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CITATION O’Connell, S. 2014. Women of the academy and the sea: 2000–2014. Oceanography 27(4) supplement:15–22, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.108.

DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.108

COPYRIGHT This article has been published in Women in Oceanography, a supplement to Oceanography, Volume 27, Number 4. Oceanography is the quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2014 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved.

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DOWNLOADED FROM HTTP://WWW.TOS.ORG/OCEANOGRAPHY Women of the Academy and the Sea: 2000–2014

By Suzanne O’Connell

There is good news and bad news for twenty-first century established in 1831 by the Geological Society of London women oceanographers. Tremendous progress has been made (GSL). Susan Kieffer became the first woman to be awarded in breaking the glass ceiling, both in positions and in presti- the Geological Society of America’s (GSA) Penrose Medal. gious awards and medals (Table 1). There were many firsts, Three women, Marcia McNutt (2007), Miriam Kastner (2008), including the first woman to head the National Oceanic and and Ellen Thomas (2012), have now received the Maurice Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; Jane Lubchenco) and Ewing Medal, established in 1974 and given annually by the the first woman to head the United States Geological Survey American Geophysical Union (AGU) to one honoree in rec- (USGS; Marcia McNutt). Commendably, other women are ognition of “significant original contributions to the ocean succeeding the first women in these very high level posi- sciences.” Inez Fung received AGU’s Revelle Medal in 2004, tions. Kathy Sullivan, the first woman to walk in space, suc- and remains the only woman to have received it. Ahead of the ceeds Lubchenco. McNutt’s successor at the USGS not been confirmed; however, Suzette Kimball, has been nominated to succeed her and is serving as Acting Director. Table 1. Medal citations for four oceanography-related scientific soci- At the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), eties whose first female recipients were named in the twenty-first century. GSL = Geological Society of London. AGU = American oceanographer Dawn Wright (Deep-Sea Dawn), a devel- Geophysical Union (AGU). AMS = American Meteorological Society. oper of Arc Marine, is the first woman to become chief sci- GSA = Geological Society of America. entist. Women now head three—half—of the six oceano- Medal Estab. Society: Information graphic institutions featured in our 2005 paper (O’Connell Name and Holmes, 2005): Margret Leinen is Director of the Scripps GSL: “This medal is normally given to geologists who have had a significant Institution of Oceanography, Virginia Armbrust is Director Wollaston 1831 influence by means of a substantial body of of the University of Washington College of Oceanography, excellent research in either or both ‘pure’ and and Susan Avery is President and Director of the Woods Hole applied aspects of the science.” GSA: “To encourage original work in purely Oceanographic Institution. Penrose 1927 scientific geology.” It is often difficult to decide which disciplines encompass “oceanography.” Are marine biologists (e.g., Sylvia Earle?) or AMD: “To researchers who make outstanding contributions to the scientific knowledge of Sverdrup 1964 atmospheric chemists, who look at ocean/air interactions, interactions between the oceans and the oceanographers? Is a structural geologist who studies ocean atmosphere.” crust on land (ophiolites) an oceanographer? In this paper, I AGU: In recognition of “significant original Ewing 1974 attempt to be inclusive, but no doubt am biased by my knowl- contributions to the ocean sciences.” edge of more oceanographers with an Earth science focus. AGU: In recognition of “outstanding contributions in atmospheric sciences, Since 2000, women oceanographers have begun to Revelle 1991 atmosphere-ocean coupling, atmosphere-land receive prestigious geoscience medals. In 2014, Maureen coupling, biogeochemical cycles, climate or related aspects of the Earth system.” Raymo became first woman to receive the Wollaston Medal,

