENTER, K., 1994, North America's ﬁrst pre-Cretaceous ankylosaur

(Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado: Brigham

Young University Geology studies, v. 40, p. 25-42.

KIRKLAND, J.I., GASTON, R., and BURGE, D., 1993, A large dromaeosaur (Theropoda) from the

Lower Cretaceous of eastern Utah: Hunteria, v. 2, p. 1-16.

KIRKLAND, J.I., and MADESEN, S., 2007, The lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation,

Eastern Utah: The view up an always interesting learning curve: Geological Society of

America, Rocky Mountain Section, p. 1-108.

KIRKLAND, J.I., ZANNO, L., SAMPSON, S., CLARK, J.M., and DEBLIEUX, D.D., 2005, A primitive

therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah: Nature, v. 435 (7038), p.

84-87.

62 KOBAYASHI, Y., and AZUMA, Y., 2003, A New Iguanodontian (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) From The

Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Formation Of Fukui Prefecture, Japan: Journal of Vertebrate

Paleontology, v. 23, p. 165-175.

KOWALLIS, B.J., CHRISTIANSEN, E.H., DEINO, A.L., PETERSON, F., TURNER, C.E., KUNK, M.J. and

OBRADOVICH, J.D., 1998, The age of the Morrison Formation: Modern Geology, v. 22, p.

235-260.

KOWALLIS, B.J., and HEATON, J.S., 1987, Fission-track dating of bentonites and bentonitic

mudstones from the Morrison Formation in central Utah: Geology, v. 15, p. 1138-1142.

LUCAS, S.G., 2006, The Psittacosaurus biochron, Early Cretaceous of Asia: Cretaceous

Research, v. 27, p. 189-198.

LUDWIG, K. R., 2008, Isoplot version 3.7: Berkeley, California, USA.

NAISH, D., and MARTILL, D.M., 2002, A reappraisal of Thecocoelurus daviesi (Dinosauria,

Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight: Proceedings of the

Geologists' Association, v. 113, p. 23-30.

NORMAN, D.B., 2004, Basal Iguanodontia, in Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H.,

eds., The Dinosauria, 2nd Edition: University of California Press, Berkeley, p. 413-437.

PALEOBIOLOGY DATABASE, 2000, updated July 9, 2009, http://paleodb.org/. Checked January to

July, 2009.

PECK, R.E., 1957, North American Mesozoic Charophyta: U. S. Geological Survey Professional

Paper 294-A, p. 44.

RAUP, D.M., and CRICK, R.E., 1979, Measurement of Faunal Similarity in Paleontology Journal

of Paleontology, v. 53, p. 1213-1227.

63 ROCA, X., and NADON, G.C., 2007, Tectonic control on the sequence stratigraphy of nonmarine

retroarc foreland basin ﬁlls: Insights from the Upper Jurassic of Central Utah, U.S.A.:

Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 77, p. 329-255.

RUBATTO, D., 2002, Zircon trace element geochemistry: partitioning with garnet and the link

between U-Pb ages and metamorphism: Chemical Geology, v. 184, p. 123-138.

SCHEETZ, R.D., BRITT, B.B., BURGE, D.L., STADTMAN, K.L., MADSEN, J.H., JR., and ANONYMOUS,

2001, New iguanodontian-grade ornithopod taxa from the Cedar Mountain Formation

(Early Cretaceous) of Utah: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 21, p. 97.

SHAW, A.R., 2003, The taphonomy, sedimentology, and stratigraphy of a bone bed from the

Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Grand County, Utah: Master’s of Science,

Brigham Young University, Provo, 144 p.

SIMPSON, G.G., 1943, Mammals and the nature of continents: American Journal of Science, v.

241, p. 1-31.

STEPHENS, T.M.N., 2005, Palynological Analysis of Vertebrate Habits: Cedar Mountain

Formation (Albian-Cenomania) of Utah: M.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Norman,

116 p.

STOKES, W.L., 1944, Morrison and related deposits in the Colorado Plateau: Geological Society

of America Bulletin, v. 55, p. 951-992.

STOVALL, J. W., and LANGSTON, W., 1950, Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species

of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma: American Midland Naturalist, v. 43, p.

696-728.

64 SUAREZ, C.A., SUAREZ, M.B., KIRKLAND, J.I., GONZALEZ, L.A., GRANDSTAFF, D., E., and TERRY,

D.O., 2007, Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and depositional environment of the Crystal

Geyser dinosaur quarry, east-central Utah: Palaios, v. 22, p. 513-527.

TIDWELL, V., CARPENTER, K., and BROOKS, W., 1999, New sauropod from the Lower Cretaceous

of Utah, USA.: Oryctos, v. 2, p. 21-37.

TIDWELL, V., CARPENTER, K., and MEYER, S., 2001 New titanosauriform (Sauropoda) from the

Poison Strip Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Utah, in

Tanke, D.H., Carpenter, K., and Skrepnick, M.W., eds., Mesozoic vertebrate life; new

research inspired by the paleontology of Phillip J. Currie: Indiana University Press,

Bloomington, IN, p. 139-165.

TSCHUDY, R.H., TSCHUDY, B.D., and CRAIG, L.C., 1984, Palynological evaluation of Cedar

Mountain and Burro Canyon formations, Colorado Plateau: U. S. Geological Survey

Professional Paper, Report: P 1281, p. 24.

VULLO, R., NERAUDEAU, D., and LENGLET, T., 2007, Dinosaur teeth from the Cenomanian of

Charentes, western France: evidence for a mixed Laurasian-Gondwanan assemblage:

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 27, p. 931-943.

WARREN, D., and CARPENTER, K., 2004, A large nodosaurid ankylosaur from the Cedar Mountain

Formation of Utah: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 24, p. 126A.

WEISHAMPEL, D.B., BARRETT, P.M., CORIA, R.A., LOEUFF, J., XING, X., SAHNI, Z.,

GOMANI, E.M.P., and NOTO, C.R., 2004, Dinosaur Distribution, in Weishampel, D.B.,

Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H., eds., The Dinosauria, 2nd Edition: University of

California Press, Berkeley, CA, , p. 861.

65 WEISHAMPEL, D.B., and WEISHAMPEL, J.B., 1983, Annotated localities of ornithopod dinosaurs;

implications to Mesozoic paleobiogeography: The Mosasaur, v. 1, p. 43-87.

WILLIAMS, I.S., 2001, Response of detrital zircon and monazite, and their U-Pb isotopic systems,

to regional metamorphism and host-rock partial melting, Cooma complex, southeastern

Australia: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 48, p. 557-580.

XU, X., NORELL, M.A., KUANG, X., WANG, X., ZHAO, Q., and JIA, C., 2004, Basal

tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids: Nature, v.

431, p. 680-684.

YANG, W., LI, S., and JIANG, B., 2007, New evidence for Cretaceous age of the feathered

dinosaurs of Liaoning: zircon U-Pb SHRIMP dating of the Yixian Formation in Sihetun,

northeast China Cretaceous Research, v. 28, p. 177-182.

YOU, H.-L., LUO, Z.-X., SHUBIN, N.H., WITMER, L.M., TANG, Z.-L., and TANG, F., 2003, The

earliest-known duck-billed dinosaur from deposits of late Early Cretaceous age in

northwest China and hadrosaur evolution: Cretaceous Research, v. 24, p. 347-355.

YOUNG, R.G., 1960, Dakota Group of the Colorado Plateau: Bulletin of the American

Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 44, p. 156-194.

66 APPENDIX 1

Following is a summary of quarries whose faunas were conﬁrmed by published, personal observation, or personal communications to prepare the Table 1, but not discussed in the main text. There are other quarries in the Cedar Mountain Formation, but they have not yet been published. Quarries in this appendix include all taxa reported by Carpenter (2006) and Kirkland and Madsen (2007) in their faunal lists. The quarries are organized by member, beginning with the lowest member of the formation. The faunal and stratigraphic data are compiled in Table 4.

Yellow Cat Member Quarries

Dalton Wells site—This quarry rests on the Cedar Mountain-Morrison contact (Eberth, et al.,

2006), and its age was reported as 124.2 ± 2.6 Ma, based on U-Pb analysis of detrital zircons

(Greenhalgh, 2006b; Greenhalgh and Britt, 2007). Taxonomically, this is the most proliﬁc quarry in the Cedar Mountain Formation. Bones from the site are usually disarticulated and fragmented as a function of trampling and is representative of many quarries resting on the Cedar Mountain

– Morrison formational contact (Britt et al., 2009). Britt et al. (2009) reported over 4200 specimens, which include eight dinosaurian taxa: the theropods Utahraptor, Nedcolbertia and a possible ornithomimid; sauropods Venenosaurus, an undescribed camarasaurid, and a new basal macronarian; and two ornithischians - a tall-spined iguanodontid and the polocanthid Gastonia.

The type specimen of Iguanodon ottingeri, a partial maxilla with two teeth, was discovered at this site.

Doelling’s Bowl site—This quarry is posited at the base of the Yellow Cat Member, resting on the Morrison Formation in a complex of stacked paleosols. Kirkland and Madsen (2007) consider the site to be chronologically older than other Yellow Cat sites and thus suspect that the dinosaurs represent new taxa. Greenhalgh and Britt (2007) and Britt et al. (2009), however

67 suggest that the horizon is the same age as other basal most Yellow Cat Member sites and that

the dinosaurs represent a standard Yellow Cat fauna. Because additional data for this site is

forthcoming and it occurs immediately above the Morrison Formation it is tentatively assumed to

be stratigraphically and taxonomically the equivalent of other basal Yellow Cat quarries. The

quarry is still in the early stages of development and taxa have only been tentatively identiﬁed,

primarily in the ﬁeld, including a small dromaeosaurid, a medium sized theropod, a

titanosauriomorph sauropod, a polacanthid, and iguanodontid (Kirkland and Madsen, 2007).

Cisco Gaston Ornithopod quarry—Located about 5 to 10 m above the Cedar Mountain-

Morrison Formation contact (R. Sheetz, personal communication, 2007), This site has yielded primarily an undescribed ornithopod, a new medium-sized theropod, and rare elements of

Utahraptor (B.B. Britt, personal communication, 2009). The quarry is still being excavated and the materials are largely unprepared.

Cedarosaurus site—This is the type locality of Cedarosaurus (Tidwell et al., 1999), a brachiosaurid sauropod. It is the only taxon recovered from this site to date.

Gaston Quarry a.k.a, Yellow Cat Quarry—This site is about 10 m above the Cedar

Mountain-Morrison Formation contact (Kirkland and Madsen, 2007), and it produced the type materials of Gastonia and Utahraptor. Gastonia is based on abundant disarticulated cranial and postcranial materials (Kirkland, 1998b). Utahraptor was ﬁrst reported from this quarry along with select elements from the Dalton Wells quarry (Kirkland et al., 1993).

Dave's Campsite—This quarry is located at the upper-most part of the Yellow Cat Member, just below the Poison Strip Sandstone. From here, Gilpin et al. (2007) reported Cedrorestes, represented by a ilium, sacrum, and limb bones. They argue this is more derived than Iguanodon

68 based on a lateral process of its ilium. If correct, this identiﬁcation casts doubt on Kirkland's

model that the fauna of the Lower Cedar Mountain Formation is similar to that of Europe.

Nedcolbertia Site—This quarry is close to the Yellow Cat type section (Kirkland et al., 1998)

and only a short distance above the base of the Yellow Cat Member (Kirkland and Madsen,

2007). Parts of three individuals of Nedcolbertia were recovered from the site. The holotype of

Nedocolbertia from this quarry is represented by vertebrae, limbs of a juvenile. Paratypes of the

genus represented by partial associated skeleton of a subadult specimen were also reported, all

from the same horizon (Kirkland et al., 1998). Nedocolbertia is small theropod, whose

phylogenic position is not well known. The only other reported occurrence of this taxon is the

Dalton Wells quarry.

Andrew's site—This quarry occurs approximately at the same stratigraphic position the

Gaston Quarry (Cavin et al., 2007). Recovered specimens included partially articulated and

isolated bones of an iguanodontid and possibly Gastonia, represented by isolated armor (Cavin et

al., 2007). As of June 2009, no detailed report is available.

Poison Strip Sandstone Quarries

Tony's Bone Bed—The quarry is located 3.5 m below the top of Poison Strip Sandstone, and about 17 m above the Cedar Mountain-Morrison contact (DiCroce and Carpenter, 2001), and

Venenosaurus (Tidwell et al., 2001), Planicoxa and a possible Utahraptor ilium were discovered at this site (DiCroce and Carpenter, 2001). Venenosaurus, a brachiosaurid titanosauriform is the most complete sauropod individual from the formation and is known from disarticulated caudal vertebrae, a left scapula, right radius, left ulna, ﬁve metacarpals, four manual phalanges, right pubis, left and right ischium, three metatarsals, astragalus, chevrons, and ribs (Tidwell et al.,

2001). However, Canudo et al. (2008) described this as a sister group of Titanosauria, so it is

69 regard as a brachiosaurid. Planicoxa, is represented by a ilium, femora, tibiae, and vertebrae

(DiCroce and Carpenter, 2001). However, this genus was regarded as a synonym of Cedaroestes by Kirkland and Madsen (2007), although Carpenter and Wilson (2008) negate this claim.

Lorrie's site—This Denver Museum of Nature and Science quarry was described by Shaw

(2003) as located either 3.5 m (Shaw, 2003, p. 18) or 15 m (Shaw, 2003, p. 124) above the base of the Ruby Ranch Member. The site is dominated by Gastonia, represented by a minimum of ten individuals (Shaw, 2003) with the only other taxon being Utahraptor, represented by a single claw (Carpenter, 2008, website). This suggests that the quarry is either in the Yellow Cat/Poison

Strip complex or that the Ruby Ranch is contemporaneous with that complex. Shaw (2003) reported that the quarry is in a channel layer sandwiched between overbank mudstone layers. The mudstone layers contain sparse carbonate nodules, and there are ﬂuvial channels above and below these mudstones. These lithologies are typical of the Poison Strip and thus it is likely that

Lorrie’s site is within the Poison Strip Member. For these reasons, this site is included in discussions of the Poison Strip Member.

Ruby Ranch Member Quarries

Hotel Mesa site—Detailed stratigraphic position of the quarry is not reported, but adult and juvenile brachiosaurid (ribs, a caudal vertebra, an ilium and scapulae), originally reported as

Pleurocoelus, and dromaeosaurid teeth were found in this Oklahoma Museum of Natural History quarry. Due to their size, the teeth are referred to Deinonychus (Kirkland et al., 1997). The phylogenic position of the brachiosaurid from the quarry is not well established (M. Tayler, personal communication, 2008).

Weishampel's Ornithopod site —The locality and stratigraphic horizon of this ﬁnd is unknown, but Kirkland et al. (1997) suspected it could be from the Ruby Ranch Member because

70 the bones are encased in a nodular, carbonate cemented matrix. The locality remains unknown despite efforts to relocate it (R. Scheetz, personal communication, 2009). Weishampel and

Weishampel (1983) reported discovery of Tenontosaurus in the Cedar Mountain Formation, based on a single, partially articulated skeleton. Partial preparation of the specimens conﬁrmed it as a basal iguanodontid, but less derived than Tenontosaurus and more closely related to the

Proctor Lake “hypsilophodont” (R. Scheetz, personal communication, 2009). Because the member from which this specimen was found remains unknown, this site was not be included in the analyses.

Warren’s Nodosaur site—Warren’s site is reported to be in the middle of the Ruby Ranch

Member. A humerus, ﬁbula, vertebrae and some scutes were the only elements recovered and all were identiﬁed as cf. Sauropelta (Warren and Carpenter, 2004). This is the oldest known nodosaurid dinosaur (Carpenter et al., 2008).

Ralph Every quarry—The site has not been analyzed nor formally reported but the specimens were recovered from a carbonate rich, limestone-like unit just beneath the Dakota Sandstone.

The member has not been determined. It is most likely in the Mussentuchit, based on its proximity to the Dakota Sandstone, but the ﬁeld workers have not ruled out the possibility it is in the Ruby Ranch Member. Teeth thought to represent a brachiosaurid, Acrocanthosaurus, and possibly an ankylosaur were recovered from this site (J. Bird, personal communication, 2008).

Mussentuchit Member Quarries

Price River I quarry—Discovery of Tenontosaurus was reported by Kirkland et al. (1997) from the Poison Strip, but Kirkland later revised the stratigraphic position as being Mussentuchit

Member (Kirkland and Madsen, 2007). Nevertheless, this discovery and identiﬁcation is only based on one tooth, so the taxonomic identity of the specimen is questionable. A holotype of

71 Cedarpelta was also reported from the quarry by Carpenter et al. (2001), but according to Bird

(Personal communication, 2008) no Cedarpelta was excavated from this quarry. The holotype locality Carpenter described is at Ruby Ranch/Mussentuchit boundary, which is equivalent to

Price River II quarry. In 2008, Carpenter states that holotype of Cedarpelta was excavated from

Price River II (Carpenter et al., 2008). Apparently they confused this quarry with following Price

River II quarry when he described Cedarpelta.

Price River II quarry—This quarry consists of ﬂuvial sandstone positioned a few meters above the base of the Mussentuchit Member (Carpenter et al., 2008), contracting earlier reports that placed near the top of the Ruby Ranch Member (Carpenter et al., 2001). This quarry bears the nodosaurid Cedaropelta (Carpenter et al., 2001), represented by partial skull element and a ischium, the primitive ankylosaurid Peloroplites (Carpenter et al., 2008) represented by a partial skull, vertebra, and limbs, a brachiosaurid, and an ornithopod of uncertain position. Isolated theropod teeth were also found but they have not been identiﬁed.

OMNH Microfossil sites—Oklahoma Museum of Natural History conducted micro and macrovertebrate fossil sampling in several locations along a weathered ash-rich horizon 10-20 m below the contact with the lowest overlying Dakota Sandstone channel or bed (Cifelli et al.,

1997). Sanidine crystals from one of the ashes yielded 49Ar/39Ar ages of 98.39 ± 0.07 Ma (Cifelli et al., 1997). The horizon has produced teeth assignable to the Veloceraptorinae, Troodontidae,

Tyrannosauroidea, Brachiosauridae, Hypsilophodontidae, Pachycephalosauria?,

Hypsilophodontidae, Neoceratopsia, and Nodosauridae. The identity of the possible pachycephalosauria tooth was questioned by Carpenter (2006). In addition to these, therizinosauroid teeth have also found in one of the quarries (K. Carpenter, personal communication, 2009). With the exception of the Eolambia quarry, nearly all of the ﬁnds are

72 microfossils, speciﬁcally teeth. Recovered taxa are often cited as evidence of close ties between

North America and Asia (Carpenter, 2006; Carpenter et al., 2002; Cifelli et al., 1997; Kirkland and Madsen, 2007).

Cifelli # 1 and 2 sites are one of the OMNH fossils sites. Garrison et al., (2007) reported their stratigraphic positions in detail, as well as a sanidine-based radiometric age for one of the quarries as 96.7 to 98.2 Ma. These quarries bear multiple individuals of Eolambia, represented by disarticulated elements of multiple individuals (Kirkland, 1998a; Garrison et al., 2007) and dromaeosaurid teeth, tentatively assigned as Richardoestesia (Garrison Jr et al., 2007).

Robison Egg shell site—This quarry is reported by Fiorillo (1999). It is 10 to 15 meters below the Dakota Sandstone. Fiorillo reported teeth of dromaeosaurid and possible tyrannosaurid premaxilla teeth and teeth attributed to Paronychodon from this microfossil.

Price River III quarry—According to and Kirkland and Madsen (2007), this microfossil quarry is equivalent to Price River II, so probably it is also at the bottom of the Mussentuchit

Member. Teeth of cf. Acrocanthosaurus and cf. Iguanodon were reported from the quarry (J.

Bird, personal communication, 2009).

73 APPENDIX 2 Following is the list of analyses of zircon U-Pb ages. Analyses in grey lines are used to generate probability density curves. Analyses in red and italic are used to calculate maximal depositional ages by AgePick routine. Among the three apparent ages, 206Pb/238U ages are used as they are most reliable in youger ages (

Isotope ratios Apparent Ages (Ma) U 206Pb U/Th 207Pb* ± 206Pb* ± error 206Pb* ± 207Pb* ± 206Pb* ± Conc. (ppm) 204Pb 235U* (%) 238U (%) corr. 238U* (Ma) 235U (Ma) 207Pb* (Ma) (%)

Crystal Geyser site cg5 460 2224 2.5 17.3545 7.6 0.0181 0.7 0.09 115.9 0.7 136.7 9.7 515.4 166.3 22.5 209 2118 1.9 19.4222 10.8 0.0186 1.3 0.12 119.0 1.5 126.1 12.9 262.7 248.9 45.3 415 4262 2.6 20.3528 4.6 0.0190 3.9 0.65 121.6 4.7 123.2 6.9 154.2 106.9 78.9 190 808 1.8 16.9645 9.1 0.0191 0.5 0.05 122.1 0.6 146.7 12.5 565.1 199.4 21.6 770 1230 2.9 14.2629 22.6 0.0191 2.9 0.13 122.1 3.6 172.3 36.2 931.7 470.3 13.1 288 4004 4.2 20.4063 6.1 0.0193 2.1 0.32 123.0 2.5 124.3 7.5 148.0 142.7 83.1 468 4784 1.9 21.3573 5.4 0.0194 0.7 0.13 123.7 0.9 119.6 6.2 40.2 129.4 307.7 51 1016 1.7 22.3538 150.3 0.0196 1.5 0.01 125.4 1.8 116.1 166.3 -70.0 1581.1 -179.0 139 4840 1.5 19.3269 14.9 0.0201 1.7 0.11 128.0 2.1 135.8 19.0 274.0 342.7 46.7 244 3606 3.1 22.4387 9.0 0.0207 3.2 0.34 132.1 4.2 121.6 10.9 -79.3 219.5 -166.6 130 2408 1.2 22.2437 14.2 0.0212 2.9 0.20 135.1 3.9 125.2 17.1 -58.0 348.4 -232.9 173 1496 2.2 16.9926 11.1 0.0212 1.1 0.10 135.3 1.4 161.3 16.7 561.5 243.3 24.1 225 3784 2.0 20.0445 8.5 0.0213 2.2 0.25 136.1 3.0 139.1 11.4 189.8 198.3 71.7 66 2144 1.2 23.6531 19.2 0.0213 8.9 0.42 136.2 11.9 119.1 23.7 -209.9 485.0 -64.9 756 5628 3.6 18.7323 5.1 0.0215 3.3 0.54 137.0 4.5 149.0 8.5 345.1 116.5 39.7 275 4816 1.5 20.7933 8.5 0.0215 0.7 0.08 137.2 0.9 135.4 10.9 103.8 202.4 132.2 282 5918 1.3 21.1814 6.6 0.0216 1.0 0.15 137.7 1.3 133.5 8.4 59.9 158.3 229.9 503 14078 2.7 20.4768 6.2 0.0216 1.1 0.17 137.9 1.5 138.0 8.1 140.0 145.2 98.5 896 17316 3.0 20.7254 1.9 0.0216 0.9 0.40 138.0 1.2 136.6 2.7 111.5 45.9 123.7 209 1012 1.3 17.4509 6.8 0.0217 1.5 0.21 138.2 2.0 160.5 10.3 503.2 149.9 27.5 1733 5734 0.6 20.2149 2.8 0.0217 1.2 0.40 138.4 1.6 140.2 4.0 170.1 65.1 81.4 214 6958 1.8 20.6903 6.5 0.0218 1.8 0.27 138.8 2.5 137.5 8.7 115.6 154.5 120.1 372 6384 2.2 20.9270 4.6 0.0218 3.4 0.59 139.0 4.6 136.3 7.2 88.7 108.1 156.8 570 12928 1.6 20.6967 2.9 0.0219 1.6 0.47 139.7 2.1 138.3 4.3 114.8 69.3 121.7 120 1230 1.0 16.9124 16.4 0.0220 1.9 0.12 140.5 2.7 167.7 25.6 571.8 359.6 24.6 112 2128 1.1 25.5940 27.2 0.0220 2.9 0.11 140.5 4.1 113.9 29.4 -412.0 720.8 -34.1 311 4858 0.7 20.0588 4.9 0.0221 1.0 0.19 140.6 1.3 143.3 6.7 188.1 114.2 74.7 253 4604 1.1 20.2131 9.0 0.0221 1.0 0.11 140.8 1.3 142.4 12.0 170.3 209.8 82.7 612 13444 1.8 20.7226 4.7 0.0221 1.8 0.35 141.1 2.4 139.5 6.6 111.9 111.5 126.1 215 5718 1.6 20.1944 9.1 0.0221 2.2 0.23 141.2 3.0 142.9 12.5 172.4 213.3 81.9 138 1320 1.0 19.0700 5.8 0.0222 4.7 0.63 141.4 6.6 151.0 10.5 304.5 132.3 46.4 270 2878 1.3 20.3793 9.1 0.0222 0.8 0.09 141.4 1.2 142.0 12.1 151.1 213.8 93.6 677 13398 1.5 20.4515 3.8 0.0222 0.9 0.22 141.5 1.2 141.5 5.2 142.9 89.6 99.0 339 2814 1.0 20.5387 7.1 0.0222 0.5 0.07 141.5 0.7 141.0 9.4 132.9 167.1 106.5 277 3120 1.1 21.4533 8.0 0.0222 1.8 0.22 141.8 2.5 135.6 10.4 29.4 191.3 482.0 184 3408 2.3 18.9227 11.5 0.0223 4.7 0.38 141.9 6.6 152.6 17.6 322.2 263.0 44.0 57 1150 0.6 23.4177 17.8 0.0223 2.8 0.16 142.2 4.0 125.2 21.2 -184.9 447.0 -76.9 379 3982 2.6 19.2847 3.8 0.0223 0.7 0.18 142.4 1.0 150.5 5.4 279.0 86.7 51.0 306 4814 1.7 19.9840 9.6 0.0223 1.7 0.17 142.5 2.4 145.6 13.3 196.8 224.5 72.4 204 3024 1.3 21.0254 5.9 0.0224 1.5 0.25 142.6 2.2 138.9 7.9 77.5 140.3 183.9 114 1546 0.5 19.2765 17.0 0.0224 2.2 0.13 142.7 3.1 150.8 24.0 280.0 391.1 51.0 139 1668 2.0 15.9247 34.1 0.0225 2.3 0.07 143.3 3.3 180.6 56.7 701.3 747.4 20.4 149 2438 1.2 23.6074 13.4 0.0225 2.3 0.17 143.4 3.3 125.3 16.1 -205.1 338.3 -69.9 83 2004 0.7 26.3070 31.6 0.0225 2.3 0.07 143.4 3.3 113.2 33.9 -484.3 855.8 -29.6 71 1466 0.9 21.6680 22.3 0.0226 1.7 0.08 143.8 2.4 136.2 28.5 5.5 542.7 2614.0 303 1082 1.1 12.2391 28.1 0.0226 4.9 0.17 143.9 7.0 230.1 58.8 1238.5 562.1 11.6 524 1176 1.9 15.8837 6.9 0.0226 1.0 0.14 144.1 1.4 181.9 11.6 706.8 147.2 20.4 83 1734 1.2 25.1799 23.6 0.0226 2.0 0.08 144.1 2.8 118.5 26.5 -369.5 619.7 -39.0 94 3370 1.1 22.0083 23.4 0.0226 2.7 0.12 144.1 3.9 134.5 29.6 -32.1 573.2 -448.8 449 7814 2.8 21.1083 3.8 0.0226 0.9 0.22 144.3 1.2 140.0 5.1 68.1 90.6 211.7 149 2302 1.2 21.6432 7.8 0.0227 7.5 0.70 144.9 10.8 137.3 13.9 8.2 186.8 1757.4

