NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETIN

Technicalinformation on comprehensive planning, survey of cultural resources,and registrationin the National Register of Historic Places

. U.S. Departmentof the Interior NationalPark Service - Cultural Resources Interagency ResourcesDivision

GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND REGISTERING AND BURIALPLACES Mission: As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Deparhnent of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally-owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish,wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historic places; and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Deparhnent assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Deparhnent also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. Administration.

This publication is financed by the National Park Service, Deparhnent of the Interior. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended; Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended; and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the United States Deparhnent of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, handicap, or age in its programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility, or if you desire furtherinformation please write: Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, IX20013-7127.

(Cover Photo). The East Parish Burying Ground in Newton,, is an important link to the city's 17th centuryorigins and illustrates the characteristic features of a dense concentration of tablet-type markersbearing grim epitaphs and carved imagery. (Thelma Fleishman, 1981). NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETIN41

GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND REGISTERING CEMETERIESAND BURIAL PLACES

by ElisabethWalton Potter and Beth M. Boland

U.S. Deparhnentof the Interior National Park Service Interagency Resources Division NationalRegist er of Historic Places

1992 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ...... ii Acknowledgments ...... iii L Introduction ...... 1 II. Burial Customs and Cemeteries in American History ...... 3 Native American Burial Customs ...... 3 Colonial and Early American Burial Customs ...... 4 Origins of the "Rural" Movement ...... 4 The "Rural" Cemetery Movement and its Impact on American Landscape Design ...... 6 Military Cemeteries ...... 6 IIL Types of Burial Places and Associated Features ...... 8 IV. Evaluating Cemeteries and Burial Places ...... 9 Applying the National Register Criteria for Evaluation ...... 9 Special Requirements: Criteria Considerations ...... 14 Integrity ...... 18 V. Documenting and Registering Cemeteries and Burial Places ...... 20 General Approach ...... 20 Researchand Field Investigation ...... 22 Site Plans ...... 22 Photographs ...... 22 Archeology ...... 23 Boundaries and Periods of Significance ...... 23 Ownership ...... 23 Completing the National Register Registration Form ...... 24 Classification ...... 24 Contributing Features ...... 24 Functions ...... 24 Description and Analysis of Features and Significance ...... 24 Description ...... 25 Significance ...... 25 Boundary Description and Justification ...... 25 Maps and Photographs ...... 26 VI. Conclusion ...... 27 VII. Glossary ...... 28 VIIL Some Recommended Sources ...... 30 IX. National Register Criteria for Evaluation ...... 33 PREFACE

The creationof the NationalRegister indicated a desire that theSecretary of burial places and features can represent. of Historic Places in 1966provided the the Interior review National Register The growing emphasison the history of firstnational recognition for historic Criteria for Evaluationfrom time to time ordinary individuals, grass rootsmove­ propertiespossessing State or local to ensure theireffectiveness in carrying ments, culturaland designed landscapes, significance, and uniform standards for out the policiesof the Act. In 1986, and various cultural groupshas nurtured evaluatingthem. TheNational upon the occasion of the 20th anniver­ this evolution. At the sametime, the Register's Criteria forEvaluation saryof the National Historic Preserva­ identification,maintenance, and preser­ establishedthe threshold fordefining tionAct, theNational Park Service vation of burial places is increasingly the qualitiesthat would make sucha organizedsuch a review. In their threatened through neglect,ignorance, propertyworthy of preservation,but December17, 1986, report,those who and vandalism. This publicationis alsoneeded to ensure credibility reviewed the criteriaconcluded that no intended to focusattention on these through adherence to standardsaccept­ revision of criteriawording was war­ resourcesand provide detailedguidance able to relevant professional disciplines. ranted, but recommendedseveral issues on the qualities thatrender burial places Through thespecial requirements of the that could benefit fromclarification significant representativesof our history CriteriaConsiderations, the criteria both through additional published guidance. worthy of preservation. caution against subjectiveenthusiasm The application of NationalRegister forcertain types of resources,and also criteriato gravesand cemeteries was reinforce the importanceof objective one such issue. historical analysis. A greater appreciationhas evolved in Lawrence E. Aten In the legislativehistory of the 1980 both scholarship and public perception Chief, Interagency ResourcesDivision Amendmentsto the National Historic for the importanthistorical themes that National Park Service PreservationAct of 1966,Congress graves, cemeteries, and other typesof Departmentof the Interior

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thisbulletin was preparedby Meyer, American Culture Association Melnick, Universityof Oregon; Ken ElisabethWalton Potter, coordinatorof and WesternOregon StateCollege; P'Pool,Mississippi Departmentof NationalRegister nominations for the DeanSuagee of Hobbes,Strauss, Dean, Archives and History; Maxwell D. Oregon State HistoricPreservation and Wilder; and Nicole Warren, Ramsey,Tennessee Valley Authority; Office,and BethM. Boland, historian Interagency ResourcesDivision, Barbara Rotundo, historic cemetery with the NationalRegister of Historic NationalPark Service, fortheir invalu­ consultant,Laconia, New Hampshire; Places. The authorsgreatfully acknowl­ able assistance. Other colleagues in the Brana Simon, Massachusetts Historical edgethe assistance of thosewho NationalPark Servicewho provided Commission; Frank W. Snell, Bureau of consultedclosely on, or contributed helpfulcomments or assistanceinclude LandManagement; ElizabethA. Straw, portionsof, thetext: ElizabethCrowell, Lawrence E. Aten, Chief,Interagency TennesseeHistorical Commission; Ann Chief of ArcheologicalStudies, Engi­ ResourcesDivision; Edwin Bearss, Chief Swallow, Illinois Historic Preservation neering-Science, and NonnanMackie, Historian; CharlesA. Birnbaum, Agency;and Jay C. Ziemann, Arizona National Conferenceof State Historic PreservationAssistance Division; Gary State Parks. PreservationOfficers; Leland Gilsen, J. Candelaria, Fort Laramie National This publication has beenprepared Oregon State Historic Preservation Historic Site;Sue Henry, Planning pursuant to the NationalHistoric Office;Kenneth J. Guzowski, Gtyof Branch, InteragencyResources Division; PreservationAct of 1966,as amended, Eugene, Oregon, Planning Department; H. Ward Jandl, PreservationAssistance which directsthe Secretaryof the Ellen Lipsey,Boston Landmarks Division; CecilMcKithan, Southeast Interior to develop and make available Commission; PatriciaL. Parker, Inter­ Regional Office;Diane Miller, Informa­ informationconcerning historic proper­ agency ResourcesDivision, National tion Management Unit, Interagency ties. National Register Bulletin41 was Park Service;Bruce Piatek, Historic St. ResourcesDivision; Douglas H. Scovill, developedunder the generaleditorship Augustine PreservationBoard; Carol D. Chief Anthropologist;and National of Carol D. Shull, Chiefof Registration, Shull, Chief of Registration, National Register archeologists,architectural National Registerof Historic Places. RegisterBranch, lnteragencyResources historians, and historians, especially Antoinette J. Lee,historian, is respon­ Division, NationalPark Service;Tim Patrick Andrus,Patty Chrisman, sible for publications coordination,and Smith, State of Alaska Officeof History Antoinette Lee,Linda McOelland, Patty Sackett Chrisma."1,historian, and Archeology;and DanielSponn, DonnaSeifert, and Jan Townsend. provides technicalsupport. Comments Historic PreservationOffice, Depart­ Significantcontributions also were on this publicationmay bedirected to ment of Veterans Affairs. The authors made by Dan Deibler, Pennsylvania Chief of Registration, National Register alsoare indebted to Ruthann Knudson, Historical and MuseumCommission; of Historic Places, lnteragencyRe­ ArcheologicalAssistance Division, James C. Gutman, Fishand Wildlife sourcesDivision, National Park Service, NationalPark Service;Kathleen D. Service;Chere Jiusto, MontanaHistori­ P. 0. Box 37127, Washington, D.C. Leslie, Mount AuburnCemetery, cal Society;Glen Leiner, Governmentof 20013-7127. Cambridge,Massachusetts; Richard E. the Districtof Columbia; Robert Z.

iii I. INTRODUCfION

Individual and collectiveburial or becausethey are part of historic publication. The purpose of this bulletin placescan reflectand representin districts.2 Thesenumbers reflect the is to guide Federal agencies,State important ways the cultural values and essential presenceof burialplaces in the historic preservationoffices, Certified practicesof the pastthat help instruct cultural landscape. Various factorshave Local Governments, preservation us aboutwho we areas a people. Yet contributed to the continuing trend of professionals,and interestedgroups and forprofoundly personal reasons, registration. Oearly importantis the individuals in evaluating, documenting, familial and culturaldescendants of the growingliterature on funeraryart and and nominating cemeteries, burial places interredoften view gravesand cem­ architecture, and on landscapes. With and related types of propertyto the eteries with a senseof reverenceand greater frequency sincethe 1960s, National Register. devout sentimentthat can overshadow studies in American culture have The resourcesor types of properties objectiveevaluation. Therefore, treatednot only theform and symbol­ relating to mortuarycustoms in the cemeteriesand graves are among those ism of gravemarkers,but alsothe social United States and its associatedterrito­ propertiesthat ordinarily are not and spiritual values expressedin burial ries vary from region to region and age consideredeligible forinclusion in the placementsand the organization of to age according to prevailingspiritual NationalRegister of Historic Places buryinggrounds- includingthe beliefsand methods of caring forthe unlessthey meet special requirements. differentattitudes about death held by dead. The burial mound of prehistoric TheNational Register Criteria for the various culturalgroups that make populationsin theMississippi River Evaluationinclude considerationsby up our society. Valley, the tablet-filled graveyardof the which burial placesmay beeligible for Though the traditionof cleaning up Colonial period,the park-like "rural" inclusion in the NationalRegister. To and beautifyingold cemeteries is a long cemetery of the early-to-mid19th qualifyfor listing under Criteria A one, the current interestin thesesubjects century, and the Art Deco (associationwith events), B (association partly owes towidespread incidentsof and crematorium of the modem indus­ with people),or C (design), a cemetery abandonment, theft,vandalism, real trial age - all are distinct manifestations or gravemust meetnot only the basic estate development, and environmental of thecultures and environments in criteria, but alsothe specialrequire­ hazardssuch as acid rain, which have whichthey were created. Theseplaces mentsof Criteria Considerations C or pushed cemeteries to the forefrontof are capable of providing insight to the D, relatingto gravesand cemeteries.1 preservationissues. National Register cultural values of preceding generations Burialplaces evaluated under listingis an important step in preserving unless they have beenlooted, severely CriterionD forthe importanceof the cemeteries becausesuch recognition vandalized, or compromised by devel­ informationthey may impart do not often sparks community interest in the opment or natural forces. To measure have to meet the requirements forthe importanceof thesesites in conveying the significance of burial places in Criteria Considerations. Thesesites the story of its past. Listing alsogives American culture, we must know generallyhave beenconsidered as credibilityto State and local efforts to somethingof their geographic extent,the archeologicalsites. It is importantto preservethese resources for their historic events affectingtheir creation, rememberthat although cemeteries continuing contribution to the the span of time in which they evolved, and other burial placesmay beevalu­ community's identity. The documenta­ their ceremonial functions, their aesthetic atedfor their potential to yield informa­ tion contained in surveys and nomina­ value, the reasonsfor the location and tion,they alsomay possessgreat value tionsof thesehistoric buryingplaces - orientationof graves, and the underlying to thosewho are relatedculturally to especiallythose cemeteries that are meaning of their embellishments. the peopleburied there. neglected or threatened - is the key to This bulletin defines the term ''burial Roughly1,700 cemeteries and burial their betterprotection and management. place"broadly as a location where the placesin all partsof the country have This informationhas a variety of uses, dead are prepared forburial or crema­ beenentered in the NationalRegister including public education;planning by tion, or where the remains of the dead since1966, either as individual listings local, State, or Federal agencies; or are placed. A burial place may be a

1 The discussionof the criteria begins on page 9, and the requirements of the considerations on page 14. For a list of the National Register Criteria for Evaluationand the Criteria Considerations,see p. 33. 2 For information on the National Register, contact the State Historic PreservationOfficer in your State, or The National Register of Historic Places, Interagency Resources Division, National Park Service, P. 0. Box 37127, Washington, D.C. 20013-7127. 1 singlefeature, ranging from the grandly descendants has resulted in greater the appropriate treatmentof human monumented tomb of a nationalleader sensitivityto ward thosefo r whom a remains and cultural objects. Many to an isolatedgrave expedientlypre­ burial place has familial or cultural States,also, have passedlegislation that pared alongsidea battlefieldor emigrant importance. The Native American addresses thediscovery and disposition route. Other burial places are more Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of graves. complex, such as compoundburial sites of 1990 (P.L. 101-601) sets out the rights Severalfactors resultedin a decision and cemeteriesdeveloped after deliber­ of Indian Tribes and Native Hawaiian to omit detailed guidance on identify­ ate selectionand arrangementof the organizationsregarding human re­ ing, evaluating,and documenting landscape. In NativeAmerican and mains,funerary and sacredobjects, and archeological sites that contain burials, Pacific Island cultures, certain burial other culturally significant objects for and on appropriate methods for places were ephemeral becausethey which they can demonstratel ineal studying them, fromthis bulletin. tookplace aboveground. However, descento r cultural affiliation. One of Thesefactors includethe specialized where evidence remains of cremation the main purposesof the legislation is to nature of investigating theseburials, areas and sites traditionallyused for protectNa tive American graves and ongoing debates over theappropriate scaffoldand other encasementburials, related items, and to control their treatmentof such sites, and evolving such placeswould beencompassed by removal. The Act encourages the policiesand procedures relatingto the the general classification,burial place. avoidance of archeologicals ites that Native American Graves Protection Cemeteries and burial places tradi­ contain burials and alsom akes Federal and Repatriation Act. Nevertheless, tionallyhave beenregarded as sacred agencies responsible for consulting references, examples, and brief discus­ and inviolate, especiallyby those whose Indian Tribesor NativeHawaiian sions of prehistoric burials appear ancestorsare buried there. Recently,the groups when they encounter such sites, throughout this bulletin in recognition concernof NativeAmericans about either in the courseo f planned excava­ that they may beeligible forNational appropriateand respectfuldisposition of tions, or through inadvertent discovery. Register listing. burial remainsand objectsof their Consultationi s required to determine

2 II. BURIAL CUSTOMS AND CEMETERIES IN AMERICAN HISTORY

Thetypes of cemeteriesand burial physical attributes tell us something may not fall into one of the traditions places that might qualifyfor National important aboutthe peoplewho describedin this section. Yet they Register listingare many and varied. created them. frequently arenominated and listedin Theyinclude: the NationalRegister. Examples of theseand many other • town cemeteries and burial typesof burial places appearthroughout groundswhose creation and continu­ this bulletin, especiallyin the sectionon ity reflect the broad spectrumof the applying the criteria. Sometypes of NATIVEAMERICAN community's history and culture; burialplaces represent events,customs, or beliefscommon to many cultures, BURIALCUSTOMS • family burial plots that contribute locations, or timeperiods. Others are to the significanceof a farmstead; unique representativesof specificpeople Native American burialcustoms have or events. Background information on varied widely, not only geographically, • beautifullydesigned garden someof the traditions in American but alsothrough time,having been cemeteries that servedas places of burials that are socommon that numer­ shaped by differing environments,social rest and recreation; ous examples have been,or are likely to structure, and spiritual beliefs. Prehis­ be,identified and nominated is dis­ toric civilizations evolved methods of • graveyards that form an important cussed brieflyin this section;the omis­ caring for the dead thatreflected either part of the historic settingfor a sion of other traditionsor historical the seasonal movements of nomadic church or other religious building developments should not be interpreted societiesor the lifeways of settled beingnominated; as precluding cemeteries or graves that communities organized around fixed do not fit into the topics that are in­ locations. As they evolved, burial • formal cemeteries whosecollections cluded. Forexample, community practicesincluded various forms of of tombs, sculptures,and markers cemeteries that reflectearly settlementor encasement,sub-surface interment, possessartistic and architectural variousaspects of an area's long history cremation,and exposure. Custom significance; • single or groupedgrave­ stones that representa distinctive folk tradition; • gravesor graveyards whosesurvival is a signifi­ cant or the only reminder of an important person, culture, settlement,or event; and • burial places whose location, grave markers, landscaping,or other

