Book Reviews

BOOK REVIEWS

The Legend of the Founding Fathers. By WESLEY FRANK CRAVEN. [Anson G. Phelps Lectureship on Early American History, New York University, Stokes Foundation.] (New York: New York University Press, 1956. [viii], 191 p. Index. JS4.50.) Originally delivered as a series of lectures, these urbane and careful essays examine several questions that have not previously called forth the effort required to understand them. Mr. Craven's own field of research has decided the shape and urgency of some of his queries. He has been determined, for example, to find a more satisfying answer than those at hand as to why the founding fathers of New England have been given more attention than the founding fathers of Virginia. He is similarly concerned about the tendency to obscure the earliest colonial leaders with images of the founding fathers of the Revolutionary era. From such questions he moves to the consideration of the growth of these legends and the uses of history down to our own time. The volume is the fruit not only of years of study and thought about early American history, but also of much specific research into the reflec- tions of that history in more recent American society. The annotations to the six chronological chapters which comprise the book form something of a guide to this material. The author shows particular interest in early state and national histories, but also uses sermons, patriotic speeches, records of immigrant and patriotic societies, the writings of Revolutionary leaders, and even the debunking writings of the years before the second World War. In covering this large field, Mr. Craven displays understanding, humor, and sympathy. He makes no effort to test the validity of the various legends he examines. He merely describes them and demonstrates how one set of images may replace another. Despite this objectivity, the running com- mentary is incisive and enlightening. It is easy enough to find humor in the multiplicity of patriotic societies and in their forms and rules, but Mr. Craven finds much more. His examination of the Daughters of the American Revolution demonstrates that they have not been the solid phalanx of reaction they are often taken for. Moreover, he suggests that care must be taken in branding the societies as undemocratic. There is certainly truth in his impression that a major attrac- tion to membership is the opportunity for the undistinguished to associate with the elite of the town. The legend of the founding fathers is perhaps brought closest to home in the discussion of the current rage for the physical restoration of the build- 91 9^ BOOK REVIEWS January ings and towns of the past. Recognizing their value, Mr. Craven still per- ceives the danger in giving concrete, three-dimensional reality to incomplete and selected data. He has the courage to ask whether graduate fellowships might not provide better investments. Again, he asks how many can view the beauties of the new Williamsburg, freed as it is from the unpleasant- nesses of the colonial town, and recall that "it all rested originally on the back of a Negro." Thoughtful and thought-provoking, these essays will give both the professional historian and the professional joiner of patriotic societies a better perspective.

New York University BROOKE HINDLE

The Province of West New Jersey, 1609-1702. A History of the Origins of an American Colony. By JOHN E. POMFRET. (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1956. xii, 298 p, Appendix, index. $5.00.) Published as a part of the Princeton series on the history of New Jersey, this book makes an important contribution to the understanding of the early history of the Delaware Valley, and especially the east bank of the river, the region known as West New Jersey. In the most important part of the book, Dr. Pomfret patiently traces the complex story of the purchase of the Berkeley share of New Jersey by two Quakers, Edward Byllynge and John Fenwick, and the subsequent sales, transactions, and financial maneuvers before the Crown took over in 1702. As an example of the complications, we might observe the initial steps taken in connection with West New Jersey. Sir John Berkeley, who owned New Jersey along with Sir George Carteret, decided in 1674 to sell his share to his friend Byllynge, who faced bankruptcy and needed some new and profitable project to recoup his fortunes. Since Byllynge was in the midst of bankruptcy proceedings, he prevailed upon his friend Fenwick to appear to be the purchaser. Fenwick claimed later that he used his own money to make the purchase, and forced Byllynge to grant him one tenth of the land for his services. Byllynge planned to sell his nine tenths of the land to raise money to pay his creditors. However, his creditors forced him to turn his rights over to trustees: William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, and Nicholas Lucas. Fenwick was also caught in dire financial distress and he turned his deeds over to John Eldridge and Edmund Warner. The affair was complicated further by the fact that the sale by Berkeley to the two Quakers was not recognized by James, the Duke of York, who had granted the land to the noble, and the title to the land was not entirely clear until a later date. In addition, the Quakers wanted the right to govern the land, but could not obtain that right from Berkeley, and the permission to govern was not obtained from James until 1680. I957 BOOK REVIEWS 93 If by this time the reader feels slightly confused, he should take comfort from the fact that this is only the beginning; matters became much more complicated before they began to straighten out. The first four chapters of the book summarize the period of Dutch and Swedish occupation of the Delaware Valley, and the early occupation of the Middle Atlantic region by the English after the Second Dutch War. These chapters provide a concise portrayal of the duel over the Delaware between the Dutch and Swedes. It would have been helpful if a map had been provided listing the places mentioned, or if modern locations had been indicated in the text along with the original names. A handsome map of New Jersey (c. 1700) is included as the frontispiece, which is helpful in locating places in West New Jersey near the end of the period covered by this study. The final chapters discuss the religious picture in West New Jersey, with major emphasis upon the Quakers, plus a description of the growth of the Anglicans, Baptists, Presbyterians, and others. George Keith, a schismatic Quaker who worked actively for the Anglican Church through the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, played a prominent part on both sides of the Delaware. The author frequently goes beyond 1702 in his religious discussion. Socially and economically, West New Jersey was closely related to the settlements on the west side of the Delaware from the earliest settlement until long after 1702. In terms of land policy and government, this region can be treated as a separate entity. However, even in these areas there were strong ties between the Quakers on the two sides of the river with Penn, Robert Turner, Samuel Jenings, and others active in both colonies. Students of New Jersey history will be grateful to Dr. Pomfret for this thoughtful and well-documented study of the early years of West New Jersey. Temple University EDWIN B. BRONNER