74 109 2868 1.2 23.4926 14.8 0.0228 2.9 0.19 145.1 4.1 127.4 18.1 -192.9 373.1 -75.2 397 7824 1.5 20.8990 4.1 0.0228 2.0 0.44 145.2 2.8 142.2 6.0 91.8 96.2 158.1 616 6436 1.9 19.7149 4.4 0.0228 3.1 0.58 145.3 4.5 150.2 7.5 228.2 101.1 63.7 605 8010 1.0 20.6642 4.0 0.0228 1.9 0.42 145.4 2.7 143.9 5.9 118.5 94.1 122.7 378 4240 0.8 20.0120 6.1 0.0228 0.5 0.08 145.5 0.7 148.3 8.4 193.6 141.7 75.2 138 2434 1.6 21.7252 7.5 0.0229 4.5 0.51 145.8 6.4 137.7 11.2 -0.8 181.3 -17813.2 162 3762 1.2 21.0786 6.8 0.0229 2.3 0.32 146.0 3.3 141.8 9.5 71.5 162.5 204.2 174 3046 1.4 19.9853 12.3 0.0229 2.2 0.18 146.2 3.2 149.1 17.3 196.7 286.5 74.3 78 1788 2.0 23.4671 34.5 0.0229 2.3 0.07 146.2 3.3 128.4 41.7 -190.2 885.9 -76.9 170 532 0.5 13.4669 20.0 0.0229 4.2 0.21 146.2 6.1 214.2 39.4 1048.5 406.4 13.9 120 4294 1.9 22.6342 22.0 0.0230 0.8 0.04 146.3 1.2 132.9 27.4 -100.6 545.3 -145.5 737 922 1.6 12.0194 39.0 0.0230 2.7 0.07 146.4 3.9 237.5 83.0 1273.9 791.9 11.5 89 2692 1.6 21.0535 30.9 0.0230 1.3 0.04 146.4 1.9 142.3 41.1 74.3 749.9 197.0 70 340 1.8 9.6514 23.0 0.0230 3.9 0.17 146.6 5.7 288.5 58.6 1689.8 429.4 8.7 102 1660 0.6 20.8503 12.5 0.0230 3.1 0.24 146.8 4.5 143.9 17.3 97.3 297.1 150.8 179 3808 0.6 21.7314 7.0 0.0231 1.8 0.25 147.1 2.6 138.7 9.3 -1.5 168.4 -9757.2 120 1802 0.3 22.4376 13.6 0.0231 1.3 0.09 147.1 1.8 134.7 17.2 -79.2 332.9 -185.8 259 4390 1.6 19.6468 4.1 0.0231 5.5 0.81 147.1 8.0 152.5 9.7 236.3 93.6 62.3 182 3578 1.5 22.0138 10.3 0.0231 2.5 0.23 147.2 3.6 137.2 13.6 -32.7 249.6 -449.8 270 3754 1.1 20.5314 7.4 0.0232 1.3 0.17 147.5 1.9 146.7 10.3 133.7 174.8 110.3 96 1908 1.5 23.1569 17.0 0.0232 2.4 0.14 147.8 3.6 131.3 21.2 -157.0 425.7 -94.1 508 8596 2.0 21.0200 5.4 0.0232 1.1 0.20 147.9 1.6 143.9 7.4 78.1 127.7 189.4 130 596 1.5 14.2764 10.5 0.0233 3.8 0.34 148.4 5.6 206.0 20.9 929.7 216.5 16.0 267 4190 1.1 20.8931 7.5 0.0233 1.6 0.21 148.5 2.3 145.2 10.4 92.5 178.2 160.6 128 552 0.7 14.3844 20.1 0.0233 6.3 0.30 148.6 9.2 204.8 39.0 914.2 417.2 16.3 145 3246 0.9 19.4007 10.9 0.0233 1.0 0.09 148.8 1.5 155.9 15.9 265.2 251.4 56.1 107 2252 1.1 22.2728 14.3 0.0234 3.3 0.22 149.2 4.8 137.4 18.9 -61.2 351.2 -243.8 218 3088 0.9 19.4924 6.8 0.0234 1.8 0.25 149.2 2.6 155.6 10.2 254.4 157.5 58.6 565 4344 1.8 19.2890 6.7 0.0234 1.8 0.26 149.3 2.7 157.2 10.1 278.5 153.8 53.6 188 4296 0.6 20.5563 9.4 0.0234 1.3 0.14 149.3 1.9 148.2 13.1 130.8 220.9 114.1 144 2174 0.6 23.2679 13.0 0.0235 0.9 0.07 149.5 1.4 132.2 16.1 -168.9 324.1 -88.5 271 4678 1.0 19.7940 4.5 0.0235 1.9 0.38 149.6 2.7 153.8 6.9 219.0 103.8 68.3 88 798 1.3 11.9576 38.7 0.0235 3.8 0.10 149.8 5.6 243.6 84.5 1283.9 784.4 11.7 193 3898 0.9 21.9021 8.1 0.0236 1.1 0.14 150.2 1.6 140.5 10.8 -20.4 197.2 -736.4 257 4110 3.2 21.3971 5.6 0.0236 1.8 0.30 150.6 2.6 143.9 7.9 35.7 134.6 421.7 512 6090 2.3 20.7131 2.7 0.0236 1.2 0.41 150.6 1.8 148.4 4.2 112.9 64.8 133.4 643 7176 2.3 19.6139 3.6 0.0237 2.8 0.60 150.9 4.1 156.4 6.6 240.1 83.8 62.8 769 6656 2.0 19.8705 3.3 0.0237 1.9 0.50 151.0 2.8 154.6 5.4 210.1 75.6 71.9 348 3452 2.3 19.1997 6.8 0.0237 1.6 0.23 151.1 2.4 159.7 10.3 289.1 154.8 52.3 156 3336 1.1 21.9239 14.8 0.0238 1.0 0.07 151.3 1.5 141.4 19.6 -22.8 360.5 -663.4 425 9686 2.8 20.7912 6.1 0.0238 0.9 0.15 151.5 1.4 148.7 8.5 104.1 143.7 145.6 268 3978 1.5 21.1585 6.7 0.0238 0.8 0.11 151.6 1.1 146.4 9.1 62.5 159.0 242.6 334 2324 1.5 15.8009 22.0 0.0238 1.7 0.08 151.9 2.6 191.9 38.5 717.9 471.7 21.2 107 1756 0.7 22.9052 11.8 0.0239 2.3 0.19 152.0 3.4 136.3 15.3 -129.9 291.8 -117.0 82 1480 1.1 21.5355 18.2 0.0239 0.7 0.04 152.3 1.1 144.6 24.5 20.3 439.1 750.9 145 2706 1.7 19.9805 16.8 0.0239 0.8 0.05 152.4 1.2 155.1 24.2 197.3 393.4 77.2 126 1848 1.2 21.7788 8.7 0.0239 3.2 0.34 152.4 4.8 143.2 12.4 -6.8 210.9 -2255.0 118 362 2.1 8.8543 37.5 0.0239 2.4 0.06 152.5 3.6 321.6 104.0 1847.2 705.5 8.3 451 1576 1.9 15.5342 20.8 0.0240 0.7 0.03 152.7 1.1 195.9 37.0 753.9 442.8 20.3 425 5174 1.9 20.4484 6.1 0.0240 1.1 0.18 152.8 1.7 152.2 8.8 143.2 143.7 106.7 56 1788 1.4 17.7513 41.1 0.0240 5.0 0.12 152.9 7.6 173.6 66.2 465.6 948.7 32.8 375 826 2.0 14.8286 10.4 0.0241 1.3 0.12 153.2 1.9 205.0 19.5 851.3 216.8 18.0 81 374 1.6 12.0169 5.0 0.0241 3.9 0.62 153.6 5.9 248.0 13.9 1274.3 97.0 12.1 59 1270 0.8 20.3788 19.9 0.0241 1.5 0.08 153.7 2.3 153.5 28.5 151.2 471.4 101.6 371 7806 1.9 20.3534 5.3 0.0241 1.4 0.25 153.7 2.1 153.7 7.8 154.1 124.8 99.7 178 2838 1.2 20.2341 7.6 0.0242 1.9 0.24 154.3 2.9 155.1 11.2 167.8 176.8 91.9 234 5854 2.2 21.5600 7.2 0.0243 1.9 0.26 154.5 2.9 146.4 10.2 17.5 173.7 882.1 974 11692 1.7 20.5038 1.7 0.0243 2.5 0.83 154.7 3.8 153.6 4.3 136.8 40.0 113.0 189 3348 2.4 18.7070 5.5 0.0243 0.8 0.14 154.9 1.1 167.5 8.6 348.2 124.4 44.5 1079 1686 1.5 15.1622 15.1 0.0243 0.8 0.05 155.0 1.2 203.0 27.8 804.9 317.9 19.3 1301 4946 1.4 17.8897 9.7 0.0243 1.9 0.19 155.0 2.9 174.6 15.9 448.3 217.0 34.6 65 1364 1.6 25.7952 28.0 0.0245 5.0 0.18 156.1 7.8 125.0 33.4 -432.5 746.0 -36.1 116 1856 0.4 23.7342 16.9 0.0246 1.4 0.08 156.6 2.2 135.6 21.5 -218.5 427.8 -71.7 445 7614 0.7 21.2422 5.0 0.0246 1.7 0.32 156.7 2.6 150.4 7.3 53.1 118.7 295.0 107 1310 0.8 22.0171 9.8 0.0247 2.6 0.25 157.4 4.0 146.1 13.8 -33.1 238.0 -475.5 475 7524 1.8 20.7404 3.2 0.0248 0.9 0.27 158.1 1.4 155.1 4.7 109.8 74.6 143.9 650 8714 0.8 20.2459 3.9 0.0248 2.8 0.59 158.2 4.4 158.7 7.1 166.5 91.2 95.0 272 4194 1.4 21.3069 8.2 0.0250 2.1 0.25 159.5 3.4 152.5 12.0 45.8 195.7 347.9 36 200 1.0 6.6954 23.6 0.0252 5.8 0.24 160.3 9.2 424.1 84.6 2338.6 410.7 6.9 449 6104 3.2 19.9840 4.5 0.0253 0.8 0.18 160.9 1.3 163.2 6.9 196.8 104.5 81.8 320 3184 2.2 20.2450 6.6 0.0254 2.3 0.32 161.7 3.6 162.0 10.5 166.6 154.9 97.1 349 6106 1.7 21.1962 5.2 0.0257 1.9 0.34 163.6 3.1 157.0 8.1 58.2 124.7 280.9

75 232 2724 1.5 21.1323 5.5 0.0257 2.9 0.47 163.6 4.8 157.5 9.1 65.4 130.6 250.0 544 7108 2.0 19.7403 9.7 0.0260 0.8 0.08 165.3 1.4 169.2 15.2 225.3 225.4 73.4 553 2012 1.5 18.4950 3.5 0.0263 1.9 0.47 167.7 3.1 182.1 6.6 373.9 79.1 44.8 729 11850 1.6 19.5819 3.2 0.0267 1.2 0.36 170.1 2.1 175.1 5.5 243.9 73.9 69.7 191 2356 0.6 21.4887 7.4 0.0271 2.3 0.29 172.6 3.8 163.0 11.6 25.5 177.5 677.7 207 4872 1.4 19.7177 6.2 0.0306 2.4 0.36 194.4 4.5 197.0 11.9 227.9 143.5 85.3 52 1350 1.5 23.7084 18.1 0.0318 2.1 0.12 202.1 4.2 172.5 29.0 -215.8 458.7 -93.6 316 3180 1.1 19.7030 4.2 0.0318 2.5 0.51 202.1 5.1 204.3 9.2 229.6 98.1 88.0 294 5880 1.1 20.1149 5.3 0.0360 0.5 0.09 228.1 1.1 224.0 10.6 181.6 122.5 125.6 76 2328 1.2 21.8472 18.6 0.0370 1.2 0.07 234.5 2.9 213.3 35.8 -14.3 451.7 -1636.6 1241 14926 14.2 19.0739 1.9 0.0381 0.5 0.26 241.0 1.2 246.9 4.2 304.1 42.5 79.2 126 1880 1.4 15.0097 15.0 0.0384 1.6 0.10 243.2 3.7 307.1 40.0 826.0 314.3 29.4 99 934 1.0 14.2039 23.9 0.0389 0.8 0.03 245.8 2.0 325.1 66.5 940.1 495.9 26.1 928 34680 4.0 19.3732 0.7 0.0434 0.9 0.78 273.7 2.3 273.2 2.7 268.5 15.8 102.0 278 12532 3.5 19.6192 2.7 0.0436 1.0 0.33 275.1 2.6 271.4 6.9 239.5 63.1 114.9 586 8640 2.5 17.1682 3.8 0.0652 1.9 0.43 407.2 7.3 427.6 14.9 539.1 84.0 75.5 464 25254 2.0 18.2686 1.2 0.0673 1.1 0.66 419.6 4.3 416.9 5.5 401.5 27.0 104.5 267 2880 1.8 15.2485 8.1 0.0681 0.5 0.06 424.6 2.1 487.1 31.6 793.0 171.1 53.5 123 16598 1.8 12.9965 1.4 0.1883 0.7 0.42 1112.0 6.7 1114.6 10.7 1119.7 28.6 99.3 357 50948 2.5 10.2508 2.5 0.2710 2.3 0.68 1545.9 32.2 1559.5 27.5 1577.8 47.4 98.0 463 110838 5.5 9.9736 1.3 0.2914 1.5 0.75 1648.4 21.4 1639.9 15.9 1629.0 23.8 101.2 cgz-7 385 6558 2.9 0.1231 6.2 0.0192 2.1 0.33 122.7 2.5 117.9 6.9 23.1 140.8 532.2 166 2492 2.8 0.1185 13.7 0.0196 2.8 0.20 124.8 3.4 113.7 14.7 -113.1 331.4 -110.4 378 4654 1.5 0.1425 5.2 0.0204 1.3 0.25 130.3 1.7 135.3 6.6 223.6 115.9 58.3 304 4778 1.9 0.1416 6.5 0.0206 1.5 0.23 131.7 1.9 134.5 8.2 184.8 147.6 71.3 110 1936 1.5 0.1555 19.0 0.0222 2.6 0.13 141.4 3.6 146.8 26.0 234.1 438.2 60.4 742 10896 1.8 0.1554 2.7 0.0230 1.0 0.37 146.7 1.4 146.7 3.7 145.3 58.3 101.0 245 1984 1.8 0.1606 7.1 0.0230 1.4 0.20 146.8 2.1 151.2 10.0 220.3 162.0 66.6 167 6002 3.8 0.1530 5.8 0.0232 0.7 0.12 147.7 1.0 144.6 7.8 93.7 136.0 157.6 271 7106 2.2 0.1515 5.8 0.0235 2.4 0.42 149.7 3.6 143.2 7.8 37.2 127.2 402.6 350 5478 2.8 0.1596 6.3 0.0235 1.3 0.21 149.7 2.0 150.3 8.7 160.7 143.2 93.1 129 2282 1.2 0.1531 9.6 0.0236 1.5 0.15 150.2 2.2 144.6 13.0 53.9 227.2 278.7 110 2268 1.2 0.1506 13.9 0.0237 8.5 0.61 150.9 12.6 142.4 18.4 3.9 265.3 3889.7 224 4156 2.2 0.1789 29.6 0.0241 1.2 0.04 153.5 1.8 167.1 45.6 365.4 679.2 42.0 64 1666 0.5 0.1163 50.6 0.0244 4.2 0.08 155.2 6.4 111.7 53.6 -739.4 1492.4 -21.0 702 10426 1.9 0.1789 12.5 0.0245 2.5 0.20 156.1 3.9 167.1 19.2 325.9 278.5 47.9 67 1702 0.5 0.1700 12.2 0.0249 2.6 0.22 158.3 4.1 159.5 18.0 176.4 278.0 89.7 50 520 0.6 0.2305 36.0 0.0250 4.1 0.11 158.9 6.5 210.6 68.6 837.2 769.6 19.0 249 3738 2.2 0.1863 8.8 0.0254 2.6 0.30 161.7 4.2 173.4 14.1 337.2 190.8 47.9 130 2272 0.8 0.1648 12.0 0.0257 1.2 0.10 163.8 1.9 154.9 17.2 20.8 287.4 787.0 127 2046 1.5 0.1672 8.7 0.0266 2.6 0.30 169.4 4.4 157.0 12.6 -26.1 200.6 -649.6 118 3616 1.3 0.2018 9.2 0.0303 2.0 0.22 192.3 3.8 186.6 15.7 115.0 212.2 167.2 509 19220 8.4 0.2403 3.4 0.0348 1.8 0.52 220.8 3.8 218.7 6.7 196.5 67.7 112.4 324 14030 2.9 0.2739 3.1 0.0384 0.7 0.22 243.0 1.6 245.8 6.9 272.9 70.4 89.0 470 21762 3.6 0.2722 3.2 0.0389 1.6 0.48 245.9 3.7 244.5 7.0 231.0 65.1 106.5 509 27150 2.7 0.3271 2.6 0.0456 0.5 0.19 287.2 1.4 287.3 6.6 288.2 59.2 99.7 228 11858 1.8 0.3693 2.8 0.0519 0.7 0.24 326.4 2.1 319.1 7.6 266.4 61.5 122.5 274 9984 1.6 0.5628 2.5 0.0719 1.1 0.46 447.3 4.9 453.4 9.0 484.0 48.4 92.4 110 31306 2.3 3.7685 1.6 0.2729 1.0 0.65 1555.7 14.4 1586.1 12.8 1626.7 22.4 95.6

Suarez Sister's site sgz-1 446 1208 1.7 0.1365 5.8 0.0192 0.6 0.10 122.8 0.7 130.0 7.1 263.1 132.9 46.7 399 1034 2.7 0.2030 28.7 0.0202 2.5 0.09 129.1 3.1 187.7 49.3 1007.7 592.6 12.8 137 530 1.2 0.1884 47.4 0.0212 4.4 0.09 135.0 5.9 175.3 76.4 760.9 1052.9 17.7 755 6250 2.7 0.1503 4.0 0.0218 2.8 0.69 139.1 3.9 142.2 5.4 194.8 67.7 71.4 233 684 1.6 0.1384 10.4 0.0223 0.5 0.05 142.3 0.7 131.6 12.8 -56.7 253.1 -251.0 300 30242 3.3 0.1602 5.9 0.0224 0.8 0.14 142.7 1.1 150.8 8.2 281.5 133.2 50.7 283 15598 1.5 0.1598 12.2 0.0225 1.4 0.11 143.4 1.9 150.5 17.1 264.8 278.9 54.1 288 3094 2.0 0.1456 7.2 0.0228 1.1 0.15 145.2 1.5 138.0 9.3 15.4 171.2 941.5 649 1986 2.7 0.1507 3.9 0.0228 1.2 0.30 145.4 1.7 142.5 5.2 94.4 87.9 154.0 169 608 1.1 0.2396 25.6 0.0230 3.5 0.14 146.5 5.1 218.1 50.3 1084.9 516.4 13.5 298 1752 3.1 0.2062 9.7 0.0231 3.0 0.30 147.4 4.3 190.3 16.9 762.9 195.6 19.3 621 5640 0.9 0.2052 24.4 0.0234 2.9 0.12 149.3 4.2 189.5 42.2 726.0 520.7 20.6 74 1370 2.2 0.3713 42.5 0.0246 2.4 0.06 156.6 3.6 320.6 117.4 1791.6 812.8 8.7 123 894 0.8 0.2282 11.0 0.0255 0.5 0.05 162.1 0.8 208.7 20.8 774.0 232.8 20.9 1006 2174 1.5 0.2080 8.8 0.0259 2.3 0.26 165.0 3.7 191.8 15.3 536.6 185.8 30.7 116 1364 1.3 0.1930 16.9 0.0262 5.6 0.33 166.9 9.3 179.2 27.7 344.6 361.8 48.4 763 5440 2.3 0.1945 3.5 0.0273 1.6 0.44 173.8 2.7 180.4 5.8 268.4 72.7 64.7 573 504 1.4 0.4340 30.0 0.0297 1.5 0.05 188.9 2.7 366.0 92.3 1729.2 562.3 10.9

