PRG. 174.27(N) © 750
CENSUS OF INDIA, 1961
VOLUME XI
MYSORE
PART VI
VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS
No 27. DYAMPUR VILLAGE YELBURGA T ALUK, RAICHUR DISTRICT
Editor
K. R-\LASUBRAMANYAM of the Indian Administrative Service,
Superintendent ~f Census Operations, il.1ysore
PRI!'-:TH> BY THE MA'\iAGER GO"FRt-iME:\T OF INDIA PRESS COIMBATORE A'\iD PUIlLISHFD BY THE CONTROLLFR OF PUBLICATIONS NEW DELHI-I 10001 1976
Price: Inland Rs. 2,50 or Foreign £ 0.29 or $ 0.9. 7
MAP OF
. I
ARABIAN SEA
•
INDEr
Htad-QuRrtU$ "
te boundary ict •• a/uk .,
by. K.V.U.XMINARAS/MH4 VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH ON DYAMPUR
Field invc,tigation and first draft Sri GlIrliraj, B. A .. Investigator.
Final draft Sri C. M. Challda\\~rkar, B. Sc., Deputy Superintendent of Censlls Opl.'r,lfions. JWvsore.
Tahulation Sri M. S. Rangaswamy, B. Sc., Senior Technical Assistant, (Sorio-ecollomic Smvey).
Photographs Sri S. Ramachandran, B. Sc., Senior Technical Assistant. (Halldicr((/r Sur1'ey)
(il) Ii'OREWORD
Apart from laying the foundations of demography be chosen will great care to represent adequately in ti'm subcontinent, a hundred years of the Indian geographical. occupational and even ethnic diversity. Census has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly Of this minimum of thirty-five, the distribution was accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life~ to be as follows: some! imes with· no statistics attached, but usually a. At least eight villages were to be so selected with iust enough statistics to give empirical under that each of them would contain one dominant pinning to their conclusions'. In a country, largely community with one predominating occupa illiterate, where statistical or numerical comprehen tion. e.g. fishermen, forest workers, jhum culti sion of even such a simple thing as age was liable to vators, polters, weavers, salt-makers, quarry be inaccurate. an understanding of the social structure workers, etc. A village should have a minimum was essential. It was more necessary to attain a broad popUlation of 400, the optimum being between under,tanding of what was happening around oneself 500 and 700. than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'malh,'matical manipulation'. This explains why the b. At least seven villages were to be of numeri lndian Census came to be interested in 'many by cally prominent Scheduled Tribes of the State. paths' and 'nearly every branch of scholarship from Each village could represent a particular tribe. allihropology and sociology to geography and The minImum population should be 400. religion'. The optimum being between 500 and 700.
In the last few decades the Census has increa c. The third group of villages should each be ingly turned its efforts to the presentation of village of fair size, of an old and settled character and statistICS. This suits the temper of the times as well {':llntain variegated occupations and be, if as pur rolitical and economic structure. For even as possible. multi-ethnic in composition. By fair we have a great deal of centralization on the one hand size was meant a population of 500-700 persons and decentralisatio~ on the other, my colleagues or more. The village should mainly depend thought it would be a welcome continuation of the on agriculture and be sufficiently away from Census tradition to try to invest the dry bones of the major sources of modern communication village statistics with flesh-and-blood accounts of social such as the district administrative headquar structure and social change. It was accordingly deci ters and 'business centres. It should be roughly ded to select a few villages in every State for special a day's journey from the above places. The study, wh~re personal observation would be brought villages were to be selected with an eye to to bear on the interpretation of statistics to find out variation in terms of size, proximity to city and how much of a village was static and yet changing other means of modern communication, near and how fast the winds of change were blowing and ness to hills, jungles and major rivers. Thus from where. there was to be a regional distribution through Randomnes;-, ()f selection was, therefore, eschewed. out the State of this category of villages. If, There was no intention to build up a picture for the however. a particular district contained signi Whole State in quantitative terms on the basis of ficant ecological variations within its area, villages selected statistically at random. The selection more than one village in the district might be Was avowedly purposive: the object being as much selected to study the special adjustments to to find llut what was happening and how fast 1\.1 them. those villa~es which had fewer reasons to choose change al1(" l11 (iii) (iv) and coverage of t4e monographs, it served to compen This itself presupposed a fresh survey of villages sate the purely honorary and extramural rigours of already done; but it was worth the trouble in view the task. For, the Survey, along with its many ancil of the possibilities that a close analysis of statistics laries like the survey of fairs and festivals, of small offered, and also because the 'consanguinity' schedule and rural industry and others, was an 'extra', over remained to be canvassed. By November 1961, how-. and above the crushing load of the 1961 Census. ever, more was expected of these surveys than ever. before. There was dissatisfaction on the one hand' It might be of interest to recount briefly the stage with too many general statements and a growing by which the Survey enlarged its scope. At the first desire 011 the other to draw conclusions from statistics, Census Conference in September 1959 the Survey to regard social and economic data as interrelated set itself the task of what might be called a record processes, and finally to examine the social and eco ill .\itu of material traits, like settlement patterns of the nomic proccsses set in motion through land reforms village: house types; diet: dress; ornaments and foot and other laws, legislative and administrative mea wear: furniture and storing vessels, common means ~llres, technological and cultural change. Finally, a of transport of goods and passengers: domestication study camp was organised in the last week of Decem of animals and birds; markets attended: worship of ber, 1961 when the whole field was carefully gone deities, festivals and fairs. There were to be record through over aga in and a programme worked out ings, of course, of cultural and social traits and occu closely knitting the various aims of the Survey to pational mobility. This was followed up in March gether. The Social Studies Section of the Census 1960 by two specimen sched ules, one for each house Commission rendered assistance to State Superinten hold, the other for the village as a whole, which. dents by way of scrutiny and technical comment on apart from spelling out the mode of inquiry sugges the frame of Survey and presentation of results. ted in the September 1959 conference, introduced groups of questions aimed at sensing changes in atti This gradual unfolding of the aims of the Survey tude and behaviour in such fields as marriage, inheri tance, moveable and immoveable property, industry, prcvented my colleagues from adopting as many vil indebtedness, education, community life and collec lages as they had originally intended to. But I believe tive activity, social disabilities forums of appeal over that what may have been lost in quantity has been disputes, village leadership, and organisation of cul more than made up for in quality. This is, perhaps, tural life. It was now plainly the intention to provide Jor the first time that such a Survey has been conduc adequate statistical support to empirical 'feel', to app ted in any country, and that purely as a labour of mach qualitative change through statistical quantities. love. It has succeeded in attaining what it set out to I t had been difficult to give thought to the importance achieve; to construct a map of village India's social of 'just enough statistics to give empirical underpin structure. One hopes that the volumes of this Survey ning to conclusicm', at a time when my colleagues will help to retain for the India Census its title to were straining themselves to the utmost for the suc 'the most fruitful single source of information about cess of the main Census operations, but once the the country'. Apart from other features, it will census count itself was left behind in March, 1961, perhaps be conceded that the Survey has set up a new a series of three regional seminars in Trivandrum Census standard in pictorial and graphic documen (May 1961), Darjeeling and Srinagar (J une 1961) res tation. The schedules tlnally adopted for this mono tored their attention to this field and the importance graph have been printed in Appendices I and II to of tracing social change through a number of well the monograph No. 1 on village 199alur, Bangalore devised statistical tables was once again recognised. District. NEW DELHI ASOK MITRA July 30, 1964 REGJSTRAR GENERAL, INDIA PRE.FACE An interesting feature of 1961 CenSLS is lJ-c plcpalaticn 01 n-( l1cf 1 arrs en ~(!(c1fd villages. The main object of this survey is the study of social. economic, demographic and cultural aspects of the rural community selected on a representative basis. Keeping in view the crite} ia Jaid down by the Registrar General, india, villages for this study have been selected in such a way th at adequate representation is given not only to each district but also to each of the twenty-five sllb regions into which Dr. Learmonth, has classified the State on a consideration of climate. clcppir,g pattern, physical features etc. Dyampur, which has been covered in this Report is a small road side village situated at a distance of nine miles from Yelburga of Raichur district. It lies in the Northern Alaidan region of the State and occupies almost the middle part of the State. This village was formerly a part of Ja!Jgir in the erstwhile Hyderabad State. The main crops grown in the village are jowar, bajra, cotton and oil seeds. This village has been selected for stUdying the socio-economic conditions prevailing in an ex-Jahgir village. Every endeavour has been made to bring out in this monograph changes, that have taken place as a result of the abolition of lahgirs. the present developmental activities under the plan schemes, urban influence and such other rel:lted factors. The field investigation was done by Sri Gururaj, fnvestigator, from November 1964 to February 1965 with zeal and sincerity. He has also prepared the first draft. The photographs included in this monograph are taken by SrI S. Ramachandran, Senior Technical AssistanL Handicrafts Survey. The final report has been prepared by Sri C.M. Chandawarkar, Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations, K. BALASUBRAMANYAM, Superintendent of Census Operations in Mysore (v) CONTENTS CHAPTER I-THE VILLAGE PAGES Introduction-Location-Physical Aspects-Flora and Fauna-Size-Resi dential pattern--Transport and Communication-Important Public place" including places of worship-Burial ground and Crematorium-Sources of Water---Welfare and Administrative lnstitutions--Marketing--Monuments-History of the Village History of Settlement of different Sections of the Population-Legend. 1--6 CHAPTER II-PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUJPMENTS Ethnic composition and Brief notes on important cOl11munities--Houses aDd House types-Dress-Ornaments-Household Goods-Food and Drink-Beliefs and Practices Regarding Birth--Practices and Beliefs connected with Marriage- Beliefs and Practices connected with Death. 7-14 CHAPTER TIT-ECONOMY, Economic resources-Land, Livestock and other Resources-Factors Influ encing Economic life in the village (A) Lal'd Tenures and Land Reforms, (B) Land improvement. (C) Industrialisation, (D) Expansion of Marketing Facilities and Sour ces of Finance, (E) Infiltration of Urban Influence. Economic activities and nature of changes: (A) Livelihood classes, (B) Workers. (C) Non-workers. (D) Owner ship of Economic Resources, (E) Primary and Secondary Occupation, (F) Changes from Traditional occupation-DescriptIOn of different Occupations: (A) Prac tices connected with Agriculture, (B) Animal Husbandry, (C) Trade and Com merce, (D) Village Industries, ~E) Other occupations--Indebtedness--Income Expend it me. 15--29 CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE Population trends-Population by Age and Sex--Vital statistics-Marital "tatus-Public Health and Medical faci)ities-Education and Literacy- Emigra tion 'lnd Immigration--Inheritanle of Property-Types of Family-Size and com position of Households--lntra Family Relatiorshlp-Leisure and Recreation Fairs and Festivals-Religiou& 1nstitutions-Household Deities-Statutory Pancha yat---Voluntary organisations-Family Planning -~Untouchability 30---35 CHAPTER V--CONCLUSION. .16---37 (vii) LIST OF TABLES SI. No. Table No. Description of T:lble·; PAGES Area, Houses and Population 41 2 11 Population by Age-groups 41 3 1I1 Size and ComposItion of Households' 41 4 IV Households classified by Religions, Caste and SlIb"castes 42 5 V Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 42 6 VI Age and Marital Status 43 7 VII Educ3tion 43 8 VIIT Workers and Non-workers by Sex :'Ind Broad Age-groups 43 9 IX Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Occupations 44 10 X Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age groups, InoustlY, Blniness and Cultivation belonging to the Household:, 44 • ] 1 XI Non-workers by SeJ, Broad Age-groups and Nature of Activity . 45 12 XII Households by Number of Room8 and by Number of Persons Occupying • 45 13 XI1l Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry, Business and other Occupations . 45-46 ]4 XIV Type ot' Industry run by the Households . 46 15 XV Type of Business run by the Households' 47 16 XVI Traditional Industries by Number of Households in each 47 17 XVII Diet 47 18 XVIII Staple diet and food habits of communities 48 19 XIX Distribution of Households by Occupations, Income and number of persons 48 20 XX Average Annual inC0l11C pcr household by occupation 49 21 XXI Average Monthly expenditurc per household by Income Groups (lnd Occupations 50-51 22 XXII Households and Development Activitie~ 52 23 XXfIJ Indebtedness by Income Group 52 24 XXfll-A Indebtedness by Causes . 52 25 XXTll-A(i) Indebtedness by Causes and by Income Groups 26 XXITJ-B Sources of Credit . 54 27 XXIV Agricultural producc of cultivation run by the Households and their dispo~al 54 28 XXV Households owning or possessing land or have given out land to others for cultivation . 55 29 XXV-A Ownership of land by residents of Dyampur 56 30 XXV-B Ownership of land in Dyampur village by its residents 56 3} XXV-C Table showing the Land owned outside the village 57 32 XXVI General 57 (viii) II Set Tables S1. No. Table No. Description of Ta bies PAGES 1. t. G1.,;te/Tribe or Community and Nature of Family 58 2. 2. Association of DeitylSpecial object of worship 58 3. 3. Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act 59 4. 4. Contravention of Marriage Rules 59 5. 4-A Permissibility of Inter-C:1ste Marriage 59 6. 5. Awareness of chang~s in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption 60 7. 5-A Inheritance of property as in practice 60 8. 5-B Share of property for different categories of relatives-Sons 61 9. 6. Reciprocal Aid in Agricultural practices 61 10. 7. Livestock statistics 62 11. 8. Village Industries and Products 63 12. 9. Land Reclamation and Development 63 13. 10. Co-operativ~ Society 63 14. II. Habit of ta.king sugar as correlated to Income 64 15. ll-A Habit of taking tea as correlated to Income 64 16. 12. Material Cultur~-Possession of Furniture (i5 17. 12-A Material Culture-Possession of Consumer Goods 65 18. 12-B Material Culture-Habits 65 .. 66 19. 13. House Typ~-Roof 66 20. 13-A House Typ~-Wall 67 LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS Facing Page (1) State map of Mysore showing the villages selected for Socio-economic Survey. Fronti spiece (2) District map of R'lichur showing the Location of Dyampur. I (3) Physical features around viJIage Dyampur. 2 (4) Notional map of Dyampur village. 4 (5) Chart showing Workers and Non-workers by Sex and Broad Age-groups. 20 (6) Chart showing Population by Sex, Age and Marital Status. 30 (7) Chart showing Population and Literacy by Sex and Age-groups. 31 (ix) 9 Census Mysore/73 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS FIGURES DESCRIPTION PAGE (I) Dyamavva Temple xi (2) Providing kerosene street lamps to facilitate the villagers for their movement in the village after sunset is an activity of the Village Panchayat XI (3) The house of a Kuruba farmer xii (4) House type : with mud walls and fiat mud terrace xii (5) A group of Kuruba males xiii (6) Kuruba females xiii (7) A Marata male xiii (8) Harijan males-Madiga xiv (9) Harijan females- Madiga xiv (10) The village menial xiv (11) Poultry-not cared properly xiv (x) (xi) • Fig. I-Dyamavva Temple Fig: 2-Providing kerosene street lamps to facilitate the villagers for their movement in the village after sunset is an activity of the Village Panchayat 9 Census/Mysore/73 (xii) .. • l~ ig. 3--The house of a Kuruba farmer Fig. 4-House type: with mud walls and flat mud terrace (xiii) , F ig. 5- A group of Kuruba males .... -, f, Fig. 6-Kutuba females Fig. 7-A lYJarata male (xiv) " 't. I, Fig. 8-Harijan males-Madiga Fig. 9-Hanjan females-Madiga Fig. II-Poultry - not cared properly fig. lO-The village menial • I I • o~ b .i .,· .:.0 l&J . U Z l&J ct s l&J I.L. UJ It o 1) b 0,... " ct :;) ~ ~ a: 01( "cs. ::> >- %: 0 4- U I.L. :Jtl. i 6) 0 :> ... ~ ..J i .) u.. z ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ? ~- -t ~ +~ II( e> ~ -t cr IQ ~ ~ :> ..-4 " ..J CD J! t- ..J IV u l&J UJ %: t8 :1 ex- t- >- ,. t- ..e' &I) e> ,, a z to ~- ""0 0 l: o~ &I) " 0.0 '0 CHAPTER I THE VILLAGE Introduction trative offices at Taluk level are situated at Yelburga. The village D)'umpur is a small roadside village in The Tahsil Office, the Munsiff and :t-,'bgistrate's Court. the Office of the Block DC\le1opmc'1t Officer, the : i~.: Yel burga Taluk of Raichur district. It ha:> a i)Ol'ularion of I J 33 distributed in 205 households. Assistant Engineer'S Office. etc.. are all located at This village, located about 9 miles away from Yelbun!:1. Ye!burga. Dyampur is inclpded in the N.E.S. Block lh·; Liuk heJdqliClricrs lies on the State road Tunnr-ng of Yclburga which w:,s e~ta:)lishec'_ i'l 1959. between Koppal 3mI Yelhurga. ft stands included The nearest railway station is at Bhanapur on the ill the northern maidan region of the Mysore State. Hubli·--Guntakal metre g~uge li1:e, about 8 miles and lies in almost the middle part of the State. The away. The other railway station is at 8annikoppa on main crops grown in the village are jowar. bajra, wheat, the same line which is also about 8 miles away. But culton. oil seeds and plilses. It formerly formed part the people generally use the railway station at -Bhana 01' a Jahgir. Among the several Jahgirs that existed pur as more buses ply on the road to ~lBn:lpur. in the erstwhile State of Hyderabad. the Jahgir of Salar Jung was perhaps the biggest and the most Raichur, the District headquarters is 120 miles imr'oftant. This Jahgir included the two big taluks of away to the east of the village. It is a railway station Koppal and Yelburga with some other smaller areas on the Madras-Bomb:1Y Railway line It is a [ncated in different parts of the State. The village historical place and accordin2: to an old inscription Dyampur now selected for survey is one such village in the fort, it is said to have becil built by one in the above Jahgir. It is with a view to study the Goregangiah Ruddivaru in 1294 A.D. At a short socio-economic cn:ldil;ons of ,1 village which formed distance from the west gate of the fort are the remains a part of the Jahgir 01' Salar Jung that this village is of an old palace. now~ Llsed as a jail. Outside the selected for the present study. eastern gate is a mosque having a single minaret, 240 feet high and 30 feet in circumference. This is said Location to have been huilt in 1503 A.D. The Jumma Masjid The villag·e DyampLlf is bounded hy the village in the town was built in 1618 A.D. There are several Rajur on {he nc.rth. Harishankarbandi on the east. (otton presses in the tow~ and steps are afoot to K llknoor, which is the Hobli headquarters on the establish a (o-ooerative soinni"" mill. There is also south and the village Chikenkop on the west. The a college recently started.' .~ :1ean~st import:.ml place is Kuknoor, the Hobli head q uarter.s. K uknoo[ lying just two furlongs away is Koppal, 15 miles to the south-e'lSt of the village f:1I110US for its M::::amayi temple. This tempie as also forms the sub-divisional headouarters. It also lies on tile il.hheswara temple at Itgi, 5 miles away are the Huhli--Gnntilbl ra:lway' lice. There is a fort l'ol:sidered as the b.'51 sD~~·imeil·i of l!~e later Chalukyan on the Koppal hill wl:i..:h is ('on~j'!erect as remarkable ~;ty1e whil.:h prn:lileJ during the 11th to 13th century from ar(~itedur:11 "'lei hj,toric::~l i)oints of view. A.D. Both thcs,: lempics al1.md large number of During (1'0 first war of independe;,ce in 1857, thill ~i!grims every year. K uknoor was considered as one place was besieged by Bheem? Ran. Mr. John Traders and merchants from all over the country and el!lU education and is also a railway junction., Its the neighbouring kingdoms were fi;!ding Ho~pet as a architectural wealth i~ to be seen in three large ancient good market place. Aft~l' the fall of Vijayanagar, the temples within the town and innumerable ancient ir:-:portance of Hospet as a b;~ bi;sine~s cenrre gradually ["ilb and relics at Lakkumli, eight miles away. The declined and its naIIle becarne insigtliiic3m in the c':m Ve~raI1arayan temple here has been made famous by mercial world till :t rCf':'1il:d ;lS imDorl:;l;}ce on acccnmt Sri ~aranappa or Kumaravyasa. Another extremely of m;aing iron ore. - . attractive temple is that of Someswara. The Trikute swara and Saraswati temples with their rich ornamen tation form the centre 01 attra(.:tion to tourists. The villagers of Dyampur often visit t[lis town for trading Hampi, 35 miles away from the village is an ancient purposes. city of proud ki~lgS m,d mighty Yictories which to-day js but a desolate scene of sad and silent beauty. It has a legendaIY histvry. It is identified with Kishkin £la, the famous city of Ramayana days. In fact, several places near about Hampi like Pampasarovara, Rishyamuka Parvatn, Matanga Parvata, etc., have also Kampli, 35 miles away is well known for its sugar been mentioned in Valmiki's epic. NIodern engineers factory. The nearest industrial centres to the village and town pbmers have expressed their wonder and are HospeL Kampli and Munirabad. admiration at the various stone aqueducts and water channels which formed part of the intricate water supply and drainage systems of the City. Among the innumerable temples, the temple of Pampapathy or Virupaksha is the oldest and the most sacred temple. It is said to have been built by Harihara-l, the first ruler of Vijayanagar, in honour of Sri Vidyaranya, founder of the kingdom. The shrine of Bhuvaneswari The region in which the village is located is a dry is very striking with beautifully executed doorways hdt between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra. As and richly carved pillars. Pam papa thy was the family such, the area is known as Raichur Doab. The river deity of the Vijayanagar kings and Bhuvanaswari was K,ishn3 flows on the north and the river Tungabhadra their family Goddess. The City was cailed Pampana in the south. Between these two rivers, the river gara and the present name Hampi is said to be only a Tungabhadra is nearer to the village being about 30 corrupt form of Pampa. The Hazara Rama temple, miles away. The village lies in a plain and fertile built by Krishnadevaraya, the most famous of all the (ountry \vhich slopes slightly towards the east. The Vijayanagar kinf!s is acclaimed to be one of the best village site is situated at a slightly higher level than sDecimens of Hindu temn]e architecture. Tbe various the arable land round about. There are no streams Sh:liva figures found sculptured are a definite indica or streamlets in or neal' the village. The nearest hills tion of the absence of riv;rlry between the two sects are those located at Koppal. J5 miles away. The and the imD2.rtial attitude of the monarchs ~1\1der W(10m other bills in the region are the KapD3rh Gudda near a II the religions enjoyed their full development Other Gadag at a distelJ.lce of 20 miles and the hills of Kalke interestinc: object" to a visitor are the two images of swara temple near Gajendragad in Ron taluk. about 3() Ganesha.- enormous in size, called Sasive '- Kalu miks away in the nortL-east. Ganesha and Kadale Kala Ganesha comparing the si7e ironically to a mnstard seed and a grain of gram. The image of Narasimha 22 feet in height is, though mutilated, one of the most striking ohjects among 0 the ruins. There are many other temples scat The village lies approximately on 76 10' east longi 0 tered 3.11 over the City. Apart from the temples, tude and 15 13' N,1fth latitude. TIe altitude of the there are also various other structures like the Maha area in which this village is located is about 1750 fel!t navami Dibba, Queens palaces, watch towers, the above the mean sea level and hence the climate of beautiful Lotus Mahal, the elephant stables, etc. It is the village is considered to be pleasant all through very difficult to even mention, let alone describe, all the year. The village is in a dry area with an average the" ancient monuments found at Hampi. It is now a annual rainfall of about 23 inches. Climatologically, City in ruins and presents a very sad picture, but still the year is divided into three seasons. The rainy it is worth a visit by every tourist on th:s ,,),de to see season starts in the second week of June and continues how Vijayanagar, bearing the proud title of "the City till about October. From November to February. the of Victory" has faDen in1c ::;bscurity. temperature faUs appreciably and this is considered as the winter. In March. the temperature starts raising till it gets very hot in April and May. The intense beat of the summer abates only after the commence Gadag, 25 miles to the north-west vf the village is a ment of the monsoons. The following statement big commercial centre in Dharwar District. The showing the monthly ninfall for the years between environs of this town are of great architectural interest. 