Jonathan Trumbull> Connecticut's Merchant Magistrate (1710-1785). By GLENN WEAVER. (Hartford, Conn.: The Connecticut Historical So- ciety, 1956. x, 182 p. Illustrations, bibliographical note, index. $4.00.) As a merchant and public servant, Jonathan Trumbull occupied a major place in the life of eighteenth-century Connecticut. This fact is indisputable; yet this biography, concerned almost entirely with TrumbulFs business career, leaves one wondering whether this prominence was justified. The plain fact is that TrumbuH's business career was a failure from start to finish, and he died a bankrupt. He went from one mercantile enterprise to another, never achieving the financial rewards he so avidly desired. It becomes evident early in the book that, failing a miracle, bankruptcy was to be the inevitable result of Trumbull's activities. The fact that he was able to 94 BOOK REVIEWS January stave off the end until 1767 (all the while enjoying a generous standard of living) is a tribute to his remarkable ability to cajole his creditors into silence and even to find new sources of credit to continue his activities. Some may ask, "Why preserve the record of a failure?" If we are fully to understand colonial commerce, we must be aware of its difficulties as well as its triumphs. Many of the problems Trumbull faced were those of all colonial merchants: obtaining credit, collecting debts, getting accurate market information, finding means of making remittances to England, and the like. TrumbulPs unsuccessful attempts to cope with these problems are no less instructive than the more successful efforts of many of his mercantile brethren. Trumbull's failure must be attributed in part to the unalterable fact of Connecticut's geographical location. Caught between the upper and nether millstones of Boston and New York, the Connecticut merchant had little chance of competition on equal terms with the merchants of those metropolises. Furthermore, Trumbull made the foolish mistake of trying to conduct an overseas trade from an inland location in Lebanon. In addition, he seems to have been blessed with an unusually large share of poor business judgment and a singular ability to extend credit to people who had no intention of paying their debts. Much can be learned from the chronicle of a failure, and this book's major virtue lies in its careful attempt to relate its subject's activities to the general eighteenth-century mercantile back- ground and to explain the circumstances of TrumbulFs failure. Although the author, as most biographers do, has obviously become somewhat attached to his subject, he maintains a proper air of scholarly objectivity. He does not, for example, hesitate to criticize the "shabby treatment" Trumbull gave his creditors, and he makes no attempt to gloss over the questionable ethics of some of Trumbull's activities. If the voluminous footnotes are any indication, the book is the result of exhaustive research. The extensive bibliography indicates familiarity with the general back- ground of colonial commerce. The book is handsomely printed and has an especially attractive binding showing a portrait of Trumbull himself. It might be argued that the author has not justified his title, Merchant Magistrate. As it stands, the picture of Trumbull is curiously one-sided. The unsuccessful businessman is thoroughly presented while the successful politician and statesman is deliberately ignored. This lack can be partially supplied by existing biographies of Trumbull, but there is an apparent need for a modern, scholarly treatment of TrumbulPs career in politics. Also, one wishes that Professor Weaver had seen fit to pay more attention to Trum- bull's relationship, if any, to the Revolutionary movement in Connecticut. Trumbull was certainly opposed to British policy after 1763, but it would have been helpful if the author had given some hint of TrumbulPs reaction as a merchant to the Revenue Act of 1764, the Stamp Act, the Townshend Acts, and other British measures. This could have been done without violat- ing the self-imposed limitations of the book, and the position of the colonial merchants in the Revolutionary movement is still an important topic for I957 BOOK REVIEWS 95 investigation. This criticism, however, does not affect the book's standing as a welcome addition to the growing shelf of monographs relating to colonial commerce and the men who carried it on.

Westminster College ARTHUR L. JENSEN

The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America^ 1735-1789. By BROOKE HINDLE. (Chapel Hill, N. C: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture by the University of North Carolina Press, 1956. xiv, 410 p. Illustrations, bibliography, index. $7.50.) The publication of The Pursuit of Science in Revolutionary America^ 1735- 1789 marks an epoch in the study of the relation of science to American civilization. For the first time, a writer equipped with adequate tools of historical scholarship has surveyed the role of science in America for a considerable period. Spanning approximately the middle fifty years of the eighteenth century, this book reaches from growth and culmination of science as a part of colonial culture across the troubled years of the Revolution to the quest for independent institutions in the first bright light of peace and freedom. Professor Brooke Hindle of New York University has brought to his formidable undertaking firm judgment as well as impressive research. Section after section of the book provides the best discussion of its subject available in small compass—including evaluations of the careers of such well-known colonials as John Bartram, Cadwallader Colden, David Ritten- house, and the Reverend Ezra Stiles. The subplots treating the observations of the transits of Venus, the founding of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and especially the founding of the American Philosophical Society are models of detailed research. The real measure of Professor Hindle's contribution, however, is not found in the individual sections. Others have collected more or less accurate information about eighteenth-century science in America. The new de- parture in this book is the framework on which it is organized. The author has seen clearly that the best measure of scientific activity in American society is the strength of institutions rather than individual discoveries. He has further had the good sense to see that "organizations are seldom the starting point in the formation of any kind of community. More often they are based on previously existing, though informal, relationships." This broadened concept of a scientific institution is the key to Professor Hindle's able presentation of the transatlantic natural history circle. It is also the key to his convincing case for the interrelationship of scientific organizations with the groups which prepared the way for American independence by political agitation. Because he is dealing with institutions, he is able to gauge directly the impact of cultural nationalism through the years of the Revolution. It is the widespread disruption of group scientific activity by 96 BOOK REVIEWS January

the war itself which impresses him more strongly than a few technological and military oddities. In a few directions the institutional approach sets a limit to Professor Hindle's accomplishment. It hinders, for instance, a clear statement of the relation of science and religion under the Enlightenment. One of the most influential ideas bequeathed to science in America by the eighteenth century was the argument from design. The author tends to take such larger ideas for granted instead of subjecting them to extended analysis. This is a limita- tion of his method rather than a flaw. Some readers may feel that a certain repetition accompanies the organization of the chapters and that the same men, names rather than faces, keep cropping up as naturalists, natural philosophers, and organizers. The wonder is, however, that in the face of the relative obscurity and miscellaneous accomplishments of most of his subjects, he brought so many of them out of the shadows and set them properly on the stage. In the closing chapters the author traces the emergence of self-consciously national institutions for the pursuit of science in the years of the Confedera- tion, incidentally illuminating the general nature of that transitional period. He traces, too, the emergence of the belief in the "favourable influence that Freedom has upon the growth of useful Sciences and Arts." This idea, which had just begun its role in American history when Mr. Hindle leaves it in 1789, is one of the most important living legacies of the Revolutionary generation. When its later course is treated by books as distinguished as this one, our knowledge of the history of science in America will enter a new phase.

University of California, Berkeley A. HUNTER DUPREE

Architecture, Ambition and Americans. By WAYNE ANDREWS (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955. xxviii, 315 p. Illustrations, bibliography, index. #7.50.) This is a provocative book. The author takes a very simple thesis: that any fine work of architecture results from the sympathetic combination of client and architect, and that, historically, one cannot (or should not) criticallv deal with a building without associating the two individuals in the conception and design of the structure. Although the thesis is a simple one, in fact obvious, to read it so boldly and ably put is provocative. Architectural literature is bloated with criticism of the building without evaluation of the client. Portrait painting or sculpture may be assessed from the artist's conception, a very personal thing, indeed, but architecture is the creation of an interpretation by the artist of another's requirements. To have demonstrated this over the architectural history of a young nation is a remarkable achievement for an architectural historian. I957 BOOK REVIEWS 97