76 288 11390 2.6 0.2494 5.8 0.0357 1.9 0.33 225.9 4.3 226.0 11.8 228.1 127.4 99.0 450 11286 1.9 0.2963 4.3 0.0378 1.1 0.26 239.4 2.7 263.5 10.1 483.8 92.6 49.5 271 8576 2.1 0.9099 8.6 0.0961 2.3 0.27 591.3 13.2 657.0 41.7 889.8 171.7 66.5 281 6636 6.8 1.7679 2.3 0.1655 1.3 0.56 987.3 11.9 1033.7 15.1 1133.3 38.5 87.1 312 120826 3.3 2.9526 2.5 0.2337 0.9 0.34 1353.7 10.6 1395.5 19.2 1460.0 45.1 92.7 402 53458 1.3 4.1109 2.3 0.2825 1.4 0.61 1604.2 19.7 1656.5 18.6 1723.4 33.3 93.1 sgz-2 534 6432 3.1 0.1223 5.8 0.0187 1.1 0.18 119.6 1.3 117.2 6.4 69.3 135.3 172.6 1104 4012 4.4 0.1356 4.9 0.0193 0.5 0.10 123.1 0.6 129.1 6.0 241.0 112.9 51.1 344 4566 4.5 0.1400 6.0 0.0217 2.9 0.48 138.4 3.9 133.0 7.4 38.1 125.3 363.1 260 1318 2.2 0.1835 18.3 0.0222 1.8 0.10 141.7 2.5 171.1 28.8 600.3 396.6 23.6 168 1854 1.2 0.1318 18.1 0.0224 1.8 0.10 143.0 2.6 125.7 21.4 -189.8 453.3 -75.3 106 1830 1.4 0.1391 25.0 0.0225 2.0 0.08 143.7 2.9 132.2 31.1 -69.6 617.8 -206.6 485 3560 3.2 0.1835 28.0 0.0226 3.5 0.13 144.1 5.0 171.1 44.1 561.8 616.8 25.7 205 3344 2.1 0.1383 14.6 0.0228 0.8 0.05 145.3 1.1 131.5 18.0 -111.2 360.7 -130.7 59 432 0.8 0.1802 23.5 0.0228 3.3 0.14 145.4 4.7 168.2 36.5 502.7 518.9 28.9 259 3500 1.7 0.1418 9.6 0.0231 1.4 0.15 147.1 2.1 134.6 12.1 -79.3 233.6 -185.3 1176 10418 3.8 0.1607 2.5 0.0234 1.7 0.67 149.1 2.4 151.4 3.5 187.4 43.0 79.5 347 4716 6.4 0.1683 6.6 0.0240 1.1 0.17 153.0 1.7 158.0 9.7 233.2 150.6 65.6 209 2470 1.5 0.1479 10.3 0.0242 0.7 0.07 154.1 1.1 140.1 13.4 -91.1 251.4 -169.2 168 2130 2.0 0.1669 14.8 0.0254 2.6 0.17 161.8 4.1 156.7 21.5 80.6 347.7 200.8 349 5192 1.4 0.1754 7.3 0.0261 1.4 0.18 166.2 2.2 164.1 11.1 133.6 169.9 124.4 114 2076 3.8 0.1955 23.2 0.0304 2.4 0.10 193.0 4.6 181.3 38.5 31.8 558.8 607.6 225 3458 5.4 0.2138 10.9 0.0309 3.0 0.27 196.1 5.7 196.7 19.6 204.7 245.0 95.8 432 5270 4.4 0.2524 3.1 0.0347 0.6 0.19 219.6 1.3 228.5 6.4 321.4 70.1 68.3 249 4012 2.0 0.2462 6.1 0.0350 2.4 0.39 221.7 5.2 223.5 12.3 242.2 130.1 91.6 274 5146 2.1 0.2534 6.8 0.0352 3.8 0.56 223.2 8.3 229.3 13.9 292.6 128.5 76.3 81 2002 1.1 0.2333 19.2 0.0361 2.3 0.12 228.5 5.1 212.9 36.9 44.7 459.1 510.6 200 6056 2.9 0.2613 4.6 0.0366 1.2 0.27 231.8 2.8 235.7 9.6 274.4 101.1 84.5 1317 22594 4.5 0.3364 3.2 0.0459 1.4 0.43 289.2 3.8 294.4 8.1 335.9 64.9 86.1 371 8510 5.8 0.6131 3.3 0.0766 2.2 0.67 475.7 10.2 485.5 12.9 532.3 54.4 89.4 85 4972 4.7 1.6477 2.1 0.1581 0.8 0.38 946.4 6.9 988.7 13.1 1083.8 38.3 87.3 578 64698 4.7 3.0048 3.3 0.2358 2.7 0.82 1365.0 33.2 1408.8 25.2 1475.8 36.0 92.5

Bodily Nodosaur site bns-1 0 296 0.2 -15.1354 112.7 -0.5729 1.0 0.01 -5483.6 -83.2 #NUM! #NUM! 2756.1 713.6 -199.0 313 3820 1.8 0.1356 4.1 0.0204 1.9 0.45 130.0 2.4 129.1 5.0 112.1 87.5 116.0 67 956 1.4 0.1386 21.3 0.0215 2.1 0.10 137.1 2.9 131.8 26.3 37.2 511.6 368.6 72 1206 0.5 0.1220 25.2 0.0225 1.8 0.07 143.3 2.5 116.9 27.9 -392.4 663.7 -36.5 202 3338 0.4 0.1489 8.4 0.0226 2.0 0.23 144.0 2.8 141.0 11.1 90.3 194.5 159.4 59 1234 0.6 0.1290 18.9 0.0229 1.4 0.08 146.0 2.1 123.2 21.9 -297.2 485.3 -49.1 152 2598 1.8 0.1384 14.4 0.0235 3.6 0.25 149.5 5.3 131.6 17.7 -180.8 348.7 -82.7 145 1944 0.9 0.1313 18.7 0.0236 1.3 0.07 150.3 1.9 125.2 22.1 -328.4 484.3 -45.8 533 5706 0.6 0.1621 4.8 0.0246 3.3 0.69 156.6 5.1 152.6 6.8 90.6 83.0 172.7 595 16304 2.0 0.1706 3.0 0.0250 1.5 0.51 159.2 2.4 159.9 4.4 170.4 59.7 93.5 504 8032 0.7 0.1748 4.2 0.0259 0.6 0.15 165.1 1.0 163.6 6.3 141.1 96.6 117.0 230 4418 0.7 0.1876 6.5 0.0270 2.9 0.44 172.0 4.9 174.6 10.4 209.8 135.7 82.0 464 9880 2.1 0.1983 3.9 0.0286 1.0 0.26 181.7 1.8 183.7 6.6 209.4 87.4 86.8 296 5760 1.2 0.1994 6.0 0.0304 0.5 0.08 193.1 1.0 184.6 10.1 76.4 141.2 252.9 494 16488 3.0 0.2426 3.0 0.0349 1.7 0.55 221.3 3.7 220.5 6.0 212.8 58.6 104.0 243 5626 0.6 0.2476 5.7 0.0350 1.3 0.24 221.7 2.9 224.6 11.5 255.6 127.3 86.7 292 8650 1.3 0.2516 4.0 0.0351 2.3 0.57 222.3 5.0 227.9 8.2 285.9 75.7 77.7 531 18482 1.8 0.2541 3.4 0.0352 0.5 0.15 223.3 1.1 229.9 7.0 298.1 77.2 74.9 402 13676 5.9 0.2472 3.5 0.0357 2.4 0.67 226.2 5.3 224.3 7.1 204.3 60.7 110.7 385 10104 2.0 0.2650 3.4 0.0372 2.2 0.66 235.6 5.1 238.7 7.1 270.0 57.7 87.2 139 6354 1.3 0.2560 7.3 0.0377 1.5 0.20 238.7 3.4 231.4 15.1 158.2 167.3 150.8 826 30262 2.3 0.2649 2.2 0.0381 1.2 0.54 241.2 2.8 238.6 4.7 212.8 43.0 113.4 298 12012 1.8 0.2789 5.1 0.0384 0.5 0.10 242.7 1.3 249.8 11.3 317.2 115.5 76.5 238 6906 1.1 0.2608 4.7 0.0386 0.7 0.15 243.9 1.7 235.3 9.8 150.6 107.8 161.9 228 14310 3.1 0.2668 4.4 0.0388 0.7 0.15 245.2 1.6 240.1 9.4 191.3 101.7 128.1 75 2666 1.8 0.2676 14.0 0.0395 1.9 0.14 249.8 4.7 240.8 30.0 153.8 325.9 162.4 51 1714 1.1 0.2334 22.2 0.0402 2.1 0.09 254.3 5.1 213.0 42.6 -221.6 561.1 -114.8 247 18302 1.2 0.4932 3.0 0.0652 1.3 0.43 407.1 5.1 407.1 10.1 407.0 60.9 100.0 157 15064 1.5 0.7594 11.2 0.0653 8.8 0.78 407.7 34.7 573.7 49.1 1301.2 135.1 31.3 285 10574 1.1 0.5147 6.9 0.0663 6.6 0.95 414.0 26.4 421.6 23.8 463.4 46.3 89.3 441 28544 10.6 0.6207 8.3 0.0686 5.5 0.67 427.8 22.8 490.3 32.1 793.9 129.3 53.9 123 10766 1.6 0.5931 6.6 0.0766 0.7 0.11 476.0 3.4 472.9 24.9 457.7 145.5 104.0 93 5210 1.8 0.6677 3.3 0.0859 0.9 0.28 531.0 4.7 519.3 13.6 468.1 71.1 113.5 74 15166 3.3 1.7463 1.6 0.1714 1.4 0.88 1019.8 13.6 1025.8 10.5 1038.5 15.5 98.2 124 21446 3.0 1.7445 3.4 0.1749 0.9 0.25 1039.3 8.3 1025.1 21.8 995.1 66.3 104.4

77 300 52450 3.0 1.8432 2.9 0.1787 0.6 0.21 1060.0 5.9 1061.0 19.2 1063.0 57.4 99.7 98 21868 1.1 1.9665 1.7 0.1870 0.6 0.33 1105.4 5.8 1104.1 11.5 1101.7 32.3 100.3 159 8684 2.7 2.2786 5.4 0.1935 1.9 0.36 1140.2 20.1 1205.7 38.0 1325.1 97.5 86.0 162 24272 0.5 2.2281 1.7 0.2020 1.5 0.86 1186.1 15.8 1189.9 11.9 1196.9 17.1 99.1 104 22922 1.2 2.6055 3.3 0.2116 2.4 0.72 1237.6 26.5 1302.2 24.0 1410.2 43.5 87.8 546 109042 2.4 2.4116 1.8 0.2134 1.1 0.61 1246.7 12.4 1246.1 12.9 1244.9 27.8 100.1 378 49380 2.4 3.1951 2.0 0.2531 0.7 0.35 1454.3 9.1 1456.0 15.4 1458.3 35.6 99.7 337 78214 7.6 3.8646 2.7 0.2707 2.5 0.90 1544.3 33.9 1606.3 22.1 1688.6 22.0 91.5 290 57958 1.5 4.0961 4.0 0.2976 0.9 0.22 1679.3 13.0 1653.5 32.6 1621.0 72.4 103.6 163 29334 1.8 4.4899 1.3 0.3057 1.0 0.73 1719.7 14.3 1729.1 10.8 1740.5 16.1 98.8 112 35350 0.7 15.1480 2.9 0.5493 2.1 0.73 2822.3 47.3 2824.6 27.2 2826.2 32.0 99.9 bns-2 240 5364 2.5 0.1130 12.4 0.0187 4.2 0.34 119.4 5.0 108.7 12.8 -120.6 287.5 -99.0 213 4574 3.6 0.1246 11.0 0.0193 1.4 0.12 123.1 1.7 119.2 12.4 41.3 261.2 298.2 367 4728 2.5 0.1325 3.6 0.0195 0.9 0.26 124.7 1.2 126.4 4.3 158.6 82.0 78.6 451 814 0.7 0.1991 12.1 0.0204 1.6 0.13 130.4 2.1 184.4 20.4 947.2 246.6 13.8 611 17130 1.3 0.1688 4.7 0.0247 3.5 0.76 157.3 5.5 158.4 6.9 175.6 71.7 89.5 284 8480 1.4 0.1713 5.9 0.0248 0.7 0.12 158.2 1.1 160.6 8.8 195.5 136.5 80.9 266 3312 0.9 0.1693 7.4 0.0249 1.3 0.18 158.5 2.1 158.8 10.8 162.5 169.3 97.6 654 13114 1.2 0.1668 4.1 0.0252 1.1 0.27 160.4 1.7 156.6 5.9 99.2 93.4 161.8 1202 8150 2.8 0.2781 44.5 0.0253 3.9 0.09 160.8 6.2 249.1 98.6 1192.6 922.1 13.5 314 6176 0.9 0.1735 3.6 0.0255 0.7 0.20 162.3 1.2 162.4 5.4 164.6 82.6 98.6 460 7112 1.5 0.1806 4.3 0.0256 2.1 0.50 162.8 3.4 168.6 6.6 250.0 85.0 65.1 318 3558 0.8 0.1820 12.7 0.0256 2.6 0.20 163.0 4.2 169.8 19.9 265.8 286.6 61.3 561 11706 1.3 0.1741 3.7 0.0257 1.2 0.31 163.3 1.9 163.0 5.5 158.6 81.7 103.0 485 11168 1.0 0.1722 4.3 0.0257 1.3 0.29 163.5 2.0 161.3 6.5 129.2 98.0 126.6 461 12976 1.6 0.1709 4.0 0.0257 0.9 0.23 163.8 1.5 160.2 5.9 106.7 91.0 153.5 542 14776 1.5 0.1724 3.7 0.0258 2.4 0.66 164.2 3.9 161.5 5.5 120.9 65.0 135.8 475 12466 2.0 0.1751 3.2 0.0258 0.9 0.27 164.3 1.4 163.9 4.8 157.3 71.0 104.5 597 18750 1.4 0.1749 2.9 0.0260 0.9 0.32 165.6 1.5 163.6 4.4 134.5 65.0 123.2 118 1976 0.4 0.1770 23.8 0.0260 1.9 0.08 165.8 3.1 165.5 36.4 161.2 562.0 102.8 563 8690 1.3 0.1763 3.0 0.0261 2.0 0.67 165.9 3.3 164.8 4.6 150.2 52.7 110.4 577 14958 1.3 0.1771 4.4 0.0261 0.6 0.14 166.0 1.0 165.5 6.7 159.6 101.8 104.0 419 8836 1.6 0.1745 3.5 0.0261 1.0 0.27 166.1 1.6 163.3 5.3 122.9 80.0 135.2 203 5104 0.8 0.1674 6.8 0.0261 1.1 0.16 166.3 1.8 157.2 9.9 21.9 161.7 758.8 150 764 0.9 0.2622 14.7 0.0261 3.1 0.21 166.3 5.1 236.5 31.1 1007.7 293.3 16.5 318 8108 1.3 0.1732 6.9 0.0263 2.1 0.30 167.1 3.4 162.2 10.3 90.8 154.9 184.1 266 6788 1.6 0.1815 5.2 0.0263 0.9 0.17 167.5 1.4 169.4 8.1 196.2 119.2 85.3 139 3126 2.7 0.1832 12.1 0.0266 1.7 0.14 169.4 2.8 170.8 19.1 191.1 280.5 88.6 668 9464 1.7 0.1804 12.3 0.0267 1.3 0.10 170.0 2.1 168.4 19.2 146.1 288.9 116.3 548 14198 3.4 0.1899 6.5 0.0271 2.9 0.44 172.5 4.8 176.6 10.5 231.7 134.8 74.4 365 10752 1.4 0.1891 5.8 0.0272 2.1 0.36 172.8 3.5 175.9 9.3 217.0 125.0 79.6 427 8248 1.1 0.1870 5.5 0.0272 2.4 0.44 173.2 4.2 174.1 8.9 185.8 115.9 93.2 678 15024 2.3 0.1862 3.0 0.0275 0.8 0.25 174.7 1.3 173.4 4.8 155.5 68.5 112.4 420 14068 3.0 0.1869 4.4 0.0275 2.3 0.52 174.9 3.9 174.0 7.1 161.4 88.5 108.4 156 7708 2.2 0.1872 8.5 0.0275 2.5 0.29 175.1 4.2 174.2 13.6 162.1 190.9 108.0 671 17960 1.4 0.1863 4.0 0.0276 1.1 0.27 175.3 1.9 173.5 6.4 148.7 90.5 117.9 446 12324 2.4 0.1924 3.8 0.0281 0.7 0.20 178.5 1.3 178.7 6.2 180.9 86.4 98.7 373 14436 3.0 0.2133 11.0 0.0281 7.6 0.69 178.8 13.4 196.3 19.7 411.9 179.0 43.4 420 12458 2.5 0.1871 3.7 0.0282 1.2 0.34 179.4 2.2 174.1 5.9 102.5 81.8 175.0 134 3432 3.4 0.1761 10.3 0.0284 2.1 0.21 180.7 3.8 164.7 15.6 -59.5 245.7 -303.9 147 5558 1.7 0.1892 10.3 0.0285 0.8 0.08 181.1 1.4 176.0 16.6 108.4 241.9 167.0 91 4004 1.3 0.1786 13.5 0.0296 3.2 0.24 188.1 5.9 166.9 20.8 -124.7 325.8 -150.8 221 6836 1.7 0.2029 5.3 0.0298 0.9 0.16 189.0 1.6 187.6 9.1 169.4 123.2 111.6 436 10764 12.9 0.2077 4.6 0.0300 1.1 0.25 190.6 2.1 191.7 8.1 204.4 104.1 93.2 411 14878 12.8 0.2103 2.4 0.0301 1.1 0.47 191.3 2.1 193.8 4.2 224.9 48.0 85.0 114 3408 0.9 0.2141 8.1 0.0307 1.5 0.19 195.1 2.9 197.0 14.6 220.0 185.2 88.7 292 7578 4.4 0.2344 3.1 0.0345 1.2 0.38 218.4 2.6 213.8 6.0 163.5 66.8 133.6 528 14434 2.2 0.2568 1.6 0.0370 1.0 0.59 234.4 2.2 232.1 3.4 209.2 30.2 112.1 377 10496 0.9 0.2804 4.4 0.0401 1.0 0.23 253.3 2.5 251.0 9.8 229.4 98.9 110.4 167 6842 1.3 0.4129 5.9 0.0423 3.1 0.52 267.0 8.1 351.0 17.6 951.7 103.9 28.1 279 16598 3.9 0.5217 10.2 0.0471 5.4 0.53 296.8 15.5 426.3 35.5 1204.4 171.0 24.6 390 22102 2.4 0.3479 3.9 0.0488 2.8 0.71 307.0 8.3 303.1 10.2 273.4 62.8 112.3 369 27694 3.1 0.6706 7.9 0.0622 6.1 0.77 388.7 23.1 521.1 32.4 1153.4 100.5 33.7 216 24354 1.6 0.4742 2.8 0.0622 1.8 0.63 389.2 6.7 394.1 9.1 423.1 48.3 92.0 253 20152 2.7 0.7730 8.2 0.0652 5.7 0.69 407.3 22.3 581.5 36.4 1337.3 115.7 30.5 421 25360 3.9 0.9630 4.4 0.0867 1.7 0.38 535.8 8.6 684.9 22.1 1211.6 80.7 44.2 98 7678 1.6 0.6827 3.1 0.0867 0.6 0.18 535.9 2.8 528.4 12.9 496.2 68.2 108.0 267 21536 1.8 1.1158 9.2 0.0882 8.9 0.97 544.9 46.2 761.0 49.1 1462.3 44.7 37.3 101 8954 2.8 1.0452 6.4 0.0927 5.4 0.84 571.4 29.6 726.5 33.3 1240.4 67.4 46.1 216 15224 2.4 0.7942 2.3 0.0968 0.9 0.38 595.4 4.8 593.5 10.1 586.4 45.3 101.5

78 223 22258 3.3 1.6661 2.3 0.1649 1.1 0.47 983.8 9.9 995.7 14.9 1021.9 42.0 96.3 258 37900 2.4 2.2430 3.7 0.1848 2.8 0.76 1093.2 28.1 1194.6 25.7 1383.0 45.6 79.0 206 40430 2.8 2.0530 1.3 0.1904 0.8 0.61 1123.5 8.0 1133.3 8.8 1152.0 20.3 97.5 239 31980 2.0 2.3690 3.5 0.1951 3.2 0.94 1148.9 34.1 1233.3 24.7 1384.0 22.9 83.0 135 28172 1.8 2.3909 8.1 0.1983 7.6 0.94 1166.2 81.5 1239.9 58.3 1370.4 53.5 85.1 913 12754 3.3 2.5614 2.9 0.2036 1.4 0.49 1194.7 15.6 1289.7 21.4 1451.5 48.6 82.3 402 49784 1.5 2.7857 2.3 0.2248 1.2 0.52 1307.1 14.1 1351.7 17.2 1422.9 37.6 91.9 109 26422 1.1 2.7928 1.8 0.2289 0.6 0.36 1328.8 7.7 1353.6 13.5 1393.0 32.3 95.4 276 59918 1.5 2.9087 2.6 0.2368 1.7 0.66 1370.2 21.1 1384.2 19.7 1405.8 37.7 97.5 152 41130 2.5 2.9945 2.8 0.2409 0.5 0.18 1391.2 6.3 1406.2 21.0 1429.1 51.7 97.3 476 108792 3.4 3.3215 5.8 0.2436 5.5 0.95 1405.3 69.2 1486.1 44.9 1603.5 32.8 87.6 579 112216 6.7 3.8917 1.4 0.2723 1.3 0.91 1552.6 17.5 1612.0 11.3 1690.4 10.7 91.8 190 39362 2.3 3.8754 5.3 0.2745 4.4 0.81 1563.6 60.4 1608.6 43.1 1668.0 57.4 93.7 360 43840 2.4 3.8963 3.6 0.2753 1.5 0.42 1567.6 21.3 1612.9 29.5 1672.6 61.2 93.7 931 71546 2.8 4.1303 3.8 0.2859 2.4 0.65 1620.9 35.0 1660.3 30.7 1710.5 52.6 94.8 304 96142 2.4 4.0654 2.9 0.2901 1.5 0.52 1642.1 21.7 1647.4 23.4 1654.2 45.4 99.3 bns-3 520 2870 2.7 0.1128 7.5 0.0182 1.6 0.21 116.4 1.8 108.5 7.7 -62.6 178.5 -186.0 643 6638 2.0 0.1253 9.7 0.0182 1.4 0.14 116.6 1.6 119.9 11.0 186.6 224.9 62.5 596 2610 1.8 0.1377 7.5 0.0185 2.7 0.37 118.3 3.2 131.0 9.2 367.3 156.5 32.2 415 1016 1.7 0.1633 13.1 0.0187 3.2 0.25 119.1 3.8 153.6 18.7 724.5 270.6 16.4 405 4102 2.7 0.1231 8.3 0.0188 2.7 0.32 119.8 3.2 117.9 9.2 78.8 187.1 152.0 656 7540 2.8 0.1228 7.3 0.0189 0.5 0.07 120.9 0.6 117.6 8.1 50.6 173.8 239.1 620 8864 2.8 0.1294 6.5 0.0190 1.5 0.23 121.6 1.8 123.5 7.6 160.6 148.4 75.7 698 11574 3.3 0.1288 4.7 0.0191 1.9 0.40 121.7 2.3 123.1 5.5 149.7 101.3 81.3 634 8006 3.8 0.1262 5.2 0.0191 1.7 0.33 122.1 2.1 120.7 5.9 94.0 116.7 129.9 118 1334 2.2 0.1176 55.9 0.0192 2.5 0.04 122.9 3.1 112.9 59.8 -92.9 1477.7 -132.2 568 3914 1.9 0.1234 8.1 0.0195 2.0 0.24 124.3 2.4 118.2 9.0 -2.2 189.0 -5714.4 452 6462 1.9 0.1365 3.7 0.0201 1.0 0.27 128.2 1.3 129.9 4.5 161.1 83.4 79.6 719 11074 0.7 0.1547 4.1 0.0231 2.8 0.68 147.5 4.1 146.0 5.6 122.2 71.9 120.7 281 5298 2.1 0.1657 12.0 0.0238 1.7 0.14 151.5 2.6 155.7 17.4 219.9 276.3 68.9 1041 19672 2.6 0.1610 5.6 0.0240 1.6 0.28 152.7 2.4 151.6 7.9 133.8 126.1 114.2 484 6932 1.2 0.1735 7.5 0.0262 1.9 0.25 166.6 3.1 162.5 11.2 101.8 171.3 163.7 575 4214 2.4 0.2252 16.4 0.0284 8.9 0.54 180.3 15.8 206.2 30.6 513.4 304.1 35.1 856 37206 2.4 0.2667 2.7 0.0382 1.6 0.58 241.4 3.7 240.0 5.9 226.5 51.8 106.6 174 4820 1.8 0.4516 11.2 0.0551 0.9 0.08 345.7 3.1 378.4 35.4 583.9 243.3 59.2 391 15184 1.3 0.5298 5.5 0.0671 2.9 0.52 418.6 11.8 431.7 19.4 502.3 103.5 83.3 159 11278 3.3 0.7201 4.1 0.0892 1.2 0.29 551.0 6.3 550.7 17.5 549.7 85.9 100.2 97 9636 0.9 0.8116 8.2 0.0971 2.1 0.25 597.3 11.9 603.4 37.5 626.1 172.0 95.4 269 19238 2.6 2.2461 6.1 0.1991 5.8 0.96 1170.7 62.3 1195.6 42.6 1240.8 32.8 94.4 73 7332 2.1 2.3734 4.5 0.2122 2.2 0.48 1240.3 24.3 1234.6 31.8 1224.7 76.6 101.3 622 93924 2.8 2.8974 3.9 0.2362 3.6 0.92 1366.9 44.5 1381.2 29.6 1403.4 29.1 97.4 956 145718 5.7 3.4073 3.6 0.2592 2.1 0.57 1485.5 27.7 1506.1 28.6 1535.1 56.1 96.8 800 74970 1.2 3.7502 5.7 0.2613 3.3 0.59 1496.5 44.6 1582.2 45.7 1698.3 85.2 88.1 251 93804 2.9 3.8060 3.1 0.2724 1.6 0.53 1553.0 22.5 1594.0 25.0 1648.7 49.0 94.2 274 56004 2.7 6.1969 4.5 0.3479 1.2 0.26 1924.5 19.1 2004.0 39.4 2087.0 76.7 92.2 bns-4 464 8668 4.2 0.1178 5.3 0.0184 1.4 0.27 117.8 1.7 113.1 5.6 14.4 121.5 819.0 491 5494 1.4 0.1220 5.1 0.0189 1.0 0.19 120.4 1.2 116.9 5.6 45.1 119.9 266.9 505 9402 2.8 0.1229 5.0 0.0190 0.5 0.10 121.1 0.6 117.7 5.6 49.9 119.7 242.6 123 1598 1.5 0.1151 12.1 0.0191 1.7 0.14 121.7 2.1 110.7 12.6 -120.4 295.1 -101.0 184 2348 2.9 0.1209 8.7 0.0193 1.8 0.21 123.2 2.2 115.9 9.6 -32.0 207.4 -385.2 862 18932 2.9 0.1307 3.2 0.0198 0.7 0.21 126.7 0.8 124.7 3.7 87.0 73.3 145.6 1004 19894 7.0 0.1339 2.7 0.0203 1.2 0.43 129.7 1.5 127.6 3.2 88.4 57.6 146.8 755 9808 0.8 0.1624 2.4 0.0243 0.7 0.27 154.8 1.0 152.8 3.4 122.3 54.6 126.6 122 710 1.3 0.2755 37.8 0.0245 3.2 0.08 156.0 4.9 247.1 83.1 1235.0 766.4 12.6 91 1810 1.0 0.1352 21.7 0.0246 2.4 0.11 156.8 3.6 128.8 26.2 -362.2 563.2 -43.3 214 786 0.7 0.3693 64.1 0.0247 4.4 0.07 157.5 6.8 319.1 177.4 1771.4 1333.1 8.9 681 10892 1.4 0.1733 2.6 0.0250 0.8 0.29 158.9 1.2 162.3 4.0 212.1 58.8 74.9 405 5688 1.4 0.1648 4.7 0.0250 1.5 0.32 159.0 2.3 154.9 6.7 93.2 105.4 170.7 623 11074 1.3 0.1677 3.0 0.0251 1.2 0.40 159.9 1.9 157.4 4.3 120.8 64.2 132.3 553 11674 1.7 0.1683 28.5 0.0251 3.1 0.11 159.9 4.9 157.9 41.7 129.1 677.7 123.9 321 7330 2.3 0.1632 7.9 0.0252 1.8 0.23 160.4 2.9 153.5 11.2 48.0 183.1 334.2 641 14036 1.7 0.1701 3.0 0.0253 1.2 0.42 161.2 2.0 159.5 4.4 133.6 63.3 120.7 304 5892 1.4 0.1758 6.3 0.0254 1.8 0.29 161.5 2.9 164.4 9.6 207.5 139.7 77.8 683 10076 1.1 0.1686 3.4 0.0254 1.9 0.55 161.7 3.0 158.2 5.0 106.4 67.6 151.9 513 19782 1.8 0.1729 5.7 0.0255 1.1 0.20 162.3 1.8 161.9 8.5 156.3 129.8 103.8 919 11386 2.8 0.1778 4.2 0.0255 1.4 0.34 162.3 2.3 166.1 6.5 220.9 91.9 73.5 470 10682 0.9 0.1714 3.3 0.0256 1.3 0.38 162.9 2.0 160.6 4.9 127.6 71.8 127.7 728 12694 0.9 0.1808 4.1 0.0259 3.4 0.83 164.9 5.6 168.8 6.4 224.2 53.4 73.5