TheCrawford-Dorsey House and Cemeterynear Lovejoy, Clayton County, Georgia, represent a historic Southern plantation; the earliest graves are covered by seashells. (JamesR. Lockhart, 1983) 3 usually dictated sometype of purifica­ COLONIAL AND iconography in favorof more secular tionritual at the timeof burial. Certain figures,such as skulls representingfate ceremonies called forsecondary inter­ EARLY AMERICAN common to all men. mentsfollowing incineration or expo­ In areas such as the Middle Atlantic sure of the body, and in such cases,the BURIAL CUSTOMS regionand the South, settlement rites mightextend over sometime patternstended to bemore dispersed period. Wherethe distinctionsin social than in New England. Although early statuswere marked, the rites weremore The earliest episodesof Spanish, towns such as Jamestown established elaborate. French, and English settlement on the church cemeteries, eventually burial in ThePlains Indians and certain easternshore of NorthAmerica fol­ churchyards becameimpractical for all Indians of the PacificNorthwest com­ lowed voyages of explorationin the but thoseliving closeto churches. As monly practiced above-groundburials 16th century. Theoriginal attemptsat extensive plantations were established using trees,scaffolds, canoes, and boxes colonizing were made in Florida,the to facilitate the productionof large scale on stilts,which decayedover time. Carolinas, and Virginia. In 1565, the cash crops,such as tobacco,several More permanentwere earthen construc­ first lasting Europeancommunity was factors often made burial in a church­ tions,such as the chambered mounds established by the Spanish on the east yard problematical: towns were located and crematory mounds of the Indians of coast of Aorida, at St. Augustine,which farapart, geographically large parishes the drainage. In some survived attack fromcompeting forces were often servedby only a single areas of the Southeastand Southwest, in colonization of the New World. An church, and transportationwas difficult, cemeteries forurn burials, using earth­ essentialfeature of the fortifiedsettle­ the major mode beingby ship. The enwarejars, were common. ment was theRoman Catholicmission distance of family plantations from After contact with EuropeanAmeri­ church with its associatedburial churches necessitatedalternative cans, Native Americancultures adopted ground. Where they areuncovered in locations forcemeteries, which took the other practicesbrought about by the courseof modem day improvement formof family cemeteries on the religious proselytizing,intermarriage, projects,unmarked burials of the 16th plantation grounds. They usually were edict, and enforcement of regulations. and 17th centuries provide evidence for established on a high, well-drained The Hopi, Zuni, and other Pueblo identifyingthe historic locations of pointof land, and often were enclosed peoplesof Arizonaand New Mexico successorsto the founding church - by a fenceor wall. Although initially were among the firstto experience sites that gradually disappearedin the dictated by settlementpatterns, planta­ Hispanic contactin the 16th century, and layerings of later town development. tion burials becamea tradition once the subsequently,their ancestral lands were The archeologicalrecord shows shroud­ precedentwas set. Along with the colonized. At thepueblos - stone and wrappedinterments were customaryin varietyof dependencies, agricultural adobevillages -where Roman Catholic the city's Spanish Colonial period. lands, and other features,family missions were established, burials Traces of coffinsor coffinhardware do cemeteries help illustratethe degreeof within church groundsor graveyards not appear inColonial burials beforethe self-sufficiencysustained by many of consecratedin accordance with Chris­ beginningof English immigration to the theseplantations. Pruitt Oaks, Colbert tiandoctrine were encouraged for those area in the 18th century. Graves of the County, Alabama, is one of many who had beenconverted to the faith. Spanish colonists occurredin conse­ National Register examples of such a However, NativeAmericans also crated ground within or adjacent to a plantation complex. continuedtheir traditionalburial church. They followeda patternof practices,when necessaryin secret. regular, compact spacing and east­ ORIGINS OF THE Throughout the periodof the fur facingorientation. Thesecharacteristics, tradein the North Pacific, beginningin together with arms crossed over the 11RURAL" the late 18th century, Russian Orthodox chest and the presenceof brass shroud missions were establishedamong the pins are a means of distinguishing CEMETERY nativepopulations settled along the Christian burials fromprecolonial coastlineand mainland interior of Native American burials sometimes MOVEMENT Russian-occupiedAlaska. At Eklutna, a associatedwith the samesite. village at the head of Cook Inlet, north of With the notable exceptionof the Anchorage, an Athabascancemetery seculargraveyards of PuritanNew In the young republic of the United adjacentto the 19th century Church of England, the ideal during the Colonial States, the "rural" cemeterymovement St. Nicholas (Anchorage Borough - periodin English colonies was to bury was inspired by romantic perceptionsof Census Area), illustratescontinuity of a the dead in churchyards located in close nature, art, national identity, and the burialcustom widely recordedin proximity to churches. Churchyard melancholy theme of death. It drew historic times,that of constructing gable­ burials have remained standardpractice upon innovationsin burial ground roofed wooden sheltersover gravesto into the 20th century forEuropean design in England and France, most housethe spirit of the dead. In the Americans and other cultures in the particularlyPere LachaiseCemetery in cemetery at Eklutna, the spirithouses Judeo-Christiantradition. Early , established in 1804and developed are arrangedin regularrows, have Puritansrejected churchyard burialsas according to an 1815 plan. Basedon the brightly-painted exteriorsfronted by they rebelledagainst other "papist'' model of Mount AuburnCemetery, Greekcrosses, and are surmounted by practices,as heretical and idolatrous. founded at Cambridge, near Boston by comb-like ridge crests. In this particular Instead, many 17th century New leaders of the MassachusettsHorticul­ example, variation in the size of the England towns setaside land as com­ tural Societyin 1831, America's "rural" shelters is an indication of socialstatus, mon community burial grounds. cemeteries typicallywere established while clan affiliationsare identifiedby Headstone images fromthis periodalso around elevated viewsites at the city color and by the styling of the crest. reflect therejection of formalChristian outskirts. Mount Auburnwas followed 4 Mount Auburn Cemeteryin Cambridge, Massachusetts, was a model for suburban landscapedcemeteries popular in the 19th century. Mount Auburnand other "rural" cemeteries of its kind inspired a movement for public parks. (Photographer unknown; ca. 1870. Fromthe collection of the Archives)

by the formationof Laurel Hill Cemetery representa transformatiqnof the "rural" and economy. Whereas 19th century in Philadelphia in 1836;Green Mount in cemetery ideal that beganin the last half community cemeteries typically were Baltimore, 1838;Green-Wood Cemetery of the 19th century. At Spring Grove organized and operatedby voluntary in Brooklynand Mount HopeCemetery Cemetery in Cincinnati(Hamilton associationswhich soldindividual plots in Rochester,New York, in 1839;and County),Ohio, superintendent Adolph to be marked and maintained by private ultimatelymany others.3 Strauch introduced the lawn plan system, owners according to individual taste, the After the Civil War, reformers which deemphasizedmonuments in memorial park was comprehensively concernedabout land conservationand favor of unbroken lawn scenery,or designedand managed by full-time public health agitatedfor revival of the common openspace. Writing in support professionals. Whether the sponsoring practiceof incinerationand urnburial. of this concept and the value of unified institutionwas a businessventure or The cremationmovement gathered design, fellow landscapearchitect and non-profit corporation,the ideal was to momentumrapidly around the turnof cemetery engineer Jacob Weidenmann extend perpetualcare to every lot and the century, particularly on the west brought out ModernCemeteries: An Essay grave. The natural beautyof cemetery coast, and resulted in construction of on the Improvementand Proper Management sites continued to beenhanced through crematories in many major cities. of Rural Cemeteriesin 1888. To illustrate landscaping,but rolling terrain was Columbariums and community mauso­ his essay,Weidenmann diagrammed a smoothed of picturesque roughness and leums were erectedin cemeteries to variety of plot arrangements showing hilly features. The mechanizedequip­ expand the numberof burials which how areas could bereserved exclusively ment required to maintain grounds could beaccommodated with the least for landscapingfor the enhancement of efficientlyon a broad scale prompted sacrificeof ground space. adjacent lots. standardization of markers flush with Perpetualcare lawn cemeteries or "Modern" cemetery planning was the ground level and the elimination of memorial parks of the20th century based on the keynotes of natural beauty plot-defining barriers.

3 Mount Auburn(Middlesex County), LaurelHill (Philadelphia County), and GreenMount (Baltimore Independent City) are listed individually in the National Register. BecauseNational Register files and published lists are organized by State and county, the name of the county is provided for each individually listed burial place cited in this bulletin. Other referenced cemeteries and burial places may beincluded in the National Register as part of larger historic properties,especially historic districts. 5 THE"RURAL" ascentslowed progressto a statelypace. matters of civiclandscape design. But Such settingsstirred an appreciationof after 1900, parks and cemeteries tookon CEMETERY nature and a senseof the continuityof aspectsof formal landscapeplanning life. By their example,the popular new made fashionable by the "OtyBeautiful" MOVEMENT AND cemeteries starteda movement for movement and renewed interest in urban parks that was encouraged by the formalgardens of the Italianstyle. ITS IMPACfON writings of Andrew JacksonDowning Typically, classical formalitywas and the pioneeringwork of other introducedto early 20th century cem­ AMERICAN advocates of "picturesque"landscaping, etery landscapesin the axialalignment most particularlyCalvert Vaux and of principal avenues of approach LANDSCAPE Frederick LawOlmsted, who collabo­ centered on building fronts, and alsoin ratedin the design of New York Qty's cross axes terminatedby rostrums, DESIGN Central Park. exedras, and other focal features drawn With the rapid growthof urban fromvarious traditionsin classical centers later in the 19th century, land­ architecture. By the 1930s, newer The"rural" cemeterymovement, scapedesign and city planning merged cemeteries and memorial parksshowed influencedby Europeantrends in in the work of FrederickLaw Olmsted, the influence of modernismin a general gardening and landscapedesign, in tum the country's leading designerof urban preference for buildings and monuments had a major impact on American parks. Olmsted and his partnerswere that were strippedof excessive decora­ landscapedesign. Early in the 19th influential in reviving planning on a tion. Greekarchitecture, admired for its century, the prevailing traditionwas the grand scalein the parkways they purity and simplicity, was the approved romanticstyle of landscapegardening createdto connectunits of municipal model formonumentation in the early whichin the previous century the park systems. AlthoughOlmsted was modem age. English nobility and their gardeners had more closelytied to the naturalisticstyle inventedusing classicallandscape of landscapeplanning, his firm's work MILITARY paintings as their models. English with Daniel H. Burnhamin laying out garden designers such as Lancelot grounds for the World's Columbian CEMETERIES "Capability'' Brown, William Kent, Sir Exposition of 1893 in Chicago con­ Uvedale Price, Humphrey Repton and formedto the classical principles of John Oaudius Loudon artfully im­ strong axial organizationand bilateral Military cemeteries, created forthe proved vast country estates accordingto symmetry. The central unifying burial of war casualties, veterans, and varying aesthetic theories. To achieve element of the imposingexposition their dependentsare located in nearly naturalisticeffects, gracefully curving building group was a lengthy con­ everyState, as well as in foreigncoun­ pathways and watercourseswere course,a lagoon, terminated by sculp­ tries,and constitute an importanttype of adapted to rolling land forms. Contrast tural focalpoints at either end. Follow­ American cemetery. Thereare over 200 and variationwere employed in the ing the Chicago World's Fair, civic cemeteries established by the Federal massing of treesand plants as well as planning was based for sometime on a governmentfor the burial of war the arrangementof ornamentalfeatures. formal, monumentalvision of "the City casualtiesand veterans. Theseinclude The "picturesque" mode of 18th century Beautiful." national cemeteries,post cemeteries, landscapingwas characterized by open Thehistoric relationship of cemetery soldiers'lots, Confederate and Union meadows of irregular outline,uneven and municipal park planning in plots, American cemeteries overseas,and stands of trees,naturalistic lakes, accents America is well documentedin Park and other burial grounds. Many Statesalso of specimenplants and, here and there, Cemetery,one of the earliest professional have established veterans cemeteries. incidental objectssuch as an antique journalsin thefield of landscape The majority of veterans, however, likely statue or urnon a pedestalto lend architecture. Inauguratedin Chicago in are buriedin private and community interest and varietyto the scene. 1891 and briefly published as The cemeteries, sometimesin separate The"rural" cemeteries laid out by ModernCemetery, a title that was sectionsreserved for veterans. horticulturistsin Boston, Philadelphia, resumed in 1933, the journalchronicles During the American Revolution, Baltimore, and New York in the 1830s the growth of an industry and indicates soldierswere buried in existingburial were romantic pastoral landscapesof the the developing professionalism within grounds near the placeof battle. One of picturesquetype. Planned as sereneand related fields. For example, the Associa­ the earliest typesof organized American spacious grounds where the combina­ tion of American CemeterySuperinten­ military cemetery was thepost cemetery. tionof nature and monuments would be dents was organizedin 1887. Cemetery Commanders at frontierforts of the spiritually uplifting,they came to be superintendentsand urban park early-to-mid 19th centuryburied their lookedon as public parks, places of officialsheld a common interest in dead in cemeteryplots marked off respite and recreationacclaimed for their matters of designas well as horticulture within the postreservations. Post beautyand usefulnessto society. In the and practicalgroundskeeping. cemetery registersreveal a fairlyuniform early "rural" cemeteries and in those The traditionof naturalisticland­ system of recording burials, sometimes which followed their pattern,hilly, scapedesign that was developed by even including assigned grave numbers. wooded sites were enhanced by grad­ Olmsted and his followers continued Management of burial grounds fell to ing, selective thinningof trees,and into the 20th century. Widely influential quartermaster officers. In 1850, the U.S. massing of plant materials which was the work of John C. Olmsted and Congresscalled forthe establishment of directedviews opening onto broad Frederick LawOlmsted, Jr., successors a cemetery outsideMexico City for vistas. Thecemetery gateway estab­ of theelder Olmstedand principals of Americans who died in the Mexican lished separationfrom the workaday the Olmsted Brothers firmwhich was War. Thiswas a precedentfor the world, and a winding drive of gradual consulted throughout the country on creationof permanentmilitary cemeter- 6 ies over a decadebefore the creation of a superintendentquarters to be con­ Originally, hospital military cemeteries nationalcemetery system. structed. Although many national associatedwith former National During the Civil War, therewas a cemeteries contain Confederate sec­ Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers criticalshortage of cemetery space for tions,it was not until1906 that Con­ and formerVeterans Bureau (later largeconcentrations of troops. At first, gressauthorized marking the graves of Veterans Administration) hospital this needwas addressedthrough the Confederateswho had died in Federal reservationswere not part of the acquisitionof lots near generalhospitals, prisonsand military hospitals. The national cemetery system. In 1973, the wheremore soldiersdied than in battle. post-CivilWar reburial program also Departmentof the Army transferred82 As the war continued,however, it was removed burials from abandoned of the 84 remaining nationalcemeteries clear thatthis was not an adequate military postcemeteries, particularly to the Veterans Administration- solution. In 1862,Congress passed thosein the westernfrontier, for today the Departmentof Veterans legislation authorizingthe creationof a interment into newly-created national Affairs - whichhad beencreated in nationalcemetery system. Within the cemeteries. 1930 fromthe mergingof the National year, 14 nationalcemeteries were FollowingWorld War I, only 13 Homes and Veterans Bureau. Alsoin established. Most werelocated near percentof the deceasedreturned to the 1973, the 21 existing "VA" hospital troopconcentrations, two were former United States were placed in national cemeteries were recognizedas part of postcemeteries, one was forthe burial of cemeteries; 40 percentof thosewho the NationalCemetery System. The Confederate prisonersand guards who died were buried in eightpermanent system has continuedto expand, and diedin a trainaccident, and severalwere American cemeteries in Europe. there now are 114 nationalcemeteries transformedbaftlefield burial grounds. Similarly, after World War II, 14 managed by the Departmentof By theend of 1864,13 more had been permanent cemeteries werecreated in Veterans Affairs, wheremore than two added. Two of the bestknown of the foreign countries. Today, there are 24 million Americans - including nationalcemeteries from the Civil War American cemeterieslocated outside veterans from all of the country's wars periodare Arlington NationalCemetery, the United States, which are adminis­ and conflicts fromthe Revolutionary establishedin 1864,and Andersonville, tered by the American Battle Monu­ War to the Persian Gulf - are buried. establishedin 1865. Arlington, the home mentsCommission. The total number of militaryand of ConfederateGeneral RobertE. Leeat Until 1933, the War Department veterans burial places in theUnited the beginningof theCivil War, was administered most military cemeteries. States is unknown becausethere are confiscatedby theUnion army in May of Thatyear an executiveorder transferred numerous veterans plotsin private and 1861. In 1864, on the recommendationof 11 national cemeteries near national non-Federal public cemeteries. In 1991, Brig. Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs, military parks or battlefield sites 70 percentof the markersprovided by Quartermaster General of the Army, the already under the jurisdictionof the the Federal governmentto mark new grounds officially becamea national National Park Serviceto that agency. gravesites were deliveredto private or cemetery. Andersonvillebecame the Today, the National Park Service State cemeteries, and the remainderto final restingplace of almost 13,000 administers 14 national cemeteries. nationalcemeteries. soldierswho died there at the Confeder­ ate prisonerof war camp. TheNational The establishment of Civil War-era CemeterySection military cemeteriesoften resulted from of Lexington decisions by local commanders or by State civil authoritiesin conjunctionwith Cemetery, private associations. Burialgrounds Lexington,Fayette were establishednear battlefields, County, Kentucky, military posts,hospitals, and, later, includesburials of veterans homes. Beforethe creation of Union and the National Cemetery System, these Confederate burial grounds werereferred to vari­ soldiers, and ously as national cemeteries, soldiers' veterans of the lots, Confederate plots, Union plots, and Spanish-American postcemeteries. Many later were War. (Lexington absorbedinto theNational Cemetery System. Herald-Leader Immediately after the Civil War, an Newspaper, 1958) ambitious searchand recoveryprogram initiatedthe formidabletask of locating and reburyingsoldiers from thousands of scatteredbattlefield burial sites. By 1870, over 90 percent of the Union casualties - 45 percent of whose identitywere unknown - were interred in national cemeteries,private plots, and postcemeteries. In 1867, Congress directedevery nationalcemetery to be enclosedwith a stone or iron fence, each gravesite marked with a headstone, and