1954-55 :llld 1964-65 giVeS i1. fair idea about the It is a very ancient town, kn'Own as Krutupura in days p:'ecipitation in this region. These fi~wres were gone by. It is now a large- centre of trade, commerce recorded at the rain-gauge at Yelhurga. &&J U Z &&J « u.I LL uJ a: ua- !I- Ul ... C) \I) « 6 J J Q: :::> ~ >- u ::t c::: lJ 0 -J: z «- :::> a: ...."0 0 CJ) a: ._l.) < ~ :::> ~ V) J ~ Ul « ..!! p: t- eo :::> a- « t}i < C) LLI a: LL :::> m J J c( UJ U >- V') >- X Q. THE VILLAGE 3 1954-55 1955-56 1956-57 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 ;-___..A.. ___\ Sl. N(l. Name of month ,------"----, r--___.I.... ,-~ .. --. ,--'------, ,-----'------, r---~-A....-~ lnch Cent Inch Cent IJlch Cent Tnch Cent Inch Cent Inch Cent -----.-.------.-... ~-~.------, 2 3 4 5 6 ,) ':} 10 11 12 13 14 ------.-----.. --- ._------1. June I 55 14.. , 2 73 1 4~ .. 75 6 62 ~ July 3 60 .." 3 37 2 22 3 44 1 50 " .~ (,7 3. A\lgu~t 3 '- 3 39 .. 8 89 9 l~ 3 . . 4. September 75 10 l~ J 70 J 72 2 10 5 45 5. October 3 30 5 92 5 66 'i 40 3 76 42 6. November )0 -' 4R 28 54 7. December 75 ~. January "\ February " , , . . 10. March .. " . . .' 11. April 19 13 (;3 1 41 21 .. 30 12. May 38 4 77 I 85 4 51 88 1 82 ------Rainfall in Inches and Cent~ 16 52 29 22 29 2S 63 22 54 20 3 \._~'-_-y'"' ____1 .,__~~v-~-,-, \~----....r--_"--_) \._-~----v- _-_ __} '------,.------___) '-----y----___) Rainfall in mms. 419·6 736·9 266,2 651 00 572· 5 508,7 1960-61 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 ::le.~ 'i Name of month ,_...A-__---.. ,----"------. r-~--"------.., r--A._--~ r--"-----, No. Inch Cent Inch Cent Inch Cent Inch Cent Inch Cent ------_--_._------2 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 1. June 56 5 72 4 53 42 4 L~6 ~ July SO 4 65 2 87 1 21 9 18 3. August 23 2 8 7 85 5 74 1 32 4. September 13 33 1 46 7 68 2 84 12 26 5. Octob~r 52 7 9 3 66 5 18 5 58 6. November 52 1 40 7. December 2 93 8- Januarj '- 9. February i6 10. Marc]! , , ., 62 '"l 11 April , , -" 4 66 . , 15 72 12. May 2 49 56 -+ 92 35 --.----.-~- --- Rain fall in inches and cent~ 20 30 26 74 36 77 17 56 32 80 I ___ ~-.r---.....J L-.. --.,-----) '-.....--.-'""'V""---~-.' '----...,-----' '----y----' nainfall in mlTIs_ 515,6 679·1 93~'() 445'8 831' 5 _____~" ___ "_~ •• ~'~ ___T ____~_ ---~-.--.----- , --- --~-.--~ -.-~-~-----' ------._- ... -~--.------~------.-----~-- this The soils of l.ile village can be classified into three time ot Survey, none of these wells were being w;cd lor irri,c;::Jtioll -purposes. C;iSlinct types, viz .. the ~masari (the red soil) the yeri (the black SOil) and garabu (a mixture of red and flata and I'auna black). The area in tIle immediate neighbourhood of the vill<:tge site consists 0[' red soil and farther away Th vill3.ge j~ 10c,,!teJ in a dry tract \vi(h a low :]'t)m the village Lc lands with black soil. In between rainfnll of about 23 inches. As such, the vegetation these two belts lies an area with a mixture of red and in the region i~; ',paT,C(. The region is mostly barren bhck soil. Approximately, one-third of the total \\Jtl'out tree gr0 i V!!l. It ;~, 1l;11y in the masari lands ~:r~bie land consists of the soil of red variety and the round aboUl the \·jl!agc that :;ome greenery is found. rcmaininq t\~o-thirds consists of either black soil or a In the black SOlis. the only tree occusiol1,"Uy seen is mixture or black and red. The masari (red soils) are habul. In the maslH'i ]a'lds, the trees commonly found CDnsidered fertile to grow crops like jowar. groundnut, in the neighboJrbood of the gaothan are babul, nerffi, p:;,lses. etc., in the kllarif season. In the village, these tamarind. mango ct('. Wild Jate·palms are also seen lands fetch better values, the range being between growing at a few place" in the lower regions. It is Rs. 1600 and Rs. 2000 pcr acre. The black soil generally babul tr'~es wtlich are found in large nwnber bnds fetch about Rs. 400 to Rs. 500 per acre. It and ihe wGed they obt?i.n from these trees is consi ::ppc;_;rs, ,he proximity of the red soil 13nos to the (irred very impn)'ta71t for 3gricultu;-al im9Jements. "iliage gaothan is one of the reasons for their fetching Cactus is also sec] ~"r()wing Wild at some places parti hetter prices. All the lands in the village are culti cularly near the fout -paths ,IHd bridle paths. YJ.tcd dry, there being no sources of irrigation at all. There is no tank or pond within the village limits. The U;]ti'31Cd crops of ,he yiUage are jowar, cotton, Il is said that about three decades back, four irriga haira, \1avam~, tur, niger seed. horse-gram, beng:ll gram. tion wells used to irrigate a few lands. All (hese wells green tlram. f:samum. S.J!f101\Cr, linseed, wheat, etc. were located in the vicinity of the gaothan. but at the Vegetables arc raised only durillg the monsoons. The 4 DYAMPUR c_ommon ~egetabl05 grown in the village are lady's Transport and Communication fingers, brllljal. bea m. gourds, cucumber lind iea fy vegt.:tables. The Village lies close to the Koppal· 'lclburga State f()ad. In fact this foad forms its ea~lern !:,oundary beyond which the lands of the villa!l:c Harishankar The village has ;10 t~lrc~t. Nor aIt.: there any h iliuds Handi afe located. The village site is abollt a furlong or hills in the lleig;} bourhoao to provide shelter to J\'vay from this road and is connected by a foot-path. wild animals. As such. they too are scarce. The Ihough the service buses plying on this road stop at common wild aIllmals are rabbits, jackals, deer, this plact: on request. the villagers preler to go to etc. Reptiles 3re occhslonally seen. Rodents are very K uknoor and cat..:h the bus there. This is also not common in [he gaol!um. 'Lie common birds are incom cnicl1t as K uknoor is only !lVO furlongs away. crows, parrots, eagles, owls, etc. There THE VILLAGE 5 among Hindus except Lingayats bury their dead in a Most of their mnrketing is done at Kuknoor. The ,uney m;mber towards the nonh of the gaothan. shandy v, {1ich meets at K uknoor on every Friday Lingayats bury their dead al a place on the north attracts a l:!rge number of villagers incJuJing those eastern part of the gallthan. In fact. the burial ground residing in DyGmpur. Occasionally. the villagers also useu by the Lingayats forms a part of the gaothall. gu to Gadag to dispose of their produce in bulk. :,ources of water )lonumeuts There are seven wells in the village out (If which two are drinking water wells. Both these drinking The villa:re has GO mO;lUa1l?il,S or historical relics water wells are situated in the fields close to lhe 01 allY' kind. How.;;vcr. it lies in a a:egion which is mODli ~aothan. One well is ?1ade use of' by all the .cas.tes ~\istorIcJi\y iamous. ~v1any old inscriptio;l~ and meilts have been found in the neighbouring villages of C\CfDtimr the ScheduleCl Castes. 1 he other drll1kmg W,,\c\' w~1l which was constructed in the year 1964, is K uknoor and ltgi. Some details about the inscriptions now made use of exclusively by the Scheduled C~1sks. 8t tiles:: ;llaces arc found in a book, 'iiL. A Corpus of 'j he well used by the general public is towards the hm ilc~tjons in the Ka:iar:l Districts of Hydcfaoad weSl of the gaothau, aboUl a furlong away from. it. State hy Sri P. B. Desai. R"ader In Ancient lmiian The \\oater table is high. but ttis well needs repalrS. History, Karnatak University. Dharwar. Tt i., abo not maintained properly from hygienic point History of the ·"mage 01 view. Several viilagers get down il1[o the well and ;.dso hathe in it occasionally. Animal:-; also have theIr The village has no inscriptions or documents which drink at this well. Thus the water often gets could LirOW light on its history. There is no recorded "olluted. Prior tn the co.lstrllction of a new drinkmg account of ihc past events in the village. The fact ~\'ater '.;.:.:11 for the Harijans (scheduled castes). all of that 1;)c rillage selected for survey jc ir. the vicinity of l[lCm used to obtain waler from the other well. How K uknoor. which has a glorioLls (':.lst. is sulIicient to ever. as they were forbi,lden to touch the well. they ShOiV thal the village:. was includc~i in a region having V.He: al'wavs compelled to wait at the weJl to find out ;, great historilal background. Kuknoor formed a a rerson {rom any Olher caste who could draw water part of t:1C regio;; Ollce called Kuknour 30 which in lrol11 it aml serve them. This meant much hardshIp cluded 30 vii1jge~. ft is possible that village Dyam !o the Harijans. hut they had no alternative. Thus. pur \vhich is so ne:::, to Kuknoor was also one of them. ;he new well constructed in 1964 has been very useful The emire regiun used to be referred to as Relavala lC1 them. This new well is located tmvards ,he south Na;ju. K d::nocr was an Agruhara town v. -ieh had C;isl direction of the vilL:,::e sileo It is in fad OJ! the plaveu an eminent role in ra!,sinl!: the socia I and cul w~y from Dyampur \(1 Kuknoor. There ar~ five other iuriil stu.ndards of the people in 'the medieval ages. It ox :lis in the village whi(,l-, arc used only tor general hoasted of m,lllY scholars wh,) ·,'.ere well-versed in purppses like washin~, bathing. el~. One of these 5 Sanskrit and the famous f',IIai;amayi temple in it wells which is located near the resJdelJtlal area of the attracted pilgrims all rollnd the year. In the Sthala \1adigas is e;;clusively llsed by them both for bathing Pumna of Kuknoor. the village js described as and washing: purposes. All these are draw wells With KUlllalapura and connected with ~the King Chandra· QI)!1C parapets. hasa of Punmik fame. "'etian;' and aducin:'.lrative institutions As alt'eady sla1clL t:1), taluk (1f Yelburga in w;lich The rrimary schuol ,1l1d the village panchay~t ~re DYi.tnlrUf stands incl:u,]",d is :~ P2'-~ ;.)f (he S~llar Jung the onl', two wclfar~ institutions that are functlon!l1g Est?:te. As such. i: vio,iltl be wonh knowing a few in lhe", illa!:e. The primary school was started in details ahout 1.:1lS tstate. and v:ith 1:~::'t ide::. an extract 19S~ c;nd in ~lq57. :l SCp:lf,~le bdding \',ith three roems f,om 11'e Imperial GJlCl:c~r publis:le:l ::1 J 9()9 is re wa~ COl1S!n!C:led for hOi.!sing it. The villagers conin r·rodlleed below:- huted one-f,lurth of the cost \()w,Hds this construction. EXTRACT FROM THE !~lPEH1AL GAlErEEll, OF I]'.;D!A-~ This ~chool huilding is occ!sinnally used by. the vill~gcr~ PROVINCIAL SER1ES--HYD[RAllAD STATE·-· 'lor their s()cial programmes and for l;altmg purposes :PUBllSHED I)'; (909) PACiFS 294 TO 296-- hv 'lcr\ons visiting the villa?,c. fhe vlllage lS "Salar .fang Estate.-An estate comprising SlY, taluks i;(:h;l-?d :n the N.E~S. 1310ck with its headquarters situated in various Districts or :h~ HHlcrahad State. ~it Yelburga. 9 miles away. The headquarters of the It consists of 333 villaQes. and hus a~ arc", or 1.486 Granlsevak is located a1 K uknoor. The Large-Sized square miles. wilh a popubl'on (1901) of 180,150. Co-operative Society which serves the village i:i also The taluks arc I-::osgi in Gulb':'·l!:;. rota in AUfa!1!.':a lllcated at Kuknoor. The village oflicials who attend b:ld. Koppal and Yclb:irga in~ R:lichm. Oundg".1 ~in to revenue work reside h the village. At the lime or Medak. and Raigir in l\algond::!. The total revenue this ,un cv. all these oEi _i:ds \\ ere holding the po~ts is 8.2 lakhs. hereditari(y. "Th~ rresent rcrresentalive of lh·~ family i, Nawab :\larketing Sal:ll' Jam!, grandson of the late Sir Salar Jam" (l C S 1.. 'llle village has no ]:larketing Ll.cililies of its own. the great- minister of the Ni7:lml. The faiTIily' cla'jm There :l,e l~llly 5 small shops which sell ar~icles like descent from Shaikh Ovvais of Karan. who lived in the heed~e~ ~a!~hes. oi!_'. __jaggery_: __ ~rocery_ ar~~~,-~etc. ~ time of the Prophet. Shaikh Owais the second. his 1. 1\~enlOir;-i vI' Sir Salar JiAng, by Syc:d Hussain Bil&rami HlS3J. 6 DYAMPUR tenth dosctndant, came to india during ~he reign of the only direct representative of thi:; distinguished Ali Aull Shah (1656~72), and bettled in Bijapur, lamily. " where his son, Shaikh Muhammad Ali, married the daughter of MUlla Ahmad Nawayet" minister of tile Dealing with the history of the District a~ a whole. Bijapur kingDom. by whom he had two sons who rose it is to be obscn'ed that by 1325 A.D., the Muham to hi,:!h rank. Muila J\.hmad ;laving joifled the iT>1- madan rulers cntrenched themselves in the Deccan. pehaJ service abOl;t 1665, his successor ill-~reated the }'; t \ tle time [his regIOn was kept under the rule of the two brothers, WilO cvcntuOllly Jett Bijapur dmi!1g r:le 111; i ::ri:tl Gcycrnors and a revolt by them resulted In reign of Sika ndar Add Shall and enlercd the ~,,;;:\ ie, l!;,' c tablishment of the Baham "Sir Sahr lang, the ~:randson of jVlt,lliir-ul-mulk III, 1 • ~ ,\. . • ,. P d b d . succedeJ 111S uncle .)lfdj-ul-mull>. ot dy era a III 185: For l;,irty ye:H:; t11C story of his life is the history of the HYDERABAD STATE, to the article Many of the viilagc people believe that the name of on which reference should be made. For his eminent the village Dyampur is derived from the word Devi ~,dviccs he was il1nue G.CS.l., and during a visit to pura. They believe that the Goddess Mahamayi first Eng-L:md in 1876 he rr .. ,'e,vcd the D.C.L, degree at s'~t her foot in this vi11a,!!'3 and later on started residing C;;... forJ ;;"d the fiecJc:n of the City of London. In at the fanous temple at Kuknoor. There is 3. small J S34 ,lie XiL3n, ~;;pok;k_1 the elder :;on of Sir S31ar temple uf !'vfahama:,i in DYiimpur Clod the ',iilagers .lang as \1inister, i:,·li(). however. resigned in 1887, and point out that it is at this 5pot that the Goddess had died tWe) "('.irs later, leaving all infant son, Nawab first landed. But this belief is not established or Yusuf Al( Khan 13ab,luf Salar J.lilg, who is JillW supnorted by any inscriptions or monuments. CHAPTER Tl PEOPI__ E AJ\TJ) THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS Hunic Composition and Brief Note On Important However. the:,! J;:>pcaf to be more Jlumerous in the Communities. n,mhern districts of Dharwar, Bijapur. Raichur, GuI b::.rf'J a!li Belgaum. All the K urLlha~ oj" tbe \ illage I'he village is multi-ethnic in composItion. The appC2.f to b~ original settlers. une notable feature is that excepting for two house hlllJ:; 'J! Muslims, a 1.1 the remaini;'1g households belong t~ .Hmdus. The H mdu populatIOn of this village is Th~ traditional occupation or Kurubas happens to dlVld_c(] mto seven castes. "viz., Kurubars. Lingayats, be sheep-rearing and weaying of coarse woollen M:; d1 t"as. Bedars. Marathas. Brahmins and Viswakar hhrkets. The caste name is derived from the word mas. The ;(lllllb_,,; (ire the most numerous with a IU1l'i meaning steep. But the K urubas of Dyampur [lopu!ation of 442 residing in 80 households. The'1 do mainly cultiv:ttiur, of either owned lands or lands (lTe • dos~}y _followed by Lingayats with a population tak ..m on le;~se. They appear to have given lip their (11 J!i3 ulstnbuted In 61 households. In the folJowina trnditional occU1'ation for th~ last several !~enerations. ~.l<.:itcment. the composition of the population and Some of them 21so work as field and general labour ;1"U:iei101ds by number and percentages are indicated:-- ers. A sizeable section among the K u~ubas rear she buffaloes. Milk and milk products they ohtain are sold at K uknoor. The K urubas are bard working and 51. Name of the caste HOllseh')lds Population honest. The Kurubas are m1inly divided into two ~.;o. ,------"---.~ r----.__A....__-~~ divisions. viz., Hatti Kankana and Unni Kankana. Num· Per Perso Il~ Per All the households in the village excepting fom belong ber centago centage to the to the to Hatti Kankana division. Hatti Kankana Kurubas total total wear cotton wristlets at the time of their marriages. number popula They are further divided into several clans or Bedagus. of tion The two important clans in the village are Baslelor honse holds ani] BU!Jilof. These arc more or less exogamous divisions and marriaQ(:s within a clan are forbidden. However. there at:--e no restrictions on inter-dinill2: 2 3 4 5 6 ------hetween the various clans and divisions. The Kurubas 1. Kuruba 80 39 03 J42. of Dyampur accept food and 'Nater from the Brahmins, , 39·01 Lingayat 61 29·7(j J63 32'04 Lingayats and M-arathas. They are all Shivahhaktas , and owe allegiance to sevc!'ul deitles like Gudneshwara, J_ Madiga 30 14·63 120 10"5<) 4. Bejar Kalkaleshwara, etc. T~e hmily deity for many of the J2 5·85 64 5·65 Kuruha households is H()nkeri Malliah. This deity is :5. ~Aafatha :2 5·85 8·t 7 ·14 worshipped by almost all the Kuruba households. 6. Jir.,hlnin 4 I· 95 31 2,74 They ohserve an the important Hindu festivals, feasts Viswakarma 4 I· 95 20 1'77 and f:1Sts. The places of their pilgrimage 2re Hu1i O. ,\lusJim 2 0·98 9 0·79 gemma near f'Junirar.ad, Yellamma near Souf'idatti in --" ---~------~-'------~~ Reli;aum District. and Kalakappa near Gajendragad ._---Total 205 100·00 It33 100'00 in Dharwar District. They also often visit the Gudner'P'-\ t~mple at Gudneppa Mutt. about 2 miles Some of the customs, beliets and nractices of these away. Their mother-tongue is Kannada. Th::v are v:Hio'Js castes have ~'een discussed in the monograph~ non"vel!ctarians, but di) not conS;Jme beef. In the prt;XHed tor other vlllaics. In Raichuf District itself, 50,;;ia1 ~l-tierarchv, they rank below the Brahmins, Lil1gaYilts a ['Au other villages. namely. Yerdona and Sirwar have and Man:thas. They pl:ly prominent role ~\!;;o !}~en t;::kl':!] up for a similar study and in these in (111 tLe S·}Ci~ll. cultural :mel l'eliirious afbirs of the village. - r~;';ms. some of th~ broad aspects relating to these l.;~s[e~ have been discussed. However, it is felt that d15cu,~ion of. a few salient fe:ltures in respect of the (B) LINGAYAT ~~I.:n~r~cally Imj'lOrtant castes, v~:?, Kuruba, Lingayat. Lingayats with 11 Pc;)ulation of 363 distributed in H."dlgd. Maraiha and Beda l' m tbe present report would also be tlsefu\. G[ households form numerically the second largest c;}ste in the village The I.ingJyats arc furtha divided (A) KVRt·S\. inti) ~everal sectiOl:S like Aiyanor, HUdapdavar. Panchamas::di. Pakn:)k RedJv. Al"c]ivala. Sctli The nODulation of the village mainly comist~ of I3anajiga. etc. However. the Aiyanavars are the most KurubCl~ 'who are preJominant in the region. In the numerous among Lingayats. They are also known as villa)!e. there are 80 hO~lseholds of Kuru::.~!S \vi!h a Jangams and officiate as their nriests. Lingayats are populatiO'l of 442 as detailed in TabJe IV. Kurubas found in all par~s of the State. but their population :.tre tound to reside in all parls of the Mysore State. appears w be more conc("l\trated in the northern dis- 7 8 DYAMPVR triets of the State. Most of the Lingayats of this otltaining even drinking water. They had to wait near village are indigenoLls settlers who have been residing the common drinking water well till they cou1d find in the village [or the last several generations. They some oerson who would draw water for them and are Shaivates ~lild wear a liuga round the neck. This ';lve i't. It is only in 1964 that a separate well was linga wearing custom is common both among males constructed for them und;;r the National Extension and females. The traditional occupation of the Scheme. Jangams is orie~thood. But many among the Jangams are cu!tivDtors of either owned land or lands taken on The traditiona I occupation of the Madigas consists lease. Som~ of the Jangaml> have aho Ol late slarted of leather workinl!. Many 01 them have. however. working as P.W.D. cOl~lrilctors. teachers, AylIrvedic given up their tr;lciitionfll' occupation ,md arc now mellical practitioners. etc. They always educate their working as agricultural labourers or general labour rhildrcn and nun)' of them Jfe well-versed in Shaivate ers. A few of them gO to Kuknoor to work as coolies. lilcrcdure. T!:ev :l!'C hard working and Q.od-fearing. The ~h1al1 extents o(a!!ricllltural land owned bv them 111e Hudap:lda;ars are traditional ~barbers: but man-y are heavily mortgaged.'Their mother-tongue is Kallna of them have ld~en to cultivation as well. The da. Their important deity is Durgavva. They remove Panc~]amasalis ~rc the traditional cultivators. So also car...:ase from the yillage and tan the leather they are the Paknak Reddies. Madivalas are the tradition obtain to prepare chappaJs and other leatker goods. al washermen and Selti-Banajigas are the traditional Very often they eat the carrion. Economically they traders amorg the Lingayats. These divisions are are extremely poor and at times have 10 go without more or less of a fum:lional nat!!fe. However. many food. l)f tbese persons h:1ve given up their traditional occu pations and are engaged in other occupations. (D) MARATHA. There are 12 households of Marathas with a popula Most of the Lingayals are cultivators and they tion of 84. Most of them are said to have migrated constitute the bigger lanel owning classes in the village. to the village a few generations back. However. they They are strict vegetarians. They stand high in the ar(; not aware of the place of their origin. Marathas soci31 hierarchy of the village. They accept food and are found in several important places in this region. water from none except Brahmins. They observe all It is said that they first came here as warriors. but the Hindu fasts. feasts and festivals, but the important none of the Marathas in the village in aware of any fest ivals for them are Nagarpanchami, Shivaratri and hericc deed of his ancestors. They are all cu1tivators Basava-Jayanthi. Their places of pilgrimage are of land. Many of them own land in the village and SriS1ila. Kalkappa temple in Gaiendragad, Kalleswar a few have taken land on lease from others. They temple and Gudneppa temple. The Kalleswar temple are well-built. strong and hard working. Their resi is situ:lted at Kallur. a village about 3 miles away. dential area is close to the residential area of Lingayats Personal "ames among many of the Lingayats are and Brahmins. They are generally non-vegetarians, derived from the imnorto.nt deities thev worship. The but avoid beef. They rear goats, poultry and other (,pmmon names among them are Kallappa, Kalliah. domesticated animals. They caB Brahmin priests to Shankarai~h, Dolida Kalliah, etc. The Jangams aSSl.!me perform all their religious functions. They observe honorifICS Ayya and Swamy. Though interdining lS all the Hindu festivals. Their main deity is permitted :lmong_ all the divisions, iriter-marriage is Amhabhavani of Tuljapur. They worship Maharnayi. not. The .bngarns ~\':t as rr;csb for not only the Their mOlher-tongue is M::lrathi but due to their long other Li;1'I~l\,:ltS in the villaQ.e. but also for the Kuru- bas. .." , habitation in this re['ion, their Marathi has become a bit corrupt. Severa'l KanllQcb words also figure in their conversation in Marathi. Thev are divided into (C) MADIGA. several dans like Jaclhav. Jagtap, Suryavamshi, etc. The population of M[ldigas of the village is 120 (E) BEDAR. di~!ributed i:) 30 households. As sucb. they form a substantial section of t]lC porulation in the village. The BediHS with a population of 64 distributed in However, socially. economic'dlly :md cultl;rally they 12 households form a minor seclion or the village ,If'_: verv backward. They cO:1stitute the Scheduled popUlation. They arc all indigenous settlers who have C:1ste .. ;f the vil!aue. Thev reside in an isolated been residing in the village for the last many genera portio!] outside the' gaof!J,a; proper. Actually. their tions. Beuars are found to reside in almost all the resick:1tial are::! is heyond t11:: fort-w::lli. I,l,'here:ls the yi!1!1l'es in this rCQ.:on_ but their nODulation is more g:wthan proper is enclosed withir1 the fort-walls. Most ..;on>.:e"ira1ed in the di~l,t:<;ts of Gulhai-ga and Rakhur. of the ~fadigas or the 'villai,;~ ;}l"e indigenous settlers Thi, appears to be due to the fact that a Bedar :lnd h:lve heen residin£ here for the last several chiefiaiil has Tuled in lhis region with Shorapur as the !!'c"c;rations. In snite oj' the le2islative and administra centre of admi!listration. So. the population of Bcdars tive measures to ~imeliorate the conditions of the Sche is particuhlrly' cOll'.:cntratcd in all the taluk:i round cluJI'd Casles. there arre:: r :; to be rL:;~:~':l11y no im Shorapur. It i:; s,!iJ that th.:ir traditional occupation pfO\ement i!l the con(iitioJ1 of the Madigas. They arc consisted of h untin~~ and that for til is reason. they not permitted to eoler the prccincts of any temple. derived iheir Clisle name from the word bete meaning They C,Elf1Gt u:;c the l'crr:n10n well ~l!lcj they ulso l·:.!nlilH!. 13ut the 8cdars 01' t!lis \illage appear to r.:.:V\! cann0t have free access to the h,)te1 e. ~ll1d public "iven {;t\ their nomadic life ve~m b:tck al'.d none amontT institntions. Till J 964, they ]l2,d much difficulty in ihem r~mcmbers having led :\ nomadic life. !liost o-r PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 9 them are agricultural labourers and also go to Kuknoor would be seen from tks Table that the Kurubas to do general labour and other miscellaneous jobs. Lingayats, Bedars, Marathas. Brahmins and Muslims Economically, they are very backward and with great mostly reside in houses with mud roofs. Out of the difficulty, they can make the two ends meet. They 80 Kuruba households, 79 reside in houses with mud are all illiterate and do not pay any attention to the roofs. Out of the 61 Lingayat households, 59 reside education of their children. Their mother-tongue is in such houses. All the 13eda. Maratha. Brahmin and Kannada. They are divided into several clans Muslim households reside in houses with mud roofs (Bedagus) like B~amiIor, Baslelor, etc. These are It is only among Madigas that many hOl1seholds are exogamous divisions. Their chief object of worship is seen residing in huts with thatched roofs. The onry Thimmappa Of Lord Venkateswara of Tirupathi. They household that resides in a house covered with stone also worship the local deities of Maruthi, Eswara and slabs is that of a LingaY.lt. Mahamayi. Their places of pilgrimages are Yellamma of Soundatti, Kalkappa temple near Gajendragad and Gudneppa of Gudneppa Mutt. Till about 30--35 years In Table 13-A, the l-iOUS~S have 1--een c"'ss'liorj back, they used to call Brahmin priests to officiate according to the wall ty'1es. 187 house!