79 978 986 1.4 0.2411 5.0 0.0260 1.8 0.37 165.2 3.0 219.3 9.8 848.4 96.4 19.5 101 2054 1.1 0.1716 16.3 0.0260 1.9 0.12 165.6 3.2 160.8 24.3 90.5 386.4 183.0 671 11876 1.0 0.1768 6.1 0.0262 2.4 0.40 166.5 3.9 165.3 9.2 148.5 130.4 112.2 322 8224 1.5 0.1854 3.9 0.0262 0.8 0.21 166.7 1.3 172.7 6.2 254.8 88.4 65.4 434 8660 1.8 0.1727 4.3 0.0263 2.3 0.54 167.3 3.8 161.8 6.4 81.7 85.6 204.7 880 7406 2.1 0.1851 2.1 0.0264 0.7 0.33 167.7 1.1 172.4 3.3 238.1 45.5 70.4 737 13694 1.6 0.1795 3.9 0.0264 1.6 0.41 167.8 2.7 167.6 6.1 164.6 84.2 102.0 239 4440 1.2 0.1782 5.6 0.0265 1.0 0.18 168.4 1.7 166.5 8.6 140.8 129.1 119.5 795 21312 1.4 0.1787 1.9 0.0265 0.9 0.44 168.4 1.4 167.0 3.0 147.0 41.0 114.5 398 8656 3.0 0.1810 4.4 0.0265 1.6 0.36 168.9 2.6 168.9 6.8 169.1 95.5 99.9 446 7726 1.1 0.1812 5.8 0.0265 1.7 0.29 168.9 2.8 169.1 9.0 172.6 128.9 97.9 764 2798 1.3 0.2069 5.2 0.0266 1.2 0.24 169.0 2.0 190.9 9.0 471.4 111.1 35.9 642 14650 2.5 0.1826 2.6 0.0269 0.9 0.35 171.4 1.5 170.3 4.0 155.4 56.1 110.3 398 8044 1.5 0.1787 3.4 0.0270 1.1 0.33 171.5 1.9 166.9 5.2 102.8 75.2 166.9 289 6346 1.3 0.1818 3.5 0.0270 1.1 0.31 171.5 1.8 169.6 5.4 142.7 77.8 120.2 241 5296 1.2 0.1816 5.6 0.0270 1.8 0.33 172.0 3.1 169.5 8.7 134.1 123.3 128.3 755 8688 1.4 0.1856 2.9 0.0271 1.6 0.55 172.2 2.7 172.9 4.6 181.9 56.4 94.7 428 9678 1.7 0.1827 3.0 0.0271 0.8 0.27 172.6 1.4 170.4 4.7 139.8 68.1 123.5 205 4942 1.8 0.1849 7.3 0.0273 4.8 0.66 173.4 8.2 172.3 11.5 156.7 128.1 110.7 1087 9404 1.1 0.1939 4.8 0.0273 3.9 0.81 173.5 6.7 179.9 8.0 264.8 64.3 65.5 335 5484 1.3 0.1884 4.5 0.0275 1.6 0.35 174.9 2.7 175.3 7.3 180.4 98.8 97.0 311 9218 1.3 0.1907 4.6 0.0276 2.4 0.52 175.7 4.1 177.2 7.5 197.1 90.8 89.2 590 12960 2.8 0.1887 3.7 0.0278 2.8 0.77 176.7 4.9 175.6 6.0 160.6 55.5 110.0 257 4182 1.6 0.2009 4.5 0.0281 0.7 0.15 178.7 1.2 185.9 7.7 279.3 102.3 64.0 277 6806 2.1 0.1946 6.8 0.0287 2.3 0.34 182.3 4.2 180.5 11.3 157.2 150.5 116.0 367 11820 2.4 0.2015 4.5 0.0287 1.2 0.26 182.4 2.1 186.4 7.7 237.4 100.2 76.8 559 3606 0.9 0.2133 4.7 0.0289 1.0 0.22 183.9 1.8 196.3 8.4 347.9 103.6 52.9 150 4742 3.5 0.1868 9.6 0.0290 2.0 0.21 184.0 3.6 173.9 15.4 39.4 226.0 467.0 245 7068 3.0 0.2053 4.6 0.0290 0.5 0.11 184.5 0.9 189.6 7.9 253.8 104.1 72.7 428 12106 2.3 0.1955 4.4 0.0292 0.9 0.21 185.3 1.7 181.3 7.4 129.8 102.2 142.8 325 8310 3.7 0.1976 2.9 0.0292 1.5 0.52 185.4 2.7 183.1 4.8 154.5 57.8 119.9 440 12544 2.9 0.1986 5.0 0.0293 2.6 0.51 185.9 4.7 184.0 8.5 159.0 100.9 116.9 322 8260 3.2 0.1952 5.5 0.0294 0.9 0.16 187.0 1.6 181.1 9.2 104.2 129.3 179.4 191 6256 3.0 0.2018 6.4 0.0296 3.2 0.50 188.2 6.0 186.7 10.9 168.0 128.8 112.0 563 15040 2.4 0.1988 4.9 0.0298 2.8 0.56 189.4 5.2 184.1 8.3 116.8 96.0 162.1 163 3366 2.8 0.1927 6.9 0.0299 2.7 0.39 189.9 5.1 179.0 11.4 37.3 152.7 509.3 177 6256 1.4 0.1968 9.1 0.0300 1.4 0.16 190.5 2.7 182.4 15.2 79.4 213.9 239.8 285 6892 2.5 0.2062 5.9 0.0302 1.6 0.27 191.7 3.0 190.4 10.3 174.1 133.1 110.1 170 3154 2.1 0.2125 10.1 0.0303 1.8 0.18 192.7 3.4 195.6 17.9 231.1 229.4 83.4 703 9710 1.6 0.2143 4.5 0.0305 0.8 0.19 193.9 1.6 197.2 8.0 235.9 101.7 82.2 139 4420 2.2 0.2071 9.0 0.0306 0.7 0.07 194.4 1.3 191.1 15.8 150.9 211.7 128.8 177 4464 4.6 0.2018 5.5 0.0308 1.4 0.25 195.3 2.7 186.7 9.5 78.8 127.3 248.0 225 8428 2.5 0.2067 5.2 0.0309 2.2 0.43 196.1 4.3 190.8 9.0 125.1 110.0 156.8 254 11872 8.7 0.2113 2.9 0.0313 0.6 0.19 198.8 1.1 194.6 5.1 144.2 65.7 137.8 232 6882 1.9 0.2561 4.2 0.0372 3.7 0.87 235.5 8.5 231.5 8.7 191.6 48.2 122.9 394 5614 2.8 0.3540 4.5 0.0400 1.7 0.38 252.5 4.3 307.7 11.9 750.4 87.3 33.7 478 32902 3.9 0.9092 8.2 0.0762 7.5 0.91 473.4 34.2 656.6 39.8 1350.2 65.3 35.1 569 40280 5.4 0.9560 2.0 0.0871 0.9 0.42 538.2 4.4 681.2 10.1 1188.0 36.6 45.3 94 17230 2.9 2.3873 6.9 0.1905 6.6 0.96 1124.3 68.5 1238.8 49.8 1443.8 39.1 77.9 158 26102 1.2 2.4309 5.4 0.2019 5.1 0.94 1185.7 55.3 1251.8 39.1 1367.3 35.8 86.7 493 56792 5.5 2.5846 4.5 0.2076 3.8 0.84 1216.2 41.9 1296.3 33.1 1431.4 47.2 85.0 609 88482 8.6 2.8933 3.2 0.2249 1.0 0.32 1307.8 12.3 1380.2 24.2 1493.9 57.4 87.5 238 42890 1.5 2.9122 3.0 0.2380 2.1 0.68 1376.1 25.5 1385.1 22.8 1398.9 42.2 98.4 180 20968 2.4 3.1135 3.2 0.2493 3.0 0.94 1434.7 39.0 1436.0 24.9 1438.0 21.8 99.8 271 66902 2.6 4.0129 3.8 0.2812 3.3 0.88 1597.2 46.8 1636.8 30.7 1688.1 33.6 94.6 62 13806 2.1 3.9381 3.8 0.2872 3.1 0.82 1627.6 44.3 1621.5 30.5 1613.7 40.3 100.9 bns-9 0 502 1.0 -6.3947 360.7 -0.1300 0.5 0.00 -897.7 -5.0 #NUM! #NUM! 3736.2 566.3 -24.0 411 5774 1.6 0.1191 4.4 0.0176 1.3 0.29 112.6 1.4 114.3 4.8 150.3 99.3 74.9 562 6890 1.3 0.1191 3.0 0.0178 1.0 0.33 113.8 1.1 114.3 3.3 124.2 67.1 91.6 278 4482 1.6 0.1200 7.6 0.0182 1.6 0.21 116.0 1.8 115.1 8.3 97.1 176.7 119.4 592 8022 1.4 0.1212 3.9 0.0183 0.6 0.15 116.6 0.7 116.2 4.3 106.3 90.9 109.8 501 8916 1.6 0.1235 5.1 0.0184 1.7 0.34 117.5 2.0 118.3 5.7 133.5 114.0 88.0 510 3634 1.7 0.1302 5.5 0.0184 1.5 0.26 117.8 1.7 124.3 6.5 250.6 123.1 47.0 463 3172 1.5 0.1297 7.6 0.0184 2.0 0.26 117.8 2.3 123.9 8.9 242.2 169.9 48.6 397 4210 1.2 0.1251 4.8 0.0184 1.7 0.35 117.8 1.9 119.7 5.4 156.5 104.2 75.3 405 2956 1.8 0.1233 6.8 0.0184 0.9 0.12 117.8 1.0 118.0 7.6 122.6 159.5 96.1 377 6276 0.9 0.1202 5.2 0.0185 1.2 0.22 117.9 1.4 115.2 5.7 60.8 121.7 194.0 371 4452 1.3 0.1270 3.9 0.0185 1.4 0.35 117.9 1.6 121.4 4.4 190.9 84.1 61.7 377 6110 1.6 0.1296 7.8 0.0185 3.8 0.49 118.2 4.5 123.7 9.1 230.5 158.1 51.3 231 690 1.4 0.1749 10.8 0.0185 1.3 0.12 118.3 1.5 163.7 16.3 884.3 222.2 13.4

80 329 2448 0.9 0.1241 4.1 0.0185 1.1 0.28 118.4 1.3 118.7 4.6 125.0 92.2 94.7 384 4466 0.8 0.1258 5.4 0.0186 2.1 0.39 118.9 2.5 120.3 6.1 149.4 116.3 79.6 210 3620 0.9 0.1354 7.3 0.0186 2.3 0.32 119.0 2.7 128.9 8.8 315.4 156.7 37.7 407 7378 1.7 0.1185 7.6 0.0187 3.0 0.40 119.3 3.6 113.7 8.1 -1.5 167.0 -7986.6 288 4842 0.9 0.1216 6.6 0.0187 1.2 0.18 119.3 1.4 116.5 7.3 58.6 155.5 203.7 509 4636 1.7 0.1498 14.2 0.0187 0.6 0.04 119.4 0.7 141.8 18.8 534.4 311.5 22.3 548 10216 1.2 0.1247 4.5 0.0187 1.3 0.29 119.7 1.5 119.3 5.0 112.8 101.0 106.1 467 8352 1.4 0.1278 6.9 0.0187 0.5 0.07 119.7 0.6 122.1 7.9 169.1 160.2 70.8 529 8282 1.6 0.1219 3.9 0.0187 1.5 0.39 119.7 1.8 116.8 4.3 57.3 85.4 209.0 471 5848 1.6 0.1285 3.5 0.0188 1.4 0.40 120.1 1.7 122.7 4.1 173.4 75.3 69.3 363 920 0.9 0.1415 9.9 0.0188 2.3 0.24 120.2 2.8 134.3 12.4 392.6 215.3 30.6 320 4814 1.6 0.1240 5.6 0.0188 1.5 0.26 120.3 1.8 118.7 6.3 87.4 129.3 137.7 447 1970 1.5 0.1453 9.1 0.0189 0.6 0.06 120.4 0.7 137.8 11.7 448.7 201.3 26.8 419 10172 1.7 0.1314 7.6 0.0189 0.6 0.08 120.5 0.8 125.3 9.0 218.6 175.9 55.1 425 6540 1.7 0.1245 4.4 0.0189 1.3 0.29 120.6 1.5 119.1 4.9 89.7 99.3 134.4 457 6080 1.4 0.1280 4.8 0.0189 1.2 0.26 120.7 1.5 122.3 5.5 153.6 107.6 78.6 404 7086 1.7 0.1248 7.6 0.0189 0.8 0.10 120.7 0.9 119.4 8.6 93.7 179.2 128.9 401 7374 1.2 0.1371 4.8 0.0189 1.7 0.34 120.9 2.0 130.5 5.9 307.3 103.5 39.4 429 4492 1.7 0.1283 5.6 0.0190 1.1 0.20 121.0 1.3 122.6 6.5 153.2 129.0 79.0 225 2814 0.6 0.1153 13.2 0.0190 1.5 0.12 121.1 1.8 110.8 13.9 -106.2 324.3 -114.0 336 3392 1.2 0.1233 9.7 0.0190 1.3 0.13 121.1 1.5 118.0 10.8 55.8 230.6 217.3 315 3936 1.6 0.1292 7.2 0.0190 1.6 0.23 121.2 1.9 123.4 8.4 165.7 163.8 73.2 402 8404 1.9 0.1252 5.5 0.0190 0.7 0.13 121.4 0.9 119.7 6.3 87.1 130.2 139.4 330 5478 1.1 0.1214 8.3 0.0190 1.6 0.20 121.4 2.0 116.3 9.1 12.9 196.5 938.6 222 2976 1.9 0.1262 9.3 0.0190 3.5 0.38 121.4 4.2 120.7 10.6 105.5 204.5 115.2 438 9116 1.5 0.1272 4.3 0.0190 1.1 0.25 121.5 1.3 121.5 4.9 121.9 98.2 99.7 293 2922 1.8 0.1314 5.6 0.0190 1.1 0.20 121.5 1.3 125.3 6.7 198.0 128.7 61.4 380 4370 0.9 0.1262 5.3 0.0191 1.2 0.23 122.0 1.4 120.7 6.0 93.4 121.6 130.7 311 6482 1.5 0.1316 8.6 0.0191 2.2 0.26 122.1 2.7 125.5 10.2 191.0 194.3 63.9 320 1676 0.6 0.1405 5.6 0.0191 1.0 0.18 122.1 1.2 133.5 7.0 341.7 125.6 35.7 135 1584 1.1 0.1332 11.2 0.0191 5.3 0.48 122.1 6.4 126.9 13.3 218.2 228.1 56.0 164 2350 1.6 0.1283 16.8 0.0192 1.3 0.08 122.4 1.6 122.6 19.4 126.2 397.1 97.0 438 7882 1.4 0.1285 3.6 0.0192 1.8 0.50 122.4 2.2 122.7 4.1 129.4 72.8 94.6 431 5754 1.7 0.1240 5.3 0.0192 1.2 0.23 122.8 1.4 118.7 5.9 36.9 123.1 332.4 441 7646 1.6 0.1220 5.8 0.0192 1.0 0.17 122.8 1.2 116.9 6.4 -1.9 137.7 -6311.3 179 4088 1.4 0.1239 17.3 0.0193 1.9 0.11 123.3 2.3 118.6 19.3 25.3 414.5 486.9 243 400 1.0 0.2486 11.1 0.0193 1.7 0.15 123.3 2.0 225.5 22.5 1495.3 209.1 8.2 511 4020 1.3 0.1318 6.4 0.0193 1.1 0.17 123.4 1.3 125.7 7.5 171.1 146.8 72.1 480 6038 1.3 0.1363 4.9 0.0194 1.7 0.34 123.7 2.0 129.7 5.9 241.7 105.6 51.2 383 7608 1.2 0.1250 5.3 0.0194 3.4 0.65 123.8 4.2 119.6 5.9 37.1 95.5 333.3 209 4280 1.8 0.1318 10.4 0.0194 2.0 0.20 124.1 2.5 125.7 12.3 156.1 238.9 79.5 439 7498 1.0 0.1302 4.0 0.0195 2.3 0.57 124.2 2.8 124.3 4.7 125.2 76.8 99.2 152 3230 1.6 0.1361 6.4 0.0195 1.5 0.23 124.2 1.8 129.5 7.7 227.9 142.9 54.5 451 8624 1.3 0.1258 6.2 0.0195 1.2 0.19 124.3 1.4 120.3 7.0 42.4 144.8 293.1 320 6720 1.4 0.1280 6.0 0.0195 2.1 0.35 124.3 2.5 122.3 6.9 83.4 133.6 149.0 165 3222 1.3 0.1154 19.7 0.0195 0.9 0.05 124.5 1.1 110.9 20.7 -170.5 494.7 -73.0 453 10570 1.2 0.1294 2.7 0.0195 0.9 0.33 124.6 1.1 123.5 3.2 102.9 60.5 121.1 149 1528 1.2 0.1207 16.9 0.0195 4.0 0.24 124.8 4.9 115.7 18.5 -66.9 402.6 -186.5 330 6734 1.1 0.1269 6.4 0.0196 1.8 0.28 125.1 2.2 121.3 7.3 48.8 146.9 256.3 298 6812 1.5 0.1294 10.1 0.0196 3.7 0.36 125.1 4.6 123.6 11.8 93.9 224.2 133.2 721 10860 0.6 0.1296 2.8 0.0196 1.0 0.34 125.3 1.2 123.7 3.2 94.0 62.0 133.3 304 5764 1.1 0.1261 6.9 0.0196 2.1 0.30 125.4 2.6 120.6 7.8 26.7 157.1 469.5 346 6108 0.9 0.1432 4.6 0.0196 0.8 0.18 125.4 1.0 135.9 5.9 323.6 103.0 38.7 301 5068 1.0 0.1319 9.4 0.0197 0.6 0.06 125.6 0.7 125.8 11.1 128.9 221.0 97.5 417 10320 1.5 0.1347 5.4 0.0197 1.6 0.29 125.6 2.0 128.3 6.5 178.2 121.0 70.5 569 7622 1.0 0.1343 4.0 0.0197 0.8 0.21 125.9 1.0 128.0 4.9 167.2 92.5 75.3 288 3390 1.0 0.1274 7.4 0.0198 1.4 0.18 126.2 1.7 121.8 8.5 37.2 174.5 339.1 230 4574 1.3 0.1273 12.6 0.0198 1.3 0.10 126.2 1.6 121.7 14.5 34.1 301.6 370.6 287 254 0.7 0.2406 29.1 0.0198 5.5 0.19 126.4 6.9 218.9 57.4 1386.0 560.4 9.1 492 3406 0.9 0.1467 11.3 0.0199 5.2 0.46 126.8 6.5 139.0 14.7 354.2 227.9 35.8 215 2076 1.4 0.1415 8.7 0.0199 1.8 0.21 126.8 2.3 134.4 10.9 270.1 195.3 47.0 762 2202 0.9 0.1637 16.6 0.0199 0.9 0.05 127.2 1.1 153.9 23.8 587.6 362.7 21.6 274 4366 1.3 0.1438 10.2 0.0199 3.1 0.30 127.3 3.9 136.4 13.0 298.3 222.0 42.7 412 8266 1.1 0.1335 3.6 0.0199 0.7 0.20 127.3 0.9 127.3 4.4 126.2 84.0 100.9 376 5398 1.0 0.1295 4.4 0.0200 0.9 0.21 127.4 1.2 123.7 5.1 52.8 102.0 241.2 331 4648 1.2 0.1278 6.2 0.0200 2.5 0.41 127.4 3.2 122.1 7.2 19.5 137.0 654.3 314 6274 0.9 0.1303 7.7 0.0200 1.2 0.16 127.5 1.5 124.4 9.0 64.8 180.9 196.6 306 4388 1.2 0.1270 10.8 0.0200 1.2 0.11 127.7 1.5 121.4 12.3 0.0 258.6 525096.1 233 4612 1.2 0.1456 7.2 0.0200 1.7 0.23 127.7 2.1 138.1 9.3 319.2 159.4 40.0 326 1596 1.0 0.1629 12.8 0.0200 0.7 0.06 128.0 0.9 153.2 18.3 564.2 280.1 22.7 343 1244 1.1 0.1613 4.3 0.0201 2.0 0.46 128.3 2.5 151.9 6.1 537.0 84.5 23.9 376 6360 1.3 0.1326 6.8 0.0201 1.1 0.16 128.4 1.3 126.5 8.1 89.9 160.1 142.8