7 III. TYPESOF BURIAL PLACES AND ASSOCIATEDFEATURES

Distinctivemortuary features and whoseoverall character is defined by burialplaces may beeligible forinclu­ the relationshipof the features within it. amphitheater sion in the NationalRegister as free­ More elaboratecemeteries may have, in bench standing buildings and sites nominated addition to the basic cemetery features, burial cache individually. Others are eligible ornamental plantings, boundaryfences, burial mound becausethey are significant in a larger road systems, gateways, and substantial burial mound complex context, as, forexample, a mausoleum architecturalfeatures such as mausole­ burialsite located in a cemetery or a family burial ums, chapels, and residences of sexton cairn plot on a farmstead or plantation. or superintendent - all requiring cemetery Cemeteries have beenincluded in the descriptionand evaluation of signifi­ chapel NationalRegister as component ele­ cance. columbarium mentsof historic districtsencompassing Oppositeare someof the typesof cremationarea entirevillages, militaryreservations, or propertiesor features that might be crematorium industrialcomplexes, as well as in encountered in documentingand crypt associationwith churches. When a evaluatingburial places. The list covers fountain cemetery is included in a larger historic places for preparation and interment of gatehouse district,it is evaluatedlike other re­ the dead, commemorative objects,and a grave sourcesin the district: it contributesto numberof buildings and structures gravemarker the district'shistoric significance if it commonly associatedwith larger graveyard dates from the historic period,relates to cemeteries (for definitions, seethe grave shelter the district's significance, and retains Glossary,p. 28). greenhouse integrity;or if it possessessignificance lych gate independentof the district's. Cemeter­ mausoleum ies alsomay behistoric districts in their memorial park own right. monument A cemetery that is evaluated on an mortuary individual basis is treatedeither as a office building historic site or as a districtmade up of ossuary individual graves,their markers, and pumphouse plot-definingcharacteristics. A cem­ receivingtomb etery that is a site may or may not rostrum possess above-ground featuresthat servicebuilding convey their significant historic associa­ sexton'sresidence tions,but stillmust retainhistoric shelter house integrity. A cemetery district,like other superintendent'sresidence historicdistricts, is more than an area tomb composedof a collectionof separate vault elements; it is a cohesive landscape

8 IV. EVALUATING CEMETERIES AND BURIAL PLACES

It is not essentialthat thoseevaluating the resource,the elements of artisticand Theterm "context," as applied to the cemeteries for potentialNational architecturalstyle embodied in sculp­ process of evaluation, may be described Register eligibilityhold credentialsin tural monument, gatehouse,and simply as the relevant social, political, scholarlydisciplines, but it is important mausoleum. Landscapearchitectural economic,and environmentalcircum­ that they beable toplace the resource historianscan evaluate and document stances of the historic periodin which a typein as broad a contextas possible elements of historic landscapedesign. propertywas developed. By studying a and to describeand analyzeits compo­ Thosewho specializein the study of burial place in its broadest possible nents. Thosenot trainedin thedisci­ material culture are knowledgeable context, and by applyingthe basic plines discussedbelow are encouraged aboutthe evolving techniquesof criteria,the researcheris able to recognize to refer to the recommendedsources manufactureand the icons (forms and thoseresources which are significant in listedat the end of the guidance, and to symbols holding special meaning) used representinga given period and historic consult theirlocal historical commission by monument makers in various theme. and State historic preservationoffice. historic periods. Historiansare quali­ Within the broad patternsof American They may wish to consult professionals fiedto relate cemetery development to history, the NationalRegister definesa who have had trainingor experiencein changing attitudesabout death and number of "areas of significance."Areas archeology,anthropology, art history, burial, trends in community planning, of significanceare equivalent to the architecturalhistory, historyof land­ aesthetictaste and choices, and historic historical or cultural themes thatthe scapearchitecture, horticulture, history eventssuch as episodes of settlement property bestrepresents. Someof the Americanstudies, cultural geography, and militaryactions. areas of significance relevant toburial or historicpreservation. Within a places are art and architecture,landscape numberof thesedisciplines, the study of APPLYING THE architecture,community planning and funerary art and custom is a specialized development, archeology, ethnicheritage, area. Appropriateexpertise may extend NATIONAL exploration and settlement,health/ to the fieldsof iconology,ethnology and medicine, military history,religion, and folklore. Familiar with the terminology REGISTER socialhistory. It is importantwhen used to describecharacteristic elements applying NationalRegister criteria to of prehistoric and historic burialsites, CRITERIAFOR keep in mind that, except for archeologi­ cemeterylandscapes, buildings, and cal sites and cemeteries nominated under monuments, individuals in thesefields EVALUATION Criterion D, burial placesalso must meet may more easily beable to identifythose the specialrequirements of Criteria elements in historicphotographs, in Considerations C or D, which referto plans, and upon inspectionof a site. To be eligible for theNational gravesand cemeteries, and possiblyto A Archeologistsand anthropologistsare Register, a cemetery or burial place (religiousproperties) or other Criteria qualifiedto evaluatethe potentialof must beshown to be significantunder Considerations. burials to yield significantinformation one or more of thefour basic Criteria for aboutthe past,and often are able to do Evaluation. CriteriaA, B, C, and D CriterionA: Properties can be eligible sowithout disturbing the remains. indicate the severalways in which a for the NationalRegister if they are Anthropologistsand culturalgeogra­ propertymay besignificant in Ameri­ associated with eventsthat have made a phers glean informationfrom can history, architecture(including the significantcontribution to the broad gravemarkers,inscriptions, and epi­ disciplinesof landscapearchitecture patternsof our history. taphs, which reveal changingattitudes and planning), archeology,engineering, Under Criterion A, the events or aboutdeath and afterlife, aboutdemo­ and culture. Decisionsabout the trends with which the burialplace is graphics(the migrationpatterns of relative significanceof cemeteries and associated must beclearly important,and populationgroups), and aboutthe burial places can be made only with the connection betweenthe burial place prevalence of disease. The folklorist and knowledgeof the events, trends, and and its associatedcontext must be anthropologistperceive meaning in the technologiesthat influenced practices of unmistakable. There are many ways in commonplace, traditional ways of caringfor and commemorating the whicha cemetery might representan treatinggraves that are untouchedby dead, and with some concept of the important aspectof a community'sor a the currentsof high style qualityand quantityof similar resources culture's history through associationwith monumentation. in the community, region, State, or a specificevent or by representing Art and architecturalhistorians are nation. Such background provides the broader patternsof attitudes or behavior. preparedto assessthe visual qualities of context forevaluating significance. Forexample, our legacy of community

9 cemeteries beganin Colonial times. In for an annual Memorial Day celebra­ Rouge took place therein 1862. Al­ Boston,when "Brother Johnson"died in tion, which grew over the years into one though the Confederates failed to expel 1630, his burial was soonfollowed by of the town's most importantcommunal the Union forces occupying the city,the others closeby. Thisproperty then traditions. In addition, a study of the ferocity of their attack helpedpersuade becamethe firstburial groundfor the birthplaces of thoseburied there found Federal leaders to evacuate. As a result, MassachusettsBay Colony, and was the at least 17 foreigncountries and 26 the Confederates wereabie to securea only Colonial burial groundin Boston States, demonstratingthe ethnic and strongholdfor transporting supplies on for30 years. Ultimately,it assumed the cultural diversity characteristicof early the Mississippi River. Much of the rest of nameof a later churchconstructed northern Californiacommunities. the battlefield has succumbed to urban there, becomingKing's ChapelBurying Cemeteries may besignificant for development, but the cemetery retainsits Ground (SuffolkCounty). Depending associationswith specific eventsas well integrityfrom the Civil War period. on the history of an area,the age as long-termtrends. The Kuamo'o Battles are a common, but not the only requiredof a cemeteryto represent Burials, Hawaii County, Hawaii,is the typeof, event associatedwith cemeteries early exploration,settlement, and burial groundfor warriors killed in a and other burial places. The Mass Grave development will vary. In Colorado, major battle in Hawaiian history. The of theMexican Miners, within Mount the Doyle Settlement(Pueblo County), Hawaiian ruling class traditionally had Calvary Cemetery, McAlester(Pittsburg establishedby early pioneerJoseph exercisedpower through a system of County), Oklahoma, is the only site Doylein 1859, was one of the earliest sacredrules, or kapu. Afterthe death of representinga major 1929 mining non-mining communities in theState. Kamehameha I in 1819, authority was disaster. Mexicans playeda major role in Once a self-containedunit consisting of divided sothat Kamehameha l's son the area's mining industryand made up residences, dining facility, store,flour Liholiho (Kamehameha II)controlled almost half of the casualties from the mill, blacksmith shop, school,and the seculargovernment, and his 1929 explosion. The creationof a mass granaries, its importancein the early nephew Kekuaokalani maintained the grave for24 of the Mexican victims, dug development of southernColorado is kapusystem. When the new king acted by State prisonersand initially marked now representedby only the school,the to abolish the kapu,Kekuaokalani led an with only a single wooden cross (ten cemetery, and building foundations. army in rebellionto protectthe sacred stone family markers were added later), A cemetery may representa variety traditions. Liholiho's forces prevailed, alsois evocative of a time in mining of importantaspects of an area's early and the abolitionof the kapu system, history when terms of employment did settlementand evolving senseof occurring the sameyear as the arrival of not include survivors benefits. community. Union Cemetery, in Christian missionaries, accelerated the The evolutionof burial customs and Redwood City (San MateoCounty), assimilation of westernculture. In memorializationsalso can bean impor­ ,was the subjectof the State's contrast, Magnolia Cemetery, East tant context forunderstanding our firstcemetery legislationin 1859. Early Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, already history. In the 19th century, romantic in its history, it became the focal point was a cemetery when the Battle of Baton appreciationof nature and changing

One of the fewreminders of the vanished Doyle Settlementnear Pueblo, Colorado, this cemetery also includes one of the state's best collections of carvedSpanish headstones and representsthe dual culturalinfluences on the community. (James Munch, 1979)

10 attitudes about death and example, 's tomb in and his impact on this area of the State. memorialization led to gradual aban­ Springfield (Sangamon County), Illinois In Utah, the Martin Harris Gravesite donment of overcrowded urban is significantas the final resting place of (Cache County) is listed as the State's graveyards and church cemeteries in the martyred figure who, as the nation's only property associated with Martin favorof spacious, landscaped burial 16th president,successfully defended Harris, one of three witnessesto the grounds on the city outskirts. The great the Union of States in the Civil War and Book of Mormon, who also served as "rural" cemeteries outlying major cities drafted the Emancipation Proclamation the first scribe to Mormon prophet in the easternUnited States andthe of 1862-1863. While not all other Joseph Smith. Midwest were founded by voluntary properties directly associated with Cemeteries, as well as graves, may be associationsin the 1830s and 1840s. President Lincoln's productive life are eligible under Criterion B. Forestvale Their popularity inspired a benevolent lost, the tomb also is important, in part, Cemetery, on the outskirts of Helena movement, led to the development of under Criterion A as the focal point of a (Lewis and Clark County), Montana, is urban parks, and was the foundation of broad-based commemorative effort one of many National Register cemeter­ an entire industry. Although most of begun shortly after he was slain in 1865. ies that contain the graves of numerous the Register-listed community cemeter­ Graves of persons significant to a persons who made outstanding contri­ ies across the country that were estab­ particular State , region of the country, butions to the history of the State or area lished in their image before1900 are or cultural group also may qualify for in which their graves are located. documented under Criterion C only - listing. The Free Frank McWorter Grave Among those buried in Forestvale are for landscape architecture, and some­ Site, also in Illinois (Pike County), is James Fergus, first commissioner of the times art or architecture - many also listed in the National Register forits territory, also credited with spearhead­ may meet National Register Criterion A significance in representing the accom­ ing the formation of Fergus County; in the areas of social history or commu­ plishments of a former slave. Free CorneliusHedges, who played a nity planning. Frank McWorter purchased his own prominent role in the development of In the late 19th and early 20th freedomand that of his wife with the the State's public education system and centuries, American mortuary practices profitsof his business before moving to in the formation of Yellowstone Na­ were greatly influenced by the crema­ Illinois in 1830. In Illinois, he estab­ tional Park; J. Scott Harrison, the chief tion movement spurred by advocates in lished a farm, engaged in land specula­ geological engineer who mapped all of the medical and scientificcommunity tion, founded a prosperous frontier Montana, including boundaries, and a general awareness of the world's community, and secured the freedom of mountains, principal rivers and streams, mounting population. Thefirst national 13 additional family members. The and some county borders; Albert convention leading to formation of the gravesite is the only property that Kleinschmidt,s-ereditedwith the con­ Cremation Association of America was survives to represent his achievements struction of the three largest irrigation held at Detroit in 1913. In areas of the world where it was not in conflict with religious doctrine, the movement was TheLincoln Tomb, well developed by the 1920s and 1930s. Springfield,Illinois, Public health laws were revised to allow is the finalresting hygienic disposal of the dead by place for Abraham incineration, and cremation societies ... Lincoln, his wife were organizedto promote and main­ MaryTodd Lincoln, tain private facilities. Somecrematories and three of his were municipally owned. Typically, sons. Built between crematory design incorporated, in addition to the retort, a chapel and 1869 and 1874, it mausoleum, or columbarium. Fre­ was the culmination quently, the combination facilitywas of a broad-based sited in a conventional cemetery or community effortto memorial park. The spread of the memorialize the movement related, in part, to the ideals slain president. of economy and efficiency that marked (Stephen the early 20th century. The nation's Lissandrello,1975) early crematoriesand those represent­ ing later benchmarks in the broad reform movement would beeligible, in all likelihood, under Criterion A. Criterion B: Properties may be eligible for the National Register if they are associated with the lives of persons significantin our past. Under Criterion B, the person or group of persons with which the burial place is associated must beof outstand­ ing importance to the community, State, or nation, as required by Criteria Consideration C (see page 16). As an 11 canals in the State;and W. A. Chess­ rock from a nearby outcropping by an gravemarkersand monumentsrepre­ man, who constructedthe Chessman early settler who learnedthe craftfrom sentingthe common artisticvalues of a Reservoir,ensuring a stable water ancestors in theBritish Isles. historic period. Forexample, the supply forthe city of Helena.4 In the closing years of the 19th elaboratemonumentation characteristic century, the artsin America achieved a of cemeteries of the Victorian era was Criterion C: Properties may be highpoint of integrationbased on the derived fromthe influenreof the eligiblefor the NationalRegister if they ideals of Renaissanceclassicism. The romanticmovement in literatureand embody the distinctive characteristics nation's leadingarchitects and sculp­ art, which revered nature and senti­ of a type, period, or method of construc­ tors, most notably Richard Morris Hunt, ment. Grief and devotioncould be tion,or that represent the work of a Stanford White, Daniel ChesterFrench, expressednobly in artisticterms by master,or that possess high artistic and Augustus Saint-Gaudens, collabo­ means of code-likeimagery. Pyramid­ values, or that representa significant rated in the design of importantcivic cappedmausoleums and taperingshafts and distinguishableentity whose and cemetery monuments. Thereare on pedestalswere among the popular components may lack individual many examples of highartistic achieve­ monument forms drawn from the distinction. ment in funerary monumentation of the ancientworld. Becauseof their associa­ Under Criterion C, funerary monu­ periodeligible under Criterion C in tion with Egyptian sepulchralmonu­ mentsand their associatedart works, urban centers. Among the best-known mentssignifying eternal life beyond the buildings, and landscapesassociated with burial places must be good representativesof their stylistictype or periodand methods of constructionor fabrication. Alternatively,such prop­ erty typesmay representthe work of master artists, designersand craftsmen, or the highestartistic values of the period. Appropriate areasof signifi­ cance would be architecture, art, or landscapearchitecture. In the Colonial period,tablet-style gravemarkerstypically were inscribed and embellishedin low relief with the imagery first of death, and later alsoof resurrection,with various decorative symbols. Muchof the work was done by stone carvers whosecraftsmanship was of outstanding quality, recogniz­ able in one burial groundafter another by distinguishing motifs, craft tech­ niques, or other signaturemarks. A 17th or 18th century graveyard contain­ TheMount Pleasant Cemeteryin Newark,Essex County, New]erst!/, illustrates ing a good representationof characteristic features and attitudes toward death in the Victorian period in the gravemarkers ofthe periodand region profusion of attenuated, vertical forms, such as columns and obelisks, imagery would be eligible under Criterion C if expressingconfidence in spiritualafter-life. (Anna Sanchez, 1985) the body of work is documented sufficientlyto provide a basis for of theseis theAdams Memorial in Rock earthly realm, the pyramid and obelisk comparison. Attributionof particular Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C., becamesymbols for Christianbelief in works to a specificmaster carver, whereStanford White provided an the eternityof the spirit. Indeed, family, or groupof artisanswould be architecturalsetting for the sublime obeliskswere sowidely usedas helpful, but is not essential to the bronze figureof transcendentpeace gravemarkers that they, along with documentation. Quality craftsmanship completed by Saint-Gaudens in 1891. classical columns, account for much of or distinctive folk art may beeligible Historian-writer Henry Brooks Adams the bristling quality of cemetery land­ even if the identity of the artisanis commissioned the monument in scapesof the period. Someof the unknown. For example, the Hebron memory of his wife, the former Marian imagery was figural, encompassing Church,Cemetery, and Academy, Hooper. effigies and idealized figures as well as Banks County,Georgia, is eligible, in A cemetery that does not contain lambs, cherubs,and other orders of part, becauseof an unusual form of folk "high style" master works of funerary angels. Among the many cemeteries art found in northernGeorgia. Early art nonetheless may beeligible under listed for their notable collectionof 19th century discoidmarkers there are Criterion C as a distinguishable entity Victorian funerary art are Oakwood believedto bemade of hand-carved made up of a significant array of Cemetery, Onondaga County, New

