Village Survey Monographs, Dyampur, No-27, Part VI, Vol-XI
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PRG. 174.27(N) © 750 CENSUS OF INDIA, 1961 VOLUME XI MYSORE PART VI VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS No 27. DYAMPUR VILLAGE YELBURGA T ALUK, RAICHUR DISTRICT Editor K. R-\LASUBRAMANYAM of the Indian Administrative Service, Superintendent ~f Census Operations, il.1ysore PRI!'-:TH> BY THE MA'\iAGER GO"FRt-iME:\T OF INDIA PRESS COIMBATORE A'\iD PUIlLISHFD BY THE CONTROLLFR OF PUBLICATIONS NEW DELHI-I 10001 1976 Price: Inland Rs. 2,50 or Foreign £ 0.29 or $ 0.9. 7 MAP OF . I ARABIAN SEA • INDEr Htad-QuRrtU$ " te boundary ict •• a/uk ., by. K.V.U.XMINARAS/MH4 VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH ON DYAMPUR Field invc,tigation and first draft Sri GlIrliraj, B. A .. Investigator. Final draft Sri C. M. Challda\\~rkar, B. Sc., Deputy Superintendent of Censlls Opl.'r,lfions. JWvsore. Tahulation Sri M. S. Rangaswamy, B. Sc., Senior Technical Assistant, (Sorio-ecollomic Smvey). Photographs Sri S. Ramachandran, B. Sc., Senior Technical Assistant. (Halldicr((/r Sur1'ey) (il) Ii'OREWORD Apart from laying the foundations of demography be chosen will great care to represent adequately in ti'm subcontinent, a hundred years of the Indian geographical. occupational and even ethnic diversity. Census has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly Of this minimum of thirty-five, the distribution was accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life~ to be as follows: some! imes with· no statistics attached, but usually a. At least eight villages were to be so selected with iust enough statistics to give empirical under that each of them would contain one dominant pinning to their conclusions'. In a country, largely community with one predominating occupa illiterate, where statistical or numerical comprehen tion. e.g. fishermen, forest workers, jhum culti sion of even such a simple thing as age was liable to vators, polters, weavers, salt-makers, quarry be inaccurate. an understanding of the social structure workers, etc. A village should have a minimum was essential. It was more necessary to attain a broad popUlation of 400, the optimum being between under,tanding of what was happening around oneself 500 and 700. than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'malh,'matical manipulation'. This explains why the b. At least seven villages were to be of numeri lndian Census came to be interested in 'many by cally prominent Scheduled Tribes of the State. paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship from Each village could represent a particular tribe. allihropology and sociology to geography and The minImum population should be 400. religion'. The optimum being between 500 and 700. In the last few decades the Census has increa c. The third group of villages should each be ingly turned its efforts to the presentation of village of fair size, of an old and settled character and statistICS. This suits the temper of the times as well {':llntain variegated occupations and be, if as pur rolitical and economic structure. For even as possible. multi-ethnic in composition. By fair we have a great deal of centralization on the one hand size was meant a population of 500-700 persons and decentralisatio~ on the other, my colleagues or more. The village should mainly depend thought it would be a welcome continuation of the on agriculture and be sufficiently away from Census tradition to try to invest the dry bones of the major sources of modern communication village statistics with flesh-and-blood accounts of social such as the district administrative headquar structure and social change. It was accordingly deci ters and 'business centres. It should be roughly ded to select a few villages in every State for special a day's journey from the above places. The study, wh~re personal observation would be brought villages were to be selected with an eye to to bear on the interpretation of statistics to find out variation in terms of size, proximity to city and how much of a village was static and yet changing other means of modern communication, near and how fast the winds of change were blowing and ness to hills, jungles and major rivers. Thus from where. there was to be a regional distribution through Randomnes;-, ()f selection was, therefore, eschewed. out the State of this category of villages. If, There was no intention to build up a picture for the however. a particular district contained signi Whole State in quantitative terms on the basis of ficant ecological variations within its area, villages selected statistically at random. The selection more than one village in the district might be Was avowedly purposive: the object being as much selected to study the special adjustments to to find llut what was happening and how fast 1\.1 them. those villa~es which had fewer