81 276 5128 1.3 0.1344 7.5 0.0201 2.1 0.27 128.5 2.6 128.0 9.1 119.3 171.2 107.7 127 440 0.9 0.2731 45.3 0.0202 7.4 0.16 128.6 9.4 245.2 98.9 1591.6 881.9 8.1 309 6914 3.1 0.1378 5.6 0.0202 1.0 0.18 129.0 1.3 131.1 6.9 168.7 128.7 76.5 251 4258 1.3 0.1347 7.5 0.0203 1.8 0.24 129.4 2.3 128.3 9.0 107.8 172.0 120.1 180 2140 1.6 0.1443 9.5 0.0203 0.9 0.10 129.9 1.2 136.8 12.2 259.9 218.2 50.0 382 8584 1.2 0.1475 8.6 0.0205 2.0 0.23 130.5 2.6 139.7 11.2 297.9 190.6 43.8 302 5226 1.3 0.1360 7.8 0.0205 1.5 0.19 130.6 1.9 129.5 9.5 108.3 181.3 120.7 339 5438 0.8 0.1450 6.2 0.0205 1.3 0.20 130.8 1.6 137.5 8.0 254.1 140.3 51.5 349 3558 1.0 0.1459 5.3 0.0205 1.3 0.24 131.0 1.6 138.3 6.9 264.5 118.7 49.5 329 3404 0.8 0.1680 12.8 0.0207 3.0 0.23 131.9 3.9 157.7 18.7 565.3 272.1 23.3 336 2116 0.9 0.1376 4.5 0.0208 2.8 0.62 132.5 3.7 130.9 5.5 102.3 83.7 129.5 312 3438 1.3 0.1547 13.4 0.0208 2.0 0.15 132.5 2.6 146.1 18.3 372.6 300.1 35.6 503 1240 0.7 0.1732 9.8 0.0214 2.4 0.25 136.3 3.3 162.2 14.8 560.2 208.3 24.3 122 13766 2.1 0.1491 19.1 0.0216 2.4 0.13 138.0 3.3 141.1 25.2 195.0 443.5 70.7 159 200 0.5 0.4409 24.0 0.0228 2.1 0.09 145.5 3.0 370.9 74.7 2228.0 420.4 6.5 322 4596 1.3 0.1540 8.1 0.0229 1.7 0.21 146.0 2.4 145.4 11.0 136.6 187.2 106.8 122 208 1.2 0.4540 8.3 0.0235 1.9 0.23 149.7 2.9 380.1 26.4 2228.8 140.5 6.7 518 12070 1.1 0.1716 4.5 0.0255 2.1 0.46 162.4 3.3 160.8 6.7 137.4 93.4 118.2 238 11324 2.0 0.1978 4.6 0.0276 0.7 0.15 175.3 1.2 183.3 7.7 287.1 103.4 61.1 242 7030 1.5 0.2101 3.4 0.0310 0.6 0.18 196.8 1.2 193.6 6.1 155.5 79.3 126.6 bns-5 330 6024 1.0 0.1114 10.0 0.0170 1.9 0.19 108.5 2.0 107.2 10.2 78.3 234.1 138.6 198 2578 1.7 0.1017 10.8 0.0170 2.4 0.22 108.7 2.6 98.4 10.1 -143.9 260.8 -75.5 318 3514 3.2 0.1101 5.7 0.0173 1.7 0.30 110.4 1.9 106.0 5.8 9.9 131.5 1118.5 336 3480 1.1 0.1224 15.3 0.0173 0.8 0.05 110.9 0.9 117.2 17.0 248.4 354.1 44.6 464 5664 3.6 0.1172 6.5 0.0174 1.7 0.26 111.4 1.9 112.5 6.9 137.0 147.0 81.3 181 2190 1.4 0.1100 11.8 0.0174 2.6 0.22 111.4 2.9 105.9 11.9 -14.8 278.9 -754.4 137 1590 1.0 0.1069 8.8 0.0175 1.2 0.13 111.5 1.3 103.1 8.6 -87.0 214.1 -128.2 371 4444 1.8 0.1127 4.9 0.0176 1.4 0.29 112.2 1.6 108.5 5.0 26.6 112.4 422.6 236 3080 1.7 0.1087 13.9 0.0176 1.9 0.14 112.3 2.2 104.8 13.8 -62.1 337.0 -180.8 355 3950 1.4 0.1198 5.6 0.0176 2.6 0.47 112.4 2.9 114.9 6.1 167.5 116.1 67.1 364 5080 3.5 0.1120 7.1 0.0177 0.5 0.07 113.2 0.6 107.8 7.3 -8.9 171.6 -1269.0 246 2728 1.4 0.1156 4.5 0.0177 1.8 0.41 113.3 2.1 111.1 4.7 63.5 96.7 178.5 468 2056 1.3 0.1364 10.8 0.0177 2.5 0.23 113.4 2.8 129.8 13.2 442.5 235.0 25.6 253 3234 4.0 0.1102 9.5 0.0178 1.0 0.10 113.9 1.1 106.1 9.6 -64.1 230.7 -177.7 385 1998 2.5 0.1211 6.7 0.0179 3.1 0.46 114.1 3.5 116.1 7.3 155.9 138.5 73.2 133 2008 1.2 0.1096 40.3 0.0180 1.9 0.05 115.2 2.2 105.6 40.5 -105.0 1027.6 -109.7 499 4864 2.1 0.1176 4.6 0.0180 2.2 0.48 115.2 2.5 112.9 4.9 62.9 96.0 183.3 663 2626 0.8 0.1350 6.5 0.0182 2.3 0.35 116.0 2.6 128.6 7.9 368.9 138.1 31.4 376 3790 0.8 0.1180 4.3 0.0182 1.2 0.29 116.0 1.4 113.3 4.6 57.3 97.2 202.3 341 2464 2.4 0.1173 8.1 0.0182 0.6 0.07 116.2 0.6 112.6 8.6 37.4 193.3 310.4 537 4584 1.8 0.1227 6.1 0.0183 1.2 0.20 117.0 1.4 117.5 6.8 129.2 141.8 90.5 384 6038 1.3 0.1184 8.2 0.0183 5.1 0.62 117.1 5.9 113.7 8.8 43.0 154.0 271.9 466 1592 1.0 0.1383 7.8 0.0185 0.8 0.11 118.0 1.0 131.5 9.6 383.4 175.0 30.8 167 2390 0.8 0.1230 10.9 0.0185 1.1 0.10 118.1 1.3 117.8 12.1 111.7 256.4 105.8 686 6632 1.0 0.1220 3.0 0.0186 2.0 0.67 118.9 2.4 116.9 3.3 77.0 52.7 154.3 146 2080 1.3 0.1258 15.7 0.0188 2.3 0.15 119.8 2.8 120.3 17.8 129.7 367.6 92.4 360 1384 1.9 0.1516 17.4 0.0192 1.3 0.07 122.9 1.5 143.4 23.3 497.4 384.9 24.7 240 3694 2.1 0.1220 7.3 0.0195 1.1 0.15 124.4 1.3 116.9 8.1 -33.2 175.4 -374.8 41 656 0.8 0.1083 54.1 0.0215 4.3 0.08 136.9 5.8 104.4 53.7 -586.5 1560.4 -23.3 935 5164 2.5 0.1592 8.8 0.0222 2.1 0.24 141.6 2.9 150.0 12.3 285.0 196.1 49.7 305 5426 2.3 0.1612 7.2 0.0242 1.6 0.22 154.4 2.5 151.7 10.2 109.9 166.3 140.5 328 4686 0.9 0.1676 4.1 0.0254 1.2 0.30 161.6 2.0 157.3 6.0 92.2 92.4 175.3 367 6852 2.0 0.1716 6.1 0.0256 0.9 0.14 163.2 1.4 160.8 9.1 126.1 143.1 129.4 696 3422 1.6 0.1877 3.4 0.0257 1.2 0.35 163.6 1.9 174.7 5.4 328.0 72.2 49.9 308 2576 2.5 0.1846 9.6 0.0259 0.6 0.06 164.8 0.9 172.0 15.2 271.9 220.9 60.6 1018 13244 2.6 0.1787 3.2 0.0259 2.2 0.69 165.0 3.6 167.0 4.9 195.0 53.5 84.6 426 8916 2.6 0.1730 5.4 0.0260 0.9 0.16 165.2 1.4 162.0 8.0 115.1 125.2 143.6 386 7034 1.1 0.1731 5.9 0.0260 0.8 0.14 165.6 1.3 162.1 8.9 110.3 138.8 150.1 804 12612 1.5 0.1849 3.1 0.0274 1.5 0.49 174.0 2.6 172.2 4.9 148.6 63.9 117.0 282 7286 3.0 0.2039 11.9 0.0275 9.2 0.77 174.6 15.8 188.4 20.5 364.8 172.6 47.9 468 7442 2.0 0.1872 2.2 0.0277 1.0 0.46 176.0 1.8 174.2 3.5 150.0 45.6 117.4 342 8866 2.8 0.1887 4.5 0.0278 1.8 0.39 176.5 3.1 175.5 7.3 162.3 96.8 108.7 208 5896 2.9 0.2047 6.0 0.0293 0.8 0.13 185.9 1.4 189.1 10.3 229.8 136.7 80.9 118 3280 1.8 0.2030 7.6 0.0315 1.0 0.13 200.0 1.9 187.6 13.1 34.8 181.3 575.1 515 2774 1.7 0.2775 4.6 0.0363 2.4 0.52 229.9 5.4 248.7 10.1 430.3 86.8 53.4 263 12136 2.5 0.7815 9.5 0.0692 6.3 0.66 431.3 26.3 586.3 42.4 1243.7 139.6 34.7

Long Walk Quarry lwq-0 1040 11250 5.6 0.1478 3.3 0.0224 0.7 0.22 142.9 1.0 140.0 4.3 91.0 76.2 157.1

82 459 5540 1.9 0.1571 5.1 0.0229 1.4 0.27 145.8 2.0 148.2 7.0 186.3 114.5 78.2 284 4590 0.7 0.1566 3.5 0.0230 0.7 0.20 146.8 1.0 147.7 4.9 161.5 80.9 90.9 495 9060 1.5 0.1566 3.5 0.0234 1.8 0.52 148.9 2.6 147.7 4.8 128.5 70.0 115.9 55 1254 0.7 0.0906 45.7 0.0234 4.1 0.09 149.4 6.0 88.1 38.5 -1371.8 1530.5 -10.9 155 754 0.8 0.2529 38.7 0.0236 4.0 0.10 150.2 5.9 228.9 79.4 1142.1 794.6 13.1 367 8796 2.0 0.1548 3.6 0.0237 1.0 0.27 150.9 1.4 146.2 4.9 70.8 82.2 213.2 130 3182 1.2 0.1535 6.1 0.0239 1.2 0.20 152.1 1.8 145.0 8.3 29.6 144.5 513.7 137 1968 1.1 0.1579 15.8 0.0240 1.3 0.08 152.7 1.9 148.9 21.9 89.2 374.7 171.1 225 6480 1.4 0.1594 9.0 0.0240 1.4 0.16 153.1 2.1 150.2 12.5 104.6 210.0 146.4 79 2192 1.3 0.1432 76.2 0.0241 2.8 0.04 153.7 4.3 135.9 97.2 -164.0 2247.1 -93.7 115 3370 1.3 0.1577 10.4 0.0243 1.0 0.09 154.7 1.5 148.7 14.4 54.4 248.1 284.5 138 3262 0.9 0.1654 13.0 0.0245 2.0 0.15 155.9 3.0 155.4 18.7 147.0 302.2 106.1 259 5694 1.6 0.1629 7.0 0.0247 1.0 0.14 157.0 1.5 153.2 10.0 95.0 164.8 165.2 154 2878 2.1 0.1861 16.6 0.0255 4.1 0.25 162.5 6.6 173.3 26.5 323.0 368.1 50.3 90 604 0.5 0.2140 11.8 0.0257 1.1 0.09 163.8 1.8 196.9 21.1 615.6 254.6 26.6 224 5360 0.9 0.1709 8.2 0.0264 0.9 0.11 168.3 1.5 160.2 12.2 42.3 195.8 398.3 690 4800 2.0 0.2603 5.3 0.0341 3.3 0.63 216.2 7.0 234.9 11.1 426.4 92.1 50.7 276 2710 0.8 0.2578 3.9 0.0346 0.7 0.17 219.2 1.4 232.9 8.1 373.2 87.0 58.7 301 4788 0.9 0.2528 5.1 0.0355 1.9 0.38 224.8 4.2 228.8 10.4 270.5 107.6 83.1 187 4926 0.5 0.2593 6.3 0.0363 0.7 0.11 230.2 1.6 234.1 13.2 273.9 143.6 84.0 309 6846 0.5 0.2454 6.7 0.0364 5.2 0.78 230.7 11.9 222.9 13.4 140.6 98.5 164.0 255 7580 1.4 0.2496 5.0 0.0372 1.5 0.30 235.2 3.5 226.3 10.2 134.4 112.5 175.0 275 8512 1.0 0.2582 5.1 0.0375 4.1 0.82 237.2 9.6 233.2 10.5 193.4 67.8 122.7 590 18038 3.5 0.2687 2.3 0.0376 1.2 0.51 238.2 2.7 241.7 4.9 276.0 44.7 86.3 319 17638 3.1 0.2655 4.2 0.0383 2.7 0.65 242.3 6.5 239.1 8.9 207.9 74.1 116.5 134 442 0.6 0.5414 24.1 0.0388 2.0 0.08 245.1 4.7 439.3 86.1 1648.2 451.9 14.9 95 2952 1.2 0.2902 12.5 0.0389 0.9 0.07 246.0 2.2 258.7 28.5 376.0 280.9 65.4 236 9634 1.6 0.2847 5.7 0.0401 1.2 0.21 253.8 3.0 254.4 12.9 260.5 128.9 97.4 320 794 3.1 0.4342 6.4 0.0418 0.8 0.13 264.0 2.1 366.1 19.5 1077.5 126.6 24.5 100 10076 1.6 0.4967 3.9 0.0640 0.8 0.21 399.9 3.1 409.5 13.2 463.9 85.1 86.2 339 20450 2.0 0.5025 2.4 0.0667 0.5 0.21 416.0 2.0 413.4 8.1 398.6 52.4 104.4 86 2718 1.0 0.6362 15.5 0.0734 0.5 0.03 456.6 2.2 499.9 61.4 703.4 332.2 64.9 257 53370 2.7 0.7563 3.4 0.0922 2.5 0.72 568.2 13.4 571.8 15.0 586.2 51.8 96.9 238 66376 2.8 0.7862 4.2 0.0965 3.4 0.82 594.0 19.5 589.0 18.7 569.7 51.9 104.3 72 6824 1.9 1.7589 3.4 0.1750 0.8 0.23 1039.4 7.5 1030.4 21.9 1011.5 66.6 102.8 104 21966 1.1 1.8244 3.7 0.1800 1.3 0.35 1067.0 13.0 1054.3 24.5 1028.0 70.7 103.8 317 76198 3.2 2.0152 1.5 0.1899 0.9 0.57 1120.6 8.9 1120.6 10.3 1120.8 24.8 100.0 107 18936 2.0 2.3609 2.7 0.2107 1.3 0.47 1232.4 14.1 1230.8 19.2 1228.0 46.8 100.4 299 68752 1.5 4.0269 2.7 0.2840 1.8 0.68 1611.4 26.1 1639.6 21.8 1676.0 36.2 96.2 lwq-1 322 4394 1.9 0.1108 7.1 0.0174 4.4 0.62 111.2 4.9 106.7 7.2 8.0 134.3 1381.9 167 2698 2.1 0.1141 10.3 0.0175 2.9 0.28 111.7 3.2 109.7 10.7 65.9 235.2 169.5 628 8086 1.4 0.1225 2.9 0.0179 0.9 0.30 114.6 1.0 117.4 3.2 172.9 65.3 66.3 367 3832 1.9 0.1116 7.8 0.0180 2.2 0.27 114.7 2.4 107.4 8.0 -50.8 183.3 -225.9 406 2160 1.5 0.1375 11.9 0.0186 0.6 0.05 118.8 0.7 130.9 14.6 356.1 268.3 33.4 351 3066 0.9 0.1304 6.0 0.0190 0.7 0.12 121.1 0.9 124.5 7.1 189.6 139.8 63.9 328 5110 1.4 0.1221 9.3 0.0190 1.5 0.16 121.2 1.8 117.0 10.3 31.7 220.9 382.8 341 3220 1.9 0.1445 7.8 0.0191 1.8 0.23 122.1 2.2 137.0 10.1 403.5 171.2 30.3 189 1764 1.8 0.1286 13.2 0.0192 1.8 0.14 122.9 2.2 122.8 15.3 122.6 308.7 100.2 389 6456 1.6 0.1253 7.0 0.0194 0.6 0.08 123.8 0.7 119.9 8.0 42.6 167.9 290.3 377 3434 1.2 0.1373 6.6 0.0194 1.1 0.17 123.9 1.4 130.7 8.1 255.7 149.7 48.5 144 1526 1.8 0.1479 15.5 0.0195 1.9 0.12 124.4 2.4 140.1 20.3 415.2 345.1 30.0 396 5266 1.0 0.1270 5.5 0.0195 2.9 0.52 124.4 3.6 121.4 6.3 64.2 112.1 193.8 425 4720 1.7 0.1251 6.9 0.0195 0.5 0.07 124.4 0.6 119.7 7.8 27.9 165.3 446.1 288 3100 1.1 0.1427 6.7 0.0198 0.7 0.10 126.2 0.9 135.5 8.5 301.1 151.8 41.9 619 8938 1.1 0.1310 6.3 0.0202 2.1 0.33 128.7 2.7 125.0 7.4 54.5 140.9 236.3 265 1812 1.5 0.1548 13.9 0.0207 1.0 0.07 132.3 1.3 146.1 18.9 377.3 313.0 35.1 369 2328 0.9 0.1478 12.3 0.0212 0.9 0.07 135.5 1.1 140.0 16.0 216.1 284.2 62.7 208 3722 1.1 0.1485 7.6 0.0229 5.4 0.70 146.1 7.8 140.6 10.0 48.6 129.6 300.6 126 1994 0.9 0.1450 10.5 0.0233 2.1 0.20 148.2 3.1 137.5 13.5 -43.6 251.3 -339.8 783 12992 2.6 0.1783 3.0 0.0255 1.0 0.34 162.4 1.6 166.6 4.6 226.6 65.2 71.7 lwq-2 463 4576 2.0 0.1156 3.5 0.0177 2.2 0.64 112.8 2.5 111.1 3.7 73.6 64.5 153.3 398 538 1.9 0.2170 28.6 0.0179 2.3 0.08 114.5 2.6 199.4 51.7 1378.9 558.5 8.3 310 2506 2.0 0.1210 6.8 0.0181 1.7 0.24 115.3 1.9 116.0 7.4 129.4 154.7 89.1 596 5640 1.1 0.1181 5.0 0.0181 4.1 0.82 115.4 4.7 113.4 5.4 69.9 69.5 165.0 383 1044 1.7 0.1856 27.9 0.0181 1.4 0.05 115.7 1.6 172.9 44.4 1050.7 572.7 11.0 332 3850 1.4 0.1171 3.9 0.0181 1.2 0.31 115.9 1.4 112.4 4.2 39.3 88.9 295.0 303 1598 1.3 0.1562 32.6 0.0185 3.3 0.10 118.0 3.9 147.3 44.8 650.2 715.1 18.1 391 3726 1.5 0.1176 5.8 0.0185 1.0 0.17 118.2 1.2 112.9 6.2 1.2 137.7 10006.2

