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Forage Yield and Quality of Chicory, Birdsfoot Trefoil, and Alfalfa During the Establishment Year Grant Chapman1, Edward Bork1, Noble Donkor*,2 and Robert Hudson3

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Forage Yield and Quality of Chicory, Birdsfoot Trefoil, and Alfalfa During the Establishment Year Grant Chapman1, Edward Bork1, Noble Donkor*,2 and Robert Hudson3 68 The Open Agriculture Journal, 2008, 2, 68-74 Open Access Forage Yield and Quality of Chicory, Birdsfoot Trefoil, and Alfalfa During the Establishment Year Grant Chapman1, Edward Bork1, Noble Donkor*,2 and Robert Hudson3 1Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada 2Department of Biology, Canadian University College, Lacombe, AB, T4L 2E5, Canada 3Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada Abstract: As part of a study to evaluate alternative forages for farmed deer, we compared forage yields and quality of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) with that of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in north central Alberta, Canada. Despite similar plant densities among the three species, the foliar cover of chicory averaged 76%, 20% greater than alfalfa and 50% greater than trefoil. Alfalfa had higher plant height, dry matter yields, and crude protein concentrations compared to chicory and trefoil, leading to crude protein yields nearly double that of the other for- ages. Alfalfa also had superior over-winter persistence. Birdsfoot trefoil stands exhibited poor competitiveness in the year of establishment, as demonstrated by high weed and volunteer clover biomass. Chicory had lower neutral detergent fiber concentrations compared to the other forages, leading to a favorable neutral detergent soluble value of 590 g kg-1 DM, 6% greater than that of trefoil. In contrast, tannin concentrations were greatest in trefoil (nearly 60 g kg-1 DM), well above those in the other forages (<20 g kg-1 DM). These results highlight the potential of chicory for forage production, as well as the importance of mixing alfalfa with alternative forages to optimize forage yield and quality. Keywords: Alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, chicory, quality, sward establishment, yield. 1. INTRODUCTION inclusion of tanniferous plant species in comparative forage trials would be beneficial. The current trial compared the Game farming systems in the seasonal boreal environ- suitability of two alternative forages, birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus ments of Canada depend heavily on expensive supplements to corniculatus L. cv ‘Leo’) and chicory (Cichorium intybus L. meet nutritional needs and maximize deer performance [1]. cv ‘Puna’) with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv ‘Range- Feed costs can account for 65% of livestock production ex- lander’) for use as deer pasture in northern Alberta. penses, forcing industry to direct attention at reducing produc- tion costs. This is particularly critical for odocoiliene deer Alfalfa is the conventional forage widely used in western (Odocoileus virginianus, Odocoileus hemionus) as their gut Canada, including deer pastures. Although considered highly morpho-physiology does not make efficient use of conven- adapted to Alberta’s climate, this forage is low in condensed tional grass pastures [1]. Consequently, forage evaluation for tannins [6], and contains saponins that may reduce rumen increased feeding efficiency, environmental sustainability and motility [7]. Birdsfoot trefoil is also grown to a limited ex- reduced production costs has become a priority in aiding de- tent in Alberta, but it is of interest because recent studies velopment of the deer farming industry in western Canada [2]. indicate it improves dry matter intake and weight gain of red Little information exists on the establishment, yield and qual- deer (Cervus elaphus) [8]. Chicory, developed in New Zea- ity of alternative forage species in northern temperate regions land for an extensive deer farming industry [9], is relatively such as the boreal forest, where game farming has been sug- new to Canada. Chicory is currently grown throughout much gested as a viable alternative for livestock producers [3]. of the United States and may offer a valuable alternative deer forage in western Canada. The specific objectives of this The evaluation of novel forages in new growing envi- study were to compare the vegetative establishment, herbage ronments involves assessment of forage establishment, in- yield and quality, and over-winter survival, of chicory, cluding over-winter survival, and agronomic characteriza- birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa. tion. Successful establishment includes competitive ability, with persistence over several growing seasons necessary to 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS reduce pasture rejuvenation costs. Traditional agronomic attributes of particular interest to livestock producers include Site Description herbage yield and quality