Mr. Andrews has done just this. And in doing so it is to be hoped that a new pattern of architectural criticism and evaluation will be established. He has said: "An honest effort has been made to find out who built what and why. I happen to believe that architectural history is only half told when the neatest analysis is made of the designs under consideration. I think that both client and architect are likely to be interesting individuals, and that howthe clientwas persuaded is a story worth telling." He might have added, and doubtless intended, that a good story can sometimes be included wherein the architect was persuaded by a discerning client. There is another thesis in this book, and again, an obvious and equally provocative one: that what is good in American architecture has largely been a bare resultant of ambition in Americans of considerable (or astro- nomical) wealth. Let us face it—AdamThoroughood (1636) of Princess Anne County and William Byrd of "Westover," both in Virginia; the Adamses of Boston and thereabouts; Nicholas Biddle of Philadelphia and "Andalusia"; and one George Washington on the Potomac were ambitious and from that impulse acquired the money and initiative to hire the sympathetic ability of someone else to create some of our most distinguished architecture. It cannot be disputed that they were good Americans. Two hundred years after Washington the pattern is similar, in fact, identical—Kaufman at "Bear Run," Guggenheim in New York, Kresge in Cambridge. These latter examples meet with the approbation of their period in taste commensurable with the earlier examples of financial affluence—and ambition. Is it then just a matter of taste? Russell Lynes has said, "Periods of taste are never quite as manageable as historians would sometimes like to make them" {The Tastemakers, 1949). Mr. Andrews writes that John Adams was easily embarrassed "in the presence of taste and in Paris itself he was in no danger of being seduced by the delights of civilization," and quotes him in a letter to "his faithful Abigail" relative to his experiences in Paris: "The richness, the magnifi- cence, and splendor are beyond all description. But what is all this to me? I receive but little pleasure in beholding all these things, because I cannot but consider them as bagatelles. . . ." This may be a fine and restrained expression of a New England point of view, but the "faithful Abigail" in writing to her niece from Auteuil in 1785 describes in minute detail the French Theatre "built by Messrs. DuVailly and Peyre, the ablest architects of the King" (Letters of Mrs. Adams > 1858), and says: "Fancy, my dear Betsey, this house filled with two thousand well- dressed gentlemen and ladies! The house is large enough to hold double the number. Suppose some tragedy—and the passions all excited—until you imagine yourself living at the very period—or, in the words of Pope, 'Live o'er the scene, and be what you behold/ Can you form to yourself a higher report, or one more agreeable to your taste T Could it be that "taste" is a loose word? 98 BOOK REVIEWS January Mr. Andrews is at his best, quite naturally, since his sources are more intimate, with the later architects and most particularly with McKim, Mead and White. His treatment of that office is probably the most sympathetic and understanding on record. He has unearthed—or discovered- examples of the works of that firm that are unknown to most architectural scholars. He has delicately indicated that perhaps some of the clapboard houses and lesser known works out of that office are as significant as the marble structures in New York and Philadelphia. We agree. We question his assignments of a particular building as wholly the individual work of McKim or White. If this is true, and it may very well be, we think that Mr. Andrews might well have made an interesting side story on the opera- tion of the drafting room of that firm. Partners, in modern practice, are generally in a drafting room at the same time, and they are quite likely to be bothering the same draftsman on the same problem. Thus is good architecture achieved in a partnership. It seems somewhat extraordinary, therefore, to state that the Girard Trust Company in Philadelphia, or another structure, was the work of McKim or of White. Mr. Andrews among others has accomplished a technical counterpoint to the modern art historian. He has depended on his own ability for photog- raphy and has done it extremely well. The book is well made and designed. It is well documented for scholars. It is a book well worth reading for those who have any interest in American Architecture—and Ambition—and Americans. Villanova THEO B. WHITE

Nassau Hall, 1756-1956. Edited by HENRY LYTTLETON SAVAGE. (Princeton, N. J.: Published for Princeton University by Princeton University Press, 1956. vii, 188 p. Illustrations, index. $3.75 at Princeton Univer- sity Store.) In September, 1956, the two hundredth anniversary of the building of Nassau Hall was celebrated not only by the issuance of a commemorative postage stamp, but by the publication of a volume of essays ably edited by Professor Savage. These essays recall the building of Nassau Hall, the damage inflicted on it by both sides during the Revolution, and its rebuilding after the disas- trous fires of 1802 and 1855. Other subjects include historic events at Nassau Hall, student life there, and an iconography of the Hall. Presented in a scholarly and readable manner, these topics summarize the venerable building's past. For more than a century, present-day Princeton University was known familiarly as Nassau Hall, having escaped the intended title of Belcher Hall. It is, writes Professor Thomas J. Wertenbaker, "the most famous college I957 BOOK REVIEWS 99 building in the United States." Focal point of a Revolutionary battle, capitol of the United States for three months in 1783, student home of many early patriots, Nassau Hall has indeed enjoyed a vital role in American history. Numbered among the events of its past were at least three blows of fate any one of which might well have terminated its existence. But after destruction by war and fires, it was successively rebuilt, as Professors Paul Norton and Robert C. Smith describe. Nathaniel Burt's illuminating article on student life makes it seem a near miracle that the building survived as well the many violent undergraduate pranks. Fortunately for Nassau Hall, imaginative students with a penchant for exploding heavy charges of gunpowder no longer dwell within its walls. To imagine the days when undergraduates, in the words of the Princeton song "Going Back," literally returned to Nassau Hall, one must, as Mr. Burt writes, "restore the building to its former position, the hub of that changing and yet continuous pattern of life, half adult and half schoolboy, formal and filthy, remote and yet vitally concerned with the nation's future. If any ghosts hang about it still they are lively ones, as apt to hit you over the head with a spectral poker as to quote Greek at you. Perhaps even in their later incarnations as frock-coated eminences and pillars of communities, they still lend their presence and blessing to the Old Nassau that may have nursed them, but certainly never coddled them." "Old Nassau," the scene of so many fantastic collegiate stunts, hard work, and great moments, was, when first constructed, the largest single building in the colonies. Within a generation it became "the most illustrious academic edifice in the country." Princeton University has paid fitting tribute on Nassau Hall's bicentennial by publishing this account of the famous American landmark. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania NICHOLAS B. WAINWRIGHT