4 Refer to NationalRegister Bulletin 32: Guidelinesfor Evaluatingand Documenting PropertiesAssociated with Significant Persons foradditional guidance on applying Criterion B.

12 The Sculptures of Dionicio Rodriguez at Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee, illustratethe work of a master artist. (TennesseeHistorical Commission, 1990)

Fourof the dozensof individually designedstyles found in theGerman­ Russian Wrought Iron Cross Sites in Central North Dakota represent an Old World folk tradition, which enjoyedits greatest period of popularityin this region fromthe 1880s until about 1925. (Timothy J. Kloberdanz, 1988) York; Oakland Cemetery, Fulton County,Georgia; Elmwo od Cemetery, JacksonCounty, ; and Cave Hill Cemetery, JeffersonCounty, Kentucky. Not surprisingly, all are significantin the area of landscape architectureas well. In part, the richness and variety of monuments in Victorian cemeteries was derived fromthe introductionof mechanizedmanufacturing processes. A broad range of patternswas available double-bar 1,:ith scroll,.,.ork double-bar 1,. thi sunburst to monument makers in printed Therural setting and handbooks,a notableexample of which these sixcrosses, the was Palliser'sMemorials and Headstones, only objeds remaining published in 1851 by Palliser,Palliser, fromthe old Mt. and Company, New York architects and Carmel settlement in designers. A greatmany markers were Pierce County, North mass marketedthrough marbleworks Dakota, are evocative and manufacturers'catalogs. Monu­ mentsof cast zinc marketed as "white of the State's early bronze" were popular throughout the period of German­ countryafter a fabricationprocess was Russian immigration. developedin the 1870s. Metal (Timothy J. gravemarkersgenerally were cheaper Kloberdanz, 1988) double-lnr wi Lh canopv doublc-bctr 1,.•ith circle & canop:- than marble and granite markers and, dependingon the numberand variety of casting molds used, could surpass in elaborationthe carved stone monu­ mentsthey emulated. Oty Cemetery, Washington County, Georgia,contains a significantcollection of mass-pro­ duced designs. Cast iron fences, also readily available at this time,became extremely popularfor fencingof both individual plots and entire cemeteries. The cast iron fences in Rapides Cem­ etery, Rapides Parish, Louisiana, are among the most importantexamples of Victorian ornamentalcast iron in the State outside of New Orleans. Less commonplace, but highly distinctive, examples of funerary art or

13 craftsmanshipalso may qualifyfor closing of graves with stones and the In caseswhere written documentation NationalRegister listing. The Sculp­ pluggingof burial chamberswith debris, is not available, studiesof a cemetery turesof DionicioRodriguez at Memorial indicate methodsof protectingthe may reveal important informationabout Park Cemetery, Shelby County,Tennes­ remains. The similarity of burial an area. The site of Old Greenvilleis the see,constitute one of the finestcollec­ practices indifferent regions could location of a frontiertown and county tionsof sculpturesexecuted by this indicate links through tradeand migra­ seatimportant in the early settlementof Mexican artist. His rusticworks in tion. · the Missouri Ozarks. Becausea seriesof tintedreinforced concrete imitate PresentFederal, State, and local laws courthousefires destroyed early records, natural formssuch as treesand stone protectingNative American burial informationthat can be obtained from masses. Mountain View Cemetery, remains, burial goods, and sacred cemetery features can enlightenvarious StillwaterCounty, Montana, is known objects may constrain physicalanthropo­ aspectsof the area's past. Features forits concentration of hand-carved logical studies. However, where documentedas having information sandstonetree stump and log tomb­ disturbance of burials is accidentalor potentialinclude location and grouping stones, most believedto be the work of unavoidable, legally authorizedscien­ of graves;use and quantity ofcommer­ two local Italiancarvers. In central tificanalysis of skeletal remains can cial markers, fieldstone,impermanent North Dakota, German-Russian discloseimportant information about markers, or no markers; funerary art; and WroughtIron Cross Sites contain a environmental conditions of prehistoric inscriptionsindicating identity,cultural dazzling array of intricately embel­ times,including the prevalence of affiliation, birth and deathdates, and lishedhand-crafted iron gravecrosses, a diseaseand traumainfficted in combat. causeof death. long-establishedOld World folk Sometimesthese properties may be traditionbrought to theUnited States by eligible without having beenexcavated; German-Russian immigrants. The Hodgen's CemeteryMound in Ohio, SPECIAL crosses,some by highly-skilled black­ revealed as a burial mound by erosion, smiths whosenames are known, and has never beenexcavated and was REQUIREMENTS: others by unknown artisans,display a seededto prevent furthererosion; its balance of culturaltradition and significance is enhanced by itsrelatively CRITERIA individual creativity. undisturbed integrity. Also,it is not uncommon to findburying places CONSIDERATIONS Criterion D: Properties may be associatedwith other archeological eligible for the NationalRegister if they features, and such burial places may be Certain typesof properties, including have yielded,or may be likely to yield, eligible for National Registerlisting as cemeteries and graves, do not qualifyfor information importantin prehistory or part of a larger area of occupation for the National Register unlessthey meet history. which testing or partial excavationhas certainspecial conditions. This category Burial places may beeligible fortheir beencarried out. Whether burial places alsoincludes birthplaces of historical potentialto yield information about are identified individually, or as part of a figures,properties owned by religious cultural and ethnic groups. Under larger site, one should always consult institutionsor usedfor religious pur­ Criterion D, the common requirements representativesof any group forwhom poses,structures that have beenmoved are thatthe propertyhave information the burials or site have historic or fromtheir original locations, recon­ to contributeand theinformation is cultural meaning,and alsothe State structed historic buildings, properties considered important. Theimportance historic preservationoffice. primarily commemorativein nature,and of theinformation to beyielded usually Anthropologistsand historical properties that have achievedsignifi­ is determinedby considering a research archeologists can gain information cance within thepast 50years. However, design or a setof questions that could significant in American culture from cemeteries and graves may qualify under beresolved by controlledinvestigation burial places. Forexample, West Criteria A, B, or C if they are integral of thesite. While commonly under­ Africanscarried in the slave tradeto the parts of larger propertiesthat do meetthe stood to apply to archeological research, east coast of America, and their descen­ criteria,or if they meetthe conditions CriterionD alsoencompasses informa­ dants, adapted traditional burial rites to known as CriteriaConsiderations. In tionimportant in the study of material plantationand community life. Studies someinstances, a burialplace nomination cultureand socialhistory. Except for of African American cemeteries in the will need to bejustified under more than the graves of significanthistoric indi­ Southreveal a varietyof gravesite one of the specialconditions in addition viduals, burial places nominated under treatmentsbased on a view of the spirit to the basic criteria. Except forthe graves Criterion D neednot meetthe special world that can betraced to the Bakongo of historical figures, burialplaces nomi­ requirementsof the CriteriaConsider­ culture of West Africa. Light-reflecting nated under Criterion D are exempt from ations. objectsand personalpossessions used to the Criteria Consideration requirements. Informationcollected on Native define and decorate graves are intended In the discussionbelow, examples that Americans in all parts of the country to attract and contain the spirit. The must bejustified under the Criteria reveals a great range and variation of spiralled conch shell seenon graves in Considerations are thosefor which an burial ritual. The placement and the coastal areas is an emblem of the explicit justificationmust beincluded in orientationof burialremains and the eternalcycle of life and death, and the nomination documentation. Follow­ objects associatedwith burials, such as inverted objectsare oriented to the spirit ing theseare examples of properties implements, vesselsfor food offerings world, which in traditional culture is a likely to beaccepted for National Regis­ and personaladornment, reveal a shimmering mirrorof the living world ter listing if the nominationdocumenta­ people'sspiritual beliefs,their view of beneaththe earthly plane. Cemeteries tion included an adequate explanation. afterlife, and distinctionsin social, having the potentialto illustrate the Each discussionalso includes at least one economic,and politicalstatus. Some practiceof such beliefsmay beeligible example of a typeof cemetery or burial aspectsof burials, such as thelining or under Criterion D. place that may benominated, or included 14 in a larger nominated property, without the necessityof checkinga Criteria Example of religiousburial places Examples of relocated burial places Considerationblank on the form or that do not needto bejustified under thatlikely would meetCriteria Consid­ providing a specialjustification in the Criteria ConsiderationA: erationB requirements with adequate nomination. documentation: • A graveyard or cemetery thatis Criteria Consideration A: A religious nominated alongwith the churchor • A mausoleumor other building propertyis eligible if it derives its synagogue with which it is associated relocatedwithin the boundsof its primarysi gnificancefrom architectural when the church or synagogue is the historic settingwithout loss to its or artistic distinction or historical main resourcenominated. significant architecturalcharacter and importance. without destroying thecharacter of a Examplesof religiousburial places Criteria ConsiderationB: A property historic district. that must bejustified under Criteria removed fromits original or historically ConsiderationA requirements: significantlocation can be eligible if it • A cemetery or sectionof a cemetery is significantprimarily for architectural where a group of historic personsof • A graveyard maintained as prop­ value or if it is the survivingstructure outstanding importance were erty of a church or synagogue. most importantly associated with a reinterredfifty or more years ago. historic person or event. • A crypt or cryptsof a historic Examples of relocated burial places • A graveyard movedin its entirety churchor synagogue. that mustbe justified under Criteria if it representsa historic relocation ConsiderationB requirements: and the artisticqualities and social • A cemetery containing burials of significance of itshistoric membersof a religiousorder or • A grave of a historic figure that has gravemarkers are preserved. group, if the religious affiliation is a beenmoved from itsoriginal or major part of the cemetery's signifi­ earlier historic location to a place that • An ossuary or other burial place cance. becamethe focus of commemorative that representsreintennent as a monumentation. traditionalcultural practice. Examples of religiousburial grounds that likely would meetCriteria Consid­ • A mausoleum,rolumbarium, or Example of relocatedburial places eration A requirements with adequate other building that has beenrelo­ that do not need to bejustified under documentation: cated. Criteria Consideration B: • A graveyard of a church or syna­ • A cemetery or sectionof a cemetery • A graveyard or cemeteryin which gogue distinguishedby the artistic that becamethe locationof a few reintennents have takenplace; quality of its gravemarkersor by reinterments of a group of historic in which a small numberof relatively early historical associations. figures. gravemarkers original tothe grounds are missing or separatedfrom their • A crypt significant for its artistic • A graveyard or cemetery relocated historic positions;or for which the embellishmentor associationswith a in its entirety. age or historical associationsare of personof outstandingimportance. overriding rarity and significance.

As part of a church nomination, the cemetery nextto Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic Church in ColfaxCounty, Nebraska, need not meet the requirementsof Criteria Considerations A or D. (D.Murphy, 1980)

15 development of an area by a particular CriteriaConsideration C: A birth­ Criteria Consideration D: A cem­ group. As with any other typeof placeor graveof a historicalfigure is eteryis eligibleif it derivesits primary property,a cemetery may beeligible for eligibleif the person is of outstanding significancefrom graves of persons of the quality of design representedin its importance and if there is no other transcendentimportance, fromage, funerary art, constructionor engineering appropriatesite or building directly fromdistinctive design features, or from techniques, landscapearchitecture, or associated with his or her productive association with historic events. other values recognized under National life. As collective burial places, cemeteries Register Criterion C. Likewise,under Historical figuresof outstanding are the focusof many individual Criterion A, a cemetery may possess importancein local,State or national expressions commemoratingfamily significant associationswith historic history usually are morevividly associ­ membersand spiritualbeliefs. In and of events,including general events that atedwith the placesrelating to their itself,this characteristicdoes not qualify reflect important broad patternsin our productivelives than with their graves. a burial place forlisting in the National history. Gravesitesmay be far removed,geo­ Register. However,when a burying Examples of cemeteries that mustbe graphically,from the settingof the groundis of sufficient age and scopeto justified under Criteria Consideration D individual's momentous activities. But representmore, such as patternsof early requirements: if residencesand business or profes­ sional headquartersare not preserved, The St. Matthew'sChurch cemeterycontributes to the significanceof East the final restingplace sometimesmay be significantas the most substantiallink to Plymouth Historic Districtin Plymouth, Litchfield County,Connecticut, a that person. A historicalfigure of community that was settled by a historically significantreligious minority, and outstanding importanceis one whose which developedas a centerfor surrounding farm families. (Connecticut Historical contributionsto local,State or national Commission, 1984) history were trulyextraordinary. The accomplishments of such a personmust stand out in kind and degreefrom those of othersactive at a comparablelevel in the samefield and during the same periodof time. Prehistoric gravesdo not fallunder thisCriteria Consideration. Examples of graves that mustbe justified underCriteria Consideration C requirements: • A grave nominatedfor its associa­ tionswith the personburied there. • The graveof a historicalfigure that is nominatedfor its potential to yield information significantin local,State or national history. Examplesof graves that likely would meetCriteria Consideration C require­ mentsif adequatelydocumented: • A grave that is the only substantial settlementor the values of a society • Any cemetery nominated individu­ intact link to a historical figure of generally,National Register Criteria ally under NationalRegister Criteria outstanding importance. Consideration D provides for its A,B, orC. eligibility. Cemeteries nominated for • The graveof a historical figure the importance of the informationthey • A cemetery that constitutesa nominated underCriterion D for may impart may beeligible forlisting substantialor pivotal portionof a significantinformation aboutthe past without application ofCriteria Consid­ historic districtnominated under that is not available from other eration D. Criteria A,B, or C. sources. To be considered a personof tran- scendentimportance, an individual Examples of cemeteries that likely Example of graves that do not need would have to meetthe sametest as that would meetCriteria Consideration D to be justified underCriteria Consider­ for a grave. To qualifyfor itsage, a requirementsif adequately documented: ation C: cemetery must date froman early periodwithin its geographicand • A historic cemetery containing the • A grave locatedon the grounds of cultural context. Theage of a burial gravesof a numberof personsof the house, farm, ranch,or plantation placemight beconsidered early relative outstanding importance- those wherethe outstanding historical to the period for which we have infor­ whoseactivities determined the figure spent his or her productive mation abouthuman activity,or relative courseof eventsin local,State, or years,and the propertyis being to the exploration,settlement, and nationalhistory; or thosewhose 16 nominatedas a whole. activities were especially important in • A burial mound or other surface Examples of commemorative burial reflecting significantcultural currents burial place reconstructed largely of places that must be justified under Criteria of the time. fabric that is not original. Consideration F requirements:

• A cemetery possessing important • A cemetery in which a significant • A funerary monument of a heroic or historic associations froma number of character-defining fea­ martyred figure, or a tribal or national community's early period of settle­ tures, such as and leader, if it is the commemorative ment, or which reflects important gravemarkers, are reconstructed of function that is of primary significance. aspects of community history. fabric that is not original. Example of commemorative burial • A cemetery that embodies the Example of reconstructed burial places that likely would meet Criteria principles of an aesthetic movement places that likely would meet Criteria Consideration F requirements if ad­ or tradition of design and Considerapon E requirements if ad­ equately justified: monumentation through its overall equately dpcumented: plan and landscaping, its • A national cemetery. gravemarkers and funerary sculpture, • A cemetery in which landscape or its buildings and structures. plantings, road systems, mausoleums, Examples of commemorative burial and/ or gravemarkers have been places that do not need to be justified • A cemetery that is associated repaired and restored largely with under Criteria Consideration F: through its burials with a single original fabric in accordance with a important historical event such as a well documented preservation plan. • A gravemarker or monument pivotal military battle. significant primarily for its age or its Criteria Consideration F: A property distinction as an example of craftsman­ • A cemetery that embodies the primarily commemorative in intent can ship or architecture of a historic period folkways, burial customs, or artistic be eligible if design, age, tradition, or or school. traditions of an ethnic or cultural symbolic value has invested it with its group whose impact on the commu­ own historical significance. • A gravemarker significant primarily nity or region was significant but is Most burial places, ranging from as a document of the traditionsof an not well documented in other re­ gravemarkers and grave shelters to ethnic or cultural group. sources. substantial mausoleums and cemeteries as a whole, are commemorative in • A cemetery significant chiefly Examples of cemeteries that do not intent. Un)ike many commemorative because it embodies the distinctive need to be justifiedunder Criteria properties; however, the significance of a characteristics of a historic period or Consideration D: burial place often includes direct school of landscape design or of an association with events that occurred on important tradition of vernacular or • A cemetery associated with a or near the site, or with the person or folkdesign. distinguishable cultural group that persons buried there. Other burial has the potential to yield important places may be significant for their artistic Criteria Consideration G: A property information such as migration quality or their capacity to evoke achieving significancewithin the last patterns,subsistence levels, and widely-shared emotions. fiftyyears is eligible if it is of exceptional prevalence of disease in historic or Gettysburg National Cemetery, importance. prehistoric times. which now containsapproximately National cemeteries, collectively, 6,000 buridls fromthe Civil War through possess inherent exceptional significance • A cemetery that is nominated along the Viet Nam conflict, was established as fromassociations with important events with the church or synagogue with a cemetery for the Union casualties from in our history. Because the cemeteries which it is associated when the church one of the decisive battles of the Civil include the graves of military personnel or synagogue is the main resource War. Then umber of killed, wounded, associated with every war and branch of nominated. and captured in the fightingof July 1-3, service, and draw their essential signifi­ 1863, reached 51,000 and was unsur­ cance from the presence of the remains of • A cemetery that is nominated as passed in any other engagement of the those who have served their country part of a historic district but is not the Civil War. In addition to its direct throughout its history,the age of each focal point of the district. association with the battlefield,the cemetery is not necessarily the determin­ cemetery shares significancewith the ing factor. To qualify,however, each Criteria Consideration E: A recon­ adjacent battlefieldbec ause of their long cemetery must be used or prepared for structed property is eligible when it is history as a place where the pathos of a the burials of veterans and their depen­ accurately executed in a suitable envi­ nation was expressed, beginning with dents, and must possess historic integrity. ronment and presented in a dignified President Abraham Lincoln's immortal manner as part of a restoration master address at the cemetery's dedication Examples of burial places less than plan, and when no other building or little more than fourand half months fiftyyears old that must be justified under structure with the same association has after the battle ended. Criteria Consideration G requirements: survived. In general, national cemeteries meet Examples of reconstructed burial Criteria Consideration F because they • A grave that is less than fifty years places that must be justified under have been designated by Congress as old. Criteria Consideration E requirements: primary memorials to the country's military history. Many of these also are • A cemetery established less than fifty directly associated with the battles in years ago. which the interred lost their lives. 17 • A new nationalcemetery or tracts • A historic cemetery established and developedlandscape features that of recentlyacquired land not yet more than fiftyyears ago, where the are associatedwith complexburial places developedfor cemetery purposes, vast majorityof burials, markers,and such as cemeteriesmust be considered as even if addedto existingcemeteries. monuments areover fifty years old, part of the evaluationof integrity. but which is stillactive, and in which In essence,the researchershould ask • A mausoleum,mortuary, or a number of burials occurredless than thefollowing questionsin evaluating crematoriumthat is less than fifty fiftyyears ago. (The periodof signifi­ integrity: 1) To what degreedoes the yearsold. cance in such a casewould end either burial place and its overall settingconvey at the end of the cemetery's periodof themost importantperiod(s) of use? 2) Examplesof burial placesless that historical importance,or fiftyyears To what degreehave the originaldesign fiftyyears old thatlikely would meet prior tothe evaluationand documen­ and materials of construction,decoration, Criteria ConsiderationG requirements tationif the continuinguse is per­ and landscapingbeen retained? 3) Has if adequately documented: ceived as significantbut not excep­ the property'spotential to yield signifi­ tionallysignificant.) cant informationin Americanculture • A graveof a nationalor tribal beencompromised by ground-distur­ leader thatis exceptionallyimportant • A cemetery significantfor itsplan or banceor previousinvestigation? becausethe leader'sdeath had a designwhich, althoughcommenced To assessthe completeness and galvanic effecton broadsocial over fiftyyears ago, was fullyex­ condition of a burial place, it is helpfulto movementsand thegravesite isthe ecutedat a date that overlaps the beginby identifying thecharacteristic focalpoint of reverencefor the most recentfifty year periodby a few features of the typeof propertyunder leader's achievements. years. study, especiallythose that givethe propertysignificance. For a cemetery, • A mausoleum,mortuary, or INTEGRITY such features would include gravesites, crematoriumthat is exceptionally gravemarkers,boundary enclosures, significant as a pivotal designin the walkways, gateways, road systems, development of new technologies for To qualifyfor National Register natural and planted vegetation, build­ careof the dead. listing,properties must retain historic ings, structures, and the spatial relation­ integrity. The Criteria for Evaluation ship among all of these. By their constant • A developednational cemetery recognizeseven factors which define exposure,certain gravemarkermaterials, that containsinterments of veterans historicintegrity: location,design, such as wood and marble, are especially and their dependents,or one that has setting,materials, workmanship, feeling, vulnerable to natural cyclesof weather­ beenclearly preparedfor that and association. All must beconsidered ing and deterioration, just as vegetationis purpose. in determining whether a burial place subject to growth and decay. Damage to, retains enough of its characteristic or modificationand loss of, characteristic Examplesof burial placesless than featuresto representthe associations, featuresdo not necessarilyrender a fiftyyears old thatdo not needto be function,and appearance it had during burial place ineligible. It is a questionof justifiedunder Criteria ConsiderationG: its periodof significance. Thenatural degree. A burial place which meets National Registerstandards forintegrity should retain enough of itssignificant featuresfrom its periodof significance to TheCommon BuryingGround & Island Cemeteryin Newport County,Rhode make clear its distinctionas an important Island, retains historic integrity. (EdwinW. Connelly, 1974) representativeof its physical type,or of its historic associations. Since the 19th century, American cemeteriescommonly have beenplanned as "eternal" resting places of the dead. Even so,occasionally they are moved, obliterated,or adapted for new uses. Frequently, they are enlarged and their landscape alteredor "improved" in keeping with changing tastes. It is important, therefore,both to distinguish nonhistoric development from that which reflectsthe historic period(s) of significance, and alsoto discernwhich changesoccurred historically and may have acquired significance,and which help maintainthe significant historic appearance- landscaperestoration, for example. Nevertheless,to meet National Register standardsfor integrity, develop­ ment of the historic period should predominate. TheNational Register defines as ''historic'' thoseelements, qualities,and associationsthat are at least fiftyyears old. 18 The amount, distribution,and kind of In somec ases,age or the rarity of positionand functionin theoverall nonhistoricfeatures should all be resources:representinga person,eve nts, cemetery landscapestill can beappreci­ consideredin evaluatingintegrity. In or historic period,may allow a greater ated. A cemeterythat has beensubstan­ somecases, an entirecemetery may not tolerance forc hange,damage, or loss of tiallydisinterred, and where removalof qualifyfor the NationalRegister. H the historic features. TheV ermillion Creek gravesis not an authenticpart of the originalarea has remainedessentially Crossing (Pottawatomie County, cemetery's history,however, would not intactwhile modemexpansion occurred Kansas)was one of the earlymajor meetthe standardsof integrity, nor beyondor around it, then thehistoric crossings, and a well-known campsite would most disinterredgravesites portionlikely will qualifybecause it is fortravellers along the OregonT rail. outside the cemeterysetting. easy to draw boundariesthat exclude Here Louis Vieux, a Pottawatomiechief Vistas externalto a cemetery's the nonhistoricareas. For example, forwhom thetow n of Louisville is grounds may have contributedto the ProvidenceCemetery is a two-acrerural named, built a cabin and operated a toll feelingof the place in the historic period. cemetery locatedabout 11 miles from bridge,blacksmith shop, stable, and If view corridors within the cemetery the county seat,and has beenused for general store. In 1849, approximately 50 were purposelydeveloped to incorporate burialsfrom the 1840s untilthe present. people diedo f Asiatic cholera and were broad vistas, and if the broad vistas have Thenortheast 3/4-acre, which contains buried here. Louis Vieux, who served in beeneliminated or obscuredby incom­ inscribedtombstones from 1840 to 1870, many importantcapacities for his tribe patible development on adjacent prop­ was nominated and listed in the Na­ and became quite wealthy, alsow as erty, the cemetery has lost an important tionalRegister forits associationswith buried here in 1872, along with someof aspectof its character. If the grounds the earliestperiod of white settlement hisfami ly. The crossing site and the two have remained intact internally,how­ (1830s-1870) in what is now Grenada cemeteries are importantas the only ever, the cemetery would likely meetthe County,Mississippi. Thisportion of remaining signs of this once-busy essentialrequirement of integrity. Providence Cemetery is one of the few crossing, and retain integritydespite Isolatedgravesites and small burying identifiable propertiesto survive from somevandalism and thelo ss of most of groundsoccasionally are found in thatperiod. the stones that once marked each of the remote locationswhere they may have When a large historic cemetery with graves of the cholera victims. In New beenestablished in thecourse of over­ scatteredgravesites has had modem England, at least two major campaigns land trailmigration or in theaftermath of infill, the entirecemetery stillmay be to move headstones within 17th and a massacre or militaryengagement. eligibleif the proportional number,size, 18th century buryinggr ounds have While it was not uncommon forsurvi­ and scaleof new features are not so resultedin the arrangement of vors to have erectedpermanent imposing as to overwhelm the overall gravernarkers in neat rows, whichwere gravernarkersin later years, the initial historic appearance. Once the not presenti n the original layouts: one marking of such graves usually was nonhistoric features beginto dominate, in the mid-1800sre lated to the Victorian ephemeral. Over time, the precise and one's impression is of a modem aesthetic and the introductionof the locations of many burial places of this cemetery with isolatedhistoric burials or lawnmower, and one during the era of kind have beenlost. Oral traditionmay clusters of historic gravesites, thenthe Works ProgressAd ministrationprojects beall that remains to mark the general overall historic character of the cemetery of the 1930s. Yet, the major legacy of vicinity of a gravesite. In assessingsites hasbeen lost, and it would not meet thesec emeteries remains,in that the such as these,the standards of integrity National Registerstandards. early markers, with their inscriptions require that the gravesite beverifiable by "Improvements" alsocan affect and funeraryde signs, still remain to archeologicaltesting or by visual traces, historic integrity. Replacinga simple convey their important age, associations, even if the traces are naturalmarkers, postand wirefence with a brick wall, and information. such as a solitary standof treespre­ modest slate headstones with elaborate Removal of graves may or may not servedin a cultivated field. monuments, and natural growth with diminish historic integrity. Many The eligibility of an isolated grave nurseryplantings all reduce integrity, Chinese who were active in the settle­ dependsupon the grave's unmistakable however well-intentioned. Although ment and development of Hawaii and relationship to the associatedcontext or beautificationefforts may make a the Mainland in the late 19th century themesignificant in local, State,or cemetery more attractive,replaci ng the observed Confuciandoctrine whi ch nationalhistory or culture. Few such originalfeatures diminishes the called for properlyplaced graves in their graveswould be eligiblf as individual cemetery's authentichistoric character. homeland. As the burialre mains of sites, since they must be the only remain­ Changesthat occurredduring the thesesojo urners were returnedto China, ing propertyassociated with a personof historic period,however, may reflect whole sections of American cemeteries outstanding importance. More com­ cultural beliefsand practices and were disinterred. Sometimesthe monly,they would beevaluated as sites contributeto a cemetery's significance. emptied gravesites werere used on a contributingto the significance of a In order to appropriately evaluate the cyclical basis. If evidence of the historic historic districtencompassing a larger impact of changes,one must determine useof a disinterred cemetery subdivi­ cultural landscape,such as a homestead not only which featuresare crucial sion remains in the formof area or an intact segmentof the Oregon componentsof historiccharacter, but gravemarkers, monuments, or depres­ Trail. A single gravesite or small group alsowhy they are important. For sions in the ground, the subdivision of gravesthat has been disinterred example, is a fence or wall important need not beexcluded fromthe nomi­ normallywould not meet the standards becauseit provides a senseof solid nated area on the basis of integrityi f it is of integrity. If a historic gravemarker enclosure,or becauseof its materials and culturally significant. Such areas were remains at an empty grave,the marker design,or both? The answer will help not intended to be permanent,and could beevaluated as an object of artistic determinethe physical attributesa removal of burialsis parto f the cultural merit, but the associativesignificance of cemetery must retainto possesshistoric story; if visible tracesmake it distin­ the grave is lost. integrity. guishable, the subdivision'srelative 19 V. DOCUMENTINGAND REGISTERINGCEMETERIES AND BURIAL PLACES

newer tracts were added to the site and society's building and the adjacent GENERAL describe the site in relation to its sur­ cemetery be located in a beautiful, rounding landscape.5 spacious area, on sloping ground, with a APPROACH Siting of burial placesnormally was good view, so that spirits could roam carefully considered in both historic and freely. The Chee Ying Society, Hawaii Detennining the significance of a prehistoric times. Chinese workers who County, Hawaii, is an example of such a burial place requires a systematic came to Hawaii at the tum of the society building, dependencies, and investigation of the property and its century founded fraternal societiesthat affiliatedcemeteries. historic context. Once assembled, the enabled them to maintain strong Researchers should study the imme­ information is used to establish whether cultural, political, religious, and family diate setting;while the growth of a town, or not the burial place is a significant tieswith China. One of the chief changing agricultural patterns,or other representative of itstype, reflecting an concernsof these societies was care of factors may have altered the surround­ important aspect of American history or the elderly and disabled and burial of ing landscape over time, often the basis prehistory. the dead. It was important that the for burialsite selection is evident in local Documentation begins with compil­ ing information on the background of the site and its development over time. Such information would include the date the burial place was established,the period in which it was active, the circumstancesunder which it was establishedand maintained, and the cultural groups, individuals, organiza­ tions, agencies, or corporations respon­ sible for initial and subsequent develop­ ment. For a burial place with design distinction, such as a large, comprehen­ sively designed cemetery, information should be provided about those who ' designed the overall landscape and its architectural features, and those who carved or fabricated individual monu­ ments and grave markers. An analysis of components of the burial place would include identification of methods of constructionand manufacturingtech­ niques, as describedin stone cutters' handbooks, fabricators'catalogs, and professional publications. Characteristic plant materials, layout of burial plots and circulation features, acreage encom­ Cultural and environmental factors can be important in understanding cemeteries. passed, and the purpose or function of areas and features within the site In southernLouisiana, cemeteries such as the Metairie Cemeteryin New Orleans, boundaries also are important. The Orleans Parish, reflecthigh-style French funeraryarchitecture. At the same time, researcher should determine when the tradition of building burial vaults above ground was well-suited to the high water table of the delta region. (DonnaFricker, 1991)