throughout the growing season. A 2-year study (2003 and 2004) was conducted at the Given the potential importance of condensed tannins in tem- Alberta Best Deer Group Ltd. game farm in the Lower Bo- perate forages on animal nutrition and productivity [4, 5], the real Mixedwood region of north central Alberta (54o 42’ 8.7”N; 113o 05’31.7” W). The farm consists of two quarter sections (512 ha) of land, fenced and cross fenced with 2.4 m *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biology, Ca- tall high tensile page wire. The farm is equipped with a nadian University College, Lacombe, AB, T4L 2E5, Canada; Tel: 403-782- large, well-designed handling facility including many indoor 3381, Ext. 4186; E-mail: [email protected] and outdoor dry lot pens and pastures. Prior to this research 1874-3315/08 2008 Bentham Open Forage Yield and Quality of Chicory, Birdsfoot Trefoil and Alfalfa The Open Agriculture Journal, 2008, Volume 2 69 trial, the farm was used for white-tailed deer pasture and hay 100 - NDF % = NDS %) as well as calculate neutral deter- production, typically with forage stands consisting of alfalfa gent soluble yield (NDSY) (NDSY = DM yield X propor- (Medicago sativa L.), smooth brome (Bromus inermis tional NDS concentration). Condensed tannin levels in for- Leyess), quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.) and alsike clover ages were determined using reversed-phase high-perform- (Trifolium hybridum L.). ance liquid chromatography [12]. Mean temperatures in the region average -14.9oC and + Statistical Analysis 16.2oC during January and July, respectively. Sixty-percent Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) of annual precipitation falls during the summer growing pe- riod (May to August inclusive). During 2003 and 2004, pre- using PROC Mixed of SAS [13], where seeded forage type, cipitation at the study area was slightly below (-7%) and year of establishment, and date of sampling were fixed fac- above (+ 13%), respectively, the long-term average of 504 tors, and forage seeding blocks considered random. Prior to mm. Annual October to May snowfall averages 122 cm. The analysis all data were checked for normality through exami- dominant landform at the study site is a nearly level muskeg nation of the residuals. Measured response variables in- floodplain containing soils that are Orthic Gray Luvisols of cluded vegetative growth (plant height, cover, density and loam and clay loam texture. DM yield), and herbage quality (CP, CPY, NDF, NDS, NDSY and condensed tannins). Repeated measures analysis Experimental Procedure was utilized in the assessment of seasonal changes in forage Seed bed preparation was done in May 2003 using a agronomic characteristics within each plot during 2004. Where significant main effects or interactions (i.e. between broadcast application of glyphosate herbicide at a rate of 4.8 . -1 forage type and sampling time) were found, post-hoc com- L ha , followed by extensive disking and harrowing. Alfalfa, parisons of means were performed using Tukey’s method chicory and birdsfoot trefoil were subsequently seeded with [14], with differences considered significant at p<0.05, un- a 3-m wide Brillion forage seeder into plots following a ran- less otherwise indicated. domized complete block design with seven blocks. Seeding rates were 11.4, 12.3 and 8.9 kg.ha-1 for alfalfa, birdsfoot 3. RESULTS trefoil and chicory, respectively. Chicory seed was neither inoculated nor fertilized. Both alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil Forage Establishment and Quality TM were inoculated with Noducoat at three times the recom- Forage height, cover and biomass were affected by for- mended rate, and coated with a phosphate fertilizer, to pro- age type (p<0.001), year of seeding (p<0.05), and interac- tect and keep the rhizobia inoculant viable for a period of six tions between forage type and year (p<0.01) (ANOVA re- months. The study was repeated in 2004. sults not shown). Alfalfa generally produced the tallest for- Forage Evaluation age 69 days after establishment, with birdsfoot trefoil consis- tently the shortest and chicory similar in height (Table 1). Forage establishment, yield and quality were evaluated in Chicory had the greatest foliar cover, particularly during both years in mid August, 69 days after seeding. Over-winter 2003, while trefoil had less than 40% ground cover in both survival of plants seeded the first year was also assessed. In years. Alfalfa height and cover responses were also variable addition, seasonal forage growth was assessed in 2004 only between years, a reflection of different precipitation between by repeated measurements conducted 3 times during the the two years (Table 1). growing season (25 July, 17 August and 19 September). Seeded forage biomass values closely followed the cover Dates represent summer and early fall, the period of inherent responses, being greater for chicory in 2003 than either maximum growth in deer. All data were collected by sam- birdsfoot
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