Patriotism on Parade. The Story of Veterans* and Hereditary Organizations in America, 1783-1900. By WALLACE EVAN DAVIES. [Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. LXVL] (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955. xvi, 388 p. Bibliography, index. $6.00.) Professor Davies' Patriotism on Parade is a careful study not only of organizations sponsored by the veterans of American wars, but also of those nurtured by descendants of the nation's heroes of the past, whose heroism sometimes consisted of hurrying over at an early date or of defending the gates from the less desirable who came knocking long afterward. Major attention, however, is devoted to veterans and their sons and daughters, and a major portion of that major attention is devoted to the Grand Army of the Republic. But everyone and everything in the field of glory has his/its day. The author begins, as is proper, with the Order of the Cincinnati; skips gingerly over the Society of St. Tammany; tells of the devious flow of "Red, IOO BOOK REVIEWS January White, and Blue Blood"; describes the troubles, the failures, and the suc- cesses of the veterans and their children in their attempts to organize after the Civil War; and then follows the members of the G. A. R. as they discovered the pension font, guided (or at least influenced) the course of politics, shaped opinion on public questions, guarded the morals of school children through censorship of their books, marked the historic spots of the past, and finally took their stand in nationalism versus internationalism— the pension font receiving by far the most emphasis. The book is no patriotic panegyric. The writer, though to the manner born, knows his tools of scholarship and applies them with care and diligence— and with detachment. He has touched every star in the firmament of patriotism and, seemingly, read every letter and document in the path of glory. His bibliography, including much writing of his own on the subject of patriotic orders, is critical and comprehensive. Particularly interesting and valuable is the great amount of detail concerning the founders and leaders of the various organizations and the many ways in which these orders have touched the day-to-day economic, social, and political life of the nation. Much that is pure myth has attached itself to the patriotic organizations. Professor Davies had an opportunity to give his readers a real understanding of the relationship of these orders to the people they are supposed to represent. One cannot read his book without wondering often if it might not have been politicians looking for votes, lawyers searching for cases, and the ambitious seeking notoriety (or perhaps merely emotional release) who created and nurtured the pension movement among the former soldiers after the Civil War. It is utter folly to say, as many do, that the individual veterans regarded the government as Santa Claus, that they believed the nation owed them a debt it could never pay, that they had an insatiable appetite for public favors. It is no less folly to say that they as former fellows-in-arms believed themselves guardians of the nation's morals and judges of who are the loyal and who are the disloyal. The G. A. R. did indeed condemn "radicals" who sponsored strikes. It boldly declared in the Cleveland-Altgeld controversy of 1894 that every comrade able to bear arms would defend the cause of the President. But it should be pointed out that the ranks of labor—and striking labor at that— were filled with men who had worn the blue, and that Altgeld himself had enlisted at the age of fifteen and fought until the close of the war. Who speaks for whom ? What we badly need is a history of the soldier. Such a history, if it can be written, and carefully written, would fix the sphere and the meaning of the patriotic organizations of veteran ancestry. More important than that, it would reveal to some extent at least the real part the citizen who has been a soldier has played and is playing in the nation. That part has at times been woefully caricatured both by the patriotic organizations that presume to speak for him and by the scholars who see him through the din of encampments and of conventions that probably he never attended. Professor Davies cannot be justly criticized for not examining questions i957 BOOK REVIEWS IOI and problems beyond the scope of his study. Some readers will not understand his deep alarm concerning what he regards as a burning thirst for government largesses by veterans of the Civil War. There hardly seems a threat to the nation in the demand (even if inspired by lawyers and politicians seeking personal gains) for from six to twelve dollars a month for the totally disabled, all of whom had fought for less than that maximum a month in a period of inflation and, for nearly everyone, prosperity. Pensions have been a heavy burden and certainly there have been abuses, but the situation has stirred some social thinking and the cost has been small in comparison to what the modern "career pay" will take from the national treasury. Patriotism on Parade is an excellent book, and the task to which it is limited will not have to be done again.

Temple University JAMES A. BARNES

Chief Justice John Marshall: A Reappraisal. Edited by W. MELVILLE JONES. (Ithaca, N. Y.: Published for the College of William and Mary by Cornell University Press, 1956. xx, 196 p. Frontispiece, index. $3.00.) This volume contains an introduction and ten papers presented at a con- ference held in the College of William and Mary in Virginia in May, 1955, as part of the program celebrating the bicentennial of John Marshall's birth. The papers, preceded by a foreword by Chief Justice Warren, were written respectively by an editor and a lawyer, and by professors of law, government, economics and political science. They include a statement of the political questions in the Virginia of Marshall's youth, and consideration of Marshall as a politician, lawyer, political theorist and political economist, and of his influence as Chief Justice in creating well-known decisions of the Supreme Court. The book will remind American lawyers that it was John Marshall's integrity and authority which gave to our highest court a prestige that has never since been completely undermined. It was his qualities of character and personal leadership which gave him that influence with his fellow justices by which a united court shaped the future of the nation and provided that stability to the Federal Government which the authors of the Constitution—and the ratifying states—had in their wisdom created. The book appeals to mature minds everywhere. It refreshes memories of what the Supreme Court did in the formative years of our nation's life. It discusses the decisions that provided for the orderly growth of the economy and assured the establishment of the Court as the guardian of the Federal system for the period when such a guardian was a necessity. As Professor George L. Haskins writes (p. 153): "Marshall had never unlearned the nationalism he had learned from Washington, and one of his enduring con- IO2 BOOK REVIEWS January tributions lies in his having helped to educate the public mind to a 'spacious view* of the Constitution, thereby furthering the idea that though we are a federation of states we are also a nation." Beveridge's Life shows the effect upon Marshall, the soldier at Valley Forge, of the nearly fatal weaknesses of the government of the colonies during the Revolution. A quarter century later the Richmond lawyer came to the bench with a wealth of experience as a practitioner fully familiar not only with the law and the courts, but with the country's economy. He helped materially to support that economy and to make ours the revolution that did not go too far. During his thirty-four years of tenure, Marshall's work was chiefly concerned with restraining the states from encroaching on the Federal area and on the property rights which the Constitution protected. On the bench he was not only the personification of high nationalism, he was also a political economist who viewed economic matters as paramount. He was not primarily concerned with personal and civil rights. "Without manoeuvre or coercion" he created unity in the Court, brought to it a sense of dignity and direction, built up the popular conception of the Court as an impartial instrument of the law and, without, of course, inventing it, established the effectiveness of the doctrine of judicial review (Carl Brent Swisher's introduction). "His greatness lies in the fact that he grew with the nation while he helped it grow," Irving Brant has written. Dr. William Draper Lewis has elsewhere said that the lasting character of Marshall's work lay not in the fact that it was the work of a statesman, but the work of a judge. In this book Donald G. Morgan says, "The eminence acquired by the Supreme Court . . . and the strength imparted to the Constitution are less the work of Marshall the convinced Federalist than of Marshall the man." And Justice Story wrote: "When we lost Chief Justice Marshall we lost our great support and our truest glory." These papers clearly show why Marshall as Chief Justice is the standard against which all successors are compared. They provide interesting and edifying reading.