5 Refer to National Register Bulletin 18: How To Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes, and National Register Bulletin 30: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes for additional information on historic landscape issues. 20 landforms- in therelationship of site documentary views, photographs,plats, • plat, or layout of cemetery plots, to topographicfeatures or traditional plans and specifications,business and whethera rigid gridironimposed on routes of travel. Researchersalso organizationrecords, localhistories, and the site or an organizationof plots should consult recordsof land usefor oral tradition. The researcherthen is conforming to natural contours; verificationof thereason a burial place preparedto describethe present developedat a particularlocation, and condition of the site and determine how • circulation system of roads, not make assumptions. For example, in well it reflectsthe period in which it was driveways, pathways, noting thecommunities of Colonial New developed. whethersuch features have axial England settledby Puritans,graveyards The landscapeand developed alignment or are winding or curving; were perceivedas secular,in conform­ features of a burialplace should be structural featuresof the system, ancewith Calvinist doctrine. In that describedin narrativefonn and repre­ such as bridges and drainage sys­ region,the mere proximityof an early sentedgraphically by means of a site tems; and distinctive materials,such graveyardto a church propertydoes not plan or map. When it is known that as cobblegutters or stone paths; necessarilysignify a historical relation­ significanthistoric featuresare missing ship betweenchurch and burying place. or modified,as for example in the • views and vistas within the site Thearrangement of graves within a realignment of road or driveway, such from principal access points; views burial ground is a significantaspect of missing features should bedescribed and vistas externalto the site; character also. In vernacularburial and their fonnerplacement indicated grounds, the relationof one graveto graphically in dashed or dotted outline. • characteristic vegetation, including another may beirregular- not in Not all of the featureslisted belowwill the overstory of trees,understory of compact rows. Such informalplace­ appear in all burial places; however, the shrubs and grasses,exotic plant ment may be asign of haphazard narrative descriptionand site plan materials used as fillerin burial plots, development over time,but it could also would include, but not necessarilybe ornamentalflower beds, and speci­ relate to the customs of a particular limited to the following,where appli­ men plantings; culturalgroup. TheChristian belief in cable: resurrectionof the bodyafter death • gateways, fences, and hedgesused prescribedearth burials forthe faithful. • general topography,including forboundary and spatial definition; Lot arrangement frequentlywas indicationof the gradient (or slope) influenced by thescripturally-based and elevation of the site in relation to • typical plot defining features such traditionof orientingthe foot of the the larger settingin which it is as wooden palings, iron fencing, and grave towardthe east to place the dead located; concretecurbing; in appropriate position forarising at the day of finaljudgement. • natural features such as streams, • prevalence of individual plot The researchershould learnas much gullies, hills, and indigenous trees; mausoleums,vaults, or above­ as possibleabout the character of the naturalisticdeveloped featuressuch surfacetombs, and indication of the site as it was firstdeveloped or appro­ as ponds,lakes, or landforms; range and variety of individual grave priated forburial purposesbased on markers;

The1855 plan of the Oak Grove Cemeteryin Gloucester, EssexCounty, • 1 Massachusetts, is an important source of cemeterydocumentation. (James O'Gorman,1975)

l . !

21 • entrancesigns, directional markers, entries. Librarycollections may provide outdoorlighting fixtures, and small­ documentaryviews and descriptionsin PHOTOGRAPHS scalesite furnishings such as theform of prints,early photographs, Photographsare indispensableas benches,planters, ornamental newspaperaccounts, and advertise­ recordsof thepresent condition of the sculpture,and fountains; ments. Interviews with church sextons, burial placeand its characteristic cemeterysuperintendents, and descen­ features. When comparedwith historic • maintenanceand service features dants of originalowners of family plots views -which are not required,but suchas soildisposal and waste may beuseful. Archeologistsalso will whichcan be helpful when available - storageareas, greenhouses, tool review reportsand otherdocumentation contemporaryphotographs assist the sheds, andpumphouses; and on related or comparablesites to frame researcherin gaining an understanding appropriateresearch questions that of the phasesof surfacedevelopment • buildingssuch as churches, could beilluminated by a burial site over time. For purposesof preparing memorialchapels, gatehouses, investigation. It alsois importantto theNational Register nomination for a offices,residences, crematories, consultwith any cultural groupwith graveyardor cemetery,it maynot be mausoleums, andcolumbariums. whicha burialplace or cemeteryis practicalin every caseto photograph affiliatedor forwhich it has special eachgravemarker. It is important, meaning.6 however,to provide a numberof RESEARCHAND Theobject of fieldwork is to analyze generalviews toillustrate the overall the property'spresent physical character characterof thelandform and its FIELD in comparisonwith the property's developedfeatures. Theseshould be appearanceduring the period of signifi­ supplemented by avariety of close INVESTIGATION cance as documented through research. views of individual monumentsand Field investigationmay help establish markers to convey therange and quality The object of the researchphase is the periodof significance;in any case,it of materials and workmanship. Care twofold: 1) to establishthe contexts, or produces a recordof the characteristic should be takento photograph historicaland culturalthemes for features remainingfrom theperiod of gravemarkersfrom nearsurface level documentingthe property's signifi­ significance,and changes throughtime. and at times and under conditionswhen cance,and 2) to determinethe It establishesthe present extent and the highcontrast of light and shadow property'sphysical character and integrityof theproperty. will givesharpness and clarityto appearanceduring the important inscriptionsand sculptu ral relief. In period(s)of itsuse or development. SITEPLANS addition to the form,embellishment, Towardthe first end, generalreference and positionof gravemarkers in rela­ works on Americanburial cus toms, The essentialaid to conductingfield tionship to other markers, epitaphs and historical development of cemeteries work is a site plan on which thedistribu­ vital inscriptionsare an important aspect and mortuaryart and architecture; tionof physical elementsis recorded of thecultural content of cemeteries. If professionaland trade journals, com­ graphically. A cemetery plat may be landscape designis significant,photo-­ munityhistories, and ethnographic usedeffectively as a complementto a graphsof plantings, circulation patterns, studies maybe consultedto place the site plan, but it is not interchangeable. and otherfeatures maybe necessaryto propertyin an overall culturaland Ha basemap of the site is not available adequately representthe site. historicalframework. from thelocal planning agency, the As a practicalmatter, good photo-­ Next,all available primarysource cemeteryplat may becomethe model graphic and transcriptionrecords for a material on theproperty under study from which to produce a sketchplan of historicgraveyard or cemetery are should beassembled from church and the site. Planning basemaps showing highly desirable. Such records,keyed to municipal records,fraternal organiza­ contour intervals as well as building a plat, produce scholarlyarchives and tions,and cemeterycorporations, as ground plans are most usefulbecause preserve someinformation should the may beappropriate. Landrecords, they portray with precisionthe sitingof cemetery suffer loss as a result of theft, maps and plats, censusrecords, court particular featureson level groundand vandalism,or damage fromnatural documents, localhistories, familyand at prominentelevations. Ha complex causes. Moreover,comprehensive business papers,genealogies, newspa­ burialplace underwent distinctepisodes documentation may fonnthe basis of a pers,and othersources can provide of developmentover a long periodof cemetery maintenanceand conservation informationon settlementpatterns, use,a seriesof maps of comparable scale masterplan. Such work is laborinten­ community development, andthe lives overlayinga basemap may beuseful in sive, but genealogicalsocieties and other of importantpeople. Detailedinforma­ recordingthe evolutionarychanges, volunteersmay beenlisted to a duly tionon the development ofa particular eitherfor the sakeof analysis or as an authorized and properlysupervised burial place will be found in cemetery exhibit to accompany the nomination. effort. plats,architectural plans and drawings, Whenever possible,all graphicinforma­ landscapeplans andplanting keys, tion should be reduced to 81/2"x 11" manufacturers'catalog orders, monu­ format,or foldedto that size, when ARCHEOLOGY ment makers'statements of account, submittedto the National Register. and gardeners'and sextons'diary Archeologicalfield work and docu­ mentationinvolves scientifictechniques

6 Refer to NationalRegister Bulletin 38: Guidelinesfor Evaluating and Documenting TraditionalCultural Properties,and the Native American Graves Protectionand RepatriationAct of 1990for additional guidance. 22 that invariably call for qualifiedprofes­ sional supervision. Legalclearances normally arerequired. Where archeo­ logical investigationshave beenautho­ rized in accordance with Federal,State, and locallaws; aerial infraredphotogra­ phy; ground-penetratingradar, and proton magnetometersare among the remote sensingtechniques and devices that may beused to locatebelow-grade grounddisturbances and gauge the density and state of preservationof burial deposits without invading the site. Densematerials, such as stone, metal, and ceramic arerevealed in sharp contrast against the backgroundof soils. Bone and other organic matter also registerin thesesensing techniques, to varyingdegrees. Thesetechniques can beexpensive. Surfaceinvestigation to determine the extent of a burial site is most effectivewhen combined with carefully controlled testingwhich allow skeletal remains to bepreserved intact, and minimizes impact to the site generally. Site plans, stratigraphicprofiles, scale drawings, and photographsmake up Thetraditional gravehouses,Christian crosses, and the graphic recordof an archeological other features at LaPointeIndian Cemeteryin Ashland site. They illustratethe geographic County, Wisconsin, possess important associations boundsof the area investigated, the with the ChippewaIndians in northernWisconsin. depth of testing,and the concentration (MichaelM. Weburg, 1976) and relativeposition of the artifactsand site features. Documentationalso includes a reportdescribing the range period and variety of burial objects; theirage as of time in which the property inactivefor many years, was never determined by laboratoryradiocarbon achieved the qualitieswhich make it legally dissolved. The rights of Indian dating or other means, as appropriate eligible forthe National Register, is it tribes,Native Hawaiians, or other and comparativeanalysis of other dated possibleto enumerate the features groups- as established by the Native materials. The functionsof the artifacts, which contributeto the significance of American Graves Protection and inferredfrom form and placement, the the property. RepatriationAct of 1990,other Federal identificationof the cultural groupthat laws, and State legislation - alsomust performedthe burial, and architectural OWNERSHIP beconsidered in determining ownership. and associatedfeatures of the site - Typically, in early community such as vaults, chambers,cairns, and cemeteries founded by voluntary Determiningownership of burial landscaping- areessential parts of the associations,the cemeteryland remained places sometimesis complex. In some archeologicalrecord accumulatedfor under ownership of the founding cases,family cemeteries on private land analysis and evaluation. organization while the individual plots have beenexempted fromdeeds and do were separatelyheld by the original not belongto the property owner on proprietors and their heirs. In the West, BOUNDARIES AND whoseland they are located, but to the where the earliest established commu­ descendantsof the family. When small nity cemeteries often were founded by PERIODSOF private cemeteries in rural areas have fraternal societies such as the Indepen­ beenabandoned and are no longer dent Order of Odd Fellows, burial SIGNIFICANCE maintained, theybecome the domain of grounds today are beingdeeded to local the current landowner. Forthe volun­ governmentswhose agencies- com­ Using the information collected from teergroup or family descendantstrying monly parksand recreationdepartments researchand systematic investigation of to establish clear titleand access to an - are looked to for stable long-term the site, the researchershould beginto abandoned cemetery, legal research and stewardship of the community's "pio­ establish the scopeand extent of the negotiation may be required. For neer" cemeteries. In such cases,when it area to beproposed for nomination and documentation and assessment pur­ comes time to complete the National the periodof time during which the poses, however, researchers may refer Register of Historic Places Registration nominated area was significant in to deedrecords to establish the most Form,"public-local" or both "public­ American prehistory,history, or culture. likely owner. Sometimes the corporate local" and "private," whichever is Only after determining the geographical bodyor trust fund that once provided appropriate, should bechecked. boundsof the nominatedarea and that care for a countrycemetery, though 23 CO1\1PLETINGTHE evaluatedand thoseof outstandingrank can beidentified. When a cemetery is NATIONAL significantprimarily becauseof the examplesit contains of the distinctive REGISTER work of regionalstone carvers and other craftsmen, the important markers should REGISTRATION be enumerated by an inventory and each one counted as a separately contributing FORM feature. Othersmay becounted collec­ tivelyas a contributingobjecl Taking the example of a national cemetery,markers Nominationsare processedaccord­ by regulation usually do not vary;the ing to the regulationsset forthin 36CFR amassednumber of, say,stone crossesof 60,and are submitted to the National uniform siz.e spreadingacross the land­ Park Serviceby the appropriate State or scapeis one of the distinguishingcharac­ Federal Historic PreservationOfficer. teristics of a national cemetery. The The followingguidance supplements gravemarkers insuch a casemay be the instructionsfound in National counted in the aggregateas a single RegisterBulletin 16A: How to Complete the undifferentiatedobject contributingto the NationalRegister Registration Form. character of the nominated area. CLASSIFICATION FUNCTIONS A burial place may beclassified as a A principal contributingfeature of the The funeraryfunctions of all contribut­ "site," "district," ''building," "struc­ ing resources of the burial place,must be ture," or "object." A singleor com­ Masonic Cemetery in Eugene,Lane County,Oregon, is the Hope Abbey identified,and bothhistoric and current poundburial of limited scope,such as functions classified on the form using the trailsidegraves or small family plots, Mausoleum, whichmeets Criterion C instructions provided in NationalRegister would be classified appropriately as a as the State'sonly trulymonumental Bulletin 16A. "site." Also,when a cemetery is exampleof the Egyptianstyle. nominatedas a significantor "contrib­ (Richard Roblyer, 1980) uting" feature within a larger historic DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS district, such as a village or company OF FEATURES AND town, it is counted as a "site." a propertyconsisting of, for example, a SIGNIFICANCE A complex burial site,such as a significant church and an associated cemetery encompassing a multitudeof graveyard would benominated as a The purposeof the narrativeportions of burials, developedlandscape features, ''building." the National Registerform is twofold: 1) and buildings, is a "district." Its to describe and analyz.ethe characteristic componentparts are enumerated and CONTRIBUTING FEATURES features of the burial place,and 2) to described,and thosewhich contribute presenta coherent argument that explains to the significance of thenominated area The number and combination of why the propertymeets the Criteria for are distinguished from nonhistoric featurescounted as contributingto the Evaluation, including theCriteria Consid­ features which are unrelatedto the significance of the propertywill vary erations for graves, cemeteries, and other period of significance. Individual accordingto property type and will kinds of properties markedfor special monumental tombsmay beclassified as dependon the criteria under which the conditions. "structures,"and gravemarkers having burial place is proposedfor nomination. artistic merit or cultural significance It is not expectedthat individual Description may becounted as significant "objects." gravesitesor markers in a cemetery The overall landscapedesign - includ­ would becounted as separately contrib­ To prepare the descriptivenarrative, ing roadways,ponds, and plantings­ uting or noncontributingfeatures in the researcherneeds to determine the may becounted as a "site"withinthe most cases. However, buildings, characteristic featuresthe burial place districtif the designis a significant structures,and objects of substantialsize must have to be agood representativeof feature. and scale,and those specificallydis­ its period,style or design,and method of Becausethe term ''burial place" is cussedin the nomination text for their constructionor fabrication. Through broadly interpreted in this guidance to importance in understandingthe burial systematic description,the researcherwill encompassindividual buildings, such place - including gravemarkers, should show that theproperty possesses those as crematoryand mausoleum facilities, becounted. Plantings and other natural characteristics. The featuresthat date from the categoryof ''building" would bean features should not becounted sepa­ the periodof significance should be appropriate classification when such rately, but areincluded as part of a identifiedand describedin Section7 of the buildings arenominated individually or counted site. registrationform, along with a discussion when countingthe numberof contribut­ In a cemetery district,individual of any changes that might affect historic ing featuresin a cemeterydistrict. Also, gravemarkerswould becounted as integrity. The completed descriptionwill sincea propertyconsisting of two or separatelycontributing features in those provide an accurate image of thecurrent more resourcetypes should be classified caseswhere gravemarkershave been appearanceand conditionof the cemetery, under the major resource,if there is one, comprehensively inventoried and within whichboth significanthistoric