-'ol1s Of () 1.22 at all their religious functions, but now-a-days, they per cent of the househol:.ls reside in houses with mud invite Lingayat Jangams. They observe all the walls; 4 households or 1.95 per cent of the housel,olds important Hindu feasts, fasts and festivals. They resides in huts with wall> marie of thatching mater;al accept food from Kurubas, Marathas and Lingayats. All these 4 households helong to Madigas. 14 house They are non-vegetarians, but do not eat beef. holds or 6.83 per cent of the total number of house holds reside in houses with stone walls. Houses with stone walls belong to Kur Jbas, Lingayats and Brahmins Houses and House types. The houses in the village are all simple structures The materials require-:! for construction of )louses made of stone and mud. Thev have a rectangular are mostly obtained locally. Granite is available in ground plan and most of them 'are fiat-roofed. Only ample quantity in a nearby quarry. The nearest thatched houses and houses with their roofs covered quarry from which stonl!S are usually ohained is at with zinc sheets have sloped roofs. They all form a Kalker, about 2 miles aw'ly. The lahour employed is cluster on the two sides of narrow streets. In the also locally available. The construction works are residential area occupied by the Madigas. there are no usually entrusted to the local masons who are employed streets even and, the houses form an irregular cluster. either on contract basis or daily rates. Construction of houses is usually undertaken between March and The living conditions are generally poor. The June. This period is conven;ent to the villagers. be houses are ill-ventilated and generally over-crowded. cause, it is the slack seawn for agricultural operations Table XII presents information regarding households and the weather is also (»nsidered suitable. For by number of rooms and by number of versons occuPy raising the plinth, generally granite is used. The ing. It is seen from this table that 31.70 ner cent of foundation is usually at out 4 feet deep. Whenever the total number of households and 25.15 per cent of the walls are constructed of stones, they are raised to the total populatio:l have no regular room even to a height of about 8 feet aboye the ground level. If live. All these households occuvy one room or en they are required to rais~ stil1 higher, bricks made of closure which serves all purposes including cooking-, mud are used. Mud bricks used for tre walls are living. storing, etc. 57.07 per cent of the households locally prepared and sun burnt. They are not baked. and 57.81 per cent of the population have only one The wooden pillars supporting the roofing are placed room besides the kitchen to live. 9.27 ner cent of the at intervals of about 6 to 7 fef!t each. Wo')d used are households and 13.24 per cent of the population have generally babul and neem. The size of a house is two rooms. 1.46 per cent of the households and determined by units caned ankanas. Po n anka'1a 3.09 per cent of the Dopulation reside in houses with measures roughly an extent of 8 feet x 12 feet. The three rooms and 0.50 per cent of the households and pillars supporting the roof are usually rectangular in 0.70 per cent of the pODulation reside in houses with shape. Before laying the mud roofs, wooien lorss are four rooms. To be exact, excepting for one house arranged horizontally on the pillars and t~e W8 Jls [IT'ld hold which has four rooms. none of the households this is covered by dry leaves and grass. At times, in the village has more than three rooms. Actually bamboo mats or mats made of date palll' leaves are more than 82 ner cent of the hOllseholds occupv houses also laid. Then the roof is covered and ohstered with with not more than one room. These facts will clearly wet mud. The mud is Uliformly soread to a thicbess show how much congested the life in the village is. of about 4 inches to 5 inches and on this a layer of mud called Garsu, a special type of earth. is spread. Table 13 classifies the houses by types of roofs. It The roof is so constructei that it sIi~htJy slopes in one is seen from this table that 187 households or 91.22 direction, so that the rain water falling on the roof per cent of the total n1lmber of hOllSeholris reside in should flow in that direction. Cylindrical pipes made houses with mud roofs; 14 households or 6.83 per cent of burnt clay are fixed in the direction in which tre of the total nllmher of households reside in houses water flows. These ryipes are locally known as with thatched roofs; three households or 1.46 per cent HaranaJigi. They are aU made by the local potters. of the total numher of households reside in houses Some openings called behkin'tis are also made in the with roofs covered by zinc sheets: and only one house roof so as to permit sPloke to escape and light to hold resides in a house covered with stone slabs. It enter. The villagers avoid, constructing houses facing 2~ 9 Census/Mysore!73 10 DYAMPUR South. Thus, most of the houses in the village face in P!epared for sale. A few well-to-do people from the one of the other three directions, viz., East, West or Village purchase cloth and get it stitched to order. North. Readymade ~hirts cost about Rs. 5 to Rs. 8, depl~nding on the materIal used for the shirts. They generaljy pre The living room which is considered as the main fer mill-made cloth for a shirt. The Dhoties used in hall of the house is usually 15 feet x 10 feet. The the village are about 8 yards in length and are general other rooms are comparatively small and generally do ly made of handloom cloth. All persons aged above not exceed 10 feet x 12 feet. The kitchen, the store 2~ years wear a Dhoti. The Dhoti is usually worn room, etc., are so small that it is only with much diffi WIth a kachcha. A pair of Dhoties costs about :~s. 18 and inferior varieties of Dhoties cost Rs. 12 to ~s. 14 cul~y that they can be used even for the purpose for WhICh they are meant. The main door is fixed with per pair. Use of fine Dhoties made of mill made cloth wooden planks which are usually about two inches is confined to only an insignificant few comillQ from thick. In many cases, only one wooden plank covers the economically superior classes in the village. ~'\dults the front door. For many of the houses, there is no aged between 15 and 18 years wear pyjamas and shirts and only very few wear trousers and shirts. New separ~te p~ace for bathing purposes. As such, they clothing mate.rials like terylene, nylon, rayon and such lack 1U pnvacy. Cattle are generally tethered in a portion of the living room only. None of the houses other synthetIc products have not so far made their have latrines. The people use nearby fields for toilet. appearance in the village. It is a common sight to see children and at times even a1ults committing nuisance by the sides of the streets The wearing apparel of the females consists of a which are already narrow. The village does not appear kupsa or kubsa for an upper garment and a sare·!. The to attach much imoortance to sanitation. Waste water kupsa is usually made of handloom cloth called khana from the houses is let loose into the streets and as which is usually about 3J4th yard in length. The such the living conditions in the village cannot be said sleeves run upto the elbow and it is either bu~toned to be healthy by any standards. up or tied into a knot in the front. Many or the females in the village stitch their own blouses. The Construction of new houses is always associated blouse piece costs about Re. 1 to Rs. I-50. Excepting with some ceremonies. Before the work starts, they among Brahmin women, all the adult ladies n the perform a small ceremony called guddali pooja to village w~ar sarees ~ithout a kachcha. Generally they prooit;ate the hmily de;ty. At this ceremony, they cover theIr heads With one end of the saree, bllt this wors1Jip the soa::le at the site selected for construction. is n~t done a~ong Brahmins. The sarees worn by A coconut is broken and some Prasadam is distributed marfled Brahmm women are usually about nine yards to the few people who are present. The second cere in length, as they wear it with a kachcha. The sarees mony is usually 8rral12:ed at tl'e time of fixing the others wear, are generally about 8 yards in length. thresrold. An auspicious day is selected in consulta The sarees which Kuruba, Beda, Madiga and a few tio'1 with the csste priest for fixing the threshold. The other castes wear are usually coarse in textue and car'1enter is given small gifts at the time and a shell cost about Rs. 18 to Rs. 20 per pair. They are gt neral and some nuts called kerubeeja are tied to the front ly woven on handlooms by the weavers at Kumoor. door to ward off the evil eyes. It is also common to They prefer sarees of dark shades and the 1:hades tie an ash-gourd to the door. On the completion of the preferred .are usu.ally re~, green, blue, yellow or pink. work of construction, the house warming ceremony is They aVOId wearIng white or black sarees. It i, only arranged. They invite relatives and friends for this a few Brahmin widows who wear white sarees. On function and tliey arrange a sumptuous meal on the festive occasions, sarees prepared on the looms '1t occasion. They also perform some special poojas to Ilkal, a town in Bijapur district are worn. The propitiate their presiding deities. Lingayat women prefer sarees woven on the locms at Kirnal, Guledgud, Bagalkot. Ilkal, etc. For 'estive occasions, they prefer Ilkal sarees which cost about Dress. Rs. 60 per pic,ce. A few silk sarees are foune only among Lingayats and Brahmins. They obtain such The dress for the males usually consists of a turban silk sarees from Coimbatore, Bangalore and MysJre. for the head gear. a shirt or kurtba as an upper gar ment and a d}:nti as lower garment. The turban is usually about 3 feet broad and ahout 6 to 8 yards long. For foot-wear, chappals made by the local cobblers It is usually made of mill m':lde cloth and costs about are common both among the males and the fe nales. Rs. 6 to Rs. 8 per piece. Trose who cannot afford to These chappals consists of an instep with a to( ring. wear a turban cover their head with a piece of cloth They are usually sold by the cobblers at Rs. 4 to usually about a yard long or with a towel. A few Rs. 6 per pair. Some of them purchase such chappaIs use white caps also. A few 'lmong the younger at the weekly sbandy at Kuknoor or in the marl ets at generations do not use any head-gear and leave their Koppal and Gadag. Children aged below 10 years re~rJ b:ue. Trf' upner p:arment consisting of a shirt or very rarely use any footwear. Shoes are usee only kurtba is usually purchased in the Kuknoor market. occasionally and that too on ceremonial occasior s like At Kuknoor, they observe Friday as a Shandy day a marriage. It is now common among many villagers 3'1d on this day, several of the traders keep readymade to purchase a pair of shoes for the bridegroom. Being g~rments for sale. SOP1e of: the cloth dealers from not accustomed to wearing shoes, it is a commor sicrht Kuknoor have also engaged tailors and get clothes to see the bridegroom limping his way to the marri~ge PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 11 pendal on account of shoe pinch. But the occasion chains round their waists. Wearing a silver bracelet d,~maJlds that he should wear it and so he continues is common among many Kurubas and other communi to suffer in silence. ties. A few among Kuruba, Beda and Madiga wear anklets called kadagas. However, the number and Omanents. variety of ornaments worn by women far exceeds those worn by'men. Now-a-days, the ornaments they used The attachment for ornaments is irresistable both to wear on head and hair have disappeared. So also, among males and females in the village. The male they have given up using costly and heavy types of meml:ers generally wear finger rings. Sometimes, they ornaments both because of their poor economic condi will also be seen wearing a gold chain round the neck. tions these days as also because of the change in Many Beda males wear ear rings. Several Brahmin fashions. The ornaments commonly seen in the vil a:1d 'Maratha men are also seeil wearing thin silver lage are listed below:- Sl. No. Description Nlme of ornament Material used Approxi Approxi Remarks mate mate weight value 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rs. J. Head and Hair (i) Kyadgi Gold 1 tola 120.00") Meant only for (ii) HoovlI 1 " 125.00 I special occa- (iii) Nagara It " 150.00 ~sions but not (iv) Akada 1 125.00 I so common these ) days. 50.00 Per pair 2. Eas (i) Wali " 30.00 (ii) Bligudi Kaddi " (iii) Mefimurllvll Gold & pearls 25.00 (iv) Bendoli Gold & pearls 50.00 3. NClse (i) Nathu Gold & Stone 50.00 6. Waist (i) Dabu Silver 20 " 50'00 Oi) Dabll Gold 10 " 1000'00 Practically dis- aDpeared 7. Lers and toes (i) Chain Silver 20 " 50'00 Per pair 50·00 (ii) RuN " 20 " " (iii) Kadaga .. 40 " 100'00 .. 10'00 (iv) Puille 5 " " " 10·00 (v) Ka/ungara " 5 " H3use~old Goods! of the households. A few Brahmins and a few Lingayats possess some stainless steel ware. A few . The village is economically poor and as such very pieces of silver vessel like plates, tumblers, etc., are Iew it ~ms of household goods or consumer goods are found among a few Lingayat and Brahmin households. found therein. Generally a household possesses a few These silver wares are taken out only on special festive utensi S, one or two items of furniture and a few pieces occasions. Kamblies (coarse woollen blankets) are of clo hinl2. Most of the utensils consists of earthen found in almost every household. They are really or all mirlium vessels. Excepting among Brahmins, very useful to all classes of peoDle. The most common ccoki, g is generally done in aluminium or earthen pots. item of furniture that is found in several households o 1ly Brahmins use brass utensils to cook food. is a rope cot. Table 12 gives information regarding G?ner:llly earthen pots are used by all castes to boil the possession of furniture by the households amona m'lk. Stainless steel ware is not generally seen in any the different castes. It would be evident from thi~ 12 DYAMPUR table that the village as a whole possesses very few However, it would be seen from this table that two items of funiture. Out of tie 205 households in the households of Lingayats have returned as non-vege village, 126 possess rope cot;. 7 possess benches. 10 tarians. Kurubas are generally non-vegetarian, but as ~ossess cha,rs and 15 pos.~ess wooden cots. These are many as 24 K uruba households in the village take only all the items of furniture found in the village. Most vegetarian food. So also a few vegetarian households of t.ese articles of furniture ae possessed by Kurubas can be found among all the other castes of the village a:1j Lingayats, as these He the two numerically im except Muslims. These households consume non portant castes in the village. Madigas and Muslims vegetarian food only occasionally. Several Hindu possess no furniture excepting some rope cots. households accustomed to non-vegetarian food do not consume such food on Thursdays, Fridays, Mondays and other festival days. Kurubas, Bedars and Mara In Table 12-A, informhtion regarding the consumer thas do not consume beef. The Muslims do not lOuods possessed by the various castes in the village is consume pork. Madigas occasionally eat carrion. It furnisl1ed. It is seen from it that there are in all five is also seen from this table that the staple diet of the petromax lamps. of which t.vo belong to Lingayats 205 households consists of jowar. Table 11 gives and one each to Kurubas. Mcrathas and Brahmins. In information regarding the habit of taking sugar as the whole of the village, :here are only three kerosene correlated to income. It is seen from this table that pressure stoves and two I)f them belong to Brahmins 76 households in the village are accustomed to the anJ one to Lingayat. Out (If the four bicycles, two intake of sugar. Nearly 50 per cent of them are in the belong to Lingayats. ore t(l Kuruba and one to income-group of Rs. 150 and above. There are no B(ahmin. There are nine persons possessing wrist households of Madigas or Muslims which consume watches and six of them are Lingayats. two are sugar. They generally consume jaggery. Table ll-A Brahmins and one is a Kuruba. Torch lights in the gives information regarding the habit of taking tea as VIllage number 68 and most of them are possessed by correlated to income. It is seen from this table that Kurubas and Lingayats. The only item of consumer excepting for the 17 households in the Village, all are goods possessed by the Scheduled Castes is one torch in the habit of taking tea. In fact, this habit is very light and the Mudims d,) not possess any consumer much on the increase as would be evident from the goods. increase in the number of hotels both in the village as also at Kuknoor. Excepting for four households, all In Table 12·B. information regarding the use of the households in the monthly income-group of Rs. 76 mosquito nets. etc., is furnished. It is found fr?m this and above are in the habit of taking tea. This village taule that there are onlv L households WhiCh use lies in an area where consumption of intoxicating 1110Sq uito ners. Eight of' the n are in the monthly drinks is not prohibited. Several people particularly income-group of Rs. 150 am; above, two are in the among the Madigas, Marathas, Kurubas and Bedas. monthly income group of Rs. 101 to Rs. 150 and two drink liquor in the shops at Kuknoor, but as they are are in the monthly income: gwup of Rs. 51 to Rs. 100. economically poor, they do so only occasionally. j\O household earning less than Rs. 50 per month is in the l!abit of using mosquito nets. It is also seen from this table that only nine households in the village The menu for all the three meals is almost the are in the habit of using toilet or washing soaps. Three same. For the first meal consumed in the morning, of them are in the Rs. 150 and above income-group. they generally prepare fresh food and the left over is two are in Lie Rs. 101 to REo 150 income-group and consumed at the second and the third meals. General four are in the Rs. 51 to Rs. 100 income-group. Out ly cooking is done only once by each household. It is of the 205 households. (,nly 16 are in the habit of only among Brahmins and MarathJ.s that cooking is sending their clothes to the washerman for washing done twice a day. Jowar is usually consumed in the purposes. Eight of them ue . n the Rs. 150 and above form of bread locally known as rotti. It is consumed income-group; Four are in tb: Rs. 101 to Rs. 150 in with Dhal, Cbatni and other curries. The curries are come-group; three are in the Its. 50 to Rs. 100 income usually hot. Groundnut 011 is a common cooking group and one is in the income group of Rs. 50 and medium. Excepting among the three Brahmin Louse below. holds, ghee is consumed only occasionally. For that matter milk and milk products do not form a regular Food and Drink. item on the menu. Milk is consumed only in the form of curds or butter milk. Sometimes, jowar bread Information regarding the dietary habits has been is replaced by Navane (Italian millet) and they pre . presented in Table XVIl, Table XVIII. Table 11 and pare a special dish called Navanakki Anna out of it. Table !l-A. Table XVI[ sh,)ws that out of the 205 This forms a part of the menu occasionally for the households in the village, 203 take three meals a day third meal. They also prepare gruel and balls from and two households take two meals a day. Thus, it jowar, Navane and other cereals. Rice is occasionally can be asslc:1ed that the liet, ry pattern of the village consumed by a few Brahmins and Lingayats at the time consists of three meals 1 dey. Table XVIII shows vf their mid-day meal. Their holiday dishes consists that 103 households in th,~ village consists of vegetari· of holige, kadubu, huggi, etc. They are prepared out ans and 102 consists 0: nen-vegetarians. In other of gram-dhal, wheat and jaggery. Several households words veget ,rian households :onstitute 50.24 per cent prepare tea at home at least twice every day. The ')f the total number of heuser olds. Brahmins. Viswa male folk also visit the local hotels and the hotels at karnla~ alld Lingayats corstitl te the vegetarian classes. Kuknoor for tea. P EO P L ~ AND '(H B I It MAT 1\ It I A L I Q) I P M (N T S 13 Beliefs and practices regardin& birth. All the clothes of the household are also washed and Birth of the fir:,t child usually takes place in the sprinkled with sacred water. It is only after such parental home of th(: pregnant woman. Subsequent cleaning ceremony that they resume the worship of deliveries are arrange.i in her own home. In the 7th the family deity. The naming ceremoney is usually month of the first pregnancy, a ceremony called arranged on the 21st day after birth. On this day, SJ'imanta Karya is performed at her husband's place. the mother and the child are given an oil bath and For this ceremony, her parents are also invited. They they wear new clothes. They go to the main temple in come with some Jre';ents for the pregnant daughter the village along with a few female companions. and her husband. Fcr the daughter, the presents con Several relatives are also invited for this function. The sist of a green saree, a green blouse and some orna child is then cradled and it is the paternal aunt of the ment made of either silver or golu. For this ceremony, child who names it. Generally only females take part only close relative~, aad a few friends are invited. It in this ceremony. is more or less a ceremony restricted to only females. After this ceremony, the pregnant woman goes to her In the third month, a ~mall ceremony is arranged parental home for her first delivery. She does so at the time of ear boring. L1 the second or third year, generally in an old month of pregnancy. After the tonsurial ceremony called Javala or chowla is arranged, fourth month of pregnancy, her diet is severely res if the baby is a boy. This is done on a day consi tricted. She is p'oh:,bited from consuming fried dered auspicious and the family priests are also in eatables or eatable:; made of mango, tamarind, chillies, vited. The child is presented with new clothes by its etc., as they are considered harmful to her health. parents and other relatives. The Brahmins and Mara Another ceremony is arran.!i!ed at her parental Dlace thas arrange the sacred thread ceremony when the boy on her arrival there. reaches the age of 9 years. The Muslims arrange the ceremony of circumcision. As the time for je[\,ery approaches, a corner of the living room is partitioned off to serve as a delivery The villa~ers are not aware of any birth control or room. Well-to-do families owning bigger houses re family planning measures. They attribute barrenness, serve one separate rO::lm for delivery purposes. This still births, abortions, etc., to the sins committed by room is usually dark and ill-ventilated. There are no the women folk in their past life. They observe vows trained midwives in the village and so an experienced to deities to bless the woman with a child. If a old lady is invited to attend to delivery cases. The couple does not beget children, the blame is always elderly ladies of the household also extend their help. thrown on the wife. Occasionally, the husband may 1£ the delivery is diliJcult or protracted, they offer seek a second marriage for this reason. But nobody prayers to their flmily deities and also observe vows is ready to admit that the barrenness may be due to to them. Medica: aie is sought for only occasionally. him also. Several times, they consult sooth-sayers Some sort of medical facilities are available at the called Mantravadis in this connection. They believe village Kuknoor and the medical practitioners there, (hat the birth of a male child following three daughters are consulted occa sion ally. successively or a girl following three sons successively is not a good omen. They are veiY particular to Immediately after di~livery. the mother and the child consult astrologers about the time of birth of a child. are given a wash in \\ arm water. The new-born child is allowed to suck horey through a cotton wick or the little finger. The baby is given an oil bath every day. Practices and beliefs connected with mardage. Suckling starts about 2-3 days after the birth. The In the village, the practice is generally to marry a mother is kept confinl::d to her room for 10 days and boy when he is aged about 16 years and a girl when during this period, sh~ is not allowed to move out of she is about 12 to 14 years. Consanguineous marriages it. Her food for the first few days consists of sweets are very common in the village. Inter-caste marriages made out of the wileat and rice. Some medicinal prepa are practically unknown. The villagers attach much rations called bolu, II iJppaIi, kachu, lavaaga, etc., are importance to clan exogamy and there are no instances administered to the mother. A few families also obtain in which there has been marriages between 2 members AylU'Vedic preparntio os calld Bananthi Kade and of the same clan or Bedagu. Among all castes, the administer it to the ffiI ):her. The child is usually given common type of consanguineous marriages are-(a) solid food after on,~ Vi~1r. Among the Lingayats soon marrying one's own elder sister's daughter, (b) marry after child-birth, a h':1gam is invited. He breathes ing one's own father's sister's daughter and (c) marry some sacred spells into the ears of the child and ties a ing one's own mother's brother's daughter. Jin.ga round its arm. This Jiuga is then transferred to the cradle, as it is :l bit heavy for the child to bear the weight. A perioc of pollution is observed by al Generally, the marriages are initiated by the bride most all the castes i!1 the village. The Bralimins groom's side. It is only among Brahmins and Mara observe 10 days as a period of pollution whereas the thas that the search for a suitable match starts from other castes observe it for 5 days. During this period, Hie bride's side. The practice of paying a bride price members of the fa:nily do not perform any worship and is prevalent among all castes except Brahmins. The no auspicious or .relig'ous functions are also arranged Brahmins pay a dowry to the boy instead of receiving during this period. A 'ter the completion of the period bride price. Among Kurubas. who form the largest of pollution, the house is cleaned and white-washed. single community in the village, bride price is usually 14 DYAMPUR ~bout Rs. llC. Among 13edars, the usual bride price Widow re-marriages are per milled among almost all IS. Rs. 75 ard among Madigas, it is Rs. 35. The the castes except Brahmins. Such marriages are known Llllgayat: us(d to pay a bride price of Rs. 150 to as udike. They usually take place when the husband Rs. 200 but now-a-days, many of them have also dies young leaving no issues behind him. Generally star~ed Ue _p-actice of receiving a dowry instead of widows are re-married to widowers and there are no p.aymg a bnd!