Philadelphia HAROLD D. SAYLOR

The Age of Fighting Sail The Story of the Naval War of 1812. By C. S. FORESTER. [Mainstream of America Series.] (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1956. 284 p. End-paper maps, index. $5.00.) To find a celebrated writer of fiction (even though principally of the sea) in the role of naval historian seems quite an anomoly. But the creator of the incomparable Horatio Hornblower is as thoroughly at home upon the quarter-deck of the actual U.S.S. Constitution as he is upon the gun-deck i957 BOOK REVIEWS IO3 of the mythical H.M.S. Atropos. His accounts of the thrilling sea battles of the War of 1812 are as factual as the most learned scholar could desire, and as graphic as any lover of historical fiction could ask for. Mr. Forester also has done what few, if any, naval historians achieve, or even aim for—the correlation of naval activities of both participants with military, economic, and diplomatic developments of their respective coun- tries. There are times when he lapses into the "what might have beens" of history to the point of absurdity, injecting supposition in the place of evaluation. Had Commodore John Rodgers projected his cruise into the English or Bristol Channels, there could have been, writes Mr. Forester, "long faces in Leadenhall Street and even in Threadneedle Street at the news that a powerful American squadron was scouring the coast/* One gathers, in reading, that if Hornblower had been in command that is exactly what would have happened. In another "if," he ruminates upon what could have taken place had Isaac Hull in the Constitution joined with Rodgers and encountered Broke's British squadron. In that event (an event which was beyond all possibility), he comments: "The imagination is heated at the thought of that possible fleet action off Sandy Hook." Mr. Forester is critical of the judgment, or lack of it, displayed by James Lawrence in sallying out in the Chesapeake to meet the Shannon and a death which left the American navy the immortal words, "Don't give up the ship!" "The recklessness of his [Lawrence's] sortie is hard to explain," he writes. Nor does the spectacular cruise of David Porter in the Essex into the Pacific altogether meet with his approval. Porter wasted too many months for too few prizes, in the author's judgment, and he criticizes, as well, the American captain's foolish dispatching of prizes for home, thus weakening his crew. On the other hand, Forester is equally caustic with some of the British high command, notably Admiral Warren upon the Atlantic coast, and Sir James Yeo on the lakes. In this reviewer's opinion, and the above criticisms to the contrary, The Age of Fighting Sail is the most readable story of the naval war of 1812 that has yet been penned, even and including Theodore Roosevelt's volume on the same subject. It is an excellent addition to the Mainstream of America Series, which Lewis Gannett edits. The title is a fetching one, but the age of fighting sail in American history should seem to have a broader range. John Paul Jones in the Bon Homme Richard, John Barry in the Lexington, Lambert Wickes in the Reprisal, Nicholas Biddle in the Randolph, Thomas Truxtun in the Constellation, Andrew Sterett in the Enterprise, Richard Somers in the Intrepid, and Edward Preble off Tripoli —1776 to 1805 —also belong in that age. But the title, no doubt, was none of Mr. Forester's doings; his task was to write the history of the naval war of 1812, and an accolade to him for his accomplishment.

Brevard, N. C. WILLIAM BELL CLARK 104 BOOK REVIEWS January

III Feeling in the Era of Good Feeling. Western Pennsylvania Political Battles, 1815-1825. By JAMES A. KEHL. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1956. xiv, 270 p. Illustrations, appendix, bibliography, index. $4.00.) The interaction of national and local politics in the United States has always been a fascinating and complex subject. Professor Kehl makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of this process in his study of political behavior in Western Pennsylvania during the transitional period known so inappropriately as the Era of Good Feeling. His portrayal of the degeneration of local politics into factional and personal squabbles during this one-party period helps to illustrate the polarizing effect of national parties in shaping local politics into a coherent and meaningful pattern. Likening political life in Western Pennsylvania from 1815 to 1825 to a civil war, Professor Kehl divides his book into three parts—The Battlefield, The Weapons of Battle, and Major Campaigns. His first section is a keen analysis of economic, social, and political aspects of the fifteen counties of Western Pennsylvania which he believes to have been a self-conscious entity. He points out that the region had the attitudes and problems of the usual western state of the time, but was frustrated in its attempts at adjust- ment by eastern control of the state government. Despite this sense of common grievances, the region was divided by a town-and-country split and by an intense factionalism. Regional unity seems to have been more an ideal cherished by the rising manufacturing class, which sought united support for a protective tariff, than a significant political reality. The final chapter in this section discusses the effects of the collapse of Federalism, the pattern of officeholding, and the assaults of the "Independents" against the caucus system. The three chapters on "The Weapons of Battle" are in many respects the best in the book. In them, Professor Kehl analyzes the role of the news- papers in the politics of the region, describes the committee system of political organization, and discusses the pattern of social and political alignments within the region. Except for the unique Washington Club organized by the Baird brothers, he finds that political alignments were ephemeral and shifted with nearly every issue and every election. The discussion of the political campaigns in the region includes the gubernatorial elections of 1817,1820, and 1823, and the Presidential election of 1824. In the state elections, Western Pennsylvania as a whole furnished substantial majorities for the regular Democratic-Republican nominees, although Allegheny, Beaver, Crawford, and Warren counties on occasion supported the opposition. In the Presidential election of 1824 every county supported Andrew Jackson, who garnered seventy-eight per cent of the total vote of the region. This almost unanimous support of the popular hero by normally warring factions was evidence of a coming change in political i957 BOOK REVIEWS IO5 behavior. Along with the restoration of prosperity, it laid the basis for a more meaningful type of politics. Professor Kehl has written an excellent study, useful both for students of Western Pennsylvania history and for those interested in American politics generally. However, it seems to this reviewer that he has not made a convincing case for the existence of Western Pennsylvania as a distinctive political entity. It is doubtful that antipathy toward Philadelphia was any more intense in Western Pennsylvania than, for example, in the Susque- hanna region. Likewise, it is apparent that the fifteen counties of the region did not follow any common political course. Not only were there conflicts of country against town within the counties, but the differences between the political behavior of the counties within the region were equally as great as between them and the counties outside the region. It further appears to this reviewer that Professor Kehl has leaned slightly toward the "Independent" view of the state politics of the period, particularly in his discussion of "caucus" nominations. The nominating methods of the "Patent Republicans'* were certainly not above reproach, but strong criticisms could also be made of the conventions of the Independents. The crusade against the "caucus" in state politics was primarily an attempt by the "outs" to gain office and power rather than a selfless effort to establish democratic procedures. Some editorial slips escaped correction. Duane's Aurora is erroneously described as being conservative in 1805 (p. 127), and there are a number of typographical errors, including the substitution of "reigns" for "reins" in two places (pp. 91, 97). Despite these criticisms, Professor Kehl is to be congratulated for giving us a valuable study of American politics and of the Western Pennsylvania region in the Era of Good Feeling. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission S. W. HIGGINBOTHAM