reasons to choose change al1(" l11<lfe to remain lodged in the past as It is a unique feature of these village surveys that to discO\ er how the more 'normal' types of villages they rapidly outgrew their original terms of reference, were changing. They were to be primarily type stu as my colleagues warmed up to their work. This pro die~ which, by virtue of their number and distribu ved for them an ab:;('rbing voyage of discovery and tion, Would also uive the reader a 'feel' of what was their inl'ectious enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge going on and some'" kind of a map of the country. the inquiry's scope again and again. It was just as well cautiously to feel one's way about at first and A brief account of the tests of selection will help then venture further afield, and although it account5 to explain. A minimum of thirty-five villages was to tn some extent for a certain uneveness in the quality (iii) (iv) and coverage of t4e monographs, it served to compen This itself presupposed a fresh survey of villages sate the purely honorary and extramural rigours of already done; but it was worth the trouble in view the task. For, the Survey, along with its many ancil of the possibilities that a close analysis of statistics laries like the survey of fairs and festivals, of small offered, and also because the 'consanguinity' schedule and rural industry and others, was an 'extra', over remained to be canvassed. By November 1961, how-. and above the crushing load of the 1961 Census. ever, more was expected of these surveys than ever. before. There was dissatisfaction on the one hand' It might be of interest to recount briefly the stage with too many general statements and a growing by which the Survey enlarged its scope. At the first desire 011 the other to draw conclusions from statistics, Census Conference in September 1959 the Survey to regard social and economic data as interrelated set itself the task of what might be called a record processes, and finally to examine the social and eco ill .\itu of material traits, like settlement patterns of the nomic proccsses set in motion through land reforms village: house types; diet: dress; ornaments and foot and other laws, legislative and administrative mea wear: furniture and storing vessels, common means ~llres, technological and cultural change. Finally, a of transport of goods and passengers: domestication study camp was organised in the last week of Decem of animals and birds; markets attended: worship of ber, 1961 when the whole field was carefully gone deities, festivals and fairs. There were to be record through over aga in and a programme worked out ings, of course, of cultural and social traits and occu closely knitting the various aims of the Survey to pational mobility. This was followed up in March gether. The Social Studies Section of the Census 1960 by two specimen sched ules, one for each house Commission rendered assistance to State Superinten hold, the other for the village as a whole, which. dents by way of scrutiny and technical comment on apart from spelling out the mode of inquiry sugges the frame of Survey and presentation of results. ted in the September 1959 conference, introduced groups of questions aimed at sensing changes in atti This gradual unfolding of the aims of the Survey tude and behaviour in such fields as marriage, inheri tance, moveable and immoveable property, industry, prcvented my colleagues from adopting as many vil indebtedness, education, community life and collec lages as they had originally intended to. But I believe tive activity, social disabilities forums of appeal over that what may have been lost in quantity has been disputes, village leadership, and organisation of cul more than made up for in quality. This is, perhaps, tural life. It was now plainly the intention to provide Jor the first time that such a Survey has been conduc adequate statistical support to empirical 'feel', to app ted in any country, and that purely as a labour of mach qualitative change through statistical quantities. love. It has succeeded in attaining what it set out to I t had been difficult to give thought to the importance achieve; to construct a map of village India's social of 'just enough statistics to give empirical underpin structure. One hopes that the volumes of this Survey ning to conclusicm', at a time when my colleagues will help to retain for the India Census its title to were straining themselves to the utmost for the suc 'the most fruitful single source of information about cess of the main Census operations, but once the the country'. Apart from other features, it will census count itself was left behind in March, 1961, perhaps be conceded that the Survey has set up a new a series of three regional seminars in Trivandrum Census standard in pictorial and graphic documen (May 1961), Darjeeling and Srinagar (J une 1961) res tation.