-price. 1f the boy is well educated and cases in the village in which a widow has married a nch, the dm,ry amount may go up to Rs. 2,000 or non-widower. The widow remarriage is a simple m~re. 1:1 settling alliances usually more attention is ceremony. paid to lh~ e~onomic condition of the family than to the educ;ltlOIBI and professional qualifications of the Beliefs and practices connected with death boy. !}":e en'luiry usually relates to the possession of land, lIvestocK, houses, dc. "I~he m~lffiages afe usually The disposal of the dead is by burial, among all the performd at _the bndegroom s residence. It is only castes excepting Brahmins and Marathas. Among among B rahrr 1118 and Marathas that the marria<>es are Brahmins and Marathas, the dead are usually cremated and the only exceptions are in the case of a dead performed at the bride-s residence. Now-~-days, Kurubas ,md 3edars have started performing marriages woman who dies at the time of her confinement or a 111 tempks alld other public places. The temples leper. In these two cases, the Brahmins and Marathas bury the dead. Among other castes, women who die common] y us,~d for these marriages by the Kurubas in pregnancy or at the time of confinement are cremat and ~ed~rs ,,0: ~he village are Kantibasunna temple at AmblgeTi, lL, ffil!es away and Siddalingeswar temple at ed. Yedayapnr, 5 mIles away. In the choice of his or her When it becomes clearly evident that a person is partner, t~e b,)y or the girl to be married has practical likely to breathe his last, the caste priest is invited. ly no vDlce. They usually abide by the decisions He reads some sacred scriptures and it is customary taken by their respective elders. among the Lingayats for a Jangam to give his last advice to the dying person. This is called kivi nduvudu . When the hridegroom's _parents think it the proper or bhodane.. When everything is over, the corpse is tlll~e. fo~ ther' ,son's marrIage, they start making en laid facing North. All communities excepting Brah q~~nes fcr.a ,SUItable match. When they find one, they mins and Marathas keep the corpse in a sitting posi VISit the glfl s place after previous intimation. There tion leaning against a wall. They dispose of the body they see ihe g:rl and if they approve of her, they invite after about 12 to 14 hours, by which time all the near her pare:lts t(l visit them and see the boy. If on the relatives and friends pay their last respects to the exchang(: of .hese visits, both the sides consider it a deceased. The body is carried, particularly among good rna tch, 1 day is fixed for holding: the betrothal Lingayats in a canopied chair called mantapa or ce:e~ony. :Chis ceremony is usually arranged at the vimana to the burial ground. There they perform bn~e s place, bout all the expenses are borne by the some simple ceremonies before the burial. The Kuru boys parents. fhe boy's parents present the girl with bas invite their guruswamy, the community head, a sar~e, it blollse and a few ornaments in the presence residing at Kuknoor to perform the last rites. All at a few relatves and their castemen. A suitable date ca&tes, excepting Lingayats observe a few days after is al~o [xed for the marriage. The duration of the death of a person as a period of pollution. Brahmins rnarnage". us'Cu to be about flYe days, till about two and Marathas observe 10 days as a period of pollu decades l:Jact but now-a-days, all the ceremonies are tion, whereas other castes observe five days as a period complete 1. in a day or two and if the marriages are of pollution. Lingayats do not observe any period arranged m l(~mples, they are completed within a few of pollution. The Lingayats do not perform any hours. ~-he important ceremonies associated with the religious ceremony or funeral rites or anniversaries in marriage art~ the oil bath, the tying of the marriage respect of their dead. For them, according to their coronet (Ir bashinga, the tying of the tali, etc. In the scriptures, death should be the cause of celebration case of 1~rar:nins and Marathas, Brahmin priests call instead of monrning, because they believe that the dead e~ Acha 'Yal' officiate at the time of marriages. For person changes the life of care and worry in this Ll~gayats an(: Kurubas, Jangams are the officiating mundane world for the joys of heaven. Among all pnes~s. fhe 3edars call Brahmin priests only for their other castes, some simple ceremonies are performed in marnage~. Th.e .M~digas have their caste priest at honour of the spirit of the deceased and some of them Kl:'knoor wh(~ IS mVlt~d to consecrate a marriage. The also perform annual ceremonies. In the case of Brah pnests aT;! P81d both 1ll cash and kind. The Brahmins mins, these ceremonies are more elaborate than in any pay Rs. : 5 b:sides giving some gifts of cloth, grain, other caste. etc. Ma ligas, Bedars, etc.. pay a cash of about The villagers attach great importance to the day and Rs. 1.25 to f~s. 5 besides giving &ome grains, &ugar, time of death. They consider death on a Saturday as et~. The: tY'lg of the tali is generally done by the highly inauspicious. Similarly, they consider the death bndegro( m :n the presence or the invitees who bless of a female on a Tuesday as not auspicious. They the coup The village covers an area of 2324 acres and (iii) OTHER RESOURCES IS guntas or in other words 3.63 square miles. Out of this, the net area sown is 2233 acres and 26 gun The other economic resources generally consist tas. 20 acres and II guntas consist of barren and un of trade and village industries. Th~ \ illage cannot cultivable land and 18 acres and 19 guntas are classed boast of any big trading establishmws. There are as cultivable waste. The total area put to non-agri a few shops in the village which deal in a few cultural use is 51 acres 39 guntas, out of which, articles of daily necessity. For trading p urpmes, gene about 14 acres, are occupied by the village gaothan. rally the villagers go to Kuknoor, which is hardly So the total arable land is 2233 acres and 26 guntas a bout 2 to 3 furlongs away and as such, there is or in other words about 96 per cent of the total area also not much scope for trading esta Jlish: nents to of village. Almost all this arable land is cultivated thrive well in the village. The few vilhge industries dry and double cropping is done in hardly about consist of carpentry, cob bIery, blacksmitty, etc. They 33 acres of land. There are no forests or lands assign are also not prospering well. Most of t1e non-culti ed as pastures. Out of the land that has been classed vating classes and several persons amonglt swall culti as arable, about 1478 acres are held by the residents vators depend on field labour for their mailtenance. of Dyampur and the remaining 755 acres are held Usually, there being only one crop in a year, the by persons who are not residents of Dyampur. The work provided to agricultural labouren: is more or villagers oE Dyampur also hold some land in a few less ~asonal. During slack agricultural seasons, they neighbouring villages like Harishankar Bandi, Kuk go in search of genera I 1a bour. Many of tl em also noar, Channappanahalli, Itgi, etc. The land so held regularly go 10 Kuknoor and work in tLe markets as in the mofussil is about 333 acres. Thus, the villagers coolies. own in all about 1811 acres of cultivable land. The annual yield of land revenue from the lands at Dyam Factors inflnencing Ecenomic Life in thl~ viII ,,&e pur amollnts to about Rs. 2750. (A) LAND TENURES AND LAND REFORMS (ii) LIVE-STOCK Owing to difficulty of access and lack of ways Cultivation and livestock form the twin pillars and means to develop the internal resources, tre village of an agrarian economy. So the next important eco is regarded as a traditionally backward area. Agri nomic resource of the village is its livestock. The culture, which is the principal source of employment livestock statistics are presented in Table 7. The and livelihood for large sections of the popllation is motive power for the ploughs is provided by work severely strained, first by the limitation of non-availa ing bullocks. It would be seen from this table that bility of sufficient cultivable land and second 1y by he 75 households possess in all 150 working bullocks. rigours of climate. The conditions are such as to Now more than 170 households of the village own permit only a single crop economy. Y ~t it was on land and the number of cultivators is actually much this hard pressed peasantry that the bJrder fell to more than 75. This clearly indicates that not every sustain a parasitic class of absentee hnd1crds and cultivating household p(lssesses a pair of bullocks. Con jahgirdars. This village, as already stat~d. f.Jrmed a sidering the size of the village, it would be evident part of the Salarjung Jagir. The jahgirdcrs were from Table 7, that livestock owned by the villagers diverting their funds mostly into non-projuctive chan is not sufficient in number. As compared to the cows, nels and very few attempts were being mad ~ to tap the number of she-buffaloes is quite large. As against the natural resources and improve agl icult lTe. To only 20 cows in milk, there are as many as 98 she cap it all the people had absolutely nrJ say in the huffaloes in milk. Some of the households which administration. They were regarded mO"e or legs as 15 16 DYAMPUR dumb driven cattle suppressed and exploited for somewhat better but the condition of Asami Shikmi. centuries. They saw the first ray of hope. whe.n the dars was really pitiable. Though theoretically they Police Action started in 1948. It can be saId wIthout were considered to be Shikimd:us after 12 years of fear of contradiction th:.!t with the merger of the continuous tenancy it used tc be very difficult for State of Hyderabad with the rest of the country, the them to prove su~h continuol:s ?ossession. To do doors of progress for this long under-developed area away with all such evils, the Hyderabad Gove~nm~nt have been thrown open. However, it has to be said had passed an Act called the Hyderabad Asaml Shlk that the village still continues to be backward when mis Act. By this Act, the tenure of all new compared with other progressive areas. tenants was fixed to be not less than for 10 years and Government was also armed wth the powers to fix the maximum rent. A class of tenants was declared The first steo that was taken up after its becom as protected and granted perm (D) EXPANSION OF MARKETING F ACILITlES AND SOUR For the purposes of this survey also, the pcpula CES OF FINANCE: tion of the village has been divided into worker:; and non-workers on the basis of the concepts simillr to The village is on the State road running between those adopted for the 1961 Census. In order t( for Koppal and Yelburga. Till about 1948, the village mulate an idea about the nature of changes h the had no adequate transport or comm~nicati~n facilit~es. economic activities of the village, during the last one But now things are slowly improvlflg. Wlth the 11':1- decade, it would be necessary to compare the data provement of the Koppal-Yelburga road, they are ln collected at the time of this survey with that coll ected a pos:tion to go to Koppal and other places for mar for the 1951 Census. In 1951 the entire populati)n of keting facilities. Some of the bi~ ~ultivators mark~t the village was classified into two main group:: viz. their goods at Koppal. But ma}onty of them avail Agricultural and Non-agricultural classes and in these of the marketing facilities at Kuknoor only. The two classes both active workers as also their depenec traders from Kuknoor extend credit facilities to the ent non-workers were included. There was no such needy cultivato'rs of the village. Such. faci1it~es come classification made either for the 1961 census (Ir for in handy ?s the Large Sized Co-operabve Soclety hav this survey, as the population was divided into lctive ing jurisdict:on over th;s village has become almost workers and non-workers. Among workers only those do~rJl'ant. This Co-operative Society working from who were actually associated with any economic pro K uknoor has not been' providing them with any credit ductive activity were included. Their dependent, and facilities for the last few years. The majority of its others who were not gainfully employed were included members are from Kuknoor village itself and as such among non-workers. Then there was another funda very few vUlagers from Dyompur have drawn benefit mental difference between the concepts adopted for from it. Trus t1e circumstances force these culti 1951 and 1961 census, and this was in the determina V:1tors to aDoroach t}e traders and other money lend tion of the principal work. In 1951, any work Nhich ing classes from Kuknoor to obtain credit. provided a larger income was considered to be the principal work. In contrast, in 1961 the emphasis was Most of the villa!!ers sell their produce at Kuk laid not on the income factor but on the time factor. no or. There is no market:ng society and the Large Any productive activity that took more time even Sized Co-oDeratIve Society does not also provide any though less remunerative was considered to be the prin marketing f~cilities. The other nearest important com cipal work in 1961 and as the concepts adoptEd for mercial centres are Konnal il1d G"ldag. Some of them this survey were similar to those adopted for the 1961 go to t"e markets at Koppal ':lnd very few avail of the census for the purpose of this survey too, the dasbi marketing facilities at Gad~ g. All the female folk do fication of the principal work was done after ~ sking tl-e:r sl,ooning at Kuknoor. Many of them also go into consideration the time factor. So in order to make t}>ere to sell milk, butter a,1 other milk products. the data collected at the time of this survey compara Formerly traiing was dO:1e on a large scale on barter ble with the data collected at the time of the 1951 Cen system. But now there has been a change to cash eco sus, it is necessary to compile the information for both nomy in the village transactions. the periods according to the concepts adopted in 1951. On doing so, the results obtained are as follows:-- (E) INFILTRAT10~ OF URBAN INFLUENCES Livelihood Classes Being almost in one corner of the district place. the village has not seen much of urbanisation. Their 1951 Census 1964 S.lTvey mode of living, dress etc., have not registered any r--__.A.,_-, r---'----, change. The only noticeable influence is a slow change Persons % Persons % to cash economy in the village transactions. The habit Agricultural Classes of drinking tea is also very much on the increase. (i) Cultivators ofland whol- This accounts for the increase in the number of hotels ly or mainly owned 838 86·75 556 ·19·07 both in the village and at Kuknoor. (ii) Cultivators of land "lIhol- Iy or mainly unowned . 6 0·63 177 [5·62 Economic activities and nature of changes (iii) Cultivating labourers 56 5·80 289 :~5· 51 (iv) Non cultivating owners (A) LIVELIHOOD CLASSES: of land and agricultural According to tl-je Census of 1961, the village rent receivers 17 1·75 17 1·50 bad a population of Q13 consisting of 558 workers and II. Non-agricultural Classes 355 non-workers. The workers were classified as fol (v) Production other than lows according to the nature of their principal work:- Cultivation 18 1·86 24 2·12 (vi) Commerce 0·41 Nature of principal work No. of workers 4 2 0·18 (vii) Transport M F I Cultivators 165 26 (viii) Other services and mis- II Agricultural Labourers 58 251 cellaneous sources 27 2'80 68 6·00 III Mining, livestock rearing, forestry etc. VI Household Industry .. 10 2 Total 966 100.00 1133 00.00 V Manufacturing other than household industry. A study of these figures is quite interesting. In VI Oonstruction 2 the first place it has to be observed that the total Vii Trade and Commerce 6 2 Vi1! Transport. storage etc. . popUlation has recorded an increase from 966 in LX Other Services 27 9 1951 to 1133 in 1964. The popUlation depending on 19 ECCNOMY a l,ricllture in 1951 was 9 t 7 and this has increased to between the 1951 and 1964 figures is because many 1)39 in 1964. Similarly the non-agricultural classes of the cultivators owning small extents of lands which have increased from 49 in 1951 to 94 in 1964. Now are uneconomic in size have disposed of their lands o)nsidering the agricultural classes, it is seen that there and taken to some other occupation. for some, otLer has b~en a marked decrease in the number of persons occupations like general labour, agricultural labour principally depending on cultivation of owned land have become more remunerative than cultivation of for tlteir maintenance. The number of persons has owned land. It is for this reason that there has been a marked variation in the category of owner cu ti d~cre"sed from 838 in 1951 to 556 in 1964. Speaking in ter ms of percentages, the percentage of the popula vators. The decrease in tte number of persons depello tion ~ rincipally depending on self cultivation of owned ing on cultivation of owned land is partially made Ie,nd has decreased from 86.75 in 1951 to 49.07 in up by the increase in the number of persons depend 1)64. This marked decrease is likely to baffle any ing on tenant cultivation and agricultural labour. The O.1e v'ho takes even a cursory glance of these figures. tenant cultivators have increased from 6 in 1951 to I,ut :he reasons are not far to seek. It is a well 177 in 1964. Many of the people have t:lken lands on lease not only wihin the village but also in Le neigh bow: 1 fact that ownership and cultivation of owned knd were and have been issues of prestige parti bouring villages like K _,knoor, Harishankarbandi, cillarl { in the rural areas of this country. A cultivator Chikankop etc. The nu;~ iber of cult vatmg labour~rs a ",niL g even small bits of lands not exceeding even has increased from :J6 to 89. Speaking ill terms of an ac re would always take pride to classify himself percentages, the increase lITOng tenant cultivators is from 0.63 in 1951 to 15.62 in 1964 :end that among a!; a cultivator even though that extent of land will hardl~ he sufiicient to maintain him and his family cultivating labourers is trom 5.80 to 25.51. As re gards tenant cultivators, it appears that some at the ~c'r e"en ~ month. Naturally his principal source of ILCOJ11 e WIll be some other economic activity. But tenant cultivators had styled themselves as culLvators even hen he would prefer to call himself as a owner of owned land. Th's \\ould be clear from the fact and (ultivator of owned land than style himself as that the number of protected tenants in the registers a wo] ker in any other activity. Now a study of the maintained by the Village Officers was 28 in 1952 statist cs collected in the course of the Survey has and so the number of tenants shown as 6 in 1951 appears to be obviously incorrect. Many of these ten sr,QWI1 that. besides 556 persons principally depending on cu ltlvatlOn of owned land for their maintenance, ants must have styled themselves as cultivators of tbere are several other persons for whom cultivation owned land for the sake of prestige. of ow ned land has been a subsidiary occupation. As wCluld be evident from Table XXV, 64 households of Coming to the non-agricultural classes, there has tenants also own some land which they cultivate them been practically very little change in the number and selves. If other economic activities are considered percentage of persons depending on production other it is ~ ~en that for 162 per~ons. principally depending than cultivators. Among the trading classes the num all ag~lcultural labour, cultIvatIOn has been a secon ber has decreased from 4 to 2. Kuknoor, about two dary Jecupatio.n. For 10 I?ers~ns mainly dependent f~rlongs away is slowly expanding its trading activi O~l hc usehold llldustry, cultIvatIon has been a subsi hes and many fr?m the village do their marketing there. d.Jary JCcupati?n. Similarly for 2 persons mainly doing As such, there IS no scope for any exI'ans~on in the 11'1t~stc c~ rearmg, for 30 persons mainly depending trading activities of Dyampur. Turning to Ot;~er Ser 011 se ·vlce. and fo.r 4. persons mainly depending on vices and Miscellaneous sources, it is found that the h:)t~l ceepmg, .cultlvatJo~ has been a subsidiary occu number has increased from 27 in 1951 to 68 in 1964. pd.lOn. Thus, If cultIvatIOn as an occupation is con A number of persons from the village go to Kuknoor sidere.~, irrespective of the fact as to whether it is every day to work as general labourers, coolies, hamals a subt ld~ary or a principal occupation, 941 persons in etc., and their number contributes to the increase all .ar.! lllvolved in this activity. It is true that the under this category. sta tIst] cs for the. 19~ 1 Census regarding occupation v.:\~re :ollected WIth lllcome for each economic acti (B) WORKERS: V\Y a; the basis. But even then, some of the persons W,lO 1 ad sma.u bits of land must have preferred to . The population of the village has been divided reLI!rn as c~ltJvators even when they knew that culti mto two broad categories according to the nature of va hon prOVIded only their subsidiary income. A closer the economic activity. The first category consists of study Jf the ~ultivation statistics shows that 27 house :-vorkers and t~e second of non-workers. A worker hc,lds of cultIvators cultivated in all 26.65 acres of IS ~ pers~n. gamfull¥ employed in any economic or o\llled land and naturally they have to depend largely so.cla~ act.lVlty, proVIded he or she satisfies alJ the or cultivation of lands taken on lease from others or CrIterIa laId down for workers in the enumeration for or SOl ne oth~r economi~ activity. Similarly 32 house th~ 1961 census. Persons who do not satisfy such cri hC1lds Jf cultIvators cultIvated among them an area of tena have been classed as non-workers. orly 108.71 acres of owned land. When this survey was u lderta~en p~r~icular care was taken to see that Table VIn presents statistics regarding workers th ~ e( onomlC . actlVlty on which the worker had to and non-workers ~y sex and broad age groups. Out de:ot.e more ~[J:ne regularly was only considered as his of the total populatIon of 1133, the workers number 593 prmclIal actlVlty. Naturally cultivators of small ex and the non-workers 540. This shows that 5234",e te :ts . (,f lands co_uld not show off cultivation as their of t~e total population consists of workers and 4 7:G6~? prmc1r al occupatIOn. Another reason for the variation conSIsts of non-workers. Sexwise it is found that 3{2 20 DYAMPlTR males and 281 females consttute the working force 5 groups viz. household work, students, dependents, in the village. Thus 55.32% of the male population disabled persons and reDt receivers. It is seen from and 49.38% of the female pOI,ulation constitute work this table that 7.41 % of the non-workers are engaged ers. Sexwise the percentage cf workers in the diffe in household work; 20.18% consist of students; rent age groups is as foLows:- 70.55% are dependents; 0.93% are disabled and 0.93% are rent receive~'s, All the household workers are females and out of the 40 household workers, 17 SI.No. Age group Mare! Females are aged below 14 years. Of the 109 students, 93 are (1) 0-14 10·93 Yo 11'34% aged below 14 yc,m and 16 are in the 15·34 age (2) 15-34 90'80% 90'07% group. Among the students 21 are females and they (3) 35-59 98·11 Yo 83'49% are all aged below 14 years, which fact clearly shows (4) 60 and above 29·50% that the education of the females has nevei gone be 75·85% yond the primary school standard. Excepting for 55 Table IX classifies the workers by sex, broad dependents, all the other dependents are aged below age groups and occupation. In this table both the 14 years. Of the 55 dependents in the higher age principal and subsidiary )ccuj:ations have been noted. group, eight females are in the 35-59 age-group. Of It is seen from this table th 1t cultivation and agri the five disabLed persons, two are aged below t4 years, cu:tural labour are the two important occupatlons III one is in the 15-34 age-group. one is in the 35-59 age Le village. 47.55% of the \1'orkers have cultivation group and one is in the 60 and above age-group. of 3.S Leir main occupatio 1 a'l'} 42 % of the workers There are five rent receIvers whom three are females ::a ve agricultural labour as tll !ir principal occupation. and two are males. Tllfee are in the 35-59 age-group A few oLer occupations in 1:t e village are household and two are in the 60 and above age-group. ._,justry. trade, cattle grazing. hotel keeping, service etc., and all these togett er contribute only 10.45 % Ownership of ecollomic resources: to the total working force. Information reg(lrding the ownership and cultiva tion of lands is presented in Tables XXV, XXV A, Treble X presents intorntLtion about workers en XXVB and XXVC. Table XXV gives details of culti gaged in industry, business 2 nd cultivation only. It vation of owned land. land leased out to others for is seen that only 17 pel'som; are engaged in house cultivation and lands taken on lease from others for hold industry and that aJ oj' them are males aged cultivation. The three categories are indicated by the above IS years. Seven p!rSQ:'}'l consisting of 6 males symbols A, Band C. This teblc presents clear in a:i::! one female are engaged in household business formation as to how tne cultivatecj land is distri and all of them are aged abcve 15 years. 