15 twenty-first century, Kristina Katsaros received the American In terms of scientific recognition and prestige, the National Meteorological Society’s (AMS) Sverdrup Medal in 1997. Medal of Science (NMS) is more exclusive. Established in Female scientists have also received an increasing num- 1959, its purpose is to acknowledge individuals “deserving of ber of national honors in the United States, such as being special recognition by reason of their outstanding contribu- inducted into the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and tions to knowledge in the physical, biological, mathematical, being awarded the National Medal of Science (Figure 1). The or engineering sciences.” Social and behavioral sciences were NAS was established in 1863 during the Lincoln administra- added in 1980. The first NMS was awarded in 1962 and the tion to provide scientific and technical advice to the govern- most recent in 2012. Awardees total 497. Again, there is no ment. Membership is by election in “recognition of distin- category for oceanography or marine science. Some women guished and continuing achievements in original research.” oceanographers, for example, Sallie (Penny) Chisholm, an There are approximately 2,200 members and 400 foreign asso- MIT professor who studies the ecology and evolution of ciates. All 21 NAS presidents have been male. Fortunately, microbes in the ocean and their influence on biogeochem- there are many female members. Disciplines are designated ical cycles, have been honored with this medal. As with by “Section.” Of the 31 sections, none is directly related to NAS membership, the percentages of female recipients in all oceanography, marine science, or atmospheric science. Three fields have grown since the latter half of the twentieth cen- sectional disciplines house most of the oceanography-related tury and range from 0% in the 1960s to 24% in the first three NAS members: Environmental Science and Ecology (e.g., Jane years of the 2010s. Lubchenco), Geophysics (e.g., Inez Fung), and Geology Women oceanographers have been recognized beyond the (e.g., Tanya Atwater, Terry Plank). I surveyed gender balance scientific community. Two women ocean scientists have been of the elected members of these sections and recorded the named MacArthur Fellows in the twenty-first century. Kelly total percentages of female members by the decade in which Benoit-Bird, a marine biologist at Oregon State University, they were elected. These numbers include men and women received the award in 2010. She uses acoustic engineering who are not oceanographers and range from 0% females in to study the behavior of marine creatures and food chains. the 1960s to 28% females in the early 2010s (2010–2014). In 2012, Terry Plank, a geochemist at Columbia University who studies the chemical and thermal forces that drive plate motion, was also named a MacArthur Fellow. Several other 30% National Academy of Sciences female oceanographers have been awardees, including Jane National Medal of Sciences Lubchenco in 1993. 25% Another indication of women’s progress in oceanography is the selection of plenary speakers at international congresses 20% and meetings. At the 2014 meeting of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS), all four plenary speak- 15% ers were women. Two would be considered oceanographers: Carlotta Escutia from Spain has sailed on several scien-

% Female Initiates 10% tific ocean drilling expeditions and was co-chief scientist on Expedition 318 to Antarctica. Anny Cazenave, from France 5% (NAS Foreign Associate 2008), uses satellite altimetry to study sea level change and is a member of the Intergovernmental

0% Panel on Climate Change. The two other plenary speak- 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 ers were Isabel Montanez from UC Davis, who focuses on Decade paleoclimate including paleo-oceans, and Marjorie Chan, Figure 1. Plots of the percentages of women members inducted into the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Sections of Geology, University of Utah, who studies the sedimentology of marine Geophysics, and Environmental Sciences and Ecology, and of all and terrestrial environments through time on Earth and recipients of the National Medal of Sciences (NMS). NAS member data for 2010 includes 2010–2014, while corresponding NMS data Mars. Chan was also the Geological Society of America’s includes 2010–2012 and begins in 1962. Distinguished International Speaker in 2014, the first female

16 in that position. Despite the progress, there is still work to do Missing from female (and male) PhD recipients are under- (see Kappel and Thompson, 2014, in this supplement). represented minorities (URMs), defined by the National Within societies, the title of “fellow” recognizes both sci- Science Foundation (NSF) as US citizens and permanent res- entific achievement and service to the society. Women have idents from African-American, Hispanic, Native American, lagged behind their representation in societies’ memberships Alaskan Native, and Pacific Island ethnicities (Figure 4). For as recipients of this recognition and as recipients of medals the past decade, URM women have earned about 12% of the (Holmes et al., 2012; O’Connell, 2013). Professional societies EAOS PhDs awarded to female US citizens and permanent that ocean scientists are likely to join include the American residents, far below their percentage in the US population. Geophysical Union (AGU), the American Meteorological It is here that more direct attention needs to be focused, as Society (AMS), and the Geological Society of America the population of these demographic groups is growing at a (GSA). In 2014, women became fellows in these organiza- higher rate than that of the white population. Federal atten- tions at the rate of 18%, 18%, and 12% respectively, far below tion to increasing diversity in science, technology, engineer- their percentages as society members and PhD recipients ing, and mathematics (STEM) fields and, in particular, NSF’s 20 years ago (Figure 2). Opportunities for Enhancing Diversity in the Geosciences program that began in 2001 (Huntoon and Lane, 2007; DEGREE DATA Prendeville and Elthon, 2001), needs to be continued. Women continue to receive increasing numbers of PhDs in Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences (EAOS). Between 2002 and 2012, female PhD recipients in EAOS disciplines Atmospheric Earth Ocean increased from 177 in 2002 (32%) to 319 in 2012 (43%), 250 primarily because of the increase in Earth science PhDs A (Figure 3A; NSF, 2013). Overall, the percentage of female 200 PhD recipients also continues to rise, with females receiving the highest percentages of PhDs in ocean sciences (40% 150 in 2002 and 48% in 2012, with a peak of 54% in 2009) and the lowest in atmospheric sciences (31% in 2002 and 39% in 100 2012, with a nadir of 20% in 2008) (Figure 3B; NSF, 2013). 50