83 499 4002 1.1 0.1229 2.9 0.0185 1.2 0.41 118.4 1.4 117.7 3.3 104.1 63.2 113.7 286 4352 1.4 0.1234 6.1 0.0186 1.6 0.27 118.5 1.9 118.2 6.8 111.5 137.8 106.2 310 1528 1.0 0.1334 4.1 0.0187 0.6 0.14 119.2 0.7 127.2 4.9 279.2 93.4 42.7 464 5646 1.4 0.1195 6.4 0.0187 1.1 0.17 119.5 1.3 114.6 6.9 13.4 151.3 891.2 268 2804 1.5 0.1404 9.9 0.0187 1.8 0.18 119.5 2.1 133.4 12.4 388.4 219.2 30.8 377 6112 1.8 0.1249 6.2 0.0189 3.0 0.48 120.6 3.6 119.5 7.0 98.2 128.4 122.7 478 5802 1.7 0.1238 3.4 0.0189 0.5 0.15 120.6 0.6 118.6 3.8 77.5 79.9 155.7 214 2892 1.2 0.1163 9.7 0.0190 1.8 0.18 121.4 2.1 111.8 10.3 -88.7 235.0 -136.8 328 4554 1.4 0.1267 4.5 0.0191 1.5 0.33 121.7 1.8 121.2 5.2 111.2 101.2 109.4 373 5332 1.5 0.1305 7.0 0.0191 0.5 0.07 121.7 0.6 124.6 8.2 178.8 162.5 68.1 276 2350 0.9 0.1306 4.6 0.0191 0.6 0.13 121.9 0.7 124.6 5.4 176.0 107.0 69.3 416 1710 1.5 0.1469 7.6 0.0192 1.0 0.14 122.5 1.3 139.2 9.9 433.2 168.2 28.3 287 4224 1.8 0.1265 3.7 0.0192 1.4 0.37 122.6 1.7 120.9 4.2 88.3 81.5 138.9 259 1944 1.6 0.1278 7.8 0.0192 0.7 0.08 122.7 0.8 122.2 9.0 110.9 184.1 110.6 252 1352 1.6 0.1442 4.2 0.0192 1.5 0.35 122.8 1.8 136.7 5.4 386.7 88.5 31.8 563 2882 1.0 0.1389 4.0 0.0193 1.0 0.24 123.3 1.2 132.1 5.0 293.5 89.7 42.0 182 3598 1.6 0.1179 9.6 0.0193 2.6 0.27 123.5 3.1 113.1 10.3 -100.5 228.3 -122.9 372 3726 1.8 0.1287 5.4 0.0196 1.2 0.22 125.0 1.5 122.9 6.2 83.3 124.4 150.1 305 2188 2.0 0.1394 9.1 0.0196 0.7 0.08 125.3 0.9 132.5 11.3 263.6 208.4 47.5 211 3046 1.8 0.1228 7.5 0.0197 2.8 0.37 125.5 3.4 117.6 8.3 -38.2 169.7 -328.2 278 4610 2.8 0.1276 6.4 0.0197 1.2 0.18 125.9 1.5 122.0 7.4 46.5 151.4 270.9 461 8610 1.5 0.1327 4.2 0.0198 1.6 0.39 126.1 2.0 126.5 4.9 133.0 90.1 94.8 314 4768 1.5 0.1246 6.7 0.0198 0.9 0.13 126.3 1.1 119.2 7.6 -21.2 161.7 -594.6 323 1532 1.3 0.1623 8.7 0.0199 1.4 0.16 127.2 1.8 152.7 12.3 570.7 186.7 22.3 362 5190 1.3 0.1315 4.9 0.0200 1.3 0.25 127.6 1.6 125.4 5.8 84.3 113.5 151.3 438 6310 1.7 0.1302 3.5 0.0200 1.1 0.32 127.7 1.4 124.3 4.1 59.1 79.7 215.9 314 4260 1.0 0.1259 7.2 0.0200 2.2 0.31 127.9 2.8 120.4 8.2 -26.8 166.0 -478.0 149 726 1.4 0.1831 12.2 0.0201 1.5 0.12 128.4 1.9 170.7 19.2 806.2 254.5 15.9 280 366 1.1 0.2614 3.3 0.0202 0.5 0.15 128.9 0.6 235.8 7.0 1504.8 62.2 8.6 219 2992 1.1 0.1360 7.2 0.0202 0.7 0.09 129.2 0.9 129.5 8.7 134.4 167.7 96.2 382 6156 1.4 0.1329 4.3 0.0203 2.2 0.50 129.6 2.8 126.7 5.1 74.2 88.3 174.7 304 910 1.6 0.1906 21.0 0.0204 0.7 0.03 130.0 0.9 177.2 34.2 864.4 440.6 15.0 300 858 1.6 0.1891 20.1 0.0208 0.8 0.04 132.6 1.0 175.9 32.5 805.3 425.5 16.5 78 578 0.9 0.1604 18.6 0.0216 3.7 0.20 137.7 5.1 151.1 26.1 366.9 413.6 37.5 256 4438 2.0 0.1527 10.3 0.0233 1.1 0.11 148.7 1.6 144.3 13.8 73.0 243.0 203.7 307 2666 0.9 0.1638 7.5 0.0234 3.0 0.40 149.1 4.4 154.0 10.7 230.4 158.0 64.7 179 2174 1.8 0.1621 10.9 0.0239 1.0 0.09 152.1 1.5 152.6 15.5 159.8 255.3 95.2 69 872 0.9 0.1321 20.5 0.0241 3.0 0.15 153.5 4.5 126.0 24.3 -365.9 530.8 -41.9 284 4740 2.8 0.1578 6.3 0.0245 2.2 0.34 155.9 3.3 148.8 8.7 36.7 140.8 424.9 182 3084 1.1 0.1580 7.2 0.0249 2.1 0.29 158.4 3.2 149.0 9.9 1.1 165.2 14497.6 877 9186 1.4 0.2153 4.6 0.0306 1.6 0.33 194.1 3.0 198.0 8.4 244.7 100.9 79.3 333 5982 1.4 0.5951 3.7 0.0731 0.5 0.14 454.6 2.2 474.1 14.0 570.1 79.5 79.7 297 34632 2.5 2.9115 1.7 0.2297 1.0 0.56 1332.7 11.6 1384.9 13.0 1466.2 27.0 90.9 365 16286 3.4 3.1423 2.8 0.2468 1.8 0.64 1422.0 22.6 1443.1 21.4 1474.4 40.6 96.4 lwq-DSS 532 2654 1.2 0.1445 22.5 0.0176 2.6 0.11 112.5 2.9 137.1 28.9 587.0 490.7 19.2 222 2300 1.8 0.1235 18.7 0.0179 1.6 0.08 114.6 1.8 118.2 20.8 192.8 435.9 59.4 300 2964 1.2 0.1205 4.9 0.0180 1.8 0.37 115.1 2.1 115.6 5.3 124.1 106.1 92.8 463 5526 2.0 0.1238 2.9 0.0182 1.2 0.41 116.5 1.4 118.5 3.3 159.5 62.7 73.1 241 3466 1.1 0.1203 10.3 0.0188 2.1 0.21 120.3 2.5 115.4 11.3 14.4 243.9 835.2 483 5344 1.2 0.1249 6.3 0.0191 3.1 0.49 121.8 3.7 119.5 7.1 74.4 130.1 163.7 206 2816 1.8 0.1213 13.3 0.0192 0.9 0.06 122.9 1.0 116.2 14.6 -18.8 323.1 -654.0 166 1268 0.8 0.1615 15.7 0.0201 3.7 0.23 128.2 4.6 152.1 22.2 542.8 335.6 23.6 61 1482 0.7 0.1638 15.5 0.0204 3.4 0.22 130.1 4.3 154.0 22.2 540.5 333.3 24.1 403 498 1.1 0.2536 22.1 0.0206 1.7 0.08 131.6 2.2 229.5 45.5 1407.6 427.3 9.4 103 1672 1.8 0.1393 25.4 0.0233 1.4 0.05 148.4 2.0 132.4 31.6 -146.6 638.2 -101.2 193 3630 1.0 0.1677 6.0 0.0234 1.8 0.31 149.4 2.7 157.4 8.7 280.1 130.5 53.3 121 1976 1.2 0.1455 15.4 0.0251 1.2 0.07 159.8 1.8 137.9 19.9 -224.9 388.6 -71.1 235 1592 0.5 0.1872 15.7 0.0252 1.5 0.09 160.2 2.3 174.2 25.2 369.1 354.9 43.4 455 9416 1.7 0.1800 4.6 0.0271 0.6 0.14 172.4 1.1 168.0 7.1 106.4 106.7 162.0 418 8180 0.6 0.2318 3.5 0.0338 1.1 0.32 214.5 2.3 211.7 6.6 180.6 76.3 118.8 234 8042 2.0 0.2394 4.1 0.0347 1.6 0.39 219.8 3.4 217.9 8.0 198.2 87.0 110.9 146 2838 0.7 0.2837 10.6 0.0366 0.5 0.05 231.6 1.1 253.6 23.8 461.4 234.9 50.2 345 9018 1.6 0.2838 3.5 0.0394 1.3 0.38 249.1 3.2 253.7 7.8 295.7 73.2 84.3 297 7732 1.5 0.2842 3.3 0.0406 1.1 0.34 256.9 2.8 254.0 7.4 227.7 71.7 112.8 278 10738 1.5 0.3081 3.5 0.0435 0.6 0.17 274.4 1.6 272.7 8.4 257.6 79.7 106.6 363 6994 0.9 0.4745 4.8 0.0603 2.4 0.50 377.6 8.8 394.3 15.6 493.4 90.8 76.5 116 7392 1.4 0.8721 1.6 0.1047 0.5 0.34 641.6 3.3 636.7 7.4 619.1 31.8 103.6 92 9278 1.1 1.6560 1.6 0.1660 0.7 0.44 989.8 6.3 991.8 10.0 996.3 29.0 99.3 121 18128 1.2 2.2098 2.6 0.2030 2.1 0.78 1191.5 22.3 1184.1 18.4 1170.7 32.6 101.8 112 14948 2.2 1.8314 2.9 0.1620 2.7 0.91 967.8 23.8 1056.8 19.1 1245.4 23.5 77.7

84 lwq-1+lwq-2+lwq-DSS 167 2698 2.1 0.1141 10.3 0.0175 2.9 0.28 111.7 3.2 109.7 10.7 65.9 235.2 169.5 532 2654 1.2 0.1445 22.5 0.0176 2.6 0.11 112.5 2.9 137.1 28.9 587.0 490.7 19.2 463 4576 2.0 0.1156 3.5 0.0177 2.2 0.64 112.8 2.5 111.1 3.7 73.6 64.5 153.3 398 538 1.9 0.2170 28.6 0.0179 2.3 0.08 114.5 2.6 199.4 51.7 1378.9 558.5 8.3 222 2300 1.8 0.1235 18.7 0.0179 1.6 0.08 114.6 1.8 118.2 20.8 192.8 435.9 59.4 628 8086 1.4 0.1225 2.9 0.0179 0.9 0.30 114.6 1.0 117.4 3.2 172.9 65.3 66.3 367 3832 1.9 0.1116 7.8 0.0180 2.2 0.27 114.7 2.4 107.4 8.0 -50.8 183.3 -225.9 300 2964 1.2 0.1205 4.9 0.0180 1.8 0.37 115.1 2.1 115.6 5.3 124.1 106.1 92.8 310 2506 2.0 0.1210 6.8 0.0181 1.7 0.24 115.3 1.9 116.0 7.4 129.4 154.7 89.1 596 5640 1.1 0.1181 5.0 0.0181 4.1 0.82 115.4 4.7 113.4 5.4 69.9 69.5 165.0 383 1044 1.7 0.1856 27.9 0.0181 1.4 0.05 115.7 1.6 172.9 44.4 1050.7 572.7 11.0 332 3850 1.4 0.1171 3.9 0.0181 1.2 0.31 115.9 1.4 112.4 4.2 39.3 88.9 295.0 463 5526 2.0 0.1238 2.9 0.0182 1.2 0.41 116.5 1.4 118.5 3.3 159.5 62.7 73.1 303 1598 1.3 0.1562 32.6 0.0185 3.3 0.10 118.0 3.9 147.3 44.8 650.2 715.1 18.1 499 4002 1.1 0.1229 2.9 0.0185 1.2 0.41 118.4 1.4 117.7 3.3 104.1 63.2 113.7 286 4352 1.4 0.1234 6.1 0.0186 1.6 0.27 118.5 1.9 118.2 6.8 111.5 137.8 106.2 406 2160 1.5 0.1375 11.9 0.0186 0.6 0.05 118.8 0.7 130.9 14.6 356.1 268.3 33.4 310 1528 1.0 0.1334 4.1 0.0187 0.6 0.14 119.2 0.7 127.2 4.9 279.2 93.4 42.7 464 5646 1.4 0.1195 6.4 0.0187 1.1 0.17 119.5 1.3 114.6 6.9 13.4 151.3 891.2 268 2804 1.5 0.1404 9.9 0.0187 1.8 0.18 119.5 2.1 133.4 12.4 388.4 219.2 30.8 241 3466 1.1 0.1203 10.3 0.0188 2.1 0.21 120.3 2.5 115.4 11.3 14.4 243.9 835.2 377 6112 1.8 0.1249 6.2 0.0189 3.0 0.48 120.6 3.6 119.5 7.0 98.2 128.4 122.7 478 5802 1.7 0.1238 3.4 0.0189 0.5 0.15 120.6 0.6 118.6 3.8 77.5 79.9 155.7 351 3066 0.9 0.1304 6.0 0.0190 0.7 0.12 121.1 0.9 124.5 7.1 189.6 139.8 63.9 328 5110 1.4 0.1221 9.3 0.0190 1.5 0.16 121.2 1.8 117.0 10.3 31.7 220.9 382.8 214 2892 1.2 0.1163 9.7 0.0190 1.8 0.18 121.4 2.1 111.8 10.3 -88.7 235.0 -136.8 328 4554 1.4 0.1267 4.5 0.0191 1.5 0.33 121.7 1.8 121.2 5.2 111.2 101.2 109.4 373 5332 1.5 0.1305 7.0 0.0191 0.5 0.07 121.7 0.6 124.6 8.2 178.8 162.5 68.1 483 5344 1.2 0.1249 6.3 0.0191 3.1 0.49 121.8 3.7 119.5 7.1 74.4 130.1 163.7 276 2350 0.9 0.1306 4.6 0.0191 0.6 0.13 121.9 0.7 124.6 5.4 176.0 107.0 69.3 341 3220 1.9 0.1445 7.8 0.0191 1.8 0.23 122.1 2.2 137.0 10.1 403.5 171.2 30.3 416 1710 1.5 0.1469 7.6 0.0192 1.0 0.14 122.5 1.3 139.2 9.9 433.2 168.2 28.3 287 4224 1.8 0.1265 3.7 0.0192 1.4 0.37 122.6 1.7 120.9 4.2 88.3 81.5 138.9 259 1944 1.6 0.1278 7.8 0.0192 0.7 0.08 122.7 0.8 122.2 9.0 110.9 184.1 110.6 252 1352 1.6 0.1442 4.2 0.0192 1.5 0.35 122.8 1.8 136.7 5.4 386.7 88.5 31.8 189 1764 1.8 0.1286 13.2 0.0192 1.8 0.14 122.9 2.2 122.8 15.3 122.6 308.7 100.2 206 2816 1.8 0.1213 13.3 0.0192 0.9 0.06 122.9 1.0 116.2 14.6 -18.8 323.1 -654.0 563 2882 1.0 0.1389 4.0 0.0193 1.0 0.24 123.3 1.2 132.1 5.0 293.5 89.7 42.0 182 3598 1.6 0.1179 9.6 0.0193 2.6 0.27 123.5 3.1 113.1 10.3 -100.5 228.3 -122.9 389 6456 1.6 0.1253 7.0 0.0194 0.6 0.08 123.8 0.7 119.9 8.0 42.6 167.9 290.3 377 3434 1.2 0.1373 6.6 0.0194 1.1 0.17 123.9 1.4 130.7 8.1 255.7 149.7 48.5 144 1526 1.8 0.1479 15.5 0.0195 1.9 0.12 124.4 2.4 140.1 20.3 415.2 345.1 30.0 396 5266 1.0 0.1270 5.5 0.0195 2.9 0.52 124.4 3.6 121.4 6.3 64.2 112.1 193.8 425 4720 1.7 0.1251 6.9 0.0195 0.5 0.07 124.4 0.6 119.7 7.8 27.9 165.3 446.1 372 3726 1.8 0.1287 5.4 0.0196 1.2 0.22 125.0 1.5 122.9 6.2 83.3 124.4 150.1 305 2188 2.0 0.1394 9.1 0.0196 0.7 0.08 125.3 0.9 132.5 11.3 263.6 208.4 47.5 211 3046 1.8 0.1228 7.5 0.0197 2.8 0.37 125.5 3.4 117.6 8.3 -38.2 169.7 -328.2 278 4610 2.8 0.1276 6.4 0.0197 1.2 0.18 125.9 1.5 122.0 7.4 46.5 151.4 270.9 461 8610 1.5 0.1327 4.2 0.0198 1.6 0.39 126.1 2.0 126.5 4.9 133.0 90.1 94.8 288 3100 1.1 0.1427 6.7 0.0198 0.7 0.10 126.2 0.9 135.5 8.5 301.1 151.8 41.9 314 4768 1.5 0.1246 6.7 0.0198 0.9 0.13 126.3 1.1 119.2 7.6 -21.2 161.7 -594.6 323 1532 1.3 0.1623 8.7 0.0199 1.4 0.16 127.2 1.8 152.7 12.3 570.7 186.7 22.3 362 5190 1.3 0.1315 4.9 0.0200 1.3 0.25 127.6 1.6 125.4 5.8 84.3 113.5 151.3 438 6310 1.7 0.1302 3.5 0.0200 1.1 0.32 127.7 1.4 124.3 4.1 59.1 79.7 215.9 314 4260 1.0 0.1259 7.2 0.0200 2.2 0.31 127.9 2.8 120.4 8.2 -26.8 166.0 -478.0 166 1268 0.8 0.1615 15.7 0.0201 3.7 0.23 128.2 4.6 152.1 22.2 542.8 335.6 23.6 149 726 1.4 0.1831 12.2 0.0201 1.5 0.12 128.4 1.9 170.7 19.2 806.2 254.5 15.9 619 8938 1.1 0.1310 6.3 0.0202 2.1 0.33 128.7 2.7 125.0 7.4 54.5 140.9 236.3 280 366 1.1 0.2614 3.3 0.0202 0.5 0.15 128.9 0.6 235.8 7.0 1504.8 62.2 8.6 219 2992 1.1 0.1360 7.2 0.0202 0.7 0.09 129.2 0.9 129.5 8.7 134.4 167.7 96.2 382 6156 1.4 0.1329 4.3 0.0203 2.2 0.50 129.6 2.8 126.7 5.1 74.2 88.3 174.7 304 910 1.6 0.1906 21.0 0.0204 0.7 0.03 130.0 0.9 177.2 34.2 864.4 440.6 15.0 61 1482 0.7 0.1638 15.5 0.0204 3.4 0.22 130.1 4.3 154.0 22.2 540.5 333.3 24.1 403 498 1.1 0.2536 22.1 0.0206 1.7 0.08 131.6 2.2 229.5 45.5 1407.6 427.3 9.4 265 1812 1.5 0.1548 13.9 0.0207 1.0 0.07 132.3 1.3 146.1 18.9 377.3 313.0 35.1 300 858 1.6 0.1891 20.1 0.0208 0.8 0.04 132.6 1.0 175.9 32.5 805.3 425.5 16.5 369 2328 0.9 0.1478 12.3 0.0212 0.9 0.07 135.5 1.1 140.0 16.0 216.1 284.2 62.7 78 578 0.9 0.1604 18.6 0.0216 3.7 0.20 137.7 5.1 151.1 26.1 366.9 413.6 37.5 208 3722 1.1 0.1485 7.6 0.0229 5.4 0.70 146.1 7.8 140.6 10.0 48.6 129.6 300.6 126 1994 0.9 0.1450 10.5 0.0233 2.1 0.20 148.2 3.1 137.5 13.5 -43.6 251.3 -339.8

85 103 1672 1.8 0.1393 25.4 0.0233 1.4 0.05 148.4 2.0 132.4 31.6 -146.6 638.2 -101.2 256 4438 2.0 0.1527 10.3 0.0233 1.1 0.11 148.7 1.6 144.3 13.8 73.0 243.0 203.7 307 2666 0.9 0.1638 7.5 0.0234 3.0 0.40 149.1 4.4 154.0 10.7 230.4 158.0 64.7 193 3630 1.0 0.1677 6.0 0.0234 1.8 0.31 149.4 2.7 157.4 8.7 280.1 130.5 53.3 179 2174 1.8 0.1621 10.9 0.0239 1.0 0.09 152.1 1.5 152.6 15.5 159.8 255.3 95.2 69 872 0.9 0.1321 20.5 0.0241 3.0 0.15 153.5 4.5 126.0 24.3 -365.9 530.8 -41.9 284 4740 2.8 0.1578 6.3 0.0245 2.2 0.34 155.9 3.3 148.8 8.7 36.7 140.8 424.9 121 1976 1.2 0.1455 15.4 0.0251 1.2 0.07 159.8 1.8 137.9 19.9 -224.9 388.6 -71.1 235 1592 0.5 0.1872 15.7 0.0252 1.5 0.09 160.2 2.3 174.2 25.2 369.1 354.9 43.4

Dinosaur National Monument-16 PV 586 6196 2.9 0.1085 4.4 0.0163 1.4 0.31 104.4 1.4 104.5 4.4 108.2 99.9 96.4 102 1054 4.4 0.1151 13.0 0.0163 3.5 0.27 104.4 3.6 110.6 13.6 245.6 288.6 42.5 253 3702 2.4 0.1098 11.0 0.0163 1.4 0.12 104.5 1.4 105.8 11.0 134.8 256.5 77.5 719 4266 2.2 0.1174 6.9 0.0166 1.1 0.16 106.3 1.1 112.7 7.4 249.7 157.7 42.6 577 8074 2.4 0.1082 3.0 0.0167 1.3 0.43 106.8 1.4 104.3 3.0 46.5 64.4 229.7 647 9288 1.8 0.1152 4.4 0.0168 1.8 0.40 107.2 1.9 110.7 4.7 185.7 94.8 57.7 212 2816 2.7 0.1051 10.4 0.0168 3.5 0.34 107.5 3.8 101.5 10.1 -37.1 239.2 -289.4 712 9376 1.6 0.1096 3.6 0.0169 1.1 0.30 108.1 1.1 105.6 3.6 49.6 81.2 217.9 143 1992 2.8 0.1219 14.7 0.0171 2.2 0.15 109.1 2.3 116.8 16.2 275.4 333.9 39.6 405 7572 2.5 0.1167 4.6 0.0171 1.8 0.39 109.1 1.9 112.1 4.9 174.9 98.6 62.4 380 3762 3.1 0.1158 8.6 0.0171 0.6 0.07 109.4 0.7 111.2 9.1 151.3 201.1 72.3 329 6374 2.3 0.1121 6.0 0.0171 2.0 0.33 109.4 2.1 107.9 6.1 74.8 133.9 146.3 639 6016 2.2 0.1145 4.2 0.0173 1.1 0.26 110.4 1.2 110.1 4.4 103.5 96.6 106.6 646 3506 2.7 0.1232 6.8 0.0173 3.6 0.53 110.5 3.9 118.0 7.5 271.6 132.0 40.7 102 1666 3.2 0.0997 28.1 0.0173 1.6 0.06 110.6 1.8 96.5 25.9 -240.5 720.9 -46.0 1520 18432 2.0 0.1158 2.6 0.0173 1.1 0.43 110.6 1.2 111.2 2.7 124.4 55.3 88.9 706 8924 2.1 0.1129 4.0 0.0174 0.9 0.22 111.0 1.0 108.6 4.1 56.8 93.3 195.5 651 5564 1.4 0.1122 4.5 0.0174 1.2 0.27 111.0 1.3 108.0 4.6 42.7 103.5 260.0 256 3438 3.3 0.1161 11.8 0.0174 0.7 0.06 111.2 0.7 111.5 12.5 118.5 278.8 93.8 377 5490 2.2 0.1151 7.9 0.0174 2.7 0.34 111.4 3.0 110.6 8.3 94.7 175.6 117.6 297 5050 2.7 0.1191 6.4 0.0174 0.7 0.11 111.5 0.8 114.2 6.9 171.5 148.4 65.0 467 8836 2.0 0.1114 5.1 0.0175 2.6 0.51 111.7 2.9 107.3 5.2 9.5 105.7 1171.3 716 1000 0.9 0.1476 9.3 0.0175 2.4 0.25 111.7 2.6 139.8 12.1 647.6 193.3 17.3 508 5604 2.2 0.1171 3.7 0.0175 0.6 0.16 112.0 0.6 112.5 3.9 122.4 86.0 91.5 659 1418 2.1 0.1689 31.3 0.0175 1.7 0.05 112.0 1.9 158.5 45.9 924.7 657.2 12.1 132 1410 0.8 0.1040 13.4 0.0176 2.1 0.16 112.3 2.4 100.5 12.8 -171.1 330.1 -65.6 317 2926 2.9 0.1317 14.5 0.0176 1.0 0.07 112.5 1.2 125.6 17.1 380.9 325.8 29.5 1118 7250 1.6 0.1193 2.6 0.0176 0.9 0.34 112.7 1.0 114.4 2.8 150.4 57.8 74.9 999 7978 4.5 0.1179 3.4 0.0177 1.4 0.40 112.8 1.5 113.1 3.6 120.1 73.3 93.9 520 5954 2.1 0.1136 7.3 0.0177 0.9 0.13 112.9 1.1 109.3 7.6 29.7 174.1 380.3 1548 26796 2.9 0.1173 2.3 0.0177 1.4 0.61 112.9 1.6 112.6 2.5 106.4 42.9 106.2 1330 10064 2.2 0.1188 4.5 0.0178 2.5 0.54 113.7 2.8 114.0 4.9 118.7 90.0 95.8 590 6104 2.3 0.1164 5.9 0.0178 2.2 0.37 113.9 2.5 111.8 6.3 67.7 130.8 168.2 245 2612 2.0 0.1143 9.8 0.0179 0.5 0.05 114.5 0.6 109.9 10.2 11.2 236.2 1026.1 347 3970 1.5 0.1160 7.4 0.0180 1.3 0.17 114.8 1.5 111.4 7.8 40.8 173.8 281.6 63 1484 2.3 0.1034 21.7 0.0180 6.3 0.29 115.0 7.2 99.9 20.6 -245.6 529.7 -46.8 500 8092 1.5 0.1191 3.3 0.0181 1.1 0.33 115.8 1.3 114.2 3.5 82.3 73.1 140.7 687 6160 1.3 0.1157 5.4 0.0181 1.9 0.36 115.8 2.2 111.2 5.6 12.5 120.2 925.8 998 11480 2.4 0.1208 1.9 0.0181 0.6 0.31 115.9 0.7 115.8 2.1 113.1 42.7 102.6 516 11612 2.6 0.1202 4.7 0.0182 1.3 0.27 116.0 1.4 115.3 5.1 101.2 107.2 114.6 517 5040 1.9 0.1223 5.6 0.0182 1.9 0.33 116.2 2.1 117.1 6.2 137.4 124.5 84.6 318 6354 2.8 0.1270 7.7 0.0182 1.2 0.15 116.2 1.3 121.4 8.8 223.8 175.7 51.9 482 4000 2.6 0.1265 4.9 0.0182 1.8 0.37 116.2 2.1 121.0 5.5 215.3 104.5 54.0 446 2272 1.3 0.1248 5.3 0.0182 1.2 0.22 116.3 1.3 119.4 6.0 183.0 120.7 63.5 202 1996 1.9 0.1264 18.2 0.0182 2.5 0.14 116.5 2.9 120.9 20.8 207.8 421.3 56.1 171 2884 2.1 0.1068 26.1 0.0182 0.9 0.04 116.5 1.1 103.0 25.6 -199.9 664.1 -58.3 289 1926 1.7 0.1184 6.1 0.0182 1.4 0.23 116.5 1.6 113.6 6.5 52.4 141.0 222.2 1172 15362 2.8 0.1239 4.1 0.0183 2.0 0.49 116.7 2.3 118.6 4.6 156.6 84.0 74.5 624 8962 1.1 0.1179 4.1 0.0183 0.6 0.15 116.9 0.7 113.1 4.4 34.2 96.8 341.7 159 1110 1.9 0.1240 16.9 0.0184 1.3 0.08 117.7 1.5 118.7 18.9 139.4 397.7 84.4 305 1486 0.9 0.1304 5.8 0.0185 1.0 0.18 117.9 1.2 124.4 6.8 250.8 132.5 47.0 378 2038 1.4 0.1323 5.2 0.0185 1.0 0.20 118.0 1.2 126.2 6.1 283.5 115.8 41.6 905 15342 1.3 0.1222 3.4 0.0186 1.5 0.44 118.8 1.8 117.1 3.8 82.7 73.4 143.5 165 524 3.7 0.1660 8.3 0.0187 1.2 0.15 119.5 1.4 155.9 12.0 752.3 173.6 15.9 384 6754 3.0 0.1237 5.4 0.0187 1.3 0.23 119.7 1.5 118.4 6.1 93.5 124.9 127.9 409 7924 3.0 0.1206 5.9 0.0188 1.0 0.17 120.1 1.2 115.6 6.4 23.4 139.5 512.7 1845 11942 2.0 0.1300 4.3 0.0188 1.3 0.30 120.2 1.5 124.1 5.0 200.1 95.2 60.1 452 856 3.3 0.1738 12.2 0.0189 0.5 0.04 120.6 0.6 162.7 18.4 829.3 255.7 14.5 349 5464 1.8 0.1207 6.8 0.0190 0.9 0.13 121.6 1.0 115.7 7.4 -3.3 162.3 -3685.4