209 males buted among the different castes and how the various and 123 females are eogag(:d in household culti ~ouseholds attend to tlleir cultivation-whether they do vation and excepting for 6 rr:21es and 3 females aged It personally or by leasing them out- to othel s or below 14 ye:m. the rest are lbove 15 years of age. whether they have taken land from others for cu~tiva tion. In a few cases some of the cultivators have (liven S o.J-workers: out their own land to others for CUltivation ar:d in turn are cultivating lands taken from others. Ths is Table XI presents idOl 11ation regarding non u.sually do~e when tl~eil' own lands :t!C not cOllven; ~lltly workers classified by se: ar ( broad age-groups. In sItuated, Tne follOWIng statement gIves a summary of t)-;is table, 540 non-workt!l's l!.lve been classified into the contents of Table XXV. Number of households belonging to Nature of in' '"est on land Kuruba I,ingayat Madiga Bedar Maratha Brahmin Viswakarma Muslims Total No. of Hhs. Nil 2 6 8 2 1 1 2 22 A 31 28 20 5 4 1 3 92 B 7 5 2 2 17 C 3 4 A+B 3 2 6 A+C 37 16 2 1 7 63 A+B+C 1 Total Table XXV A gives inbrmation about the total XXV A. It is seen from Table XXV A that 180 house land owned by the res dentf of Dyampur. Table holds own in all 18lI.59 acres of land. Thus on an XX\ B presents inform:: tion about the ownership of average each household owning land owns a little i:,nd by the residents of ':yalrpur within the limits of more than 10 acres. Out of these 180 households. Dyampur ard Table X \V ::; presents information 34 households own more than 15 acres of land each : bout the land owned by th residents of Dyampur and this covers an area of 1009.81 acres. Thus the in of er vTages. Thus t le t(tals of Tables XXV B remaining 800 acres or so is distributed among 146 ~ d XXV C s:,ould pDvide the figures for Table other housebolds. In all 63 households own on an 1 o m~~~~~~O 0 0 U) UJ «.J ~ 0 0 C'II III III C'II 21 average: morc ilian. Ie acres. The total el\.teut ~o happens to be the prillliiry occupation of 31.70 per held by them wOlks out to 1366.18 acres. Thus 117 cent of the households. Thus 89.16% of the total households own 01 ar average less than 10 acres of number of households mainly depend on either culti land each and they )wn in aU only about 445.41 vation or agricultural labour. Among the majority of acres. These fact.<; cl !>lrly substantiate the earlier the households cultivation or agricultural labour hap stater lent that the cui ivators in the village generally pens to be the secondary source of income if it is own small holdir gs. The total cultivable land in not the primary one. Only 58 households in the the village is about 2233.26 acres. Out of it, the village have only one source of income and among villagers own 14'i 8.45 acres. This is evident from them 26 have cultivation, 28 have agricultural labour, Table XXV B. Ihu: about 754.81 acres from the one has household industry, one has trade and two village is held by ihe 1 ersons who do not reside in the have service as the only source of their income. The village. It is also seell from Table XXV C that 43 remaining 145 households have more than one source households from he village own 333.14 acres of land of income. in other villages 1 ke (uknoor. Harishankarbandi etc. Most of these holding:; in the rnofussil are located at Kuknoor where 2,. hcuseholds from the villalZe own Changes from traditional ocCtlpatiOlt: 180.76 acres of lald. it is seen from these Matements There have been practically no changes in the that Kurubas and Lh:gayats form the two important traditional occupatio,Ils in the village. Cultivation and land holding casks o· the village. 78 households of agricultural labour have been and are still practically Kurubas own in all g48.68 acres of land and 53 the only sources of income. Madigas whose traditional households of Lillgay Its own 525.47 acres of land. occupation consists of cobbJery and leath'~r work stick Madigas hold vet) sml11 extents of land as is evident on to their traditional occupation \vho also work as from the fact that 2; households own among them agricultural labourers. The only changes recently seen only 25.48 acres of 1an1. are that with the development of the markets at Kuknoor, a number of persons are going there to work as coolies on daily wages. Excepting for this and: Sectr.l.al',1 occupation: Primary change, there has been no variations in the economy Table XIII pi eser ts details regarding the primary of the village. and secondary oc(upwions of the various households. In Tables VIII, 1 X alld X the information was col lected on the basis of l;tual workers whereas in Table Description of ditferent occupations: XlII the informa :ion is collected in respect of the A. PRACTICES CONNECTED WITH AGRICULTURE: households. In this table besides giving the principal and secondary occupation of each household, informa Agriculture is the most important and practically tion regarding the tOial number of persons and the the only economic activity in the village. The cultI number of gainfully ,!tl1ployed persons among them vation is all dry. it is said that a few years back have also been ftltnis 1ed. It is seen from this table some smali area was under well irrigation. But this that 202 households i 1 the village are gainfully em tJ:'Pc of irrigation too is not to be s~en to-day. The ployed and. t~e numbH of gainfully employed persons VIllage gro.ws both Kltarif and Rabi crops. The prin IS 593 conslsttng cf 312 males and 281 females. Three clpal khani crops are tur, groundnut and jowar. The households have no f;ainful economic activity and Important rabi crops are cotton, jOlVar, wheat and they consist of twc Bn hmin households and one Bedar safflower. ho~sehold. They .argdf depend on the income they denve by way of rert from lands and on charities. An idea about the cropping pattern in the villa(Te Cultivation happells tc' be the primary occupation of can be had from the following statistics pertaining to 57.46 % of the l.ouSdlOlds and agricultural labour the years 1955-1963 Year: Year Area in acres under Kharif crops Area ill acres under Rabi Crops -'------~---,,-~------~~--- Jowal' Groundnut Tur Cotton Jowar Wheat Safflower 1955 340 285 62 650 160 310 150 1956 310 390 50 640 65 550 145 1957 320 420 40 645 60 480 145 1958 330 400 40 660 45 425 150 1959 350 420 55 560 420 ]40 1960 330 400 50 515 160 390 135 1961 404 385 55 455 55 385 135 1962 390 425 45 475 55 402 160 1963 395 425 50 495 60 385 130 These figures de, tly indicate that the village has Double cropping is practically unknown in the not record~d any sig lificant change in the cropping village. All the crops are rain fed an das such they pattem dunng the last (Iecade. very much depend Oil the vagaries of the monsoons. 22 DYAMPUR The average annual rainfall in th~ .reg.ion ,is only have to engaoe three labourers on a total wage of about 2~ inc les and even this precIpitatIOn IS gen~ about Rs. 4 :nd the wages for the iron plough with rally ver f irr ~gular. As s~ch the regi~m often eXl?en 4 bullocks amount to Rs. 10. About two days are ences co nditions of scarcity and famme. The sOlI 1S required for ploughing an acre of land. Thus the total generally rich. Both red soil and black soil are foun~ COSt5 of iron ploughing work ?ut .to about Rs. 30 in the v llag:e. The red soils locally known as M~.art oer acre. Whenever iron ploughmg IS done, the lands cover at out 1/3 of the arable area. The remalllmg are not ploughed again with. wooden ploughs. Only 2/3 of t 1e a'ea is covered by either black soil or a harrowing operations are earned out before the sow mixture )f bllck and red soil. Round about the The area under groundnut is slowly increasing Jowar: particularly after 1950. This is due to favourable mar kets for this crop. Even though there has not been The preparation of land is done m(lr~ or less in any important change in the cultivating practices for a similar manner as for ground nut. J owa.:r f('fIDS the raising tr, is crop, it has to be observed that durmg staple food in the village and so is an iInporta~t the last one decade there is an increase in the seed kharif crop. It is usually the last crop, to be so",;n In rate. They say that the seed rate which was about 20 the kharif season. Some other crops hke Tu;', Green kgs. per acre in the past has gone up to 30-32 kgs, gram, Madki are raised as ~ixed. crops witl,l jo;var. per acre. Many of the cultivators explain this fact Jowar is sown with a seed dnll WIth three btlls. The by saying that all the seeds they sow do ~ot ger other minor crops sown along with it are sown with minate. They try to obtain the best seed avaIl~ble III the help of a separate ElishedW cup tied to the seed the market but the quality has so much detenorated drill. The interculturing operations start a lOut 25 that many of the seeds fail to germinate. So they do days after the sowing is completed. Side b~ si~e not want to take any chances and it is for this reason hand weeding is also undertaken. Intercultunng lS that they have raised the seed rate during the last usually done ~ about thrice' and hand weeding. about 10-15 years. Groundnut is sown with the help of a twice at intervals of about 20 days each. Dumg the seed drill locally known as Kurgi. This seed drill last one decade there is a decrease in the sl:ed rate. has three bills with a cup called Elcsheddi at the top. In the past the seed rate used to be about 3-4 Kgs. The seeds are usually dropped by three female labour per acre but now it is about two ~gs per acre. ~ ers and an adult male drives the bullocks. The few of the cultivators, however, contmue to sow theIr sowing operation is followed by harrowing with the fields at the old seed rate. The harvesting operations help of a blade harrow. This operation helps him start by the end of November soon. after the grouJ_ld cover the seeds sown. The harrow used for covering nut crop is harvested. The harvestmg and thres~mg the seeds differs from the harrow used for the pre operations are in no way different from the practices paration of land in some respects. The seed covenng followed in other parts of this district Th,~ bigger harrow is usually about 21 feet in length whereas the cultivators usually store their stocks of jowar in grain harrow used for the preparation of the land is about pits called Hage\'ll. The common diseases of the crop 2 feet in length. The former is also comparatively are locally known as Bananthi Roga, Halu. I:i1uvudu, lighter in weight. The seed covering harrow is locally Hari Biluvudu and MaJligeya Roga. The VIllagers are known as laaganin Kunti. About 20-25 days after the not in the habit of taking up any plant p:otection sowing operations, interculturing is done with a grub measures. ber. This is followed by weeding operations, as usually this is the season for heavy rains. IntercuIturing and The costs of cultivation of jowar in one acre of weeding operations are required to be repeated often. land are as follows: The groundnut crop gets ready for harvesting by the second week of November. The harvesting is done Rs, Ii) Preparation of land including ploughing. harrow- by using the harrow. When the plants get uprooted ing etc...... they are usually kept for drying in the sun for 2-3 22·00 days. After they dry out completely the crop is thresh (ii) Manuring including cost of 10 cart loads of manure . 55·00 ed by beating with long poles of wood. The crop is (iii) Sowing, including cost of about 2 kgs. of seeds' 7·00 then separated by winnowing and then stored in gun (iv) Interculturing and weeding operatiom 12'00 ny bags. The crop that is left over in the fields at (v) Harvesting and miscellaneous operations 20'00 the time of harvesting is collected by hand pickir:g labourers. Rs. 116.00 24 DYAMPUR Yield rer acre of iowar is about three quintals The cultivation expenses Jor cotton in one acrl valued at aboLit Rs. 180 in all. So the net income of land are as follows: from jowar is about 64··00. Rs. (i) Preparation of land including ploll ~hing etc. 12·00 Rabi Crops: (ii) Sowing expenses 10·00 (iii) Interculturing and weeding operations· 8·00 Iron ploughi'lg of rabi lands is generally done in (iv) Harvesting operations 15·00 the month of April or May. At the end of August or early in September the lands are harrowed two or Total Rs. 45·00 three times. The sowing operations start by the middle of Septembt'f wh~n the important rahi crop of cotton The average yield is abo It a quintal per acIt is sown. The 50wing of wheat. s::\ffiower, linseed, valued at Rs. 100. So the net income is about Rs. 55 etc., is done later at intervals of one or two weeks Wheat each. Bengal gram and wheat are the last rabi crops to be sown and t'1is is done by the middle of October. Wheat is also an important raM crop in the vii lage. It is grown in the lands ';vith black clayey soil! The rabi crops do not require much of intercultur or with mixtures of black and red soil called KaraJu ing and weeding operations as by the time they start The preparatory steps are more ,)r less similar al ripening the rainy season ends. Interculturing is usually for cotton and this work is a1:;o undertaken simulta done by an implement called Yedikunti. The rlar neously with the preparatory 'r\ ark in lands set aside vesting operations start by about the end of Febru for cotton. The sowing of wheat and Bengal grarr is taken up rather late. Whelt i:; sown in Chitta· ary. Bengal gram is the first rabi crop to be har Kartbika Le. by about the sec:md week of October vested. Then follow the harvesting operations of wheat The crop mainly sustains itsell' on lnderground mois· and linseed. The picking of cotton starts in March ture. The sowing operations are 1011owed by inter· and continues till the end of April. It is particularly culturing and hand weeding 0 )era :ions. By the firs1 noticed that the villagers do not take care in main week of February the crop ripens and gets ready fOI harvesting. The uprooting of tt e crop is done in the taining black soil lands in good shape. They are mostly early hours of the morning and later on the crop il situated away from the Gaothana and many of them shifted to the threshing floor. Th ~ crop is usuall~ are full of weeds. It would be really better if the stored upside down Le. with tile roots up. The vil· villagers are aided and assisted in improving these lagers believe that the grains tike on a good colout lands. if stored this way. This type of ;toring the crop before harvest is known as Mandala Hakuvudo. About a fortnight later the crop is harve,ted by treading under Cotton cattle feet. The ·sowing of cotton starts in the second week The cost of cultivation of wheat in one acre of September. -Cotton is grown extensively in the of land is as follows:- village in all lands \vith black clayey types of soil. Rs. The ploughing and harrowing operations for these (i) Preparation of land including ploughing 12·00 lands are completed in jhe months of June, July and lii) Sowing expensos including cost of !oGci . 7·00 August. The lands are usually ploughed once with (iii) Harvesting expen~eg the help of wooden plOLlghs and are harrowed twice. 16·00 The cultivators very rarely use any manure for these (Iv) Other expensM . 5·00 lands as all their manure stocks stand exhausted in 4()·OO raising kharif crops. This is anoth~r reason why the black soils are generally neglected. The result is that The average yield is about one quintal per acre valued the crop in these lands is generally poor. The sowing at Rs. 75. So the net income 1~ about Rs. 35.00. of cotton is done \\Iith the help of a seed drill. In some of the fields white jowar is raised as a mixed Farminl Practicell crop with cotton ill the proportion of 1:5. For every five kgs of cotton seed one kg of white jowar is The farming practices in the vi!lage have not un used. The sowing operations are followed by the in dergone any significant changes duril1g the last two or terculturing and weeding operations at intervals of three decades. The villagers say that about 30 years about a fortnirrht each. Bv the first week of March back: there were 4 irrigation wells and that a few the crop gets ripened and female labourers are engag gardens had been raised under their command. But ed in picking up the crop. The wages paid to them now there is not even a single acn: under irrigation. are about 0.25 paise for five kgs of cotton picked. They say that in course of ti ne the prices of dry The cotton crop is very much susceptible to diseases. crops started spiralling up and so t~e irrigators stop The villagers helieve that the North-Eastern wind ped raising garden crop. They also explain that due is bad for the crop. They consider the Westerly and to divisions in family property, the area under irriga South-Westerly ~"inds as good. The common diseases tion got fragmented and so the wells started going are Ioea By know!; as Kate Roga and Sakkara Rop. out of use. ECONOMY 25 The only new trend that was seen in the village m.adki er:., which are grown in small quantities are was in the use of improved seeds of khRrif iowar mostly used for consumption .. ~otton. and gro.undnut and rabi cotton. In the past they used to sow only are the two impoftJ.f,t commodlties whdl are disposed jawal'i seeds locally available. Now they are using of by sale. Cotton is got ginned in the ,ginning fac b 340 Jowar seeds. For cotton they used to sow tories at Kuknoor and they sell away Imt after re Jawari, Vilayathi and upland cotton seeds but now taining the seed. Lakshmi cotton is becoming very popular. A few rabi lands are also sown with Jayadhar cotton. For Storage of produce other crops they are not using a'ty improved varietie~ of seeds. Agricultural produce is stored in small quar:titi~s ei.ther in gunny bags or kerseys. Kerseys Jre cylmdrt cally shaped containers made out of date palm leaves TooIs and Equipment and stems. A kersey holds about 5-6 bags of Jowar. Bigger cultivators. store jowar in grain pits called The common tools used for cultivation are known Hagevu. Grain pits are used for storage only when c'.S foIlows:- the stocks exceed about 10 bags. The seeds are kept 1. Wooden plough locally known as Madki separately in small bags. Very often neem leaves are costing about Rs. 15.00. kept in these bags as they are believed to protect the seeds from weevils and other insects. Jowar stalks 2. Harrow locally known as Knnti costing a bout are usually stocked in big heaps called Banavia. Jowar Rs. 6.00. . stalk forms an important cattle fodder. 3. Grubber locally known as Yedekuntl costing Rs. 6.00. B ANIMAL HUSBA::-IDRY 4. Seed Drill locally known as Kurgi costing Livestock forms the backbone of agriculture in about Rs. 16.00. the village. Cattle are reared more as an a~junct to a2riculture than as an independent occupatIOn. The 5. Yoke locally known as Noga costing about information about the cattle population in the village Rs. 4.00. has been presented in Table 7. It would be seen from this table that much of the cattle wealth in the Besides these imDortant tools there are also seve· village is possessed by Kurubas and Lingayats. The ral others like sickles. scythes etc. Excenting for the Kurubas are the traditional sheep rearers. But con iron plough there has been no change in the types sidering their total population. very few of them of tools and equipment. Most of them are locally rear sheep and goats. Considering the total number of made. The local carpenters also attend to their re cultivating households in the village. it is seen that pairs whenever needed. the number of working bullocks is quite insufficient. Hardly 75 households possess in all 150 bullocks. Wage structure So also other cattle like cows, bufIa~oes etc .. are few in number. Females from a few househo!ds in the The cultivators generally engage labourers on village move out to Kuknocr with pots of curds daily wage rates. The wage rate is usually low. The every day. A few of them also sell buttei at the wages paid to adult male workers for ploughing, shandy in KuknooT. harrowing. sowing. harvesting and threshing operations is usually about Rs. 1.00. The wage rate goes upto The village has no grazing facilities. There is no about Rs. 1.50 per day during peak seasons. A large common pasture ground and so the cattle have to section in the village depends entirely on labour move out in se::\rch of fodder on the field and road available on daily wage basis. Some of them also boundaries. TI'e growth of grass at such places is very move out in search of work to Kuknoor, Harishankar scanty and so they mostly depend on sta11 feeding. handi. Rajur etc. Adult female labourers earn about Jowar starks form ~n important feed for the cattle. 75 paise per day. Children usually earn about 50 paise Groundnut or safflower cake, cotton seed, husks and a day. A few households also engage labourers on pulses and some other bye-products obtained at the annual basis. The annual salary of such laboure~ time of the harvest also supplement their diet. The varies between Rs. 320 and Rs. 350. Such labourers cattle get green fodder only during the monsoons. are usually engaged on Ugadi day and their term of Milch cows and buffaloes and working bullocks get service ends a day prior to the ensueing Ugadi festi more attention in their feeds. It is said that the cost val. They are supposed to attend to all the agricul of maintemmce of a pair of working bullocks i. tural operations in the field, tend cattle and do other about Rs. 1200 per annum. household chores. Their wages are usually paid in advance either in cash or kind. - The villagers mostly rear local breeds of cattle UtilhdiaD of Produce known as lawari. There ore a few buiIocks of Amrit maltaI breed but their number is too small. The Table XXIV gives details about the agricultural Amritmaha! breeds are locally known as Seeme breed nroduce and its disposal. Jowar and wheat are gene and a pair of this breed costs about Rs. 1500. A pair rally consumed by the local people. Only the su'fplus of jawari bullocks costs about Rs. 600 to 800. They stocks are sold at Kuknoor. So also tur. bajra, Davani, purchase and sell away their cattle at the annual 4-9 Census/Mysore/73 26 :eYAMPUlt cstt!e fairs at Hulkoti in Gadag Taluk and Shirahattl some assistance from Governmental or other agencies. in Shira1i?ttl taluk. Both these places are in Dhar Some view these probings with suspicion thinking them war District. to be efforts at raising the level of taxes. So during the course of the survey special efforts were made to There is no Veterinary Dispensary nearby. The extract correct and factual information regarding de nearest place where they can obtain aid for their tails of the family budget, which has also been verified ailing Gtttle is ;}t Yelburga about' nine miles lway. from other sources. It is therefore felt that the So most ot the catt!e are treated with local herbs and percentage of error, if any. due to the tendency of the decoctions in tl:e vi;lage itself. inhabitants to under-estimate their income and to present an inflated picture of their expenditure, would be, fairly small. C. TRADE Al';D Cm,,11ERCE The village does not boast of any big trading Tables XXIII. XXIIIA. XXIII A(i) and XXIII B establis{lIl1e'lt&. In fact, excepting for a few bride Sh0pS present information regarding indebtedness. It would and a couple of hotels, the village has not got any be seen from Table XXIII that out of the 205 house other trading activities. They mostly depend on the holds in the village as many as 161 are indebted. In m"rkets at Kuknoor for their needs. TIle local shops other words. 78.54% of the total number of households are small establishments dealing in bidis, betel nuts, are in debt. The total amount of outstanding debt is cigarettes etc. In 1963-64 two tea stalls have been Rs. 1,34,360 and so the average indebtedness per started in the village. These stalls sell tea and a few household in debt comes to Rs. 834.53. Considering eatables between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m. and 6 n.m. and the position of debt among the households in the 8 p.m. Their total t"~noyer is very meagre.' The re different income groups, it is seen that 42.30 per cent tailers in the village purchase their requirements from of the households with a monthly inco::ne of Rs. 25 and the bigger establishments at Kuknoor and sen them below are in debt. In other groups. 69.23% in the locally at a small profit. income group of Rs. 26.50, 81.39 % in the income group of Rs. 51-75. 