Banners in the Wilderness. Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College. By HELEN TURNBULL WAITE COLEMAN. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1956. xx, 288 p. Illustrations, bibliography, index. $4.00.) The early history of Washington and Jefferson College could appro- priately be exhibited in the broad setting of the American home missionary movement. The founders of this college—John McMillan, Thaddeus Dod, and Joseph Smith—were Presbyterian ministers who had been educated at Princeton. Early in the last quarter of the eighteenth century they went to the frontier in southwestern Pennsylvania and there proclaimed the gospel and planted the seeds of classical learning. There they founded churches; IO6 BOOK REVIEWS January

there they helped to form a presbytery; and there they established schools from which presently sprang two academies that became, early in the nineteenth century, Jefferson College and Washington College. Their labors were, however, not unique. Other Presbyterian ministers, contemporaries of McMillan, Dod, and Smith, performed similar labors in the Valley of Virginia, and there laid the foundations of Washington and Lee University; and these men were forerunners of a host of other like-minded men- ministers of various denominations who, as commissioned home mission- aries, went from the East to successive western frontiers, where they helped to establish institutions of religion and of learning that preserved Christian civilization in settlements which presently stretched westward from Ohio to Oregon and California. But the history of Washington and Jefferson, whether it be presented in a large or in a small setting, is well worth telling. Mrs. Coleman has exhibited it in a regional setting. She has traced the history of both Jefferson College and Washington College from humble beginnings through an academy period and then through a collegiate period to the consummation of their union. She has given much attention not only to the founders, but also to those who guided these institutions through difficult times. She has an- notated her narrative, and has enriched it by subjoining thereto appendices containing much documentary material. Her book is profusely illustrated and handsomely printed. It should be welcomed by members of the Wash- ington and Jefferson family. This book should also be welcomed by students of our educational history, for it contains much that they can use for the purpose of making comparisons and contrasts. What it reveals about community and personal jealousies, about difficulties of raising endowment funds, about college cur- ricula and the beginnings of college libraries, and about student organizations and student activities will interest, but should not startle, such students. This knowledge will, I think, quickly convince them that the early history of Washington and Jefferson is, mutatis mutandis, substantially the early history of many another American college. One difference, however, they will notice—Washington and Jefferson has guarded its early records more carefully than some other American colleges have guarded theirs. From the literary standpoint this book leaves something to be desired. The work of revising and editing the manuscript was somewhat less than perfectly done. The book contains needless errors of fact, and it also contains sentences that suffer either from faulty construction or from downright ambiguity (see, for example, pp. 148, 156, 159 and 192). The most objec- tionable utterance, however, appears on page 77, in a sentence beginning thus: "Only the University of Pennsylvania permitted expelled Princeton students to admission. . . ." What I have just quoted can not properly be called English.

Bucknell University J. ORIN OLIPHANT I957 BOOK REVIEWS I07 With Beauregard in Mexico. The Mexican War Reminiscences of P. G. T. Beauregard. Edited by T. HARRY WILLIAMS. (Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 1956. x, 116 p. Maps, appendix, index. $5.00.) The Mexican War served as a proving ground for the greater War Be- tween the States which began less than fifteen years later. Most of the officer participants then received their baptism of fire and learned something of how to maneuver and lead troops in the face of an enemy. Some of the younger officers who distinguished themselves went on to greater glory and achievement in the later conflict. Robert E. Lee and Joseph E. Johnston were of this small and select group. Others, barely heard of during the Mexican War, later achieved national fame. In this group were such men as Grant, Sherman, T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson and James Longstreet. Still others, distinguished in the Mexican War, were prominent in one way or another in the Civil War, but did not measure up to their new and larger responsibilities in the later war. Of this group perhaps Beauregard, McClel- lan, and Braxton Bragg are the best known. Both Beauregard and McClellan failed in the greater war for much the same reasons. Both men produced contemporary or nearly contemporary diaries or reminiscences which were published long after the events nar- rated, reasonably accurate accounts, consciously or unconsciously empha- sizing the self-confidence and the egotism of the writers. As T. Harry Williams says in his introduction, Beauregard "was a young man with a driving ambition. , . . He thought of himself as a man of destiny. . . . He believed that he had played an important role in the operations in Mexico . . . that should be put down on paper so that people would know what he had done." He came out of the war "an embittered and unhappy man" (pp. 4-5). The editor further remarks, "It is not too fanciful to assume that Beauregard wrote his reminiscences to salve his bruised ego." Apparently he also sought to enlarge his reputation among important officers and influential citizens; he circulated a number of copies among his friends of prominence and importance. Whatever the motives for putting his thoughts and experiences in written form, these reminiscences give a good account of the services of a talented junior officer on active service in the Mexican War. Though his ideas of war were somewhat inflexible and though he learned nothing from Scott's strategy, Beauregard expresses throughout a highly favorable opinion of his commander. More than once, however, he gave bitter expression to his feeling that his services were not properly recognized. This account does not cover events between battles and recounts only the events personally witnessed or participated in by the writer. As a footnote to the reminiscences the editor has included a number of letters from and to Beauregard relating to his thought of resigning his commission in the United States Army to join with William Walker, the filibusterer operating in Nicaragua. IO8 BOOK REVIEWS January The maps in the book are well drawn, but not very helpful to the reader in following the course of events. This is particularly true of the map of the road to Mexico (p. 45). The editorial work is carefully done, and the twenty-four page introduction is good. There are few errors, typographical or otherwise, and there is a helpful index. The book is well printed and easy to read.

Locust Valley, N. Y. THOMAS ROB SON HAY

9 A History of the Freedmen s Bureau. By GEORGE R. BENTLEY. (Philadelphia: Published for the American Historical Association by the University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955. x, 214 p. Appendix, bibliography, index.

The memory of Indiana's late distinguished statesman and historian Albert J. Beveridge is well served by this newest of the volumes published under the direction of the American Historical Association from the income of the Beveridge Memorial Fund. A deceptively slender volume, Professor Bentley's account of the nine-year history of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands is an informative and well-constructed study of the nation's first great relief agency. Scholars and the lay history- reading public alike will find gratification in this first full-length study on the subject in a half century. Relief, Resettlement, and Rehabilitation—these purposes and activities outline the very complex character of the Freedmen's Bureau enterprise. Food and supplies were furnished to the freedmen and to needy whites. Freedmen and former masters—both suffering from the inevitable awk- wardness of tyros in the mystery of free labor—were induced to enter upon a new type of labor relations. The Bureau supervised labor contracts, pro- tecting the Negroes "at least temporarily from reenslavement in the form of peonage," established them on public lands under the homestead law, fixed their wages and terms of employment, and provided transportation. Colonies of freedmen were sometimes formed, and hospital and medical services were extended. Care was taken to obtain justice for the Negro and to protect him, through freedmen's courts and boards of arbitration, from discrimination as to civil rights in southern communities. Reading, 'Riting, and 'Rithmetic came to constitute a major rehabilitation activity, schools founded or aided by the Bureau being probably its most outstanding success. Benevolent societies were induced to establish schools and were stimulated to extend them. Buildings and teachers' salaries were provided. Sixty-one schools and eleven colleges and universities especially intended for Negroes came into existence. Several of these schools, and some others that the Bureau aided, were to become important American educational institutions. I957 BOOK REVIEWS IO9