86 3997 18838 1.1 0.1290 1.9 0.0191 0.8 0.43 121.9 1.0 123.2 2.2 147.0 39.5 82.9 670 6862 1.9 0.1281 5.5 0.0191 1.7 0.32 122.0 2.1 122.4 6.3 128.5 122.1 95.0 307 7554 2.9 0.1307 6.1 0.0193 1.5 0.25 123.5 1.9 124.7 7.2 149.0 139.2 82.8 1151 25902 2.5 0.1314 3.9 0.0194 0.6 0.16 124.1 0.8 125.3 4.6 149.4 91.2 83.0 149 846 2.2 0.1719 24.8 0.0196 1.5 0.06 125.0 1.8 161.0 36.9 730.8 531.5 17.1 522 3350 2.3 0.1607 6.5 0.0229 5.6 0.86 145.8 8.0 151.3 9.1 237.9 75.1 61.3 343 17002 2.6 0.4980 3.2 0.0638 0.6 0.20 399.0 2.4 410.3 10.9 474.9 70.1 84.0

Carol site crz-2 743 4992 2.9 0.1130 4.4 0.0168 0.8 0.18 107.4 0.9 108.7 4.6 137.1 102.8 78.3 814 4370 2.8 0.1159 6.3 0.0169 0.6 0.09 108.3 0.6 111.3 6.7 177.5 146.9 61.0 298 3938 2.0 0.1045 9.2 0.0170 1.3 0.14 108.5 1.4 100.9 8.8 -74.9 223.3 -144.8 644 5518 2.9 0.1141 5.5 0.0170 1.3 0.24 108.9 1.4 109.7 5.7 127.3 126.4 85.5 461 4122 3.0 0.1201 20.8 0.0171 1.2 0.06 109.5 1.3 115.1 22.7 232.4 484.1 47.1 339 3698 2.4 0.1099 10.4 0.0172 0.5 0.05 109.6 0.6 105.9 10.5 22.4 249.7 490.3 294 3160 2.5 0.1137 10.4 0.0172 1.5 0.14 109.8 1.6 109.4 10.8 101.1 245.0 108.5 403 3184 1.5 0.1181 6.7 0.0173 1.8 0.26 110.3 1.9 113.3 7.2 177.5 151.7 62.1 691 7602 1.8 0.1184 4.4 0.0174 0.8 0.18 111.4 0.9 113.6 4.7 159.8 100.2 69.7 527 1080 1.1 0.1648 26.8 0.0175 1.5 0.06 111.9 1.7 154.9 38.5 876.1 563.4 12.8 619 5274 2.5 0.1139 2.8 0.0176 0.7 0.23 112.2 0.7 109.5 2.9 51.5 65.6 217.9 1232 4598 3.0 0.1283 5.3 0.0176 1.3 0.24 112.7 1.4 122.6 6.2 319.2 117.9 35.3 196 1152 1.8 0.1545 24.0 0.0177 2.3 0.10 112.8 2.6 145.9 32.7 723.3 514.1 15.6 348 2970 1.7 0.1069 10.6 0.0177 1.5 0.14 113.0 1.7 103.1 10.4 -119.5 259.8 -94.5 517 4510 2.2 0.1294 9.1 0.0177 1.8 0.20 113.3 2.1 123.5 10.6 326.0 203.3 34.7 541 5932 2.1 0.1234 8.4 0.0178 2.1 0.25 113.7 2.4 118.2 9.4 209.6 189.2 54.2 615 1144 2.4 0.1563 9.1 0.0178 0.8 0.09 113.7 0.9 147.5 12.4 731.4 191.3 15.5 470 4658 1.9 0.1219 6.3 0.0179 0.7 0.12 114.3 0.8 116.8 7.0 168.7 146.3 67.8 561 6048 2.2 0.1147 4.2 0.0179 1.1 0.27 114.4 1.3 110.3 4.4 21.9 96.7 522.2 1232 8640 1.7 0.1222 1.4 0.0180 0.5 0.36 114.7 0.6 117.0 1.5 164.3 30.5 69.8 594 4128 1.8 0.1251 5.0 0.0180 0.5 0.10 115.1 0.6 119.7 5.6 211.0 114.9 54.6 361 2808 2.3 0.1177 7.4 0.0180 1.8 0.24 115.2 2.0 113.0 7.9 67.0 172.1 172.0 385 4028 2.2 0.1199 6.1 0.0181 1.3 0.21 115.3 1.4 115.0 6.7 107.1 141.7 107.7 480 6068 2.5 0.1244 7.6 0.0181 4.4 0.58 115.4 5.1 119.0 8.6 191.8 145.0 60.2 367 2966 2.1 0.1262 10.7 0.0181 3.6 0.34 115.6 4.2 120.7 12.2 222.4 233.7 52.0 1116 5362 1.2 0.1248 3.1 0.0182 1.3 0.41 116.1 1.5 119.4 3.5 185.9 66.2 62.5 520 5004 1.8 0.1284 4.7 0.0182 1.7 0.37 116.4 2.0 122.7 5.4 245.2 100.8 47.5 251 1148 1.8 0.1515 10.9 0.0183 1.5 0.14 116.8 1.7 143.2 14.6 607.5 235.1 19.2 217 2002 2.3 0.1199 13.4 0.0183 1.5 0.11 117.0 1.7 115.0 14.6 73.5 317.9 159.2 492 762 1.1 0.1788 7.7 0.0184 0.5 0.06 117.2 0.6 167.0 11.9 947.8 158.3 12.4 442 4734 1.6 0.1314 9.6 0.0185 0.9 0.10 118.2 1.1 125.4 11.4 264.6 220.7 44.7 1150 8870 2.6 0.1277 2.8 0.0188 1.3 0.47 120.3 1.6 122.0 3.2 156.2 58.3 77.0 981 9612 1.0 0.1276 3.4 0.0191 0.6 0.17 121.8 0.7 122.0 3.9 124.6 79.8 97.8 405 2404 2.4 0.1515 11.8 0.0191 0.9 0.08 122.1 1.1 143.3 15.7 509.0 258.5 24.0 306 3118 2.2 0.1273 6.9 0.0194 1.3 0.18 124.0 1.6 121.7 8.0 75.6 162.4 164.0 590 3066 2.0 0.1419 8.7 0.0195 3.6 0.41 124.3 4.4 134.8 11.0 323.3 180.8 38.4 255 1494 1.4 0.1735 9.4 0.0221 0.5 0.05 140.8 0.7 162.5 14.2 490.9 208.2 28.7

crz-3 1377 4398 3.5 0.0969 3.9 0.0143 1.6 0.41 91.6 1.5 93.9 3.5 154.3 83.9 59.4 1448 7068 2.7 0.0994 4.6 0.0147 2.2 0.47 94.1 2.0 96.2 4.3 148.8 95.9 63.2 954 4210 1.3 0.1034 5.0 0.0147 0.5 0.10 94.3 0.5 99.9 4.7 234.6 114.1 40.2 120 996 1.1 0.0903 22.2 0.0148 1.6 0.07 94.5 1.5 87.8 18.7 -91.3 549.3 -103.5 820 6028 2.0 0.0969 5.4 0.0149 1.2 0.22 95.2 1.1 93.9 4.9 59.7 126.4 159.5 648 4356 2.0 0.0970 7.1 0.0152 2.7 0.39 97.0 2.6 94.0 6.3 18.7 156.6 518.2 520 1510 3.2 0.1213 12.5 0.0152 1.0 0.08 97.0 1.0 116.2 13.7 529.8 273.2 18.3 477 3972 3.4 0.1026 5.7 0.0152 1.7 0.30 97.5 1.7 99.1 5.4 137.6 128.5 70.9 544 4188 2.3 0.1079 6.4 0.0153 1.6 0.25 97.8 1.6 104.1 6.3 250.6 141.8 39.0 373 3444 2.9 0.0989 14.3 0.0153 2.6 0.18 97.8 2.5 95.7 13.1 44.6 337.9 219.2 809 5542 2.0 0.1025 8.0 0.0153 3.5 0.43 98.2 3.4 99.1 7.6 121.3 171.1 81.0 558 3008 1.5 0.1106 7.0 0.0155 1.1 0.16 98.8 1.1 106.5 7.1 281.5 159.3 35.1 367 2864 2.2 0.0941 9.1 0.0155 0.7 0.08 98.9 0.7 91.3 8.0 -103.7 224.5 -95.4 400 734 2.0 0.1447 19.9 0.0155 2.5 0.12 99.4 2.4 137.2 25.5 854.4 413.9 11.6 369 3714 2.9 0.0989 10.2 0.0156 1.3 0.13 99.7 1.3 95.8 9.3 -0.9 243.8 -11435.4 669 3486 2.1 0.1264 32.6 0.0156 2.3 0.07 99.7 2.3 120.9 37.2 560.4 727.5 17.8 226 2286 2.1 0.0948 17.7 0.0156 1.1 0.06 100.1 1.1 92.0 15.6 -112.9 438.8 -88.6 446 728 2.4 0.1668 23.8 0.0159 2.8 0.12 101.6 2.8 156.6 34.6 1097.9 479.8 9.3 418 1852 1.0 0.1168 10.5 0.0159 1.0 0.10 101.9 1.1 112.2 11.1 335.4 236.4 30.4 654 3724 2.5 0.1056 4.0 0.0160 1.5 0.37 102.1 1.5 102.0 3.9 99.2 88.1 102.9 114 650 1.5 0.1299 39.2 0.0160 1.6 0.04 102.1 1.6 124.0 45.8 566.4 886.0 18.0 789 6674 3.3 0.1063 5.1 0.0160 1.4 0.28 102.1 1.5 102.6 5.0 112.2 116.5 91.1 467 2308 1.9 0.1406 38.8 0.0160 1.5 0.04 102.4 1.5 133.6 48.6 731.5 851.9 14.0

87 156 1418 1.0 0.1037 15.6 0.0161 1.7 0.11 103.1 1.8 100.2 14.9 33.1 373.7 311.4 532 4524 2.6 0.1053 5.4 0.0162 1.9 0.35 103.8 2.0 101.6 5.2 50.6 120.0 205.3 410 2550 1.8 0.1016 7.9 0.0163 0.9 0.12 104.0 0.9 98.2 7.4 -39.1 190.5 -266.0 420 1398 2.0 0.1417 18.3 0.0163 0.7 0.04 104.4 0.7 134.6 23.1 706.3 392.0 14.8 348 2894 3.0 0.1007 9.4 0.0163 3.5 0.37 104.5 3.6 97.4 8.7 -74.4 214.5 -140.6 452 3648 1.3 0.1046 8.8 0.0164 1.1 0.12 104.8 1.1 101.0 8.5 12.3 211.2 854.8 395 2252 1.5 0.1186 9.9 0.0164 1.0 0.10 105.0 1.1 113.8 10.7 302.0 225.9 34.8 591 4232 3.0 0.1137 6.6 0.0165 0.9 0.14 105.4 1.0 109.3 6.8 197.0 152.1 53.5 527 5722 2.8 0.1160 7.4 0.0166 0.8 0.10 106.0 0.8 111.4 7.9 227.8 171.3 46.5 401 854 2.0 0.1405 13.5 0.0166 0.5 0.04 106.2 0.5 133.5 16.9 650.4 291.8 16.3 179 1612 1.5 0.1008 16.0 0.0167 1.3 0.08 106.7 1.4 97.5 14.8 -122.7 394.5 -86.9 558 3206 2.3 0.1174 5.7 0.0168 1.0 0.18 107.3 1.1 112.7 6.1 228.6 129.8 46.9 580 4108 2.4 0.1140 6.1 0.0169 1.4 0.24 108.0 1.5 109.6 6.3 145.1 138.6 74.4 508 566 1.3 0.2108 15.9 0.0170 1.7 0.11 108.4 1.8 194.2 28.2 1429.3 304.2 7.6 306 4248 2.0 0.1193 7.6 0.0170 1.0 0.13 108.6 1.0 114.4 8.3 237.7 174.9 45.7 108 874 1.7 0.1266 20.9 0.0171 1.9 0.09 109.0 2.0 121.0 23.8 364.0 473.1 29.9 539 6244 2.1 0.1089 5.0 0.0172 0.6 0.11 109.8 0.6 105.0 5.0 -2.9 120.7 -3783.2 248 2724 2.3 0.1036 13.6 0.0173 0.9 0.07 110.4 1.0 100.0 13.0 -141.1 338.1 -78.3 651 5088 1.7 0.1205 6.4 0.0178 1.0 0.15 113.5 1.1 115.6 7.0 157.9 147.8 71.9 2003 932 5.6 0.1812 11.7 0.0179 2.3 0.19 114.5 2.6 169.1 18.2 1022.7 233.3 11.2 512 2496 1.3 0.1422 16.1 0.0183 1.0 0.06 116.8 1.2 135.0 20.4 468.2 358.6 25.0

crz-4 331 3400 2.1 0.0950 13.9 0.0134 3.1 0.22 85.5 2.6 92.1 12.3 267.6 312.7 32.0 227 2294 2.9 0.0936 13.7 0.0135 3.2 0.23 86.2 2.7 90.8 11.9 212.7 310.7 40.5 447 5338 1.8 0.0871 14.0 0.0135 5.8 0.42 86.7 5.0 84.8 11.4 30.5 306.4 284.2 1659 12782 2.6 0.0944 5.0 0.0138 0.9 0.18 88.2 0.8 91.6 4.4 181.6 115.7 48.6 1435 8596 3.9 0.0904 5.1 0.0139 1.4 0.26 88.8 1.2 87.9 4.3 62.5 118.0 142.1 1878 4330 1.1 0.0957 5.6 0.0140 2.0 0.36 89.3 1.8 92.8 4.9 182.1 121.4 49.1 268 2372 2.0 0.0962 21.2 0.0140 1.3 0.06 89.7 1.2 93.2 18.9 183.4 497.3 48.9 132 1152 1.7 0.0599 39.5 0.0142 3.4 0.08 90.6 3.0 59.0 22.7 -1090.4 1228.0 -8.3 1495 780 3.0 0.1614 31.1 0.0142 4.8 0.16 90.7 4.4 152.0 43.9 1260.1 614.4 7.2 864 10966 2.0 0.0986 4.8 0.0142 3.2 0.67 90.8 2.9 95.5 4.3 215.0 81.6 42.2 387 4072 3.0 0.0880 12.0 0.0142 3.1 0.26 91.1 2.8 85.6 9.8 -62.7 283.2 -145.3 332 1920 2.0 0.1110 24.8 0.0143 2.2 0.09 91.2 2.0 106.9 25.2 471.5 555.2 19.3 1084 11728 3.0 0.0948 6.9 0.0143 3.0 0.44 91.3 2.8 92.0 6.0 109.0 145.6 83.8 1167 5826 2.4 0.0965 7.7 0.0144 3.0 0.39 91.9 2.8 93.5 6.9 134.2 166.2 68.5 834 6594 4.5 0.0930 5.0 0.0144 2.1 0.42 92.4 1.9 90.3 4.3 35.4 108.1 261.0 694 1534 1.5 0.0904 8.0 0.0144 2.6 0.32 92.4 2.3 87.8 6.8 -35.3 185.4 -261.9 537 1666 1.7 0.1178 18.4 0.0145 2.4 0.13 92.7 2.2 113.1 19.7 565.7 400.2 16.4 574 7538 2.6 0.0920 6.9 0.0145 2.1 0.30 92.7 1.9 89.4 5.9 0.2 158.6 45116.4 707 6424 3.8 0.0968 6.7 0.0145 1.5 0.23 92.8 1.4 93.9 6.0 120.7 153.7 76.9 718 6964 2.6 0.0919 8.4 0.0145 2.8 0.33 92.9 2.6 89.2 7.2 -7.4 192.3 -1255.9 546 7570 2.6 0.0952 6.6 0.0145 2.1 0.32 93.0 1.9 92.4 5.8 76.2 147.6 122.0 314 2780 1.9 0.0956 14.8 0.0146 2.2 0.15 93.1 2.0 92.7 13.1 80.7 348.1 115.5 298 2094 2.6 0.0962 19.6 0.0146 1.4 0.07 93.3 1.3 93.3 17.4 93.0 465.7 100.3 520 4030 4.6 0.0935 5.2 0.0146 2.1 0.40 93.4 1.9 90.8 4.5 21.6 114.9 433.6 590 3410 2.5 0.0981 8.9 0.0146 2.6 0.29 93.5 2.4 95.0 8.1 133.6 201.8 70.0 743 5014 2.2 0.1014 11.0 0.0146 6.1 0.55 93.5 5.6 98.1 10.3 209.4 212.8 44.7 532 4578 2.6 0.0924 6.3 0.0146 1.0 0.16 93.6 0.9 89.7 5.4 -12.2 149.6 -767.4 864 7134 1.7 0.0914 7.4 0.0146 2.2 0.29 93.6 2.0 88.8 6.3 -38.9 171.2 -240.7 816 6572 2.2 0.1010 4.9 0.0147 3.2 0.66 93.8 3.0 97.7 4.6 193.0 86.6 48.6 987 7516 1.7 0.0949 6.1 0.0147 2.4 0.39 94.2 2.2 92.1 5.4 36.9 134.9 255.4 507 5518 2.0 0.0910 7.5 0.0148 1.7 0.23 94.5 1.6 88.4 6.4 -71.8 178.8 -131.6 593 5996 2.7 0.0952 8.8 0.0148 1.8 0.20 94.8 1.6 92.3 7.8 28.2 207.0 336.1 427 2634 1.8 0.1047 17.2 0.0148 2.5 0.15 95.0 2.4 101.1 16.5 247.2 393.8 38.4 1041 9082 4.3 0.1050 5.0 0.0149 1.7 0.34 95.2 1.6 101.4 4.8 248.9 107.1 38.2 652 3678 1.7 0.0996 5.7 0.0149 1.0 0.18 95.3 0.9 96.4 5.2 123.7 131.3 77.0 239 2512 2.3 0.0858 24.0 0.0149 1.8 0.07 95.3 1.7 83.6 19.2 -239.5 611.1 -39.8 1317 5692 1.9 0.1035 6.6 0.0149 1.8 0.27 95.3 1.7 100.0 6.3 213.4 148.3 44.7 3160 14418 2.4 0.0982 4.1 0.0149 2.1 0.53 95.3 2.0 95.1 3.7 89.2 81.7 106.9 467 4310 2.2 0.1024 10.2 0.0149 0.8 0.07 95.6 0.7 99.0 9.6 181.2 236.6 52.8 530 4496 2.0 0.1013 8.3 0.0150 2.5 0.30 96.2 2.4 98.0 7.7 141.1 184.9 68.2 762 6026 1.7 0.1008 6.6 0.0151 2.7 0.40 96.7 2.6 97.5 6.1 115.8 142.0 83.5 940 3972 1.0 0.1005 4.9 0.0151 1.0 0.20 96.9 0.9 97.2 4.5 105.7 112.3 91.7 237 3632 2.4 0.0855 15.9 0.0151 2.6 0.16 96.9 2.5 83.3 12.8 -292.0 403.7 -33.2 402 3976 2.0 0.1050 10.2 0.0152 1.3 0.12 97.0 1.2 101.4 9.9 205.3 236.1 47.3 735 4166 1.7 0.0981 7.3 0.0152 2.1 0.29 97.1 2.1 95.0 6.6 43.4 166.4 223.4 539 2238 2.5 0.1137 10.1 0.0153 1.6 0.16 98.1 1.6 109.4 10.5 362.0 225.3 27.1 238 820 2.5 0.1394 16.5 0.0154 5.6 0.34 98.3 5.5 132.5 20.5 799.9 327.1 12.3 508 4330 1.8 0.0968 12.5 0.0155 1.3 0.10 98.8 1.3 93.8 11.2 -31.6 302.1 -313.1 585 2084 1.7 0.1183 15.9 0.0155 3.1 0.19 98.9 3.0 113.5 17.1 431.0 349.1 23.0