86.20% in the income group of D. VILLAGE INDUSTRIES Rs. 76-100 and 88.88% in the income group of Rs. 100 and above are in debt. These figures clearly indicate There are no important industries in the vl11age. that the percentage of households in debt increases Th(~re are a few functionaries like carpenters, black along with the income range. Thus if there are only smiths and cobblers in the village. All of them work 42.30% of the households in the income group of on the traditional lines using the age old tools. They Rs. 25 and below in debt, f in the income group of prepare and repair only agricultural implements and Rs. 100 and above, as large a percentage as 88.88 of a few other items. A few Madigas attend to leather the total number of house;lOlds are in debt. The work. They tan the hides of the dead cattle of the average indebtedness also increases with the income village and prepare chappals and a few other agricul range. Thus the average indebtedness of the house tural imDl~rr;ents Eke Mini, Bani, Barkolo (whip) holds in debt in the income group of Rs. 25 and below etc. They are paid in cash and t:le system of paying is Rs. 123.18; in the income group of Rs. 26-50 it is a share of crop afk, harvest is not much in vogue. Rs. 267.77; in the income group of Rs. 51-75. it is Rs. 487.57; in the income group of Rs. 76-100 it is E. OTHER OCCUPATIONS Rs. 66..:1-.80 and in the income group of Rs. 100 and above. it is as high as Rs. 1312.50. These figures re The only oth~r occupation of note in the village i~ veal that with the rise in income the tendency to obtain labour. Many la]1ourers from the village go to loans also grows. Loans are more easily available to Kuknoor and other neighbouring villages in search of the households in the higher income groups as they work. Some of theJ:1 are employed there in lifting can offer sufficient security. loads, sawing "vDod. etc. B;;;tween November and December a:1d, February and lbrch, i.1gricultural labourers find ample work but at other periods they Table XXIIIA deals with indebtedness by cau~es. have to move out fram place to place in search of Before proceeding with the discussion of the contents work and so 6ey are hard put to eke out a living. of this table. one point needs explanation. In Table XXIII the total number of households in debt has been given as 161. In this table, the number of such fami1ie~ Indebtef~ has been indicated as 250. This difference is because ,Tne three topics that remain to be considered under a family obtaining loans for more than one purpose this chapter are indebtedness. income and expenditure. gets repeated in the preparation of this table as many Collection of d2ta on these three topics is both difficult times as the purposes for which it has obtained loans. an:i delicate for w.:era~ reasons. In the first place the Thus if a family has obtained loans for domestic majority of the village population consists of illiterates. e.xpenses as also for education. it figures twice in this Th~v are not in the habit of maintaining any accounts tiltlle as it has obtained loan for two causes. A study or drawing any family budgets. They spend money of this table win indicate that about 52.27% of the as and when they like and borrow it as and when they total debt is for productive purposes and 47.73% is for feel its need. There is also a growing tendency among non-productive purposes. However, these figures alone some to inflate the figmes of expenditure and deflate will not establish that a fairly good number of the figures of income. Thev do so in anticipation of inhabitant! ~ conscious of the value of money and ICONOWY 7.7 therefore utilise it on productive works. It would also Thus about 87% of the total amount outstanding is be wrong to assume that the village as a whole has obtained from private money lenders. The private generally shaken off the shackles of custom and that money lender no doubt charges a heavy rate of interest. it is now marching unfettered on the path of economic The interest charged by him ranges between 24 % and progress. Now this table shows that Rs. 24,540 or 36%. If the cuitivators obtain loan in the form of 18.26% of the total amount outstanding is used for . grains, the interest is still higher. It is generally be- agricultural improvements. But considering the pro lween July and October that the smaller cultivators and p-css of cultivation and the improvements carried on agricultural labourers are forced to seek loans. This in the lands. it cannot be said that this whole amount is the lean period in their generally poor economy. If has been properly utilised for the purpose for which it anyone obtains a bag of jowar Oil credit durmg this has been obtained. Several persons have a tendency period, he has to return a bag ana a half or two bags to divert amounts obtained for productive purposes to soon after the next harvest. But even then the villagers non-productive uses. Some of the persons who have are forced by circumstances to seek loan from these obtain~d loans for improving their land have actually private money lenders. Some of them 0btain money utilised the amount for other purposes like domestic from fiiends and relatives. In the village the amount expenses, marriages etc. The information in this table advanced by friends and relatives is Rs. 5525 and forms is tabulated according to the purpose for which a loan about 4% of the total amount outstanding. Govern is obtained and not the purpose for which it is ulti ment have advanced loans under the Takavi and the mately utilised. So if the ultimate use to which the National Extension Schemes but the loans advanced money obtained is put to is considered, it would be by these two Governmental agencies forms only 3.1 % seen that a much larger proportion of the amount in of the total amount outstanding. There is a Large debt is for non-productive uses. At present, even the Sized Co-operative Society working in the village. The information that is now collected and tabulated in this office of the Society is in Kuknoor and there are three table shows that as large a percentage as 22.77% of villages covered by this Society. The three villages are the debt is for domestic expenses. Marriages also force Kuknoor, Dyampur and Harisbankarbandi. The them to incur some substantial debts. About 13.15% Society advances loans to the cultivators besides selling \)f the total debt is for this purpose. A few cultivators seeds, wheat, sugar and such other articles in short have incurred debts to Durchase the lands. The total supply. The credit facilities extended by this Society percentage of debt on this account is 15.15. particularly to Dyampur are meagre. Out of the amount outstanding only Rs. 7,995 is on account of this Society. This constitutes hardly 5.9 % of the total Table XXIII A(i) presents information regarding outstanding amount. During the last few years the indebtedness by causes by different income-groups. It Society has become almost defunct. It has not issued is clearly evident from this table that the households any fresh loans as the previous advances are still to be in the lower income groups incur more debts for non recovered. The villagers also complain that as the productive purposes. No household in the income majority of the members are from K:Jknoor village, group of Rs. 25 and below has borrowed money for they draw more benefit than the person& from Dyampur productive purposes. In the income group of Rs. 26-50. and Harishankarbandi. Only 37 persons from Dyam only two households have borrowed money for im pur have become members of this Society. 17 of them proving their land. The amount so borrowed by them are Lingayats, 16 are Kurubas, two are Bedars, one is forms only 3.94% of the total amount of the debt of Maratha and one is a Brahmin. Thus it is seen that the households in this income group. In the income the Society has not got many achievements to boast group of Rs. 51-75, two households have incurred a of in the village. It is evident from Table XXIII B debt of Rs. 500 for land improvement, two have in that 73 % of total amount outstanding is due from curred a debt of Rs. 800 for purchase of land and one cultivators holding 10 acres and above. This hrthe!' has borrowed Rs. 350 for purchasing livestock. In the supports the earlier statement that the credit facilities income group of Rs. 76-100, seven households have are more easily available to the bigger cultivators. borrowed Rs. 990 for agricultural improvement. one has borrowed Rs. 100 for purchase of land and two have borrowed Rs. 300 for purchase of livestock. In lacoae the income group of Rs. 100 and above, 45 households To facilitate a correct appreciation of the family have borrowed money amounting to Rs. 22,860 for budget and trends of changes which may be reflected improvt!ment of land. '10 have borrowed Rs. 17,550 for in these, the households inhabiting the village have ourchase of land and five have borrowed Rs. 1650 for been grouped as follows: purchasing livestock. Out of the 45 households borrowmg money for improvement of land, it is not SI.No. Principal source of Income No. of households known how many have actually utilised for the pur I. Cultivation of owned land 90 pose for which they have incurred debt. 2. Cultivation of land taken on lease . 28 3. Agricultural labour 65 Table XXIII B deals with sources of credit. It is ~. Household industry 7 evident from this table that the private money lender 5. Others 15 is even now thriving in the village on the labour of others who raise cash loans from him. Out of the Among other. at SL No. 5 are included one house total outstanding amount of Rs. 1,34,360, as much as hold engaged in trade, one household engaged i-; Rs. 1,16,760 i5 borrowed from :>rivate money lender£. livestock: rearing, 9 households of persons in service. 28 9YAMPUR one household of hotel keepers and three economically above. Out of the 90 households in this category, 48 illactive households of rent receivers. Information re 1. Total Food 10·48 34·95 9·78 24·02 g'33 63·71 Sl . (l~~ 69· '"2f) I! -06 55 U ., Beverages 0·61 2·04 O·S! 1 ·2(, e·61~. 4 P Jp,jhtwn t.·eadtI: i~, in the age ~roup 15·34: 1~.98 % is in the age group p! 35.59; and the remaining 7.94% is in the age group /\t thr:,otir::e of the SJl'\'ey j,: )~ 964·65 the population or 60 and above. <;:onsidering the population accord :1:" ll1,e vUlagc \/;as [133 conslstmg of 564 males and to sex m the dIfferent age groups, it is seen that : (J'Y fC:-J.la!es, In ]961 ;hc population was 913, Thm 'n_g ,1::.21 % .of the males is in the age group of 0.14; : ne percentag~ in;;ieasc between 1961 and 1965 works 30.86';,) IS In tne age group of 15-34; 18.79% is in the (' :,it to 24.42. In F'SI the POPLihti0n recorded was :>ge U?llP of 35-59 and 5.14% is in the age group of ~'66, This ~li0;)f, Ii at tf,cre was a decrease in the (i0 ann above. Among females 41.83% of the total· i;~p,;!atian during the 1951 and 1961 intercensal period. fen:ale population is in the age group of 0·14; 28.30% ~j;e decrease works cut to 5.49 ~;:). Tho'Jgh apart from lS E1 the age group of 15·34; 19.15 1X, is in the age :,,.J.;~;L'G'· L:, 'S app:ows to be one of the bigger villages group 35·59 and 10.72% is aged above 60. The sex m tne reg10:1, the village economy as wch has been ratio fOt· the village works Oilt to about 1008 females >::1tic all throngh. SOf>'e or the vilbgers have moved for eVery 1,000 males. The male population exceeds Ot;1 of the vl'le,ge '.;)rir.g t;:e 1951--=-1961 intercensaJ the female population in the age groups of 0·4 10·14 F\~;'i()d in scnch of "york: elsewhere. Four families of 1,5.19, 30·34 and 45·59. In all the other age' 1:k:br ciste migrated to Shikaripur in Shimo('J'a district group~ toe females outnumber the malea. during this period. Again some families ha~e moved tJ Koppal and other nearby places where they can fi:;d f.;)!:le work to provide for their living. It is on account of these mi;!,rations that there has been a Vital StatWtic» decrease in the population between 1951 and 1961. The earller population records of the village were not ne Village Officer5 maintain a record of the births 3.nJ deaths occurring in the Village. However, it available 3r:!d so the population trends for the earlier appears 1.hat sufficient care is not bestowed on main· periods codd not be discussed. t~\ining thi~ very important record. It is quite necessary lnac the Village officers should devote more attention Population by age ami 5(0)';; to this work and also that better supervision arrange Table n presents information regarding population ments are made to see that they are maintained proper loy Clg.c and ~ex. It is seen from this table that 43.51 % ly _a~ld correctly. The records for the period between of the population is in the age group of 0·14; 29.37% 19:->5 and 1964 mdlcate the following position: Year 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 l-";O. of births 36 31 40 27 40 33 34 18 25 21 No. of de:tths 11 8 14 13 21 12 104 7 6 17 p~herty before marriage. this fact was kept as a guard· eu llecret. . But nO~',a-days. ~enerany marriages are fable VI presents it1formation regarding the marital ;manged after the gIrl s attamlng puberty. It is also Sl"li::: 01' the population in the different age groups. s~en from this .tab~e that though divorces and separa ;;O( a study of this information, the village population tIOns a;'e permItted among many of the castes in the ha:; been div~de,l into four groups viz. never married, ~'illage. they are ~ery rare occurrences. Every effort marriej, \vicl:Jwed and divorced. It is iieen from this IS m'loc by the VIllage elders that the marriaO'es once table tl~at 51,81 % of the total population is in the perfo~med do not get dissolved due to any ~isunder never married group; 37.80% is in the married group; standll1g. It may also be noted that the number of 9.53% is wiJo.verl and 0.80% consists of divorcees. widows is much more than the number of widowers. Considei'ing sexwise, 59,04% of the male population As against 87 widows there are 21 widowers. Many is never lllaFied; 36.70% is married; 3.73% is widowed of the castes in the village permit widow remarriages. and 0.53% is divorced. Among females. 44.64% is But even then a remarried widow does not get back never married; 39% is married; 15.30% is widowed all her privileges in the social and religious matters an: 1.06% is divorced. Though child marriages have which she enjoyed before the death of her first husband. 1;~r.:ome IHe, they !;till appear to take place occasional She is not permitted to take part in several religious Jy. It appears that particularly girls are at times ceremonies. marrllo'i d1,'ri:Jg their childhood only. It is evident from this table that there are 12 young girls aged below Public Health and Medical faciliti~: 14 y::ars wll? are alrca~y in a married status. In the past, l'fe-pucerty marna'!es ""eie very common. In ,Generally s'pea~ing the village has a very healthy fa ,:1 s:>.venl householcs ; 1 the village considered it as dunate. It lles m a. dry tract where epidemics are .1 stisa,,\ 10 their honour \J k~ep their girls unmarried rare occurrence~. The common diseases and ailments v, hen th!!y attained pubeity. If any girl attained are dysentery, diarrhoea. bronchitis. colitis, stomach 30 ",+ 0 .l <0 II.. 0- Ill. I III .l III .., 0 II.. III \I) 0 UJ I w ::J U .l 0 a:- a: III 0: 0 ~ « > 0- l- .l - II.. ~ I/) 0 , ~ III U .l .., .J a: Q\ '" I ~ I/) II.. .., I l 0 I/) 0 0 0 0- co .., '"w r--- ~ ~ o ~ co w I-- I- .J .....-- r-- J r--- U) - UJ .-- ..J o o « i--- 'C' ~ l"""- UJ LL t-- ..... i.-- ~'\." , . - ~ ~ 0- ... () o N .... ,-- I , o ••o SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 31 ailments, round worm trouble, skin diseases etc. There strength of the school from the date of its inception are no medical facilities in the village itself. There is as follows: are no medical practitioners in the village. But the villagers are not handicapped on this account. At Year Boys Girls Total Kuknoor which is 2 furlongs away a Primary Health 1950 9 12 Centre has been started in the year 1962·63. There are 19 also several allopathic and Ayurvedic medical practi 1951 lG tioners at Kuknoor. The villagers often go to Kuknoor 1952 16 19 and get their ailments treated there. Though the 1953 9 0 9 climate is healthy, the village is poverty stricken. So 1954 9 0 9 their food is generally inadequate by nutritional 1955 6 7 standards. Minor ailments are locally treated with 1956 5 ~ 7 roots, herbs, decoctions etc. There is no trained 1957 IS 2 17 midwife in the village. All maternity cases are gen 1958 16 6 22 erally attended to by elderly females. Only in " 1959 20 22 protracted and difficult cases do they rush to Kuknoor g 23 for medical aid. 1960 15 1961 Il 13 24 1962 19 20 39 The sanitary arrangements in the village' cannot be 1963 30 16 <-;-0" said to b::! proper by any standards. The local statu 1964 84 52 136 tory panchaY2t does not appear to devote sufficient attention to this aspect. There is no protected water supply and there is also no proper drainage system. These figures indicate that in 1964 the strength of the Children are seen :::omrnitting nuisance by the sides of school has suddenly jumped up to about 3 times of the streets. Adults and older people do so in the what it was just the previo~ls YC:lr. Eve;} though the nearby fields. The waste water from the households school registers show these fig1'res, tr~e 2ittendance of is simply _let out into the street~ or the open spaces. mU:1Y students is irregular. Itey arc ,,'ore rcgul:lr On the outskirts of the village there are several pits in absenting from the school than in aUendi"g it. At where manure and other refuse is simply dump~d in. picsent the four classes are nm in three rooms. In It is quite necessary that the villagers and the Statutory view of this increasing student population, it is neces Panchayat should pay more attention to village ,ani sary that atleast one more room shoJld be added to tation. the present school building. The village has got a S:hool Betterment Committee which has abeadv made some plans to add one more room to the sc~ool. Educanml am! literacy For higher studies, the students move out to Kuk Information about education and literacy in the vil noor. At Kuknoor there are two Middle Schools c.l1d lage is furnished in Table VII. It is seen from this 2 High Schools and as Kuknooi' is dose by, st'.ldents table that the literates constitute 18.45 % of the total find it not at all difficult 0;- inconveni;;!1t to attend population and illiterates constitute the remaining these schools. At the time of the Survey., 40 students 81.55%. Sexwise, 31.38% of the male pODulation and from Dyampur were atte~lding the lIJdrJ1c Sc;oo01 and 5.62 % of the female population are literates. There 15 students were attending the High School classes at are no graduates in the village. Only one person hal Kuknoor. There is a College at Koppal wh:h is reached the Intermediate standard ar,d 8 have reached about 16 wiles away. Five boys from the village ,He the Higher Secondary School standard. 29.66% of the attending this College. literates are without any educational standard; 66.03 % have attained Primary or Basic Standard; 3.83 % are matriculates and 0.48 % have reached the intermediate standard. The literacy among the f~maJes is parti cularly very poor. Only 5.62% of the total female Except for agriculture, there is rracticaIly no other economic resource in the village 3:1d as SJc]J there 569 are literates and 12 of them are literates without have been no immigratioEs into the vilbge. Some of any educational standard, 20 are literates with a Pri the original settlers are nported to have come down mary or Basic Standard and none in the village has and settled down in the village from the neighbouring gone beyond the Primary standard. villages of Benkal, Kallur and Harishankarbandi several generations back. But none in the village is in a position to say when and why these families Till 1950 the viIi age had 1'.0 school. In 1950 a migrated into 1he village. During 1951-61 a few Primary School teaching upto thc: fC:11't11 standard was families have emigrated from the village. Four house started in the village. At first it was being run in a holds of Bedar caste have migrated to Shikaripur of private building and in 1957 a three roomed building Shimoga district and have permanently settler( down was constructed for the school in th~ western part there. A few other families have mig:-ated to Koppal of the village. The school is now ~t:lffe(j with two in search of wor:k. All these fan:i1ies \;:'0 have tr'grat teachers. The school registers have been recording a ed out of the village had no landed property in- the gradual increase in tb. student populatioN. The village. 32 DYAMPUR is survived by several children of whom a few are married, pass.es away" the hou~ehold automatically gets nee propeIty is tbe male generally inherited by only tr:nsfo,~ed mto .an mtermedJate family, The number heirs. UGu:.;]ly lhe sons inte;i~ the property. It is 01 sucn mtermedIate hOllSeholds is, however, smallest eVl[lent frorc table 5 tLat only 9 households in the Jmong the four types. villase J'\~ aware of the chaEgeS i:1 the Hindu law ot SUC:Cf:s":o:'; n::l A:ioptiol:. E··en these ilOuseholds ad;lere to the customary bw of only tr.e male heirs Sill! and cGmposition of households. inil.;:diag tLe pW:,:erty. rw in:.erited property is In Table III the hou~ehold~ have been grouped into cC;Jally sbared by all the sons. If the deceased had five categones accodmg to their size. These five ?;;ly,dau~l~te:s, ('ie property js in'lerited ~Y t~en:. If categories are si:lgle member households, households .,;; L~;es lSS'.ieJess, lte prop;;:ty goes ta lug "ilk and wit:J 2-3 members, households with 4-6 members ht::r 0;1 re\'::~lS to his t':rothers u:11ess his wife LIkes households with 7~-·9 members and households with so::nebody i;,; ? ~vpt:o.:::. So ,here has been no Sig:lifi ten or more members, It is seen from this table that cant change ei!fwf in the system of in1:eritance or in the majority of the households in the village are con~ti the system of :.;cioption. A brother s son is uSllailv th~ tuted of 4-6 members, Actually 4.4 % of the house rerson take;l i;l adopti:)n. . holds are single member households; 20% have 2-3 members; 44,8% have 4-6 members: 22.9% h~ve Typ:e.~ of Family: 7~-·9 members and 7.9% have 10 or more members. \Vith a view to study the family stmcture of the inhabitants the households have been divided into four Intra-family relatiMShip. categories viz. simple, intermediate, joint ani others. A simple f,:mily cQr;sists of husband, wife and un Intra-family relationship is generally cordial. In !Tarri:':l! chiJ..!ren only. Families which include in bigger families the division of labour is well defined. additio:'1 nnmarried brothers and sisters of the head of They respect their elders who guide all the affairs of tl1e hOl!sehold may be classed as intermediate. A the family. In households ,,,here the females head joint family is one in which some of the married them, generally Cle eldest son or some other male member attends to all the out-door work, If there ch Id ,:;::1 , brothers or sisters of tbe head of the house be any differences among family members, they gen bId S2.y also be living with and taking meals from the 3'L'1Je kitche:1. Families which do not f111 in ·s.'1Y erally try to resolve them by mutual consultations. At of tl:c:se categories may be c1assed as Others. Table times they take assistance from their caste elders in 1 presents ir:for::nation regarding the types of families resolving them. according to the above major classification. This sho·.vs t';Bt 40.4 % of the families are of simple type; Leisure and Recrcntion. 11'; are of inte:mediate type; 204';;, are of joint type 23,2% come under othert. Economically the village population is poor and so it is alw'iYs hard toil for them from dawn to dusk. The joint family system has been one of the They move ')C;f foc' work either in the fields or else ch,~risLed traditions in the village. This is why L1e wher~ early in the morning and return home late. By in~:::b:tants of the village have been endeitvouring all tbe tlrne they return homewarcls they are very tired thr()~lgh in the past to maintain the imiividl'al!ty and and so they are in no mood to do anything except go 'ndi;;sibility of the family except when it becomes too to &Ieep after supper. In summer, however. a~ it is lil".wieJdy in size to be: accommodated under one roof. very difiiclllt to '>,vark in the fields in the hot sun, they Of IDte, however, there h.as been a proQressi'Je increase return horne bv noon, When they find some leisure in the llum bel' of simple families \vhi'ch, as indicated they go to Kuklloor and spend a few hours in r!os~ip: above. cbi;TI the largest number of households in the In fact gossip is their principal recreation. Generally village. Tl'e ;rro;'.'t:" of tl,ese l:ouse~101dg appears to their talk relates to the price levels, the difficulties of be the effect of several factors which have been col keeping servants etc. On the whole they are more lectively oDer~~ting ag9.1l1st the joint family system. concerned with their domestic difficulti~s than with Among these, rrcntion way be made of the urge larger issues. Th~ir ta!k is generally chatty and ulate among m::-rrieU eHrning members to enjoy more econo to the intimate wbstance of their lives. Usually they mic freedom which is not re'ldilv availahle to them in are so much confined within their own narrow orbits, a jo.:nt family, An equally forceful reason is the t:mt they are neither L'1terested nor stimulated by temperament31 diffc,reYICeS rartinlluly amO!1f! the events and intellects outside this sphere. Thev are women folk who bay;,: a ten(!ency to quarrel over generally determined to stay in their own 'small petty matters Eke equitable distribtion of work, dis circumscribed circles, Their women folk particularly tribution of food 81ld otber DrovisioTIS from the pooled have no interest outsIde their own homes, They are ir,come of the familv. Yet another reason for the mostly preoccupied for ever with thought~ of 'food, fra!-!mentation of the' households is the growing ten children and horne. No doubt they are important deDcy among such of the earning members of the things, but not so important that they ~hould exclude familv as are married to set UD separate hOIT1e~ where everything else in the world. Thus, often, their mind they ~qn breathe more freely,' - becomes stale and lazy and goes round and round the same narrow groove. This is all the result of their The formation of intermediate families can -.;ery illiteracy. Everybody has 50me interest or if they well be understood, When the head of a family who have no interest, they will cultivate one provided a SbCIAL AND CULTURAL LIF~ proper atmosphere is created to develop it. Unfortu The f The village population takes keen interest in observ The important fa!!tivals observed in the villllge Ilre ing certain fairs and festivals. A festival or 3. fair for Ugadi, Basava Jayanthi, Karu Hunnime. Mannethina many of them is only a source of some entertainment. Amavasya, Nagara Panchami, Dasara, Deepavali, Many of them do not know anything about the ritual Mahashivarathri etc. side of these fairs and festivals. On the occasion of these festivals, they generally clean their houses and (i) Ugndi. tie mango leaves to the threshholds. The children are generally happy at such times as they can always expect Ugadi, falling on the first day of CIlaitra (March to get mouthfuls of sweets. At the time of the fairs April) is the lunar new year according to the Hindu they can also expect a few toys. However, many of almanac. It is a day of thanks-giving, rejoicing Ilnd these festivals come between Julv and Octoher which festivity. Consumption of some bitter ingredients are lean periods for the people: During this period of neem leaves mixed with jaggery is an important they are still to garner their harvests and so their feature of the day. Another important feature is the granaries are generally empty. Even then they try reading of the almanac. their best to avail of some credit facilitie~ and enjoy to the best possible extent. (ii) Basava Jayanthi. The three important fairs in the region are the faIr The villagers have started celebrating this festival a of Gudneshwar at Gudnappa Mutt, Kalleshwar at few decades back. On this day bullocks are worship Kanur and Maha Mayi at Kuknoor. Gudnappa Mutt ped. Recitation of B_weawlU"a VacRanar is 1m ill about one and a half mile away from the village. important part of the celebration. KalIur is three miles away and Kuknoor is just two furlongs. The village fair is rooted in the Indian (iii) Kara Hummine. tradition, and has been a part of rustic Indian life for centuries. It offers the simple rural people an oppor This is observed on the full moon day of JyestU tunity to come together and enjoy themselve~-buv, (June). On this day all the bullock!! are worshipped lell, eat, drink and return home with !!hining memories after decorating them with ornaments like jingling quite refreshed and renewed for future building. A bells, covers for hom tips etc. They also worship aU fair is a merry gathering of the young and the old the agricultural implements. all out (or a gay time. The colourful baMgle seller with his shining wear seldom fails to attract and please the fair sex. Children will be round about the sweet (iv) Mannethina Amavasya. meat sellers like flies. Their other haunt is the shop dealing in toys. This is the day on which they expect This is celebrated on Jyestha Vaidhya AmavRsya their day dreams for the previou!! whole year to tum day. On this day clay images of bullocks and bulla out into facts. are worshipped. '-9 Census/My.oren' DYAMPUR (v) Nagar Panchami. deities worshipped by the vario:ls castes.. Some of these households do not offer dally worship but they This festival falls 'Oil the fifth day of tli! bright ];aU do so at least once in a fDrtnight. For the Lingayats of Sbravan. They worship clay images of serpents the imnortant h(\~.lsehold deities are lshwara, Mallikar· with milk. They also arrange fer some g1'lrnes and i UTII'. and Parvathi. Tne inmortant household deities competition& like throwing lemons, stones etc. for the Kurubas is Honbri Malliah. This deity is u~ual1v symbolised by a t'orse made from silver. The (vi) Dasara: deity is supposed to rke tl';s horse with an open sword. The Bl.'dnrs worship Ven'kappa or Thimmappa. Many This festival ~tarts on the fir~t (by of Aslnriia ani and lasts for ten daY5. It is also called as N£da Habbtt. of them possess b!ODZe or silver idols of Thi~~appa. On the ninth day they worship imD:ements of labour. For Rrahmi:ns th~ irr:vortant household deIties are weapons etc. On the te!1th day they worship the R.ama, Krishna, Nar-asimh" Maha Maya, Venkatarll rr.an:l ~tc, M8ha is a Banni tree and e;;change bamd leaves v.'