24 featuresand nonhistoricchanges and others areas. In order to understand the the supportiveargument should be additionscan be ascertained easily. It is propertywithin an appropriate historic presentedin the nomination. Designa­ especiallyimportant in caseswhere context,the researcherwill have con­ tionas a National Historic Landmark individual featureswithin a cemetery sultedreference works forinformation on may bedependent upon the National are not inventoriedand describedthat the events,trends, and technologies Park Serviceevaluating the propertyin the description,in conjunctionwith which influenced development of the course of a theme study. A well­ maps and photographs,provide clear resourcetypes included in the area documented National Register nomina­ informationon the general topography proposedfor nomination. Basedon tionfor a burial place of potential and the distributionof developed information gatheredin the statewide NationalHistoric Landmarkquality will featuresthat give thecemetery its historicpreservation planning process, facilitatethe property'sreview by historiccharacter. the State historic preservationoffice may NationalPark Service professionals.7 Consider theoriginal cemetery in a beable to provide data fora comparative community settledin the period of analysis sothe researchercan determine BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION westward expansion,1840-1890. The the appropriatelevel of significance - AND JUSTIFICATION researchermay expectto find thatit was whether the propertyproposed for establishedby a fraternalorganization, nominationis distinctivelocally or in the platted aroundthe nucleus of an earlier State or nation. Guidebooks,conference Determiningand justifyingthe burial plot,and situated on high ground proceedings,exhibits, and exhibit boundariesof a burial place are impor­ affordinggood drainage above the flood catalogs alsomay help the researcher tant steps in completing theregistration plain or on marginalland unsuitable for placethe nominatedproperty into a form. Boundariesshould bedrawn to cultivation. Moreover,the larger perspective. encompass,but not to exceed,the full gravemarkers,whether grandor Periods of significancealso must be extent of resourceswhich contributeto modest, would reflectthe vertical specified. The periodof significance the significance of the property. External densityand the variegationand embel­ cannot predate the extant features that vistas from a suburban landscaped lishment of material characteristic of composethe burial place. For example, cemetery or a vernacular cemetery Victorian design. A communitycem­ the periodof significancefor the grave of spectacularlysited in the countryside etery of this era that lackedwell defined a significantperson would not include may beimportant to the overall feeling plotsand an arrayof monuments that individual's lifetime, but would be of the place. Nevertheless,boundaries ornamentedin high relieflikely would the year of burial. Theremay be several should not bedrawn toinclude scenic not be agood representativeof the type; distinctperiods of significanceif the bufferareas or other acreagenot directly therefore,it likely would not beindi­ burial place remained activeover a long related to the property'shistorical vidually eligible forthe National span of time. If thisis the case,all periods development. Encompassing a broad Register under Criterion C. Thissame of significance should be noted. Ordi­ vista in the boundsof a nominatedarea cemetery, however, could be a contribut­ narily, the periodof significancewould normally is impractical. The boundsof ing site in a historic district,or it might not extend to the most recentperiod of 50 burial sitesshould be based on the extent possesssignificant associations with the years unless speciallyjustified under of thefeatures associatedwith the community's historic development that Criteria Consideration G on the basis of burials. In somecases, site limits for would make it individually eligible exceptional artistic values, historical archeologicalsites may bedetermined by under CriterionA. Forexample, the associations,or potentialto yield infor­ remote sensingtechniques or surface cemetery mightbe the only remaining mation. examination combined with controlled evidence of an extremelyimportant It is desirable to keep thestatement of sub-surf ace testing. trading,communication, and outfitting significance as concise as possible while Boundarydefinition is simplified settlementalong a westward migration at the sametime covering adequately the when thecurrent legal propertydescrip­ route. In this case,the researcherwould property'sdevelopment and useduring tionof a graveyard or cemetery is the have to reconsiderwhat physical the periodof significance. Thosewho sameas the property'shistoric bound­ characteristicswere importantin shaped the burial place and its setting aries. However,if portionsof the burial conveying the cemetery's important should be identified by name,if such placeunder investigationhave been historicassociations. informationis available,or by cultural irreversibly altered or eroded,it may be affiliation,if the propertyis a traditional necessaryto deviate fromthe current Significance cultural site or prehistoric burial place. It legal descriptionin drawing the bound­ is importantto focuson thoseaspects of ary in order to exclude areas which are The firststep in preparing the the property's developmentand use plainly lacking in integrityand no longer statement of significanceis toidentify which illustrate the property'ssignifi­ contribute to the significanceof the the National Registercriteria, consider­ cance under NationalRegister Criteria A, property. Similarly,large tracts of fallow ations,and "areasof significance"in B,C,orD. acreage known as "reserveground" which theproperty should beevaluated. Certainburial places may have within the boundsof a cemeteryplat A cemetery could beevaluated in the potentialfor designation as a National should not beincluded in the nominated areas of socialhistory, ethnic heritage, Historic Landmark. If the property area unless they contain development art, architecture,landscape architecture, appears to have national significanceand such as roadsystems or servicebuildings community planning,archeology, and has beenevaluated in a national context, relating to the historic period. In any

7 Further information concerning the National Historic Landmark Program may be obtained by writing to the Chief Historian, History Division, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, D.C. 20013-7127.

25 case,the boundary must be justifiedin a short narrative statement which ex­ plains why the boundaries were selected. The delineation of boundaries may bedocumented in various ways. If appropriate, the current legal property description may be used. Where historic and current boundaries differ, the documentation may describe the area to be included frompoint to point, such as "fromthe northeast intersection of Rte. 5 and Cemetery Drive, north approximately 200 feet, ..., then west fiftyfeet to the point of beginning." Although a fence may be located along the boundary,it should not be cited as definingthe boundary because it may not be permanent. Features that are permanent,such as contour lines may be used to defineboundaries when they constitute appropriate edges. Site plans, also called "sketch maps," may be used to indicate boundaries, if the map includes a scale indicator. For some large areas without obvious features to cite as edges, such as a rural site or a large cemetery, U1M points may define the boundaries, if the lines connecting the cited U1M points constitute the actual boundarylines of the area nominated. Photographsshould capture the essence of a cemetery·s Under the authorization of the character. TheLaurel Grove - North Cemeteryin Savannah, National Historic Preservation Act of Chatham County, Georgia,is significant,in part, for its large 1966 and the Archeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, the National number of Victorian statues and monuments. (James R. Park Service will restrict information on Lockhart, 1982) the location or character of a historic resource if revealing this information would expose the property to vandal­ (sketch map). The site plan should A number of unmounted black and ism,destruction, or other harm. The locate the bounds of the property; give white photographs of high quality must information must be included on the contour intervals,if relevant; and show accompany each nomination. There is National Register Registration Form, the placement of major features, includ­ no requisite number of photographs to but checking the "Not for Publication " ing nonconforming, nonhistoric devel­ be submitted. Requirements are that box on the form ensures that sensitive opment. Each feature identified as there should be as many photographs as information will not be reproduced or contributingor noncontributing in the necessary to depict the property clearly. 8 distributed. form should be numbered on the site Representative views of all characteristic plan to correspond to a numbered features, as well as altered features and inventory in the narrative discussion. development outside the period of MAPS AND PHOTOGRAPHS Although,as stated above, it is not significance, should be included. Each Each registrationform must be necessary to count and describe every photograph must identify the photogra­ accompanied by a United States Geo­ gravemarker and other feature,all those pher, date, subject, and direction of the logical Survey (USGS) map with specifically identified and counted must view. Prints of historic photographs are marked Universal Transverse Mercator be shown on the map accompanying the recommended as a means of document­ (UlM)reference points for the purposes nomination,either individually or ing the integrity of the property. Photo­ of locating the property geographically collectively by area. graphs should be keyed to the inventory and illustrating its position in relation to Copies of historic plats and building of contributing features in the narrative prominent topographic features. In plans, if they are available, are helpful in discussion,where appropriate. Num­ addition, for complex burial sites and documenting the original design intent bered directional arrows may be placed cemetery districts,the nomination and the integrity of some buriaf place on the site plan to indicate the direction should include at least one site plan property types. of views shown in the photographs.

8 Refer to National Register Bulletin 29: Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources for addi­ tional information.

26 VI. CONCLUSION

Discussionof burial practicesin this United Statesand its associatedterrito­ are applicable equally tourban grave­ bulletinis general rather than compre­ ries, nor all cultural groupsand tradi­ yards, folk cemeteries, and small burial hensive in scope. Its purposeis to tions. No value judgement is implied in grounds in a rural setting. Aboveall, suggestthe broadrange of burial places theseomissions. Neither should it be thosewishing to pursue the registration fromvarious periodsthat hold potential inferredthat thereis greatervalue in the processshould know from this guid­ forlisting in the NationalRegister of high style cemetery than in vernacular ancethat their efforts will besupported Historic Places. In selectingexamples examples. Usersof this guidance by ample precedent,a growingvolume for sakeof illustration,it was not should be encouraged thatthe criteria of referenceliterature, and organiza­ possibleto touch on all regions of the for evaluating significanceand integrity tionsready toassist.

27 VII. GLOSSARY.

Altar tomb -A solid, rectangular, Cinerary um -A receptacle for Gravemarker -A sign or marker of a

raised tomb or gravemarker resem­ cremation remains, or ashes, in the burial place, variously inscribed and bling ceremonial altars of classical shape of a vase. decorated in commemoration of the antiquity and J udeo-Christian ritual. dead. Columbarium -A vault or structure Bevel marker -A rectangular for storage of cinerary urns. Graveyard -An area set aside for burial

gravemarker, set low to the ground, of the dead; a common burying having straight sides and uppermost, Crematorium -A furnace for incinera­ ground of a church or community. inscribed surface raked at a low tion of the dead; also crematory. angle. Grave shelter -A rectangular, roofed Cremation area -An area where ashes structure usually of wood, covering a

Burial ground- Also "burying of the cremated dead are scattered or gravesite, enclosed by boards or slats ground;" same as "graveyard" (see contained. or supported by poles; in tribal custom below). used to contain burial offerings and Crypt -An enclosure for a casket in a shelter the spirit of the dead; also

Burial cache -A place of concealment mausoleum or underground cham­ grave house. for burial remains and objects. ber, as beneath a church. Headstone -An upright stone marker Burial mound - A mass of earth, and Epitaph -An inscription on a placed at the head of the deceased;

sometimes stone or timber, erected to gravernarkeridentifying and/ or usually inscribed with demographic protect burial chambers for the dead. commemoratingthe dead. information, epitaphs, or both; sometimes decorated with a carved Burial site -A place fordisposal of Exedra -A permanent open air motif. burial remains, including various masonry bench with high back, forms of encasement and platform usually semicircular in plan, pat­ Interment - A burial; the act of commit­ burials that are not excavated in the terned after the porches or alcoves of ting the dead to a grave. ground or enclosed by mounded classical antiquity where philosophi­ earth. cal discussions were held; in cemeter­ Ledger -A large rectangular

ies, used as an element of landscape gravemarker usually of stone, set Cairn-A mound of stones marking a design and as a type of tomb monu­ parallel with the ground to cover the

burial place. ment. grave opening or grave surface.

Cemetery -An area set aside for burial Family cemetery-A small, private Lych gate -Traditionally, a roofed of the dead; in Latin American burial place for members of the gateway to a church graveyard under culture known as "campo santo," or immediate or extended family; which a funeral casket was placed holy field. typically found in rural areas, and before burial; also lich gate; com­ often, but not always, near a resi­ monly, an ornamental cemetery Cenotaph -A monument, usually of dence; different from a family plot, gateway. imposing scale, erected to commemo­ which is an area reserved for family rate one whose burial remains are at members within a larger cemetery. Mausoleum -A monumental building a separate location; literally "empty or structure for burial of the dead

tomb." Flush marker-A flat, rectangular above ground; a "community" gravemarker set flush with the lawn mausoleum is one that accommodates Chapel -A place of worship or or surface of the ground. a great number of burials. meditation in a cemetery or mauso­ leum, either a freestanding building Gatehouse -A building at the main Memorial park -A cemetery of the 20th or a room set apart for commemora­ entranceto a cemetery that is con­ century cared for in perpetuity by a tive services. trolled by a gate; a shelter or habita­ business or nonprofit corporation; tion forthe gate keeper. generally characterized by open Chest marker -A solid, rectangular, expanses of greensward with either raised gravemarker resembling a Grave -A place or receptacle for flush or other regulated gravemarkers; chest or box-like sarcophagus. burial. in the last half of the 19th century, those with flush markers were called "lawn" cemeteries. 28 Military cemeteiy-Aburial ground Potter'sfield -A place for theburial of Shelter house-A pavilionor roofed establishedfor war casualties, indigent or anonymous persons. The structure,frequently open at the veterans, and eligibledependents. term comesfrom a Biblicalreference: sides,containing seatsor benchesfor Thoseesta blishedb y the Federal Matthew 27.7. the convenienceof thoseseeking a government include nationalceme­ placeto rest;erected inrustic and teries,post cem eteries,soldiers' lots, Receiving tomb -A vault wherethe classical stylesto beautifya cemetery Confederateand Union plots, and dead may beheld untila finalburial landscape. Americance meteriesin foreign placeis prepared;also receiving countries. Many Statesal sohav e vault. Slantmarker-A rectangular establishedcem eteriesfor v eterans. gravemarkerhaving straight sides Rostrum-A permanentopen air and inscribedsurface rakedat an Monument-A structureor substan­ masonrystage used for memorial acute angle. tialgravemarker erected as a memo­ servicesin cemeteriesof the modem rial at a placeof burial. period,patterned after theplatform Stele-An upright stone or commemo­ for public oratorsused in ancient rative slab, commonly inscribedor Monolith-A large,vertical stone Rome. embellishedon one of thebroader gravemarkerhaving no baseor cap. verticalsurfaces; a gravemarkertype ''Rural"cemetery- A burial place revivedfrom classical antiquity. Mortuary-A place for preparationof characterizedby spaciousland­ the dead prior to burial or cremation. scapedgrounds and romantic Table marker-A rectangular grave commemorativemonuments estab­ covering consisting of a hori:z.ontal National cemeteiy-One of 130 burial lishedin a rural settingin the period stone slab raisedon legs, which groundsestablished by the Congress of the young republic and at the sometimesare highly elaborate;also of the UnitedStates since 1862 for dawn of the Victoria era; socalled for "table stone." intermentof armedforces service­ the movement inspiredby the men and women whoselast service Americanmodel, Mount Auburn Tablet -A rectangulargravemarker endedhonorably. Presently,the Cemetery (1831) in the environs of setat a rightangle to the ground, Departmentof Veterans Affairs Boston; a cemetery developedin this having inscriptions,raised lettering maintains 114, the National Park tradition. Theterm is used with or carved decorationpredominantly Service(Department of theInterior) quotationmarks throughoutthe on verticalplanes, and top surface administers14, and the Department guidance to distinguish thisdistinc­ finishedin straight, pedimented, of the Armyhas responsibilityfor tive landscapedtype from other round, oval, or serpentinefashion. two. kinds of buryinggrounds occurring in the countryside. Tomb -A burial placefor the dead. Obelisk-A four-sided,tapering shaft having a pyramidal point;a Sarcophagus -A stone coffinor Tomb recess-A niche or hoJlow in a gravemarkertype popularized by monumental chamber fora casket. wall that sheltersa tomb. romantictaste for classical imagery. Screenmemorial -A vertically-set Tumulus -A mound of earth protect­ Ossuary- A receptaclefor the bonesof gravemarkerconsisting of a tablet ing a tomb chamber; in the ancient the dead. with wing elements resting on a world, importanttumuli were continuous base. encircledby drum-likeconstructions Peristyle-A colonnade surrounding of stone. the exterior of a building, such as a Sepulcher-A burial vault or crypt. mausoleum,or a range of columns Vault -A burial chamber, commonly supportingan entablature(a beam) Sexton -Traditionally, a diggerof underground. thatstands free to definean outdoor graves and supervisorof burials in alcove or openspace. the churchyard; commonly, a cemetery superintendent. Pet cemetery-An areaset aside for burialof cherishedanimals.