Critics of the Bureau frequently charged that a seventh "R"—Repub- licanism—was a subtle but persistent function of the agency and a prime corollary of the more traditional "three R's." Republicans themselves, these critics averred, admitted that "where there has been the most of schooling since the war, the freedmen are surest for our party. Our only fear is for the remote country districts where the spelling book has not gone." Other dis- sidents were to complain that Bureau schools and other programs advocated ideas of "social equality" and that there was too much of a drive toward remaking the South in the image of New England. Such political activity, and the companion "social" programs, the author holds, unfortunately "cancelled out much of the good that the Bureau . . . accomplished for the Negro and the nation." However, he recognizes, quite judiciously, that the Bureau "faced a problem which was beyond the abilities of mere government to solve." More than "just an act of Congress and the guardianship of a federal agency," the freedmen "needed ... a change in the mores of a nation." The strength of this volume is to be found in its being constructed largely on the basis of the most painstaking examination of a great mountain of official Bureau papers, in its straightforward relating of the colossal problems facing the agency and its candid description of the means used toward their solution. The merits of the program and its genuine welfare activities are presented along with the excesses of its actual administration. One wishes, however, that there might have been more penetrating analyses of some of the chief officials of the Bureau, particularly of General Oliver Otis Howard, its head. Perhaps Professor Bentley's teaching duties at the Uni- versity of Florida may, at some future time, be sufficiently lightened to permit his return to this subject so that he may be able to provide us with a biographical study which will give even greater depth to the perspective which his present volume delineates so well. Morgan State College WALTER FISHER

1 Mr. Lincoln s Admirals, By CLARENCE EDWARD MACARTNEY. (New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1956. xvi, 335 p. Illustrations, bibliography, index. $5.00.) There has been something about naval warfare down through the ages which has seemed to make it a bit less shocking than the organized, mass destruction of land military actions. The naval hero has been clothed in the aura of knight-errantry which he himself has been most careful to preserve and foster. Many of us will recall as a recent example of this the reserved attitude of the German navy toward the Nazi regime, its leaders, and its methods. The American Civil War produced a group of appealing naval personalities on both sides. Dr. Macartney has undertaken to spotlight the roles of the leading Union commanders. HO BOOK REVIEWS January The title of the book is a bit misleading because not all of the officers discussed attained the rank of admiral during the period of actual conflict, although all but one did so eventually, and all held wartime commands which would be flag billets by today's naval standards. The five who did hold the rank of admiral were David Farragut, John Dahlgren, David Porter, Samuel Du Pont and Andrew Foote. William B. Cushing, who was in his early twenties, is included because of his notable exploits and leadership, and on the theory that he would certainly have become an admiral had he lived. Three others, John Winslow, John Worden, and Napoleon Collins, were promoted to the top grade over the years after the war. Each of the nine men has a chapter devoted to his Civil War career. There is an opening chapter concerned with the well-chosen civilian team which directed policy and administration in this phase of the great conflict— Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, and Gustavus Fox, the Assistant Secretary. Although this arrangement contributes to the clear purpose of the book to focus attention upon each naval personality individually, many readers might have preferred a treatment of them as a group, unfolding their exploits against a chronological backdrop of the war. After all, they were contemporaries, and it was their accomplishment as a group which gave historical significance to the role of the Union Navy during the Civil War. Anyone familiar with the history of the United States Navy knows of the long drawn-out, stubborn, and sometimes bitter controversy between the Navy Department and the State Department over delineation of authority and protocol. In recent times the issue has been largely resolved in favor of the diplomats, but in Lincoln's day the running interdepartmental squabble was a constant headache for the Chief Executive. Dr. Macartney often draws a very graphic picture of Mr. Welles and his sailors in revolt against Seward's efforts to supervise naval actions, dispositions, and policies. The author also has many occasions to portray another top level struggle involving the Navy with its brother service. Welles and Stanton often clashed. A case in point was Stanton's order to obstruct the Potomac River as a measure of defense against the Merrimac (p. 150). Throughout the book Dr. Macartney accurately portrays the frequent subordination of the Navy to the Army in the ultimate decisions of the President. We get a clear view of the frustrations of officers like Porter and Farragut. The high point of many descriptions of Army-Navy friction is probably the quoted letter written by Porter to the Secretary of the Navy denouncing Grant's "ava- rice" and "want of magnanimity" displayed during the joint attack on Fort Fisher (p. 315). On the other hand, a rare example of interservice good will is included in the author's description of the siege of Vicksburg and Sher- man's commendation of Porter after the fall of the city (p. 293). Oddly enough, as Macartney indicates, it was that stormy petrel Benjamin F. Butler, of all the Union generals, who enjoyed the best relations with his Navy counterparts. I957 BOOK REVIEWS III The chapter describing the Navy Department under Welles and Fox makes very clear the refreshing contrast which the seagoing service presented to the Army administration with its corruption and its "political generals." The cronies and partisan associates of Simon Cameron wrote a well-known sordid chapter in their misuse of power. The Navy, on the other hand, remained a thoroughly professional military establishment, honestly and efficiently operated. The high purpose and dedication to duty of Welles and Fox assured that result. The naval side of the American Civil War has never received the attention which it should have had in all the mass of literature which has been published about this critical period of our history. We have been surfeited with accounts of Vicksburg, Antietam, the Peninsula, Atlanta, minutiae of the three days at Gettysburg, and so on, but how often have competent writers appraised the blockade, the gunboats on the rivers, the drive of the Rebel raiders against the great Union merchant marine, and amphibious actions on many southern shores? Dr. Macartney has made a timely and valuable contribution to the historiography of our seagoing service covering the years of one of its most vital missions. The book itself is very well written, with a style and content likely to appeal to both the general reader and to the more serious student of the Civil War. There is an adequate index and a fairly comprehensive bibliography. Footnotes are used sparingly. A foreword by the noted military analyst George Fielding Eliot will be of interest to many readers. The author has appended a chronology of the naval war (pp. 326-327) which is also a very useful reference as one follows the exposition of nine separate careers through the war years.