\ich ii}'mboli~e Mayaaev: family Goddess for gold. School children cHange special prograrnmel of many of the:!). They offer ~pecial worship to this deit~ entertainment and competition in their school. on every Friday. The Marathas have Amba Bhavam and Maruthi as their household deities, Many \)f them (vii) Deepavali: have bron?e or silver images of these deitiet. Th. Madi!l:as wOflihip Durgavva at the Durgadevi temple. This is also c:aJled the festival of ]jutts. This Thev '~do not have any hou~ehold deities and 10 go to festival falls on the thirteenth day of the dark half of tl1e 'temple v'hich belongs exclusively to their ea.t~. Amwi». Many of the v:llagers take an oil bath 0:1 this day. Pooole in trade offer speciaJ w(lrsb:p to Goddess Lakshmi and start their new account~. Statutory Pmndlayd. The village i~ covered by the Group Panchayat. (viii) Malia Shivarathri: Dyamnur which was con~tituted in the year 1959 Thi~ falls on the dark fourteenth day of M8.@;h. It;s under the provisioni of the Mysore Village Panchayats one of the most important festivals in the vi~lage. and Local Bodies Act of 1959. Before that the vil Several elderly DeopJe ocst'fVe hst and speJ1d lhe night lage h?d no Panchay3.t of its own nor was it included in singing Bhajam or offering prayers. in any oth01' Panchayat. The present Grcup Pancha yat covers five villages which are Dyampur, Konapur, ReliJioo. lMtitntioM. Harishankarba'1di, ChanpanhaUi and Kakkihalli. Of these five villages, Dyampur is the bigge!t and 10 the The important templ~~ of tl-)c village are Maruti Panchayat office i3 located here. All the other four Temple, Ishwara Temple and Maha Maya Temple and villages are within a radiu5 of about a mile from these three ten~ples 'lre small structures of stone and Dnnlpnr. The Pancnayat ha~ got 13 elected membeR. mud, They are not notd for any architecture. They Of the 13 t'\eat~, two are re~erved for females and one are all situated in the ccnt;.'al !)art of the village, None for Sch~dllle Cast~~, Election~ were held in 1960 for in the village is able to S3.y as to when these- temples filling t)1ese vacancie~. Out of the 13 vacancies, 10 Were constructed. Th~ tcmnle of Maha Mava i~ were fined up without contest. Among these 10 were considered to be the oldest of the three, Some ~iddv the two seatf, reserved for females and one ~eat reserv people stated th3t 810-:.:t Arty years back thMe temples ~d for the Scheduled Caste. There was keen contest were renovated by v,oluntary eifort. There is a legend for the remaini'1g th"ee ~eat~ and these three seat. about the Maha :M'aya temple. M3Ja Mayac1evi who were for Dyamnur village. Out of the ] 3 memben, is also known as Iestadevi is cX)"'sidered to be an in ~even are from Dyampur, four from KakkihalH and carnation of Goddess Laksb!'1i. It is said that this hvo are from ChCl.n'1anhalJi. There is no member from Goddess first set her foot in this viHage before proceed the villages of Konapur and Hari~hankarbandi. The ing to Kuknooi' where alro there is a temnle of Mah:) Chairman is from Kakkihalli a.nd the Vice-Chairman Maya. The place where the "F,·1al1 a Maya temple ill belongs to Dvarnpur. Castewise, !!even of the member. this village is situated i~ said to ir:dicate the' place ,~re Lingqvats. four are Kurul:>a~ and one is a Lamani where the G00d:css s-ct l'e!" foot fhsL 1" this tenlr,le and one i~ 2. Madiga (Scheduled Caste). Nine of the the Fadukas of tre God.rhss are WOfr,11ipped. The 13 members have cl11tivation as their principal occupa people say that t~',is vii!age was first known all D~vil'1m:l tion. two are agricllltl'ral1aoourers and the two female: on account of t1:is !HU'lmk legend 1nd later on the member~ are household workers. Five members an name got corrupted to Dyampur. The Maruti temple ?!J.ed below 30 vears. five are in the 30-40 age group has got certain lands. These temples are managed hy . '1110 tlm'e in fIe 40--50 3?e grouP. Eight of the mem all the villagers to~ether. They have nu trustees or bers h~ve ~tud;erl. unto the Primary f':lUrth ~tandard special office be8.rers. The ' viJJage'.'5 offer speciQl and five are tlliterllte. 11 member~ belong to the worship at these temples on the occasion of all im IT'irldle income !troup of Rs. 1200-1500 per year. The portant festiva'c. 0:: Monrl~ys and SaL,rdaYi. ')~t.cd111d C?stl': "'1"~r.e1' and the Larnani member hllve an income between R~. 600 and 90~ per year. HooeehoId d~HioM. There ~.re no factions in the village. The Panchavat })"18 a Secretl'''V anoointed bv the Government. The All the hou~eholdf, in the villa.~e have pot certain Secrefary attend~ to all the rontine work. The Panchll. deitie~ for worship at hOl1~e. TabJe-2 gives informa y~t ha~' ?tDnointed a peon to assist him. Tht peon tion about the household deities and also the important attend. to the lighting of th. street» allio. SOf!IA1 ANI' CULTU:ltAL LIFE 3$ The pattern of income and expenditure: for the years Voluntuy Organi.. tWD: 1960-61 to 1963·64 ~ follows: a£ Tte vLiage cannot boait of allY ¥oluatary organisa tion. 1 here is no Youth Club, no [lOury, no lVla.1lila ~1M~ or no iilstitutLOll lUI' cllilufen. 'flllS presents SI.No. YKr Jacome Expenditure a sad picture. The village stands included in the 1. 1960·61 i ,066' 48 24.80 .N.E.S. Blv::k with its headquarters at Yclburga. This blo(.k \\- as e£taL:~shed in the year 1959 and it entered 1. 1961·62 1,066"U 1,08;'45 ~tage I on ist April 1960. During th.;! last four years, 3. I 96z..63 1,119' SO 2,Oi;7-')9 ~.E.~. has n~t und,ertakell any important actiVIty in llW VIllage. 1 ne vulagers say u;at they were keen to 4. 1963·64 1,1 Io·4a 725·25 ootam some loans for digging irrigation wells. But so iar~ tiley he. ve not succeeued III their efforts. The only After its establiihment in 1'160, the f'anchayaL has actIVity unuer the ~~.E.~. scheme is t;le construction practically done nothing (0 augmellt its ulcome. Till ot a drinking water well lor the :vi.ailigas. All these the time of survey, pni-:t:cally the only source of its ye(;rs ti'ie 1'v1adigas who are classed as SCheduled Castes income is the share of the lanG revenue dWl iL gets hali no well 01 their own 3.nd they were not permitted from Government every year. Ibis ~rlare Viorks out to by others to ciraw wa:er from the other public wells. Rs. 1066.48 per annum. jj;;sides t,lis annual allot 111is was really a big nandLcap for tnem. They had ment, the Panchayat was given a grant'llHwi of to wan nea.;- the wells for hOllIS tObetnct for a member Rs. 2400 in 196} and Rs. l~OO in lY62·6J, Lor develop of some otllt.I' caste to draw water for them and this mental activities. But the Pancnayat f;:,iled to carry work no one ',l;ould do wiUw:lt consider~ng Jt 2i burden out any development activity in lYbl-62 alId so the on himself. So it was very difficult lor the Madigai grant of Rs. 2400 was diverted to another Pancllayat. to obt:i.n water even fm drinking purposei. Though it is nearly 5 years that it has been working, it has done practically nothing to improve its nilanccs Family .Planning. or develop the village. The al1l~ual house ;:).', is esti The nearest Family Planning ChillS is located at mated at about Rs. LOGO and so for the five years Kappal atJout 16 mIles away. Many of the villagers between 1960--65, the Panchayat should get about a cO not a ware of the existence of tilis Family Planning Rs. 5,000 from house-tax alone but they have not Cl:,lic. The villagers are in fact generally Ignorant of taken steps to recover it. In 11.)62-63 U,ey have col this scheme. lected only about Rs. 53 by way of other compulsory taxes and in 1963-64 this tax collection amounts to Untollctiabmty. about Rs. 50 only. In 19b4~65 the PaaclIayat wa~ contemplating to take .. ome effective mea .. ure~ to re . Madigas conStitute the sclleduled caste of the village. cover the arrean. 1 he treatment meted out to them has not changed in any manner. They are still treated as untouchables by almost all the otnej' castes. fl:ey are 00t allowed to draw water from the common well. Only recently a About the developmwtai activities of the Panchayat new well has been constructed for them end it is yet in 1961-62 it spent Rs. 1,062 en &t:::~t !ig;uing and to be completed. There was a well meant for their improving some internal roads of K<.thihaUi village. .:xc[i;siv;:: U~ie: bl,t Ute water of tillS Well was brackish They also spent Rs. 1.125 in t96.~.«) on tl:t; purchase (ud ttl! ,it for drjnk.in~ purposes. In the construction of furniture and a community radio se~ installed in the of L.e llC"1 veIl th;, l\i.adigas liwe put in much volun Panchayat office. For these purcJ:ns~s they had I :l;'V elIcrt by way of labour. The villape barber does receiveci a specia\ grant from the Gover::ment. Be not \<21'\,( any 01 the Madigas. They have no access aides these few activities, the Panchayat has not taken ~o the tea stalls and other important public places. up any important developmental measure~. The fliey are not allowed to enter the important village attendance of the members at the p;;riodical meetings temples. Thus in spit~ of the legislative and adminill is also very irregular. In 1962-63 they convened six tratl\'e measures; to eradicate the evil vf untouchability, meetings and the average attclld2.nce was ('nly six. In ther:; is pract!c:llly no change in [foe life of tile Madigas. 1963, they convened 13 meetings and the average Their economic status is poor. They very much attendance was 4.8. In 1964, 12 meetings were con depend on the mercies of the higher castes who em vened and the average attendance was about seven. ploy them on t.heir lands. Most of the Madigas work Most of these members attending the meetings are as agricultural labourers. A few of them work as from Dyampur only. The meetings had to be adjourned cobblers. MallY of them are in fact not fully aware for want of quorum several tim'~s. All these facts of tI:e pm'iisio:1S made by 1,cgisLltioIl to prohibit un clearly reveal that it is J1eCeSs;lry for ihe Pancbayat to tc.uchabi:ity. lmtouchabilitv i~ tIle old form activise itself if it has to do any good to the villages continues unabated with nv ~ignificant change in the under its iurisdiction. v;H~~~. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION The foregoing four chapters give a fairly exhaustive practically the only source of its revenue. It hal descriptIon of social. cultural. economiC and other neither levied nor recovered any other taxes like house aspects ?f the people of Dyampur. The village is tax etc. Thus the introduction of the Panchayat into located tn a dry belt in the northern maidan region of the vlilage has matk no dIfference in their way of living. the Mysore State. Till 1949. it was a village included Even some of the grants given by the Government for i~ the Jahgir of Saiarjung and it wa~ only 011 the abo ii develovmen~a~ activities in the village get lapsed due tlOn of the Jahgirs that it has become a RaYlltwari to the mactlVlty of the Panchayat. village. , The Credit Co-operative Society with its head The villagers are now happy that their occupancy quarter~ at Kuknoor has also not been functioning rights have been recognised and that now there is no well. it has not extended any assistance in credit to intermediary between them and the Government on the village recently. And so the private money lender. the land. However. it has to be stated that unlike in contmuc to dominate. The village has also not been many other Jabgirs, the Jahpdars of this village were abLe to draw much benefit from the N.E.S. Excepting enltght~ned persons and the villagers have no unhappy for a drinking water well for the Madigas (Scheduled memones of the Jabgir days. Cultivation in the vil Castes). no activitie£ under this ilcheme are perceptible lage is all dry. Even the four irrigation wells which in the village. were in use about three or four decades blick, have now ceased to irrigate any area. So the crops depend Till 1950. there was no school in the village. In entIrely on t.he vagaries of the monSOOI1S and very thai year a primary school teaching upto the IV often the rams play truant in the region. Thus the standard was. started in the village and in 1957. a three village often faces conditions of scarcity and famine. roomed school building was constructed. So in the There is no improvement in the agricultural practices. field of education. it is only recently that the village The villagers still depend on the traditional equipments has started taking some strides. But more efforts and imp~ements. Exceptjng for a few iron ploughs. are needed to see that the school-going children are no new implements are ill use. They ale not using regular in their attendance. The standard of educa any insecticides or pesticides to protest the planls. tion is generally poor and it is particularly so with Chemical fertilisers are practically unknown. They regarci to educatton of women. The percentage of only use farmyard manure to add to the fertility of literacy amo11g females is only about five and, most of the soil but this too they are not preparing on a them are literates without any educational standards. scientific basis. Thus all their agricultural practices The village has got a school betterment committee. are of a primitiVe type. They need assistance and This Committee is contemplating building an addition· guidance from proper. sources like the N.E.S. and this al room for the school. No doubt an additional room is all the more urgently needed when it is consideroo is required to house the four classes. But the more that it is a poor village with only agriculture as an urgent responsibility of this Committee as also the economic activity. There are practically no industries parents in general is to see that all the children of the in the village. Only carpentry. cobblery and black school-going age attend the school and do so regularly smithy are carried out on a small· scale by a lew and not merely to fill in the muster rolls. families for whom these are their traditional occupa tions. These household industries are also not thriv The Madigas. who are scheduled castes have sought ing well. an existence in the ways they know best. Many of them continue the occupation of their forefathers The Land Reform measures introduced by the that of leather working and agricultural labour. As Government from time to time have very little impact the men toil with the implements and in the fields. the on the village. A marked feature of 36 CONCLUSION 37 regard needs much alistance, load will and co-opera Madiga caste are after all human beings like themselves tion from all the villagers. At present the legislative and that they should be treated in the same manner and administrative measures undertaken to eradicate a~ they would like themselves to be treated by othen. the evil of untouchability have not made even a dent on the age old village practices. The Madigas are One good and encouraging feature of the village is not readily admitted to public places like tea shops. that there are no factions. There is perfect co·opera temples etc. The village functionaries like the barbers, tion and co-ordination among the various castes and do not serve them. They cannot draw water from the people. However the vil1age continues to be steeped public wells. Till recently they had much difficulty in in ignorance and poverty. Immediate and earnest obtaining even a bucketful of water for drinking pur measures are needed to wake it up from its deep poses. It was only after a separate well was COlllitruct slumber so that it regains its inherent vitality which ed for them. that they could find some relief. This in now stands clothed in an outer garb of inertia and short is the condition of the Madigas. People of other superstition. All it nelds is some stimulzmt5 from castes would do well to remember that the memberii of agencies like the N.E.S. TABLES TABLES 41 TABLE I Area, Houses and Population Area in Density Number of Number of Pcpvlation ,------"------, per sq. mile houses Households ,-____.______,A._ __._._~ ______~ Acres Hectares Persons Males FennIes 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2324'37 940·50 314 279 205 1133 564 569 TABLE II Population by Age Groups Total of all ages 0-4 5-9 10-14 1.5-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Age not stated ,-__-----A- ______, ,-Jo...---, ,--"----, ,-Jo...---, ,--"----, ,--"----. ,-Jo..., ,--"----, ,-.A.--, ,--"---, ,-Jo...--, ,-Jo...--, Persons Males Females M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F I'll F 1'.1 F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1133 564 569 95 77 93 95 67 66 43 38 57 59 33 SO 41 14 50 55 56 54 29 61 TABLE III Size and composition of Households Size of Households ,------"------. Total No. of Households Single Member 2-3 members 4-6 members 7-9 members 10 l'.1emceC's & aom-e ,-__--"- ___--,,- __ _J,_ ____-.. ,-___.A._ ____ ..:...... , r----_;.._-----~ r------_.\_-- ---, House- Males Fe- HH's!vI F HH's M F HH's M F HH's M F holds males 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ------20S 9 3 6 41 42 58 92 225 241 47 193 181 16 101 83 TABLE IV Households classified by Religions, Castes and Sub-Castes Population Number of ,------"------.., Religion Caste Sub Caste households Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 ------HINDU Kmuba' Hatti Kankana 76 418 201 21~.J Halumatha 4 24 13 11 Lingayat Aiyanor' 37 211 ]07 104 Hadapadavaru 11 75 39 36 Panchamasale 4 22 8 14 Paknak Reddy 5 43 25 18 Madivala 3 10 5 5 Setty Banajiga J 2 1 I Madiga Madiga 30 120 56 64 Bedar 12 64 33 31 Maratha 12 84 43 41 Brahmin Vaishnava 4 31 18 13 Viswakarma 4 20 10 10 MUSLIMS . Muslims J 8 5 3 Piniar 1 1 1 Total 205 1133 564 569 _.------6-9 Census/Mysore/73 42 DYAMPUR TABLE V Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes SCHEDULED CASTE SCfIEDULED TRIBE ,-._------"------~ r------....-----__...)..._------, :--iame of Scheduled Caste No. of HH's Persons Males Females No. of house- Persons Males Females holds 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Madiga 30 120 56 64 ·---Nil TABLE VI Age and Marital Status Divorced or Unspecified Age Group Total Population Never married Married Widowed separated status ,.._ __A.. __, ,..------"------, ,..____..A.._., r---__.A...--~ r--__A..--, r--__;"_---'" Persons Males Females M F M F M F M F M F ___ • ______~ ______._~~ ____r ______~~_~~ ______2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 ------~------MJ ages 1133 564 569 334 254 206 222 21 87 3 6 0- 4 172 95 77 95 77 s- 9 188 93 95 93 95 .. 10-14 133 67 66 67 54 12 15-19 81 43 38 38 8 5 30 . . .. 20-24 116 57 59 31 5 25 53 I 1 .. 25-29 83 33 50 4 27 44 1 3 1 3 30-34 55 41 14 J 39 11 J 2 1 35-39 63 27 36 1 3 26 26 .. 5 2 40-44 42 23 19 1 4 20 11 2 4 .. 45-49 47 27 20 .. J 23 15 3 4 1 50-54 34 17 17 2 1 12 8 2 S 1 55-59 29 12 17 1 .. 10 6 1 11 60+ 90 29 61 6 19 6 10 49 Age not stated .------TABLES 43 TABLE VII Education Age Group Total Illiterate Literate Primary Matric or Interme- Graduates Diploma Oriental Any other population without or Basic Ii igher diate Titles qualifica educat- Secondary P.U.c. tion tional std_ ,-__A._...... -, ,--'-_, ,-___.A.._, ,--,-_,,-___.A.. -, ,-___.A.._, r--.A.-, ,-_-A.._, ,--A.._, ,---A._, PM F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 All ages 1133 564 569 387 537 50 12 118 20 8 0- 4 172 95 77 95 77 5- 9 188 93 95 64 86 6 23 8 10-14 133 67 66 29 56 3 2 34 8 15-19 81 43 38 23 33 3 15 2 3 20-24 116 57 59 40 57 5 11 2 25-29 83 33 50 17 49 8 7 30-34 55 41 14 25 13 9 7 35-39 63 27 36 17 34 2 2 8 40-44 42 23 19 15 18 4 4 45-49 47 27 20 15 19 S 5 2 .. 50-54 34 17 17 13 17 2 2 55-59 29 12 17 9 17 2 60 90 29 61 25 61 3 TABLE VIII Workers and Non-Workers by Sex and Broad Age Groups Total Population Workers ,-____--"- _____., ,-____..A. _____,,- Non-workers Age Group -----1 Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Femaks -----.------~----- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------.---~ All ages 1133 564 569 593 312 281 540 252 288 0-14 493 255 238 55 28 27 438 227 21 t 15-34 335 174 161 303 158 145 32 16 16 35-59 215 106 109 195 104 91 20 2 18 60 & Over 90 29 61 40 22 18 50 7 43 44 DYAMPUR TABLE IX Workers classified by Sex, Broad agf;-groups and Occupations 0-14 35-59 60 & above 51. 1<0. Nan1C of OCCu~i~'.tion r~-~--~-~_;'~---~ r--- -'---~-~ r-----~·_.).._-----~ r----___.J\_--~-~ S'llak<) Fern~J._':; Ivla~cs Fcn1~:k:s ;.lales F"DUleS Males Females 1. Cu:tiva'_ion only 5 3 37 50 12 5 2. Ca~j'h(li~}n and /\gricultu.. :'al L~tJOUi' 15 12 2 3. CU~:.;Vd,jOi1 a;)d LiV%toCK 4. Culti-,ration and lrad~ 2 5. CuH-ivation an::! Transport 6. Ci.lltivatkm awi Ho!ci Kcepc~ 1 2 7. Culti\,~tion and Service 2 3 R. /_g~'i'::J:tura} LaDClJr only ]0 20 40 !3 s 50 1 9 9. i\gricuj~ural Labolll' and Cultivaiion 13 9 5 2 1 j O. ;\gricL\~tural Labom and HOl!5'Jholci ~ndustry 11. Agricultural Labour and Callie grazing 12. ~rc)uschold Industry only 3 I I.::. Houschu:d [adustry ,Wei Cdt;"ation 2 3 l,·t I-Iu~i'},..i;L,~d IL.''';_ ~.)u)· ~llJ .l\:;I·i\_,~dt:...)r~l Lahl..1Ul 2 15. Traj~ lJnly l. 2 16. Ca:l~\>grazing 2 17. Hotel K0eper 18. Service only () 5 \ 9. S'o~vic'J and Cultivation 3 5 2 TOIAL 28 27 158 145 104 91 22 18 ------__ .------ TABLE X Wi rk:' cin!fi' i bj' Se.y, Brx!d age groups. 'rdustr)', Busil;"·.~·<; Gild cultiva t iol1 belonging to tI:::: Households ------.-----.------WORKERS ENGAGED IN Total WOlkers ,----_.---- .. - __. ___ _J... ______....., H()us~hold Indt1stry Household Busines:, Household cultivation r-"" ------_ ------__ A_ ~-- --- '---.., r------..-A...~-"~-----l (~ ______..J._ __.. _~ , ____.A._.--- __, P'~rsGJ':' ivLlc3 F,:.:n~,lcs Males Fe!~1ales M,,]cs Females Males Females - --- ~---- -_------~------~~ .. ------.------. 593 12 2Rl 17 6 209 123 -,-7 5~ 2~ 6 3 15·34 203 1)8 !,;:-:: 2 101 72 35·59 195 [0\ 91 "1 4 84 40 I',) ::; 40 22 " 18 8 TABLE S 45 TABLE Xl Non-Workers by Sex, Broad age groups and Nature of Activity Age Groups r------·---~------____~ _____. __ __.A.. ______-.--.____ ~_~ _____ . ______~ Activity 0-14 15-34 35-59 60 & above ,-___. ..A- ____ ----... ,-___...A- ___ ~ r-----__.J,._-- -~ r----._;.._---~ Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 House work 17 15 6 Students 72 21 16 Dependents 155 171 6 43 Disabled 2 I Rent Receivers 2 2 TOTAL 227 211 16 16 2 16 7 45 TARLE XlI Households by number vf Rooms and by number of persons occupying Total No_ Total No- Total No, Households Household, Households Households Households Households Households of households of room<; of family with no with one with two with three with four with five with more member, reg'Jlar room room rooms rooms rooms rooms than five rooms ------~----.--. ------::.: ::.: ;Q b b til b b '0'" '8 '0"' -8 -0'" '§ '0'" "0'" "1:l "0'" '0 "0 "0 "0 's "0 's '0 '8 "0 ..<:: .;;! ..c .;;! ,.c; .;;! ..c .;;! .;;! ..c .;;! ] I,) '- ..c til "- '- 1i '- 0 " 0 0 0 ... 0 '"::I ;:3 "'";::: "'" "'";:::l '" 0 ::t "::t "'"0 0 0 "'" '" _g 6", Ocr; 6", 0 S 0 0", 0 .r:. J:: .r:. O TABLE XIll Hou~eholds engag2d in CultiFation, Industry, Business and other Occupations IConld_) Total Number of gainfully Occupations No, of Total Persons ,-____---A- employed______persons , House r------.A.--.. -~---~ holds Personsj Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .---~------~-~------.~--.------.------r-- Cultivation only 26 148 76 72 73 40 33 Cultivation and AgricuHura! Labour 51 295 143 152 160 80 80 Cultivation and Agricultural Labour and Livestock 6 53 27 26 28 J4 14 Cultivation and Agricultural Labour and Trade 10 6 4 3 2 Cultivation and Agricultural Labour and Hotel Keeping' I 3 2 2 Cultivation and Agricullural Labour :Ind Service 4 28 20 8 IR 12 6 Cultivation and Household Industry and Agricultural Lab 6 3 3 3 I 2 Cultivation and Livestock 12 81 44 37 37 18 19 Cultivation and Livestock and Agricultural Labourer 3 13 5 8· 6 3 3 46 DYAMPUR TABLE XIII (Concld.) 2 3 4 5 Ii 7 I Cultivation and Trade . 2 25 10 15 7 4 3 Cultivation and Trade and Agricultmal Labou. 3 I 2 2 I Cultivation and Hotel keeping and Agricultural Labour 8 2 6 2 I 1 Cultivation and Hotel keeping and Transport 5 3 2 4 2 2 Cultivation and Service 18 10 8 Ii Ii 2 Cultivation and Service and Agricultural Labour 3 22 13 9 12 7 5 Cultivation and Service and Livestock 2 15 9 6 6 5 I Agricultural Labour Only 28 92 44 51 62 28 34 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation 22 115 49 66 66 35 31 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation and Livestock 3 13 7 Ii 10 4 8 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation and Household '"7 Industry i 3 4 4 2 2 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation and Trade 7 4 3 3 2 1 Agricultural Labour alld Cultivation and Service 1 4 1 3 2 Agricultural Labour and Household Industry 3 18 II 7 11 6 5 Agricultural Labour and H. Industry and Cultivation 3 16 8 8 10 5 5 Agricultural Labour and Livestock 2 10 5 5 5 3 2 Agricultural Labour and Trade 4 2 2 2 Household Industry Only . . Household Industry and Cultivation 2 6 4 2 4 3 '1 H. Industry and Cultivation and Agricultural Labour I 4 I 3 2 Household Industry and Agricultural Labour 3 13 6 7 8 S 3 Trade Only 2 2 I I Livestock and Cultivation 2 2 Service only 2 12 7 5 5 3 2 Service and Cultivation 1 8 5 3 2 1 Service and Cultivation and Livestock J 8 4 4 2 2 Service and Agricultural Labour 4 20 9 11 10 6 4 Service and Agricultural Labour and Cultivation 14 7 7 8 4 4 Hotel Keeping and Cultivation 4 2 2 I Non gainfully employed household (R.R.) 3 17 8 9 TOTAL 205 1133 564 569 593 312 281 *Nou.