88 1858 6906 1.6 0.1073 7.4 0.0155 0.6 0.08 99.0 0.6 103.5 7.3 206.6 172.4 47.9 676 5038 1.7 0.0973 9.6 0.0155 1.3 0.14 99.4 1.3 94.3 8.7 -33.3 231.5 -298.5 578 6110 2.8 0.1036 6.0 0.0156 2.8 0.46 99.7 2.8 100.1 5.7 108.7 126.3 91.7 429 4166 2.2 0.0971 8.1 0.0156 3.9 0.48 99.8 3.9 94.1 7.3 -48.3 173.5 -206.7 349 4250 1.7 0.1057 9.5 0.0157 3.1 0.33 100.2 3.1 102.0 9.2 143.3 210.3 69.9 423 2088 4.5 0.1062 12.7 0.0158 7.6 0.60 100.7 7.6 102.5 12.4 143.3 240.0 70.3 728 6520 4.0 0.1018 4.6 0.0158 3.1 0.68 101.0 3.1 98.5 4.3 37.6 80.1 268.7 777 1402 2.5 0.1242 6.0 0.0159 2.0 0.34 101.7 2.1 118.9 6.8 479.4 125.7 21.2 835 8164 1.3 0.1097 4.0 0.0160 1.5 0.37 102.0 1.5 105.7 4.0 188.5 85.9 54.1 312 2800 2.0 0.1163 10.4 0.0162 2.9 0.28 103.4 3.0 111.7 11.0 291.4 229.5 35.5 572 3802 3.7 0.1030 23.3 0.0165 3.4 0.15 105.8 3.6 99.5 22.1 -47.7 565.8 -221.6 3311 1784 3.2 0.1619 23.5 0.0170 0.7 0.03 108.8 0.8 152.4 33.3 898.1 491.8 12.1 717 6790 2.2 0.1217 8.6 0.0191 6.0 0.69 122.1 7.2 116.6 9.5 7.3 149.9 1672.1 951 15896 4.1 0.1686 4.8 0.0241 2.5 0.53 153.7 3.8 158.2 7.0 225.4 93.6 68.2

crz-5 383 3468 3.1 0.0907 11.9 0.0130 2.6 0.22 83.4 2.2 88.2 10.0 219.7 268.6 38.0 778 7636 2.5 0.0850 5.0 0.0131 2.3 0.46 83.7 1.9 82.8 4.0 57.8 105.5 144.8 205 3090 4.6 0.0805 25.0 0.0134 3.4 0.14 85.6 2.9 78.6 18.9 -129.3 619.2 -66.2 1221 10484 2.9 0.0894 4.2 0.0134 1.0 0.24 86.0 0.9 86.9 3.5 113.6 96.7 75.7 655 6532 3.4 0.0858 5.6 0.0135 0.9 0.16 86.2 0.8 83.6 4.5 10.5 134.0 817.6 480 3492 2.9 0.0886 9.5 0.0135 2.4 0.26 86.3 2.1 86.2 7.8 83.4 218.0 103.5 581 5074 3.8 0.0863 7.2 0.0135 3.5 0.48 86.6 3.0 84.0 5.8 12.2 152.8 711.9 736 6374 2.8 0.0861 7.2 0.0135 2.9 0.40 86.6 2.5 83.8 5.8 4.7 159.5 1833.4 325 2742 3.2 0.0843 6.6 0.0135 2.2 0.33 86.6 1.9 82.2 5.2 -45.3 151.6 -191.4 551 4140 3.6 0.0878 5.4 0.0136 0.9 0.17 86.9 0.8 85.5 4.5 46.0 128.4 188.8 701 6586 2.7 0.0915 4.1 0.0137 0.8 0.19 87.4 0.7 88.9 3.5 128.8 93.9 67.9 509 3706 2.3 0.0938 18.3 0.0138 2.6 0.14 88.1 2.3 91.0 15.9 168.1 425.6 52.4 742 7988 3.5 0.0873 7.3 0.0138 1.7 0.24 88.2 1.5 85.0 5.9 -3.8 171.1 -2298.4 500 4710 3.4 0.0888 6.3 0.0138 1.2 0.19 88.3 1.0 86.4 5.2 33.1 148.1 267.3 616 7132 2.6 0.0916 8.0 0.0139 1.8 0.23 88.7 1.6 89.0 6.8 97.0 183.9 91.5 773 6798 2.5 0.0955 6.1 0.0139 2.1 0.35 89.2 1.9 92.6 5.4 179.9 132.5 49.6 900 6130 3.4 0.0917 3.9 0.0140 2.4 0.62 89.3 2.1 89.1 3.3 82.0 72.2 108.9 435 3386 2.9 0.0993 6.0 0.0140 2.9 0.48 89.4 2.6 96.1 5.5 265.7 120.9 33.7 763 4720 2.2 0.0940 6.1 0.0140 2.8 0.46 89.5 2.5 91.2 5.3 136.7 126.7 65.5 313 1860 2.1 0.1202 13.7 0.0140 3.1 0.22 89.6 2.7 115.3 14.9 683.9 285.7 13.1 784 8650 3.2 0.0923 6.7 0.0140 3.1 0.46 89.6 2.7 89.6 5.7 90.0 140.0 99.5 587 5196 2.8 0.0924 6.7 0.0140 2.0 0.29 89.6 1.8 89.7 5.8 92.5 152.3 96.9 890 8494 4.2 0.0892 5.3 0.0141 1.3 0.25 90.1 1.2 86.8 4.4 -3.2 123.3 -2795.6 912 7222 2.6 0.0901 4.0 0.0141 0.9 0.24 90.2 0.8 87.6 3.3 18.9 92.8 476.2 881 7476 2.8 0.0933 5.5 0.0141 3.2 0.58 90.3 2.8 90.6 4.7 98.9 105.3 91.3 695 2070 3.5 0.0873 6.8 0.0141 1.9 0.28 90.3 1.7 85.0 5.5 -62.6 158.5 -144.4 739 5478 2.5 0.0897 4.0 0.0141 0.9 0.23 90.5 0.8 87.2 3.3 -1.9 93.9 -4786.4 667 6506 3.1 0.0901 4.7 0.0142 2.5 0.52 90.6 2.2 87.6 4.0 5.2 97.2 1740.3 537 1958 4.2 0.0990 7.3 0.0142 1.5 0.20 90.8 1.3 95.8 6.6 222.4 164.7 40.8 719 7904 2.3 0.0923 5.4 0.0142 0.9 0.17 90.9 0.8 89.7 4.6 57.0 125.9 159.5 562 5132 3.0 0.0967 7.5 0.0142 2.6 0.35 91.1 2.3 93.8 6.7 162.5 164.3 56.0 566 4128 3.4 0.0958 7.6 0.0142 0.9 0.11 91.1 0.8 92.9 6.8 138.9 177.7 65.6 462 5316 3.0 0.0921 7.9 0.0143 0.9 0.12 91.6 0.8 89.5 6.8 32.9 188.2 278.7 428 4382 2.8 0.0961 10.6 0.0145 2.3 0.21 92.9 2.1 93.2 9.5 100.2 246.6 92.7 162 1672 3.1 0.1076 19.3 0.0146 1.3 0.07 93.7 1.2 103.7 19.1 341.5 440.6 27.4 482 8054 2.6 0.0999 5.1 0.0147 1.6 0.32 94.2 1.5 96.7 4.7 158.6 112.7 59.4 549 4822 3.0 0.1020 6.4 0.0147 2.9 0.44 94.3 2.7 98.6 6.0 203.2 133.9 46.4 532 2340 3.7 0.0999 7.9 0.0147 3.0 0.37 94.4 2.8 96.7 7.3 153.2 172.4 61.6 809 1532 3.6 0.1288 21.8 0.0149 1.3 0.06 95.2 1.3 123.0 25.3 699.2 468.7 13.6 739 7776 4.3 0.0958 4.7 0.0149 0.7 0.15 95.6 0.7 92.9 4.1 22.1 110.9 433.2 359 3984 2.4 0.1018 8.7 0.0151 1.9 0.22 96.4 1.8 98.4 8.1 149.1 198.8 64.6 449 1838 2.7 0.1126 9.7 0.0153 3.6 0.38 97.7 3.5 108.3 10.0 348.0 203.4 28.1 382 2746 3.7 0.1067 6.8 0.0154 0.7 0.11 98.2 0.7 102.9 6.7 212.6 157.7 46.2 323 1346 2.1 0.0923 11.3 0.0156 1.6 0.14 99.5 1.6 89.6 9.7 -166.7 280.1 -59.7 330 3980 2.9 0.0967 10.5 0.0160 0.7 0.07 102.4 0.7 93.7 9.4 -122.5 258.9 -83.6 239 7286 1.1 0.2664 7.9 0.0362 1.1 0.14 229.0 2.5 239.8 17.0 347.1 178.2 66.0 354 10784 2.8 0.2597 7.3 0.0363 4.6 0.63 229.7 10.4 234.4 15.4 282.3 130.8 81.4 302 13282 2.4 0.4497 3.1 0.0609 1.4 0.46 381.2 5.3 377.0 9.8 351.6 62.5 108.4 236 11530 1.5 0.6750 1.8 0.0822 0.7 0.38 509.4 3.3 523.7 7.2 586.7 35.5 86.8 115 4738 1.7 0.6800 4.6 0.0834 1.5 0.33 516.3 7.5 526.8 19.0 572.6 94.8 90.2 375 15924 0.7 1.5329 4.9 0.1517 4.7 0.96 910.5 40.2 943.7 30.2 1021.8 26.8 89.1

89 CHAPTER 2: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEGREE OF ABRASION AND U-Pb

LA-ICP-MS AGES OF DETRITAL ZIRCONS

Abstract

Detrital zircon U-Pb ages, obtained from laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) methods have been used to approximate the time of deposition of sedimentary rocks when volcanic ash fall beds are not preserved. The ability to select the youngest crystals in a sample prior to applying analytical methods could substantially reduce the number of crystals and cost required to obtain these dates. To this end, the hypothesis that the most pristine, unabraded crystals should generally be younger than abraded crystals was tested by imaging detrital zircons via SEM, ranking the crystals by the degree of abrasion, and determining their ages. Results of this study partly corroborate the hypothesis in that there is a correlation between the degree of abrasion and ages – obviously abraded crystals are most likely relatively old but pristine (unabraded) to slightly abraded crystals are almost equally likely to be the youngest in a given sample.

90 Introduction

Recent development of LA-ICP-MS (Hirata, 2001; Gehrels, 2003; Gehrels et al., 2006) make it possible to analyze radiometric ages of detrital zircons relatively inexpensively (e.g.,

Stewart et al., 2001; Sanders et al., 2003; Cocherie et al., 2005; Fitzsimons and Hulscher, 2005;

Pullen et al., 2008; Cocherie et al., 2009). The primary purpose of most detrital zircon studies is to determine provenance by dating a random sample at 50 to 100 zircon crystals. Recently, several workers have employed detrital zircons to approximate the time of deposition. In each study the assumption is that the youngest crystals provide a maximum depositional age that closely approximates the time of deposition. One method uses TIMS (Thermal Ionization Mass

Spectrometry) or SHRIMP (Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe) to obtain high precision dates for multigrain or individual grain zircons, assuming most crystals in a sample crystals pertain to a single ash fall (e.g., Nelson, 2001; Riggs et al., 2003). The other method uses the less precise, but possibly in some cases more accurate, method of obtaining LA-ICP-MS ages for an array of crystals under the assumption that the youngest crystals, or peak age, approximate the time of deposition (e.g. Greenhalgh, 2006; Burton et al., 2006; Britt et al., 2008). Regardless of the dating method, TIMS, SHRIMP, or LA-ICP-MS, it would be advantageous if the youngest crystals in a detrital zircon sample could be recognized prior to dating. If one could tell which grains are younger by their physical appearance it would reduce the number of grains that would need to be analyzed. There are contrasting viewpoints as to the efficacy of using crystal shape and degree of rounding as a guide to selecting the youngest grains in a sample. Riggs et al.

(2003) concluded that neither the degree of rounding nor crystal form (e.g. acicular or stubby) is correlated with crystal ages. On the other hand, Kowallis and Heaton (1987) and Britt et al.,

91 (2009) propose that the most euhedral and unabraded crystals are most likely to be the youngest.

The goal of this paper is to test the assumption that in a given sample the most euhedral and least-abraded zircon crystals are the most likely to be the youngest by comparing the ages recovered from crystals grouped by the degree of rounding. This study is biased toward relatively euhedral crystals because intuitively, they would be expected to be the youngest, a prediction that is corroborated by this study.

Methods

Eight samples from three localities (LWQ-0 (n=39), LWQ-1 (n=21), LWQ-2 (n=51) and

LWQ-DSS (n=20) from Long Walk quarry, DWK-1A (n=15), DWK-1B (41), DWKZ-5 (n=45) from Dalton Wells Knoll, and one from Highway 191 site (n=13) ) in the Cedar Mountain

Formation, Utah, were used for this analysis.

Samples were processed in the following order:

1. Washing: The surfaces of the rock fragments were cleaned under a faucet to eliminate

surfical contaminants. Clay rich samples were held under running water to wash away

contaminants and a small amount of the sample surface. More durable samples were

scrubbed with a wire brush under running water.

2. Drying: Wet samples were placed in stainless steel pans and dried in a low

temperature oven at about 46 ˚C.

3. Crushing: Larger rock samples were broken down to a 2 cm or smaller fragments

with a rock hammer on a clean steel anvil table. Resultant chips were reduced to powder

in a roller mill.

92 4. Removing clay: Clay rich samples were soaked in buckets, agitated manually or with

a drill-driven paint mixing paddle and the clay fraction decanted. A surfactant, such as

CalgonTM, or hand soap was occasionally used to help keep the clays in suspension. This process was repeated until the bulk of the clay had been eliminated.

5. Sorting: Grains in samples were sorted by a Wilfley table into five groups by size and density. Samples were added to the Wilfley table manually or via bin feeder. The coarse fractions were run through the Wilfley table a second time to reduce the sample size prior to the next step.

6. Heavy liquid separation: Heavier zircons were concentrated by heavy liquid TBE

(tetrabromoethane). First, the samples were put in a separatory funnel, and tetrabromoethane of appropriate amount was added. Samples were stirred every about 20 minutes at least three times. Then, the stopcock was opened to allow only the heavy fraction to pass through and captured by filter paper the underlying funnel. Samples and residual grains were then rinsed with acetone to remove the tetrabromoethane.

7. Magnetic separation: Samples were processed through a magnetic separator (Frantz

Isodynamic Separator Model L-1) twice, each time increasing the strength of the magnetic field. Nonmagnetic and magnetic fractions were stored in separate, labeled glass vials.

93 9. Mounting: Crystals were mounted on slides gridded with adhesive spots, sold under

the name Tacky Dot array slides and manufactured by Structure Probe Incorporated.

10. Imaging: The picked crystals were individually imaged at magnifications of 500 to

2000 times on FEI XL30 SFEG, a Scanning Electron Microscope produced by Philips.

The resolutions of the images were 1421 x 968 pixels. These SEM images were studied

on computer monitors to determine the amount of abrasion.

11. Ranking: Each crystal was classified according to the degree of abrasion as follows.

Rank 1: No abrasion (edges intact). Rank 2: Very minor abrasion (sparse “chips” along

the crystal’s edge). Rank 3: Moderately ablated. Rank 4: Heavy abrasion of edges of the

long axis, but the crystal retains its basic shape. Rank 5: Heavily ablated (well rounded

edges). See Figure 1 for examples of each rank.

Figure 1. Examples of degrees of abrasion. Magnified edges are shown. Abrasion rank 5 is defined by overall shape, rather than edge abrasion.

94 12. Mounting: The grains were mounted with standard zircon samples on double-faced

tape and consolidated with resin plugs. They were polished about halfway through the

crystals.

13. The crystals were analyzed according to the standard practice in the Gehrels

Laserchron Lab at the University of Arizona as detailed at http://www.geo.arizona.edu/

alc/detrital%20zircon%20methods.htm

14. Comparison: LA-MC-ICPMS ages and abrasion ranks are compared by their averages

and applying an ANOVA test (Huck, 2008) using PAST (Hammer et al., 2009) for each

sample. Also, zircons ages from all samples were pooled and their abrasion ranks and

their ages compared, and the percentages of pre-Mesozoic (>250 Ma) zircons in each

abrasion rank were calculated. Since each sample has different depositional age, such

comparison is not ideal, but with abundant number of zircon samples (n=244), statistically

reliable results should be obtained.

Results

The relationship between abrasion ranks and the absolute ages are shown in Table 1,

Figure 2, and Figure 3. These graphs indicate that there are few age differences between abrasion ranks 1, 2 and 3. There are, however, differences between the ages in ranks 1 though 3 and ranks

4 and 5, and possibly between abrasion ranks 4 and 5. Summarized results of ANOVA tests are given in Table 2. Among the six ANOVA tests that compared abrasion rank 1 to 3 (table 2), only one ANOVA test shows a somewhat significant difference (p<0.15), or that crystals of abrasion rank 3 are meaningfully older than those of rank 1 and 2 (table 2, LWQ-DSS). Zircons of abrasion rank 4 are significantly older than less abraded zircons in three of seven ANOVA tests,

95 !"#$%&'()'!"#$%&'()*&+,-"%.""(,$-/$)&'(,/$(0,$(1,$2"3,4(,"$5*,$-/$)&'(,/$(06,2/$&(,$2"),$/", )'/%"1,7/'8,9':(2")%,%','#1")%3,;*"/",$/",7".,1&77"/"(5",&(,$2"),-"%.""(,/$(0),<,$(1,=3,, !$(0),>,$(1,?6,*'."@"/6,%"(1,%',*$@",5/9)%$#),):-)%$(%&$##9,'#1"/,%*$(,/$(0),<,%',=3

96 Rank 5 Rank 4 Rank 3 Rank 2

Rank 1 Age (Ma) Age !"#$!%$&'()*+,#)-!.$(/$$+!(#$!'.%',)*+!%'+0,!'+1!'2$,!3*%!'&&!,'4-&$,!5*4.)+$16!7+!$'5#!'.%',)*+!%'+08!'2$,!*3!2%')+,! !"#$%&'() '%$!,*%($1!3%*4!(#$!9*:+2$,(!(*!(#$!*&1$,(6!;)%5*+,!*3!'.%',)*+!%'+0,!! (#%*:2#!?6

97 TABLE 1. AVERAGE OF AGES AND ABRASION RANKS Abrasion rank 1 2 3 4 5 Long Walk Quarry samples LWQ-0 178.2 150.1 183.6 381.3 491.3 LWQ-1 122.6 121.7 131.1 148.2 162.4 LWQ-2 126.3 136.8 129.4 815.1 458.4 LWQ-DSS 146.5 148.1 223.1 457.7 996.3

Dalton Wells Knoll samples DWK-1A N.A. N.A. 139.7 164.1 954.2 DWK-1B N.A. 113.8 385.1 355.8 469.7 DWKZ-5 123.7 126.2 142.2 129.9 815.3

Highway egg sample N.A. 127.4 163.4 207.1 1054.8

All samples combined 129.8 134.5 195.7 327.4 720.4

All numbers are in Ma. N.A. Stands for not applicable because no zircon is assigned to the particular ranks in each sample. and zircons of abrasion rank 5 are significantly older in three of five ANOVA tests. When all samples are combined, zircons of abrasion rank 4 and 5 significantly more old crystals than the less abraded ranks (Table 3) and rank 5 contains a much greater percentage of pre-Mesozoic crystals (75%) than rank 4, with about 20% pre-Mesozoic crystals. In other words, about 80% of the crystals in rank 4 are relatively young, which in clearly evident in Figure 3.

Discussion

This study indicates that there is no statistically significant age difference between zircons of abrasion rank 1 to 3, except for one sample (LWQ-DSS). Zircons of abrasion rank 4 and 5, however, are meaningfully older than less abraded zircons, with the exception of LWQ-1 and DWK-1B (Table 2). In the case of LWQ-1 only one grain of ranks 4 and 5 were recovered and the ANOVA test could not be utilized. In the case of DWK-1B, one old zircon (1415.3 Ma) is probably responsible for the failure of the ANOVA test. When all samples were combined into

98 ZHM4[)/B)HG\]H)Z[JZJ)\<)N^_!\G)H`[J)HGI)HM_HJ^\G !"#$%&'()*&"+$, -).,)/).,)0 -10).,)2 -12).,)3 4"5*)6%78)9+%&&:),%#$7', 4691; <=/>?@A;B3C?)D <=->0;@A/BEFCDD <=->0C@A-B/;-)D 4691- <=/>-C@A-B3EF)D GBHB GBHB 4691/ <=/>22@A;B/-2/)D <=->2F@A23BF/DDD GBHB 4691IJJ <=/>-/@A0B3?0)DD <=->-E@A3BCF3)DDD GBHB

I%7K"5)6'77,)L5"77),%#$7', I6L1-H GBHB <=->0@A-BFC0)D <=->-0@ACBCF0)DDD I6L1-M <=->--@A-BE0?)D <=->0F@A;B3E/)D <=->0F@A;B;F/D I6LN13 <=/>/2@A;B0/2)D <=->0F@A;B;F/D <=->20@A3;B30DDD

OP*QR%:)'**),%#$7' GBHB <=->?@A;BE-0)D <=->--@A//CBC)DDD

H77),%#$7',)S"#TP5'( <=/>-00@A2B/E0)D <=0>/;F@AEBCE/DDD <=0>/2;@A/-BC-DDD DDDU),K%KP,KPS%77:),P*5PVPS%5K)=$W;B;3@>)DDU,"#'RQ%K),K%KP,KPS%77:),P*5PVPS%5K=$W;B-3@ DU,K%KP,KPS%77:)5"K),P*5PVPS%5K=$X;B/@B)GBHB)JK%5(,)V"&)5"K)%$$7PS%T7')(+')K")P5,+VVPSP'5K YP&S"5B !"##$% A&BCD.8:.0DEFD5A&GD!.HI.0ED12D!HJHKF.JKEFH5!.K5.D&FL.&BE&!KH5.E&5M &'()*+,-.()-/ 0(#12#*,3,+4.3+(4,-* 5 0#(4#-$)6# % 7 89 7:7; < % => %:?; 8 @ 98 %9:@; 9 %= ?? %>:=; = <9 8< ?=:7; a single pool the ANOVA test indicates that zircons of abrasion ranks 4 and 5 are statistically significantly older than less abraded zircons. It is important to note, however, that nearly 80% of the zircons in abrasion rank 4 are Mesozoic (Table 3), with many of them as young as zircons of ranks 1 to 3. Thus the elimination of moderately abraded samples will result in the loss of a number of useful crystals.

The working hypothesis of this study was that there would be a substantial correlation between age and abrasion rank, and that (1) crystals with no evidence of abrasion, rank 1, would

99 be the youngest in a given sample, and (2) that imaging zircon crystals with SEM would substantially reduce the number of crystals needed to obtain a reliable maximum depositional age. The results, however, indicate that SEM imaging does not substantially increase the probability of preselecting the youngest crystals because there are no significant differences between ranks 1 though 3, which can only be differentiated under an SEM. In fact, the selection of apparently sharp-edged to slightly abraded, essentially euhedral crystals at about 25 power under a dissecting microscope ensures that the crystals are of these ranks, and it is these crystals that are most likely to be the youngest in a given sample.

This study does not address the cause of abrasion, which is presumed to be primarily a function of fluvial transport. The high correlation between old crystals and high degrees of abrasion (Figure 3) suggests that this assumption was correct. The processing of samples in a roller mill, however, is the most probable source of post lithification abrasion.

Conclusions

There is a strong correlation between the degree of abrasion and the age of detrital zircon crystals. Zircons that are moderately to substantially abraded (ranks 4 and 5) are statistically significantly older than less-abraded zircons (ranks 1-3). Therefore, when the goal is to determine the maximum depositional age, the selection of the pristine to slightly abraded crystals reduces the number of crystals required to determine the ages of the youngest crystals in a sample. Such crystals can be recognized and selected by simply using a dissecting microscope at about 25 power.

100 References

Britt, B.B., Christiansen, E.H., Kowallis, B.J., Greenhalgh, B., Schwanke, G.A., Burton, D., 2008. Laser ablation U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Cedar Mountain Formation and the initial expression of flexural subsidence in the Cordillera of the western United States. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 40(1): 78.

Cocherie, A., Fanning, C. M., Jezequel, P., and Robert, M., 2009, LA-MC-ICPMS and SHRIMP U/Pb dating of complex zircons from Quaternary tephras from the French Massif Central; magma residence time and geochemical implication: Geichemica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, no. 4, p. 1095-1108.

Cocherie, A., Robert, M., and Guerrot, C., 2005, In situ U-Pb zircon dating using LA-MC- ICPMS and a multi-ion counting system: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, no. 10, Suppl., p. 378

Fitzsimons, I. C. W., and Hulscher, B., 2005, Out of Africa- detrital zircon provenance of central Madagascar and Neoproterozoic terrane transfer across the Mozambique: Ocean Terra Nova, v. 17, no. 3, p. 224-235.

Gehrels, G. E., 2003, Detrital zircon constraints on sediment dispersal patterns in western North America: Geological Society of America, 2003 annual meeting: Seattle, p. 389.

Gehrels, G. E., Valencia, V., and Pullen, A., 2006, Detrital zircon geochronology by laser- abrasion multicollector ICPMs at the Arizona Laserchron Center: Paleontological Society Papers, v. 12, p.67-76.

Greenhalgh, B.W., 2006a, A stratigraphic and geochronologic analysis of the Morrison

Formation/Cedar Mountain Formation boundary, Utah: M.S. Thesis, Brigham Young

University, Provo, 37 p.

Greenhalgh, B.W., and Britt, B.B., 2007, Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Morrison-Cedar

Mountain Formation Boundary, East-Central Utah: Diverse Geology of a Dynamic

Landscape, v. 36, p. 81-100.

Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T., and Ryan, P.D., 2009, PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis.

Hirata, T., 2001, Determinations of Zr isotopic composition and U-Pb ages for terrestrial and extraterrestrial Zr-bearing minerals using laser abrasion-inductively coupled plasma mass

101 spectrometry; implications for Nb-Zr isotopic systematics: Chemical Geology, v. 176, no. 1-4, p. 323-342.

Huck, S. W., 2008, Reading Statistics and Research: Knoxville, Pearson Education, Inc., 544 p.

Kowallis, B. J., and Heaton, J. S., 1987, Fission-track dating of bentonites and bentonitic mudstones from the Morrison Formation in central Utah: Geology, v. 15, p. 1138-1142.

Nelson, D.R., 2001, An assessment of the determination of depositional ages for Precambrian clastic sedimentary rocks by U-Pb dating of detrital zircons: Sedimentary Geology, v. 141-142, p. 37-60.

Pullen, A., Kapp, P., Gehrels, G. E., Vervoort, J. D., and Ding, L., 2008, Triassic continental subduction in central Tibet and Mediterranean-style closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean: Geology, v. 36, no. 5, p. 351-354.

Riggs, N., Ash, S., Barth, A., Gehrels, G., and Wooden, J., 2003, Isotopic age of the Black Forest Bed, Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation, Arizona: An example of dating a continental sandstone: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 115, p. 1315-1323.

Stewart, J. H., Gehrels, G. E., Barth, A. P., Link, P. K., Christie-Blick, N., and Wrucke, C. T., 2001, Detrital zircon provenance of Mesoproterozoic to Cambrian arenites in the western United States and northwestern Mexico: GSA Bulletin, v. 113, no. 10, p. 1343-1356.

Sander, A., Amato, J. M. Gehrel, G., 2003, Source rock ages and depositional age of Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the Burro Mountains, Mazatzal Province, Southwest New Mexico; a comparison of LA-MC-ICPMS U/Pb zircon ages and electron microprobe monazite ages; Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, v. 35, no. 4, p. 83-84.

102