Temple University LAWRENCE EALY

Robert E. Lee. A Great Life in Brief. By EARL SCHENCK MIERS. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1956. [xii], 203, ix p. Map, bibliographical note, index. $2.50.) Gray Fox. Robert E. Lee and the Civil War. By BURKE DAVIS. (New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc., 1956. xii, 466 p. Maps, bibliography, index. $6.00.) For the average American the War Between the States, or the Civil War, has become a subject of never-ending interest. As the centennial of the conflict approaches, this interest has increased and with it the writing of and the demand for books on the war and its leaders, both North and South. Two national heroes, Lincoln and Lee, originally sectional in esteem, emerged from the conflict, each revered for the same fundamental quality— character. 112 BOOK REVIEWS January

Of these two volumes on Lee, the shorter—Robert E. Lee. A Great Life in Brief, by Earl Schenck Miers—is a worth-while addition to Knopfs Great Lives in Brief series. It constitutes a good introduction to Lee for readers who know him only by name. It gives one the "feel" of Lee, so to speak, and will help to explain why and how Lee developed from a sectional leader to a national hero. It is neither definitive nor authoritative, and errs in places both in statement and emphasis. The second volume, designed apparently for the general reader, also errs both in statement and emphasis. It is not a scholarly production, nor does it pretend to be. It is an interesting account of Lee's career and leadership from the time he resigned his commission in the United States Army to accept service first with his native state of Virginia and then with the Confederacy until four years later when he surrendered the remnants of a once-great army at Appomattox. From Gray Fox the reader should gain an understanding of why Lee is one of the great military leaders of history, and of how he led and molded men to accept his ideas and plans of procedure. Much of the book is based on the testimony of eye-witnesses in an effort to reduce the Lee myth to a living personality who can be understood and appreciated. In the telling, Lee does not lose stature, but rather gains as a man. His most glaring weak- ness was his failure, at all times, to insist that his judgment once formed and reduced to orders be carried out without delay or argument. His failure to do this at Gettysburg is the most prominent example, and the author's account becomes the story of Longstreet's opposition to Lee's plans which amounted almost to insubordination. Instead of insisting on fulfillment of his orders according to direction or of relieving Longstreet of his command, Lee permitted him to argue and make excuses until the opportunity Lee envisaged when his orders were issued had passed. In 1861 Lee was distrusted and disliked by many of the Southern military and civil leaders; by the time of Appomattox four years later, in the face of complete military defeat, he was idolized by all to a degree almost without parallel in history. As the end approached, the survival of the Confederacy came to depend, more and more, on Lee's skill in fending off his opponent and on the correctness and audacity of his judgment. Both these books are free of errors of consequence, typographical and otherwise. Both include a bibliography, and Davis' book makes a sparing and generally unsatisfactory use of footnote citations. For example, Davis states (p. 247) that "Longstreet had been drinking" at Gettysburg and "could not remember whether he had sent an order to McLaws," but there is no citation for such an important and accusing statement. Miers' book has no illustrations and an inadequate map; Davis' book has both illustrations and maps. Both books have an index. Neither book adds to the story of Lee and his career. The one-volume life of Lee that will explain Lee the man, the soldier, and the leader of a Lost Cause remains to be written.

Locust Valley', N. Y. THOMAS ROBSON HAY i957 BOOK REVIEWS 113

Kentucky Ante-Bellum Portraiture. By EDNA TALBOTT WHITLEY. (The National Society of Colonial Dames in America in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, 1956. xii, 848 p. Illustrations, bibliography, index.) This volume has grown out of the presentation of a number of photographs of portraits to the Historical Activities Committee of the National Society of Colonial Dames of America in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. From this beginning, a program was instituted to collect photographs of Kentucky portraits down to 1865 and to preserve the known history of each portrait. The fruitful result of the project is represented by some three hundred portrait illustrations in this volume. Opposite each portrait is a page of descriptive material with a biographical sketch of the subject, information on the portrait itself, its ownership, size, and, when known, its artist. The portraits are arranged alphabetically according to counties. Appendices list photographs of portraits of Kentuckians now in other states and extensive notes on the artists, a list which includes many names of well-known, competent nineteenth-century painters. The illustrations of the paintings are clear, and the whole book presents an attractive appearance. The Colonial Dames of Kentucky are to be highly congratulated on publishing so valuable a source volume.

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Volume LXIX: October, 1947-May, 1950. (Boston: Published by the Society, 1956. xviii, 536 p. Illustrations, index.) Volume LXIX of the Proceedings contains fifteen papers on a wide variety of topics read at meetings of the Massachusetts Historical Society from October, 1947, to May, 1950. Also included are memorials to deceased members and minutes and reports of the Society. The papers were con- tributed by Henry Rouse Viets, Robert Earle Moody, Henry Wilder Foote, Bernhard Knollenberg, James Duncan Phillips, Samuel Eliot Morison, Mark DeWolfe Howe, Charles Warren, Walter Muir Whitehall, F. Lauriston Bullard, Frederic Haines Curtiss, Claude Moore Fuess, Joseph Clark Grew, Stewart Mitchell, and William Phillips.

A Portrait of William Floyd, Long Islander. By WILLIAM Q. MAXWELL. (Setauket, Long Island, N. Y.: Society for the Preservation of Long Island Antiquities, 1956. 43 p. Illustrations, bibliography. Paper, *i.5o.) This pamphlet utilizes some new manuscript material in the presentation of William Floyd's life from his birth in 1734 until 1803 when he moved from Long Island to western New York. Floyd was a Signer of the Declara- tion of Independence, and an active, if not a brilliant, man in public affairs for many years. Mr. Maxwell's study has brought together details about Floyd and has accordingly enlarged our knowledge of him, although a large part of the detail is based on receipted bills of limited biographical significance. A Fellowship in American Studies

The Library Company of Philadelphia announces the establishment of a Fellowship in American Studies for the academic year 1957-1958. In the spirit of its traditions as one of the nation's oldest cultural institutions, The Library Company of Philadelphia wishes to stimulate research in the field of American studies. It is, therefore, establishing the Library Company Fellowship to enable a scholar to use the rich historical resources of the Company and its sister libraries in the Philadelphia area. It is hoped that the Fellow's research will result in a manuscript of such significance and scope that it will be acceptable for publication by a commercial or a scholarly press. The Fellowship will carry a stipend of $5000 for the full academic year— September 15 to June 15—and the Fellow will be expected to reside in or near Philadelphia during that time. No specific academic qualifications are required, but preference will be given to one who has had research experience and given evidence of promise or accomplishment in the field of American studies. Applications for the Fellowship, including a personal history, three letters of recommendation and an outline of the proposed research project, must be in the hands of The Library Company of Philadelphia, Broad and Christian Streets, Philadelphia 47, Pennsylvania, no later than March 1, 1957. Selection of the Fellow, if an application is approved, will be an- nounced on May 1, 1957, an<^ the Fellow will be expected to commence his work on September 15, 1957.

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