-Source of income for non-gainfully employed househDlds is rent on lands owned and leased out for cultivation. TABLE XIV Type of Industry run by the Households Households having household Industry as Primary Households having household Industry as Subsidiary Occupations Occupation ,-______.A.. ______~ Total ,- -. Name of Number Number Persons Engaged in Total Persons in Number Persons Engaged in Total Persons in Industry of of Industry Households men- of Industry Households mention House House- tioned in col. No.3 House ed in col. No.8 holds Holds Holds • r-----...A----~ ,-_____.A... ___---, ,-_ __.,A_ ___-.. ,--___.>....----. Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Carpentry 3 2 3 5 4 I 1 3 3 Cobblcry 10 3 3 3 3 7 7 22 19 Carpentry 2 2 3 4 5 and Black- smithy, ------~---~-.------TOTAL 15 7 9 12 12 8 8 25 22 TABLES 47 TABLE XV Type of Busin~ss run by the Households Households having household Business Households having Household Business as Primary Occupations as Subsidiary Occupations Total ,-----~------, ,------"-'------, Name of Business Number Number Persons engaged Total persons in Number Persons engaged Total Persons in of of in Business Households of in Business Households House- House- mentioned in j House- mentioned in holds holds Col. No.3 holds Col. No.8 ,--__-A.. ___-,,-----'- ___, ,---...-A..--l r---.....-A.----"l Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ------Milk Selling . 2 Retail Trade in Cotton and Ground- nuts 2 2 2 14 12 Trade 1 1 2 7 Retail Trade in Cigarettes and Deedi 2 2 2 3 4 Retail Trade . 4 3 TOTAL 7 2 6 6 23 26 TABLE XVI Traditional Industries by number of Households in each 81. No. Name of Traditional Industry Number of households in each traditional industry 1 2 3 I. Cobblery 10 2. Carpentry 2 3. Carpentry and Blaeksmithy 2 TOTAL 14 TABLE XVIT . Diet Households taking Total No. ,.------"- ...... , Community of house- One meal a day Two meals a day Three meals a day More than three holds in meals a day each ,---A__ -, ,~--'_, , ___..A. ___, ,-----'----...... , community Adults Children Adults Children Adults Children Adults Children 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kuruba 80 80 78 Lingayat 61 61 59 Madiga 30 29 25 Bedar 12 12 11 Maratha 12 12 12 Brahmin 4 3 3 Viswakarma 4 4 4 Muslim 2 2 2 TOTAL ------,205 2 203 194 48 DYAMPUR TABLE XVIII Staple Diet and Food HaMts of Communities Total Households taking Community Number r------"------~__. Vegetarian Non of house- Jowar Ragi Rice and Rice Wheat Vegetarian holds Ragi ------~.------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kuruba 80 80 24 56 Lingayat 61 61 59 2 Madiga 30 30 2 28 Bedar 12 12 2 10 Maratha 12 12 8 4 Brahmin 4 4 4 Viswakarma 4 4 4 Muslims 2 2 2 TOTAL 205 205 103 102 TABLE XIX Distribution of Households by Occupations, Income and t1umber of persons INCOME GROUPS Total BY AGE GROUPS No. of Total No.of ,.------"------, No of r------,__.J.._.------~-'l equival- No. of Gainfully Total Rs.2S Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Members Males Fe- M+F M+F M+F M+F ent adult Gainfully employed Occupations No.ofand 26- 51- 76- 101 in Hhs. above males 10-13 6-9 1-5 less male per employed persons Hhs. less 50. 75. lOO and mentioned 14 abo·.. e Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. than house- persOns. per Hhs above in Col years 14 I year holdt No 2. years 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Cultivation of Owned Lands 1)0 7 18 16 48 556 160 160 50 74 93 19 4.80 278 3.09 Cultivation of lands taken on Lease. 2S 2 25 177 49 49 17 25 26 11 4.79 93 3.32 Agricultural Labour. 65 19 16 17 11 2 289 83 101 33 36 26 10 3.57 176 2.70 Household Tndustry 7 3 3 24 10 6 2 2 4 2.86 15 2.14 DIMrs· 15 3 2 3 6 87 24 26 5 12 14 6 4.34 31 2.06 TOTAL 205 26 26 43 29 81 1133 326 342 107 149 163 46 4.31 593 2.89 *NOTE: Others Include Trade 1 HH -rCalculated according to Lusk's Coefficient Live-stock. 1 HH Males above 14 years of age 1.00 unit Service 9 HHS Females above 14 years of age 0.83 " Hotel keeping 1 MH MaleS & females between 10-13 0.83 " Rent Receiver 3 HHS Males & females between 6-9 0.70 " Males & females between 1·5 0.50 " Children below one year 0.00 " TABLES 49 TABLE XX A vcroge mll11lal income per household by occupation Average Average annual income per household in the range of: Average annual r---~---.'-- .------~------.------~ Occupations Total annual income Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. No. of income per adult 300 and less 301·600 601·900 901·1200 1200 and above ,--__-A- __ --. r--__A..~ r---_.A.._- ,-_ __..A_ __-, Hhs. per m. equivalent ,--__..;.._---.---.~ 1 male No. Amount No. Amount No. Amount No. Amount No. Amount Rs. Rs. of of of of of Hhs. Hhs. Hhs.. Hhs. Hhs. ------.------~.---.. -.------.--- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 --_._._---_.__ --_------~~------Cultivation of owned lands 90 1973 411 175 7 509 18 788 16 1091 48 2962 Cultivation of lands taken on lease 28 2506 523 2 845 1050 25 2697 Agriculturallabouf 65 601) 170 19 221 16 476 17 776 11 f05! 2 [410 Household Ind1lstry 7 48(1 170 3 220 I 540 3 733 Others 15 1383 319 233 2 462 3 607 1200 6 2ti84 7-9 Censu,1 Mysore'73 50 n y " .' .,. I' R I Of)O~-OO~Ot"1t-M I", ~ ('"' lr; i"l 'n r~· 0) "'1(' ~-- ;:.0 'I"- r-. .... ("\ ~... 0 ("..1, Ki 00 N \f) ""~,?V"l~;r<:?0r:-r: ~_N""'10\CO~N~ ~-·("<"'J-Ol:''':!'~!,()~ I~ ~ \~,N I ~ I('1or. M"., 00 ~~~~~~ o 60 .0 • 00 t 8~t-f~ .0 \0 OON M --t ~~~~~~B~~~ «'"") C ~ C r--l I ~ If") _ lJ") N ", N 0 C) 1·-· \1 ~; ~M\t)("'.\._{<·\o,o~\O r;- ~0006.:.6~6...j. 6 ~I~ ::6~~~!;;~~~~oo!~ t..o r-.... ('I") .~ " TABLiS 51 C'\oor--:')C~IV·)·oo or:; II In ':1~":,,,?'7'~ 'V"l .? '7' ...... ~N"'-'O\O ~ ~ ~ OV)OO~-O\O\ONlr! l.f) ..... r-... ~ ('I'j l() N 'I C\-~f)tr.Nl(jll") ~~~~~~~~:!~j~ C'-C<'>N'¢NN :8~ ~~M~6~.~~~I~ ~~r-1-6~~ 00 10\ Vl ~ .... :::::~~:::::I::: I 10- r-M-"ItMO ;;:rt~~~~~;2;r:t N ~~~~=f~~ :~~ C\ 00 - c, 'V f;r, ":'6N66,;,66':'o, N ~CMOO""'O 0\0 ~ ..t-O;,00~ .... \0 I V, ~. I ! 1M : M i OMOr-,...-~~ It ~:6~~;:;:;~;:;~~!:; ~ CMI,(')I.O_O\ :~ I~ ~f28~~~a: ,~ 10\ ~6N06~660..1- ~ ~ONOO"" .ol~ ~6~166M i 1 "'\~ I ••• \ \0..... ~ iN I :1- I 00 t-r-oo ..... ° ~ (.. ··H··~ 00 V) OS 001'" ,.- I V"l t'--("t')~MNOO O\MO'\tr'l(".1tr) ,on I ":" ~~~f~R~ ''':'' I c::' ~o~66~ S6~66~ ::!6666M 'f"" '¢'. NI~ I- I : : I~-, :! M I I I 8C1',':7\'-:\O~l/") ;::;~~~~8~~~~ 8 Nt-OooNO :~~ 8 ~s;:t,~8~~~$~ i8 N~~~6~6~~r:.. ~":""'NOr:... 0<'> ;.{M.n;.. ...:..,'-C...t...t~~ I . 10 ..... 8...... 8.... ~?") ..-- \0 r- CG\O-,....l V "1'\0 t"1 ''¢{''It-OOtI')N\O""C:ttr'l ... , ~~;Z~~8~S;~~ :'O~ClOt'l_O\ 1 '0r- C? "tj" '.0 0 (""") (''-1 {'r, () 0\ ( .... to I "1'NO 10 "'0 ..... ° V"l ..... lJ"')aoMlO~O'-M 00 r---M f"-('f')\O ...... 00\00 ("f)~V';r-"'M\OO ..... "" o ·-0 ~ NONOO~O..:.Oo' ';'ONOONO 0V"l t- "'18~~~£~~~~I~ ..... e>1 M ~N"1'-CI()"""1'-~I&; I r- : . •" It \0.,., : it- I :I ~ I I 52 n Y A \1 PUR TABLF XXII H oust'holds and det'eiopment acrivities Secured ,-______.A ______-, Total Number Better Better Imple- Use of pesticides Land Improve- Improved method Chemical Tractor of Households Seed. ments (Iron- ments measures of cultivn.tion fertilisers used plouihed plough) like Reclama tion Soil Conservation 126 109 17 4 TABLE XXlll Indebtedness by income group Income group Total No. of No. of house Amount Percentage 9f Average indebt Remarks (Monthly) household;; holds indebted Col. 3 to Col. 2 edness for house hold in debt R,. Rs. Rs. 25 and below 26 II 1.355 42-30 m'18 Rs. 26 to 50 26 [8 4.820 69·23 267·77 Rs. 51 to 75 43 35 17,065 81·39 487· 57 Rs. 76 to 100 29 25 16,620 86·20 664·80 Rs. 100 and above 81 72 94.500 88·88 1,312'50 ------TCTAL . 205 161 1.34.360 78·54 83-4· 53 TABLE XXIIl-A Indebtedness hy Causes Percentage of debt Amount in debt No. of familie~ in due to cause to the Causes debt total amount of debt ------2 3 4 1. Domestic expenses 30,600 91 22·77 2. Ordinary wants 5,170 20 3'85 3. Clear outstanding debts 1,400 3 1·04 4. Marriage 17,670 21 13·15 5. Land Leases 12 6.330 , 4· 71 6. Education 700 .!. 0·52 7, Medical ijxpenses 3,900 4 2·90 8. Land uses and agricultural improvements 24,540 56 18·26 9. Well sinking and repairing 2.400 1 ·79 10. Purchase of hOllse . 3.200 6 2·38 I L House constructioll a!1U repairs to existing bui[din~ 3,700 3 2·76 12. Purchase of lands . 20,350 14 15·15 13. Trade and other [XlI'pose, 6,700 4 4·99 14. Pu rchase of Livestock 2,300 8 I· 71 15. Litigation purposes' 5,400 3 4·02 TOTAL 1,34,360 250 [00·00 ------_ ------_--_.------_._------TABLES 53 TABLB XXIII-A (i) //l(/?btedness by Causes add by Income-Group~ inwl11e Groups (monthly) ,. ¥ ______,_. ______,. ______~ _ _A.. ______._. ______~ Rs. 25 and le~s Rs. 26 to 50 SI. No. Causes r------"------, r------_- ____.A.. ___ .______-, Anl.Ount i:l No. of Percentage of Amount in No. of Percentage of Debt families in debt due to debt families in debt due debt ca use to the debt to cause to total amount total amount of debt of debt --_-_._--- 2 3 4 5 Ii 7 8 .-- ... --~----.-~ ------_._------_------.------_._------~---.---.-- 1. Domestic Expenses 955 9 70-48 1,925 10 39'94 2. 6rdinary wants 100 1 7'3[, 825 4 17'12 3. Clear outstanding debts . 300 1 22·14 1,100 :2 22'82 4. Marriag.~ 650 13'48 5. Land Leases 130 2'9 6. Education 7. Medical Expen:;e;; . . . . 8. Land uses and Agricultural fmprovc ments 190 3·94 9. Well Sinking and Repairing 10. Purchase of House 11. House Constructions and Repair to existing buildings 12. Purchase of Lands 13. Trade and other purposes 14. Purchase of Livestock 15. Litigation purposes ------~------.----.-~--.--.-.-- TOTAL 1,355 II 100·00 4,820 20 100'00 TABLE XXIII-A (i)-(Concld.) Income Groups --__ -_--.-----__,.___------.---~-~- -.------.------~ Rs, 51 to 75 Rs. 76 to 100 (monthly) Rs. 101 and above "'I. No. Causes r---.. ---~------., r------__,.___-----~------..A.. ______, Amount No. of Percentage Amount No. of Percentage Amount No. of Percentage in debt families of debt in debt families of debt in debt families of in debt due to in debt due to il'l debt debt due to cause to cause to cause to the total tbe total the total amount amount amount of debt of debt of debt 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1. Domestic Expenses 6,975 24 40·87 6,140 24 36·95 14,605 24 15'46 2. Ordinary wants 2,820 8 16·53 565 5 3'40 860 2 0'91 3. Clear outstanding debts .. 4. Marriage 2,620 5 15·35 3,700 6 22'26 10,700 9 11· ji 5. Lands Leases 3,000 6 17·58 3,200 5 3'38 6. Education . . .. 700 2 0'74 3·76 7. Medical Expenses 625 2 3,275 2 3'47 8. Land uses and Agricultural Improvements . 500 2 2'93 990 7 5·96 22,860 45 24'19 9. Well Sinking and Repairing .. 2,400 3 2'54 10. Purchase of House 200 1'20 3,000 5 3'17 11. House construction and Rerair I 12·03 to existing buildings . . .. 2,000 1,700 2 1'80 12. Purchase of lands . ~OO 2 Hi9 2,000 2 12'03 17,550 10 18'57 100 I 0'60 6,600 13. Trade and other purposes 3 6'98 2·05 2 1·81 14. Purchase of Livestock 350 300 1,650 5 1'75 15. Litigation purposes 5,400 3 5'72 .. --_._------_._._------_ ------TonI. 17,065 48 100·00 16,620 51 100·00 94.500 120 100·00 DYA}JPU~ TABLE XXIII-B Sources of Credit Cultivators having lands Non-cultivators Below 3 Acres 3 to 10 Ac~ 10 and above SOurcell ------Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount borrowed outstanding borrowed outstanding borrowed outstanding borrowed outstanding 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Private money lenders 14,790 13,960 24,590 24,080 78,350 76,300 3,230 2.330 Co-operative Societies 3,325 3,105 6,055 4,890 National Extension Scheme 390 390 1,800 1,800 Taccavi (Government) 225 225 575 575 1.180 1,180 Friends and relatives 125 125 1,250 1,200 4,200 4,200 TOTAL 15,140 14,310 30,130 29,350 91,585 88,370 3,230 2,330 TABLE XXIV Agricultural produce of cultivation run by thr> households and their Disposal For the year 1963-64 Name of crops . Total Area r--- _A...... No. of under Unit Total Quantity Qt:antity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Hhs the crop Produc- for for sold paid as paid as reserved balance tion domestic Rent Interest for seed left over consump- tion 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Iowar 149 619'63 Quintal 936'50 702'00 162'00 54·00 17'00 1'50 Cotton 100 1,121'05 Do. 735·00 543'50 '186'50 1·00 3'00 1'00 Groundnut 90 533·28 Do. 991·00 8·00 783·00 120·00 80'00 Wheat 46 146·38 Do. 141·00 28'()() 76'50 31·50 5·00 Navani 38 77'65 Do. 75·50 35·00 29·00 11'50 Arher 38 38·45 Do. 44·25 36·25 7·00 1·00 Green gram (Hesaru) 8 4·95 Do. 7·75 5·75 2·00 Bajra 11 21·73 Do. 21·00 10·00 7·00 2·00 Bengal gram 3 2·45 Do. 4·00 4·00 Niger seed' 1 2·00 Do. 1·00 1·00 Sesamum 3 3·43 Do. 3·00 1·00 2·00 Linsoed O' 38 Do. 1·00 1·00 Gurellu 0·10 Do. 0·25 0'25 3·00 2'00 Saffiower 4 4'68 Do. 7·00 2'00 .. I Other misc. crops 4 22'68 Do. 20'()() 4'()() lJ·()() 2·00 1'00 TABLlS ( ~ 8 .; I~O.0 I ;t 0"0 .... c:: I c ...... ~ ~~to8~o B ~ cO 00 N ~ ~ Iii on 0\ ~...1- 00 <'\ ·on ."", N _ ;., NN N l~.-. . M .8 .;., o u + ::tlUP:) U a o Z * •S .5 .S ...J ~ 56 DYAMPUR :8:3::0:2 10,....",\0 N II") 0- N o.... 1i Z°:I: ",0-, --.::t ·rfiO oor-- ·"'0' , i~ NN -MOO ""'0'> '01'1 00<1' 00", 10M \C-ON M\OV')OO i • "I::tr---lI')\O r<'l r-M !~ !:: §. <:: ~ ~8~~~ :8 QO '0' OO{'tr'iI.l)"=:t cO <1' ...... \ ::'" ~ . .;, :'S! o .... ,.c:; '"~ Z°;:t; ~ ' -2 ° lI"1v)V"I\Ol(') "Vl ! 0"'","'''' .", ....-I('r)['t-'"::t" .~ ;-.0 ) r""lf""lNt'--~ .~ \ 6_":~~M ('-1 cio':''''~';'' N i I <"', J .~ : '4.-:Ii 10 0'<:: N ::! IN .", LZ J: I oor-ooor----oo t"n-lrlON-OO ID OOr"":.NO'-r"j~ 0 ;-"1.1')('1 00 ~S::NO'>=""'<'t 12 1- .... TABLES 57 TABLE XXV-C Table showing the land owned outside tlr! village Name of the villages and number of households and its Acreage , ------"------Cj Harishankar Kuknoor Chanapan Halli Rajur Goveral Yerihanchinal Community Bandi ,_-___,.__--..,.._------'-----~-,_---..A---, ,_---A_ ___ , ,_--A-__, r--~--' Hhs Acreage Hhs Acreage Hhs Acreage Hhs Acreage Hhs Acreage Hhs Acreage Kuruba 2 3-20 11 92·36 5·00 2 8'00 3 16'00 2 50·00 Lingayat 8 63·45 Madiga 3 6-63 Bedar Maratha 5 24·95 Brahmin TOTAL 2 3·20 24 180'76 4 11·63 2 8'00 3 16·00 2 50'00 TABLE XXV-C (Contd). Name of the village-and number of Households and its Acreage r- A , Itagi Halagiri Kopa Mangloor Hirekop Rani- Hule gud Salabhan bennur Tq. Yelburg Tq. Kudagunti, __ ..A-__ , ,----A.----v---"---, ,---A__ , ,__A.__ , ,---"---, Hhs Acreage Hhs Acreage Hhs Acreage Hhs Acreage Hhs Acreage Hhs Acreage ------Kuruba 3·00 6·00 Lingayat 11·05 9·00 Madiga Bedar 12.00 Maratha Brahmin 22'59 TOTAL 3·00 6-00 11'05 9'00 12'00 22'50 TABLE XXVI General Number of Households r------, Reading daily news Member or Members Member or members Member or members Total No. of households paper of which work for of which take active of which have joined Social uplift part in politics Co-operative Societies 2 3 4 5 205 37 8-9 Census/Mysore/73 58 DYAMPUlt TABLE 1 Caste/Tribe Or Cont'nullify alld Nature of Family Total Noo Types of families living in the households Caste/Tribe or Community of house r------..A_--·------·, Remarks holds Simple fntermediate Joint Others ----...... ----.-~---~---.-.,.._...--~------~....,__.-----.----- 2 3 4 5 6 7 ----~------~--______• ____o ___~ ______.~ ______•• ~ __ " __ __ Kuruba 80 39 11 14 16 Lingayat 61 19 11 15 16 Madiga 30 13 4 5 8 Bedar 12 5 4 2 Maratha 12 4 4 3 Brahmin 4 2 2 Viswakarma 4 2 Muslim 2 ______~_~ ___- ______o __ TOTAL 205 83 33 42 47 TABLE 2 Association of Deity/Special Object of Worship Names of Castes Name of Deity/Special object r------~------~ ____...... -..J-.. _____ .______'"'-). of worship Kumba Lingayat Mauiga Bedar Maratha Brahmin Viswakarma Muslim 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mallayya Beerappa Yellamma Beranna deva Kallinatheswara Basavanna Sangameswara 0 Veerabhadra deva Durgavva Durgappa Venkappa Martuhi deva Venkataramana Huligamma Tuljabhavani Kalkappa Maha111ayi Ramakrishna Dyamavva Dewal Malk ------·...______• _____• ____r ______TOTAL 80 61 30 12 12 4 4 2 TABtES 59 TABLE 3 Awareness 0/ Untouchability OjJ'ences Au. No. of persons aware Caste No. of perSOl,S of prohibition of interviewed untouchability under Remarks Law 2 3 4 Kuruba 80 45 Lingayat 61 42 Madiga 30 10 Redar 12 6 Maratha 12 7 Bralunin 4 4 Viswakarma 4 2 Muslim 2 TOTAL 205 117 TABLE 4 COl1tra1'ention of Marriage Rules No. of marriages Frequencies of each type of contravention Caste!Tribe in contravention r---"'~------______A..---~·------~------·----, Remark! of Caste/Tribal Laws Type [ Type H Type III Type IV Type V Type VI 2 3 4 5 6 ------_-_-7 8 9 Nil TABLE 4-A Permissibility of illtercc/stt' marriage Remarks incJudillg runn Caste/Tribe No. of No. of persons who consider it is permissible to form ing note on background per,ons marital ties with of the persons giving inter- Caste Tribe Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe Caste/Tribe affirmative reply \ i('\\'t'd I Namc l{ Name III N,_lIHC !V Ni!mc (educated young man PanchayatMem ber) ------_ ------2 3 5 6 7 The heads of aHthe 205 househuld, were Intercaste marriage is not permitted among any of the Castes in this village interviewed. (00 DYAMPUR TABLE 5 AwarCfleS3 of cllallges in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption No. aware that there No. aware that there C.!J"ste,:-:"'~'ibe/Con1n1UtliLY NIJ. of t)~rsons ha ve bCCi1 changes hay.:; been changes Remarks interviewed in Hindu SUGc(,ssion Act in Hindu Adoption Act -~------~ .------~- .------~-.. -.------.----.. ~----.--~--~------.------.. -~---~--.-- KUfClba gO Lingayat 60 2 2 rliadiga 30 &Uul' 12 Maratha 12 3 3 Brahmin 4 4 4 Viswakarma 4 2 Muslims ------_------_-_------Total 205 9 9 .-.----~----.------~~-- TABLE 5-A Inheritence of properly as in pract ice No. of Number indicating that relations of the following categories are entitled to inherit fJerS,:hlS propertYtin their resp'.;ctivc caste/tribe in.tel'- ,-______~ ______.A. -, viewed Son Daughter Wife Mothe) Brother Sister's son Brother's Other:; son ------"" --- 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 K;,Jrl.lua 80 80 Lingayat 61 61 Madiga 30 30 Bed"r 12 12 Maratha 12 12 Brahmin 4 4 Viswakal'ma 4 4 !v:u~'liJ.;1 2 TOl AL . 205 203 TABLES 61 TABLE 5-B Share a/property for d!fferent categories of relatives- Sons Number indicating that sons inherit property in the following , ______---A-manner ______-, All sons Daughters Only Larger Larger If there Caste/Tri be/communi ty N~. of get equal get equal youngest share s'lare are Any Remark~ persons share. share. son is given is given to children other inter- inherits. to eldest youngest by more manner viewed son, son other than one other sons wife, sons inherit property inherit equally first equally divided per stripe among "sons of different wives, and then per capita among sons of the same wife. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kuruba 80 80 Lingayat 61 61 Madiga 30 30 Hedar 12 12 Maratha 12 ]2 Brahmin 4 4 Viswakarma 4 4 Muslim 2 TOTAL 205 203 TABLE 6 Reciprocal Aid ill Agricultural practices No. of households No. of households No. of households Caste/Tribe/Community practising agri that take help of that assist neigh Remarks culture neighbours at the bours and receive time of sowing or help at the time harvesting of cultivation in the shape of manual labour 2 3 4 5 KUlUba 71 57 Lingayat 50 36 Madiga 14 Bedar 8 3 \. Maratha 11 9 Brahmin Viswakarma 2 ------_._------TOTAL 157 107 ------b2 !JYAMPUR TABLE 7 Livestock Statist ics Cows in Cows Dry Bulls Working Other adult Young stock Young He Milk bullocks males males stock buffaloes females (Adult) Castes , ___ .A-__ -v-___~'_ _ _v__------'--_y_-.--A.-_y_----'- ,,___ .A._._y_----A...... --.,,---.--'--, No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. 01 N". of No. of No. Hhs. Hils. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. HIls Hhs. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 JO II 12 13 14 15 16 17 Kuruba 9 9 4 4 8 II 42 83 3 3 3 5 5 Lingayat 7 7 3 3 6 7 20 40 2 2 7 7 5 5 Madiga 2 2 3 6 Bedar 2 2 2 2 2 4 Maratha 2 2 2 5 7 15 2 2 Brahmin 2 Viswakanna Muslim TOTAL 20 20 9 9 18 25 75 150 6 6 12 12 13 13 2 2 TABLE 7 (Conclel.) She buffa- She buffa- Young Horses/ Sheep Goats Cocks Hens Chicken loes loes dry stock ponies! in milk buffaloes mules Castes (-__.)._-.--1r---"'---1r-_____...A.....-~___.A...---y--.-A..---....r--...... -A..--~r-----...A....---..r---"--__ ~r-·__..A.. __l No. Total No. Tot~tl No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. Hhs. Hils. Khs. Hhs. Hhs. Khs. Hhs. Hh~. l Hils. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Kuruba 39 49 12 14 35 45 9 53 20 47 I1 24 11 33 11 63 Lingayat 28 34 6 6 22 27 2 4 5 7 Madiga 2 5 7 II 10 15 10 27 9 60 Bedar 3 3 3 4 2 5 4 14 4 5 4 12 4 26 Maratha 9 II 9 <) 2 2 2 3 3 8 10 Brahmin Viswakarma Muslim 2 4 12 TOlAJ... .. 80 98 20 22 70 87 18 ill) 39 83 27 41} 27 84 26 171 ------.------~------.. --~.--..------.----.------~.- TABLES TABLE 8 Village Industries and products Name of Industry Name Of products Total No. of Number of households engaged in household households industry by caste r------A------. Lingayat Viswakmma Madiga 2 3 4 5 6 Carpentry Furniture and Agricultural (wooden) 2 implements. Cobblery Manufacturing and repairing shoes 10 10 and chappa\s and leather articles. Carpentry and Black Preparing and repairing of all sorts of 2 2 smithy. wooden 31l.d iron agricultural implements. TOTAL 15 4 10 TABLE 9 Land Reclamation {fnd development Land Reclamation Soil Conservation Caste r-----A..---, ,------"'- ---, Remarks No. of Hhs. Acreage No. of H'hs. Acreage ffindu-Brahmin 7·00 Maratha 2 1[,00 Lingayat 8 37·00 Kuruba 17 79·05 3 38·00 TOTAL 26 123·05 5 49·00 TABLE 10 Co-operative society Remarks Number of ______households the heads of.-A .•• which ______belong to , Name of Co-operative Society r- Kuruba Lingayat Madiga Bedar Mnratha Brahmin Viswa- Muslim karma 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Large sized Co·operative Society, 16 17 2 Kuknoor (L.S.C.S.) 64 DYAMPUR TABLE 11 Habit of taking Sligar as Correlated to income No. of households taking sugar with monthly No. of households not taking sugar with monthly income of income of , Caste/tribe/community r-~--~----.. ';"_--~-~-' ,------~ Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.150 101·150 76·100 51-75 26·50 25 or Rs.150 101-150 76·100 51·75 26·50 25 or less less 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Kuruba 18 8 2 7 8 8 8 10 5 4 Lingayat 8 2 6 5 7 5 6 II 6 4 Madiga 2 6 8 13 Bedar 2 2 3 1 Maratha 6 2 Brahmin 3 Viswakarnla 2 Muslims 19 31 22 24 TOTAL 36 12 10 12 4 2 18 15 TABLE 11-A Habit of taking tea as Correlated to income No. of hrs. taking tea with monthly income of No. of households not taking tea with monthly income of ,_.______..A... ______-, ,- .....---A.------.. Caste/tribe/community Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Above 51·75 26·50 25 or Rs.150 101·150 76·100 51·75 26·50 25 or Rs. 150 101.150 76·100 less less 11 12 13 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ~ ----- Kuruba 25 16 10 16 5 4 Lingayat 15 7 11 15 6 3 3 Madiga I 2 6 8 10 Bedar 3 2 3 Maratha 7 2 Brahmin 3 Viswakanna Muslim 3 3 3 7 TOTAL 53 27 26 40 23 19 TABLES 65 TABLE 12 Material Culture-Possessioll offurniture No. of households possessing Caste/Tribe;Community r-----.------"------.----.-. Wooden Cot Chair Bench Rope cot 2 3 4 5 Kuruba 6 1 2 54 Lingayat 3 5 2 50 Madiga 3 Bedar 1 5 Maratha 3 1 2 7 Brahmin 2 2 .. 3 Viswakarnu 1 2 Ivluslim 2 TOTAL 15 10 7 126 TABLE 12 A };[at2rial Culture- Possession of Consumer goods No. of households possessing Caste/Tribe/Community r---~~------~----.----"'-.------.------~----~------.---~ Petromax or Battery I Kerosene Bicycle Watch Hazak Torch light stove -- -~-~--.---.--_'___-- -- .--~. _.,.--_. 2 3 4 5 6 Kuruba 1 28 1 1 Lingayat 2 27 2 6 Madiga 1 Bedar 3 Maratha 5 Brahmin 2 2 2 Viswakarma 2 Muslim TOTAL 5 68 3 4 9 TABLE 12 B Material Culture-Habits Number of households that use mosquito curtains Number of households that do not use mosquito Castes having monthly income of curtains having monthly income of r------__j,.._---.--.------, r------_.,...A._------~-~ 150 and 150 and above 101-150 51-100 50 and less above 101-150 51-100 50 and less 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kuruba 2 I 24 16 26 11 Lingayat 3 I 12 6 27 11 Madiga 1 8 21 Bedar 1 2 4 5 Maratha 1 .. 6 2 I 2 Brahmin 1 1 2 .. Viswakarma 3 Mu,lim 1 T(TAL 8 2 2 46 25 70 52 9-9 Cemmfl\1vsore,73 66 DYAMPUR TABLE 12 B (contd.) Number of households that use toilet soap/washing Number of householJs th;:tt do not use toilet soap} soap having a monthly income of: washing soap having a lllonthly income of: Castes ~------__..A------~r---~-- -_J_------l 150 and 101-150 51-100 50 and less 150 and 101-150 51-100 50 and less above above 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Kuruba 1 1 26 15 26 11 Lingayat 1 3 14 G 25 11 Madiga 1 8 21 Bedar 3 4 Maratha 7 2 Brahmin 2 1 1 Viswakarma 3 Muslim 1 TOTAL 3 2 4 51 25 68 ------ TABLE 12 B (concld.) Number of households that send clothes to washer- ~umbcr of households that do ncit send clothes to man having a monthly income of : washerman having a monthly income of: Ca5tes r------.- --_._- -_. - ___.. ___ ....A...._~ ______~ ______A______\ 150 and above 101-150 50-100 50 and less 150 and above 101-150 50-100 50 and less ------18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Kuruba 5 1 2 21 15 25 11 Lingayat 2 1 15 5 27 10 Madiga 1 8 21 Bedar 2 4 5 Maratha 7 1 2 Brahmin 2 1 Viswakarma 3 1 Muslim 1 1 TOTAL 8 4 3 46 23 69 51 TABLE 13 House type-·Roof No. of No. of Hhs. with No. of Hhs. with No. of Hhs. with No. of Hhs. with Caste/Tribe/Community Hhs. Mud Roof Thatched Roof Zinc Sheet Stone Slab Roof 2 3 5 6 Kuruba SO 79 Lingayat 61 59 Madiga 30 16 1-4 Bedar 12 12 Maratha 12 12 Brahmin 4 4- Viswakarma 4 3 Muslim 2 2 TOT."L 205 187 14 3 TABLES 67 TABLE 13 A H OilS£' Type- Wall Number of Households with r--~------....A....----·-~- No. of Hhs. Mud wall Wattled wall Stone wall CasteiTribe, Community 2 3 4 5 Kuruba 80 74 6 Lingayat 61 56 5 :'v1adiga 30 26 4 Bedar 12 12 Maratha 12 12 Brahmin 4 3 Viswakanna 4 4 Muslim 2 2 TOTAL 205 187 4 14 ------ MG IPCBE-S-1--9 Censlis Mysorcj73-25-9-74-756.