50% Number of Female PhDs in Geoscience 0

60% 40% B 50%

30% 40%

30% 20% 20%

% Female PhDs in Geoscience 10% 10% % Female PhDs in Geoscience

0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Decade (1960s and 2010s incomplete) Figure 3. (A) Numbers of females by subdiscipline earning EAOS Figure 2. Percentages of females receiving PhDs in Earth, atmo- PhDs. (NSF 2013, Table 7-2). (B) Percentages of females earning spheric, and ocean Sciences (EAOS) by decade (NSF, 2004, 2013). PhDs in EAOS subdisciplines (NSF, 2013, Table 7-2).

17 200 White URM faculty member has been awarded tenure. Faculty in depart- 180 ments that were only present at one institution (e.g., ocean 160 engineering or atmospheric sciences) were not included. 140 These six institutions employ approximately 500 faculty. The 120 percentages of women in each subdiscipline by rank show 100 that, with the exception of physical oceanography, women are continuing to make progress in securing tenure-track 80 jobs and tenure (Figure 5). Over 30% of the assistant pro- 60 fessors in the four disciplines at these six oceanographic 40 institutions are women. 20 Number of Female PhDs in Geoscience Thompson et al. (2011) addressed the decline in tenure- 0 track positions in physical oceanography by examining the

2011 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 numbers of male and female PhD recipients at 17 institu- PhD Year tions offering a physical oceanography degree. They found Figure 4. Numbers of white and under-represented minority (URM) that as a percentage, women were actually losing ground in females (US citizens and permanent residents) receiving PhDs in EAOS (NSF, 2013, Table 7-7). obtaining tenure-track positions. For PhDs awarded between 1980 and 1995, 28% of the men and 15% of the women held tenure-track positions. For PhDs awarded between 1996 and ACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT 2009, 27% of men held tenure-track positions, while only Women are still not faring as well as their degree numbers 8% of women PhDs held tenure-track positions. The rea- might suggest in securing tenured and tenure-track aca- sons for this decline are only speculative, but it is hoped that demic positions. This problem is compounded by the lack programs such as Mentoring Physical Oceanographers to of positions. There are several ways to dissect the data. Here, Increase Retention (MPOWIR; see Lozier, 2006; Clem et al., I’ve looked at the employment at six oceanographic institu- 2014, in this supplement) will help more women to navigate tions, the same six O’Connell and Holmes (2005) consid- the intricacies of the academy. ered (Table 2). These six institutions employ about half of the The percentage data do not show how few tenure-track academic-based oceanographic faculty in the United States. A more complete assessment, including data from more schools, 45% Full Associate Assistant can be found in Orcutt and Cetinić (2014, in this supplement). 40% All tenured and tenure-track faculty were counted at the 35% six institutions (adjuncts, lecturers, and researchers were not 30% included). Associate professors/scientists without tenure were 25% included with assistant professors, so associate means the 20%

15% % Female Facult y Table 2. Six oceanographic institutions for which faculty 10% were counted. 5% Oregon State University College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences 0% Biological Chemical Geological Physical Total Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Oceanography Subdiscipline University of California, San Diego Figure 5. Percentages of faculty at six oceanographic institutions Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, (Table 2), by rank and subdiscipline. Not all oceanographic sub- University of Miami disciplines could be identified at each institution. For example, at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, the Climate, Atmospheric and University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography Physical Oceanography (CASPO) department was included under University of Washington School of Oceanography physical oceanography, and there was no distinct chemical ocean- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ography department. Data were collected from institutional web- sites in fall 2014.