29 VIII. SOME RECOMMENDED SOURCES

Cemetery researcherswill be aided agencies and community groupsand is "How to Searcha Cemetery." SaltLake by innumerable regionalstudies, believedto bethe largest cemetery City, Utah: PublicationsDivision, cemetery guidebooks,conference recordationand restorationproject The Genealogical Institute, 1974. proceedings,exhibit catalogs,and even undertaken by localgovernment in the a growingbody of videotapedmaterial. country. Further informationmay be Lyons, Thomas R. and Thomas Eugene Currentpublications of the cemetery obtainedfrom the BostonParks and Avery. Remote Sensing,A Handbook and monuments industriesalso can be RecreationDepartment, 1010 Massachu­ for Archeologistsand Cultural Resource helpful. AmericanCemetery, Stone in settsAve., BostonMA 02118. Managers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. America,and MB News (trade journalof The followingis a list of someof the Departmentof the Interior, National the Monument Builders of North sourcesavailable, and is designed to Park Service,Anthropology Division, America), forexample, frequently lead the researcherto more sources. 1977. contain articleson historiccemeteries Many of theseworks contain extensive and the manufactureof traditional bibliographies. Lyons, Thomas R., and James I Ebert, gravemarkers. eds. Remote Sensingand Non-Destruc­ Bibliographic searchesin the local DOCUMENTATION, tive Archeology. Washington, D.C.: libraryare recommended, as is consulta­ CONSERVATION,AND U.S. Departmentof the Interior, tionwith State cemeteryassociations, National Park Service,Anthropology genealogicalsocieties, and the State MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES Division, 1978. historicpreservation office. Many States have published guides to researchand Baker, F. Joanne, and Farber,Daniel, Lyons, Thomas, ed. RemoteSensing: legislationaffecting cemeteries and with Anne G. Giesecke. ''Recording SupplementsNo. 1 to 10 to Remote burial places. An extensive bibliogra­ Cemetery Data," Markers: The Sensing, A Handbook for Archeologists phy forthe general study of cemeteries Annual Journalof the Associationfor and Cultural Resource Managers. and gravemarkers compiledalong GravestoneStudies, 1: 99-117, 1980. Washington, D.C.: U5. Department disciplinarylines is foundin Cemeteries of the Interior, National Park Service, and Gravemarkers: Voicesof American Boston Parks and RecreationDepart­ AnthropologyDivision, 1977-1985. Culture, edited by Richard E. Meyer, one ment. TheBoston Experience:A of the recommended sources listed Manual for HistoricBurying Grounds Mayer, Lance R. "The Care of Old below. Preservation,1989. Cemeteries and Gravestones," The Associationfor Gravestone Markers: TheAnnua l Journalof the Studies(AGS), a non-profit organiza­ Coney, William B. Preservationof Association for GravestoneStudies, 1: tion,publishes an annual journal, HistoricConcrete: Problemsand General 119-141, 1980. Markers,as well as a quarterly newslet­ Approaches.Preservation Brief 15. ter, and servesas an information Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department Meier, Lauren, and BetsyChittenden. network forcemetery scholarsand of the Interior, National Park Service, PreservingHistoric Landscapes. preservationistsnationwide. AGS PreservationAssistance Division, National Park ServiceReading List maintains an archive and a limited mail­ 1987. series. Washington D.C.: U.S. order lending libraryservice formem­ Departmentof the Interior, National bers. AGS can bereached at the follow­ Grimmer, Anne E. A Glossaryof Historic Park Service,Preservation Assistance ing address: 30 Elm Street,Worcester MasonryDeterioration Problemsand Division, 1990. MA 01609. Treatments. Washington, D.C.: U.S. In 1985 the Cityof Boston,steward of Departmentof the Interior, National Naude, Virginia Norton, ed. Sculptural as many as 16 historiccemeteries Park Service,Preservation Assistance Monuments in an Outdoor Environ­ ranging in datefrom1630 to 1841, Division, 1984. ment: A Conference Held at the Penn­ launched its ''Historic Burying Ground sylvaniaAcademy of the FineArts, Initiative,"an ambitious, long-term ___. Keepingit Clean: Removing Philadelphia,November 2, 1983. program encompassing comprehensive ExteriorDirt, Paint, Stains and Graffiti Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Pennsyl­ inventories and treatmentof fromHistoric Masonry Buildings. vania Academy of the Fine Arts, gravemarkers,landscape rehabi litation, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department 1985. and improved maintenance and of theInterior, National Park Service, securityprocedures. The Boston PreservationAssistance Division, Newman, John J. CemeteryTranscribing: initiative involves a numberof city 1988. Preparationand Procedures. The

30 American Association for State and Chase, Theodore, ed. Markers: The ___. "Landscapes of Eternity: Local History. Technical Leaflet9. Annual Journalof the Associationfor Funerary Architecture and the History News,26, 1971. Gravestone Studies, VII, 1990. Cemetery, 1793-1881," Oppositions, 8: 14-31, Spring, 1977. Sherwood, Susan I., Mary C. Daum, Christovich, Mary Louis, ed. New Michael W. Panhorst, et. al. Acidic Orleans Architecture. Volume II: The Federal Agencies Task Force (Cecil D. Deposition: Distribution of Materials Cemeteries. Gretna, Louisiana: Andrus, Departmentof the Interior, Potentially at Risk fromAcidic Deposi­ Pelican Publishing Co., 1974. Chairman). American Indian Religious tion. State of Science and Technology Freedom Act Report; P. L. 95-341. Report 21. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Coffin,Margaret M. Death in Early Washington D.C.: U.S. Department Department of the Interior, National America: The Historyand Folklore of of the Interior, August, 1979. Acid Precipitation Assessment Customs and Superstitions of Early Program, 1990. Medicine, Funerals, Burials, and Forbes, Harriette M. Gravestones of Early Mourning. Nashville, Tennessee: NewEngland and the Men WhoMade Strangstad, Lynette. A Graveyard Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1976. Them. Boston, Massachusetts: Preservation Primer. Nashville, Riverside Press, 1927. New York: Tennessee: The American Associa­ Colvin, Howard. Architecture and the DaCapo reprint, 1967. tion forState and Local History in After-life. New Haven and London: cooperationwith the Association for Yale University Press, 1991. French, Stanley. "The Cemetery as Gravestone Studies, 1988. Cultural Institution: The Establish­ Coombs, Diane Williams. Early Grave­ ment of Mount Auburn and the Taylor, Veronica. Caring for Your Local stone Art in Georgia and South Carolina. '' Movement," Cemetery. Illinois Preservation Series. Athens, Georgia: University of American Quarterly, 26: 37-59, March, Number 9. Springfield, Illinois: Georgia Press, 1986. 1974. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, 1988. Cozzens, Arthur B. 11A Cherokee Gillon, Edmund V., Jr. Victorian Graveyard," Pioneer America: The CemeteryArt. New York: Dover Thompson, Sharyn. Florida's Historic Journalof Historic American Material Publications, Inc., 1972. Cemeteries: A Preservation Handbook. Culture, N:1, January, 1972. Tallahassee, Florida: Historic Jackson, Kenneth T., and Camilo Jose Tallahassee Preservation Board, 1989. Curl, James Stevens. A Celebration of Vergara. Silent Cities: The Evolution of Death: An Introduction to Some of the the American Cemetery. New York: Warnock, Robert A., Lia Frederick, Buildings, Monuments, and Settings of Princeton Architectural Press, 1989. Barbara E. Hightower, and Terry Funerary Architecture in the Western Denise Tatum. Vegetative Threatsto European Tradition. New York: Jordan, Terry G. Texas Graveyards: A Historic Sites and Structures. Wash­ Charles Scribner's Sons, 1980. CulturalLegacy. Austin, Texas: ington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the University of Texas Press, 1982. Interior, National Park Service, Park Darnall, Margaretta J., "The American Historic Architecture Division, 1983. Cemetery as PicturesqueLandscape: Kelly, Susan H. and Anne C. Williams. BellefontaineCemetery, St. Louis," A Grave Business: New England Zielinski, A. K. Conservation of Cemeter­ Winterthur Portfolio, 18: 249-269, Gravestone Rubbings. New Haven, ies: The Treatment, Repairand Mainte­ Winter 1983. Connecticut: The S. Z. Field Co., nance of CemeteryObjects and Their 1979. Environment. Mississaugua, Ontario: Deetz, J. F., and E. S. Dethlefsen. Roberts Seymour and Associates, "Death's Head, Cherub, Urn,and Linden-Ward, Blanche, Silent City on a Ltd., 1988. Willow," Natural History, 76: 29-37, Hill: Landscapesof Memory and 1967. Boston's Mount Auburn Cemetery. CULTURALSTUDIES Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Univer­ Driver, Harold E. Indians of North sity Press, 1989. Aries, Philippe. The Hour of Our Death. America. Second Edition, revised. Translated fromthe French by Helen Chicago and London: TheUniver­ Loomis, Ormond H. Cultural Conserva­ Weaver. New York: AlfredA. sity of Chicago Press, 1969. tion: The Protection of CulturalHeritage Knopf, 1981. in the United States. Publications of Duval, Francis Y., and Ivan B. Rigby. the American Folklife Center No. 10. Bell, Edward L. "The Historical Arche­ Early American Grave Stone Art in Washington, D.C.: Library of ology of Mortuary Behavior: Coffin Photograph. New York: Dover Congress, 1983. Hardware fromUxbridge, Massa­ Publications, Inc., 1978. chusetts," Historical Archeology, 24: Ludwig, Allan I. Graven Images. 54-78, 1990. Ellis, Nancy, and Hayden Parker. Here Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan Lies America. New York: Hawthorne University Press, 1966. Books, Inc., 1978. Brown, Daniel A. 11National Cemeter­ ies: Unique Cultural Resources of the MacCloskey, Monro. Hallowed Ground: National Park Service," CRM Etlin, Richard A. The Architecture of Our National Cemeteries. New York: Bulletin. 7:3: 7,9, October, 1984. Death: The Transformation of the Richards Rosen Press, Inc., 1968. Cemetery in Eighteenth-CenturyParis. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984. McDowell, Peggy, and Richard E. 31 Meyer. The RevivalStyles in American Journalof HistoricAmerican Material Zelinsky, Wilbur. "UnearthlyDelights: MemorialArt. BowlingGreen, Ohio: Culture, 12:1: 54-63,February, 1980. Cemetery Names and theMap of the BowlingGreen StateUniversity Changing AmericanAfterworld," Popular Press, 1993. Sellars,Richard West. "Vigil of Silence: Geographiesof the Mind. David The Civil War Memorials," History Lowenthal and MartynJ. Bowden, Meyer, RichardE., ed. Cemeteriesand News,Vol. 41:19-23, July-August, eds. New York: OxfordUniversity Gravemarkers: Voicesof American 1986. Press, 1976, pp. 171-195. Culture. Ann Arbor,Michigan: UMI ResearchPress, 1989. Sloane, David Charles. The LastGreat NATIONAL REGISTER Necessity: Cemeteriesin American ___. Ethnicityand the American History. Baltimore and London: BULLETINS Cemetery. BowlingGreen, Ohio: Johns Hopkins University Press,1991. BowlingGreen University Popular NationalRegister bulletins may be Press,1992. Spencer,Robert F., JesseD. Jennings, obtainedby writingto the National et.al. The Native Americans: Prehistory Register of Historic Places,National Newton, Norman T. Designon the Land: and Ethnology of the North American Park Service,U. S. Departmentof the Interior,P.O. Box37127, Washington, The Development of LandscapeArchitec­ Indians. New York, Evanston, and ture. Cambridge,Massachusetts: London: Harperand Row, Publish­ D.C. 20013-7127. The Belknap Pressof Harvard ers, 1965. University, 1971. No. 15 How to Applythe National Stannard, David E. The PuritanWay of RegisterCriteria for Evaluation Nichols, Elaine, ed. The LastMiles of the Death: A Study in Religion,Culture, Way: African-AmericanHomegoing and SocialChange. New York: Oxford No. 16A How to Complete the National Traditions1890-Present. Columbia, University Press, Inc., 1977. RegisterRegistration Form SouthCarolina: SouthCarolina State Museum,1989. Steere,Edward. "Genesis of American No. 16B How to Completethe National Graves Registration,1861-1870," Register Multiple PropertyDocumentation Parker, PatriciaL. Keepersof the Trea­ Military Affairs,12: 149-161: Fall 1948. Form sures: ProtectingHistoric Properties and Cultural Traditions on Indian Lands. __· Shrinesof the HonoredDead: A No. 18 How to Evaluate and Nominate Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department Study ofthe National CemeterySystem. DesignedHistoric Landscapes of theInterior, National Park Service, Reprinted with permissionof The Interagency ResourcesDivision, May QuartermasterReview (1953, 1954). No. 22 Guidelinesfor Evaluatinga nd 1990. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department NominatingProperties that have Achieved of theArmy, Officeof the Quarter­ Significance Within the LastFifty Years Pike,Martha V ., and Janice Gray master General, no date. Armstrong. A Timeto Mourn: No. 24 Guidelinesfor LocalSurveys: A Expressionsof Griefin Nineteenth Stilgoe, John R. "Folkloreand Grave­ Basisfor Preservation Planning CenturyAmerica. Stony Brook,New yard Design," Landscape,22:3: 22-28, York: The Museumsat Stony Brook, Summer, 1978. No. 29 Guidelines forRestricting 1980. Information about Historicand Prehistoric Sturtevant, William C., gen.ed. Hand­ Resources Price, H. Marcus, III. Disputingthe Dead: bookof North AmericanIndians. Vol. 1- U.S. Law on Aboriginal Remains and 8 (of 20 planned volumes). Washing­ No. 30 Guidelines for Evaluatinga nd GraveGoods. Columbia, Missouri: ton, D.C.: SmithsonianInstitution Documenting RuralHistoric La ndscapes University of MissouriPress, 1991. Press, 1978-1991. No. 32 Guidelinesfor Evaluatingand Ragon, Michel. The Spaceof Death: A Tatum, George B. '"TheEmergence of an DocumentingProperties Associated with Study ofFunerary Architecture, American Schoolof Landscape SignificantPersons Decoration,and Urbanism. Translated Design;'Historic Preser vation, Vol. 25: fromthe Frenchby Alan Sheridan. 34-41,April-June, 1973. No. 36 Evaluatinga ndRegistering Charlottesville, Virginia: University HistoricArcheological Sites and Districts Press of Virginia, 1983. Tishler, William H., ed. American (in draft) LandscapeArchitecture: Designersand Roberts,Warren E. "Investigatingthe Places. Washington, DC: ThePreser­ No. 38 Guidelinesfor Evaluating and TreestumpTombstone in Indiana," vation Press, 1989. DocumentingTraditional Cultural Proper­ AmericanCulture and Folklife:A ties Prologuea nd a Dialogue. Simon J. Tuan, Yi-Fu. l.aruJscapesof Fear. New Bronner, ed. Ann Arbor, Michigan: York: Pantheon Books, 1979. No. 39 Researchinga HistoricProperty UMIResearch Press, 1985, pp. 135- 153. Weiand, Gerald. LastPost. Bowie, No. 40 Guidelinesfor Identifying, ___. "Traditional Tools as Sym­ Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1990. Evaluating, and RegisteringAmerica's bols: SomeExamples fromIndiana HistoricBattlefields Tombstones," Pioneer America: The

32 IX. NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIAFOR EVALUATION

Thequality of significance in Ameri­ NATIONAL c. a birthplaceor graveof a historical can history, architecture,archeology, figureof outstandingimportance if engineering,and culture is presentin REGISTER there isno other appropriate siteor districts,sites, buildings, structures,and building directlyassociated with his objectsthat possess integrity of location, CRITERIA productivelife; or design,setting, materials, workman­ ship, feeling,and association,and: CONSIDERATIONS d. a cemetery thatderives its pri­ marysignificance from gravesof A. that are associatedwith events personsof transcendentimportance, that have madea significantcontri­ Ordinarily,cemeteries, birthplacesor fromage, fromdistinctive design butionto thebroad patternsof our gravesof historicalfigures, properties features, or fromassociation with history;or owned by religious institutionsor used historic events;or for religiouspurposes, structures that B. that are associatedwith the lives have beenmoved fromtheir original e. a reconstructedbuilding when of personssignificant in our past;or locations,reconstructed historic build­ accuratelyexecuted in a suitable ings, propertiesprimarily commemora­ environmentand presentedin a C. thatembody the distinctive tivein nature,and propertiesthat have dignifiedmanner as part of a restora­ characteristicsof a type, period,or achieved significancewithin the last tion master pan, and when no other methodof construction,or that fiftyyears shall not beconsidered building or structurewith the same representthe work of a master, or eligiblefor the NationalRegister. associationhas survived; or that possesshigh artistic values, or However, such propertieswill qualifyif that representa significantand they are integralparts of districtsthat f. a propertycommemorative in distinguishableentity whosecompo­ do meetthe criteria or if theyfall within intent if design,age, tradition, or nents maylack distinction;or the followingcategories: symbolic value has invested it with its own historical significance;or D. that have yieldedor may belikely a. a religious propertyderiving to yield information importantin significancefrom architectural or g. a propertyachieving significance prehistoryor history. historical importance;or withinthe past fiftyyears if it is of exceptional importance. b. a building or structureremoved fromits original location, but which is significantprimarily for architec­ tural value, or which is the surviving structuremost importantlyassoci­ atedwith a particularperson of event;or

33