18 positions there are. The total number and percentages of full-time tenured and tenure-track faculty declined from of women faculty at the six oceanographic institutions roughly one-third of post-high school instructional staff to has increased, but there are few positions for any gender slightly more than one-quarter. Women were more likely to (Table 3). In fact, there are fewer than 100 assistant professors have part-time and adjunct positions (AFT, 2009), which at all 26 institutions tabulated by Orcutt and Cetinić (2014, does not bode well for the large numbers of women cur- in this supplement). rently earning PhDs. Elsewhere in the EAOS academy, the representation of The reasons women are less likely to enter and stay in the female faculty is not doing as well. Glass (2015) compiled academy are multidimensional. Some impediments, espe- information on faculty at the top 106 geoscience research cially thanks to the ADVANCE program (see Holmes, 2014, departments, as reported by US News and World Report, that in this supplement), are being overcome. Many institutions had five to 50 faculty during the 2010–2011 academic year now stop the tenure clock for family needs (e.g., childbirth, (Figure 6). Compared to oceanographic institution data pre- adoption, care for a sick family member), and departments sented by Orcutt and Cetinić (2014, in this supplement), educate faculty search committees about ways to counter- which show that 20% of women are at the full professor level, act implicit bias (Banaji and Greenwald, 2013) and deal with 30% at associate professor level, and 40% at the assistant pro- stereotype issues (Steele, 1997). Despite this, because of the fessor level, Glass’ percentages show an even lower concen- subtle changes that are needed to deal with the accumulated tration of female faculty at the rank of full (13%), associate disadvantage of being part of an under-represented group, it (24%), and assistant (36%) professor. This result is surpris- may take more time for both women and minorities to reach ing because Glass’ data (Figure 6) include both research and parity in the oceanographic community. However, the abun- tenure-track faculty, so it might be expected that her percent- dance of women and minorities with EAOS PhDs means that ages of women would be higher because female faculty are less it is possible to change the demographics of the academy to likely than males to be in tenure-track positions. look more like those of the United States. This is an opportu- Among the 106 institutions reviewed by Glass (2015), the nity that should be vigorously pursued. percentages of female faculty ranged from 0% to 40%. The institutions with the highest percentages of female faculty, in SCIENTIFIC OCEAN DRILLING order, are: the University at Buffalo, Louisiana State University Scientific ocean drilling is a thread that connects many women at Baton Rouge, University of New Hampshire, University of in oceanography, especially chemical oceanography and Massachusetts, and University of Nevada-Las Vegas. Of these marine geology and geophysics. Of the women named in the five institutions, only the University of New Hampshire offers introduction as major awardees or directors of institutions, a graduate degree with an oceanography specialization. five have participated in a scientific ocean drilling expedition: Oceanographic and research universities are not the only educational institutions with limited openings for tenure- 1200 1095 track faculty. According to the American Federation of Male Female Teachers (AFT, 2009), between 1997 and 2007, the number 1000

800 Table 3. Number of tenure-track women faculty by rank in four subdisciplines at the six oceanographic institutions listed in Table 2. 600 Even though the percentage of female faculty is rising (Figure 5), the absolute numbers at the assistant and associate level have only 400 372 increased slightly. Number of Facult y 273 Rank 2004 2014 170 200 115 152 Full 24 52 0 Associate with tenure 26 30 Full Associate Assistant Assistant 20 26 Figure 6. Numbers of women in faculty positions (research and tenure track) at the top 106 US Earth science departments in 2010–2011 Totals 70 108 (from Glass, 2015).

19 Table 4. Co-Chief scientists by gender and platform for Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 301–346 (2004–2013), excluding 328, which was a short “School of Rock” program for educators. CC = co-chief scientist. MCC = male co-chief scientist. FCC = female co-chief scientist. Drilling components that make up the IODP platforms: Chikyu = Japanese riser drilling vessel. JR = US-operated drillship JOIDES Resolution. MSP = Mission Specific Platforms operated by a European science consortium. Some of the Chikyu expeditions (e.g., Nantroseize Project) had more than two co-chief scientists.

% Non- # of Total Total Total USA Japan Other Total Platform Japanese Expeditions CC MCC FCC % FCC MCC FCC MCC FCC MCC FCC FCC

Chikyu 13 30 28 2 10 1 12 0 6 1 7% 11% JR 29 58 49 9 17 4 18 0 14 5 16% 23% MSP 5 10 9 1 1 1 2 0 6 0 10% 13% Total 47 98 86 12 28 6 32 0 26 6 12% 18%

Miriam Kastner, Margaret Leinen, Maureen Raymo, Ellen of understanding between government funders, each member Thomas, and Dawn Wright. The power of this program is country was allotted a certain number of co-chief scientists what attracted me to this field over 40 years ago, offering and shipboard positions. National interests need to accom- opportunities to go to sea and explore Earth’s history recorded modate disciplinary requirements for an expedition and this in ocean sediments, to connect the ocean and the land, and requires staffing flexibility. to work with colleagues from other disciplines to understand On JOIDES Resolution, which had the highest number of Earth’s behavior. And the male geology faculty at my under- participants, the percentage of females in the scientific party graduate college spoke in awe of Helen Forman, a researcher ranged from 15% to 45%, and for all 29 expeditions averaged in the department, who sailed as a radiolarian micropaleon- 30% (Figure 7A). During these same expeditions, the percent- tologist on several Glomar Challenger expeditions. age of graduate students in the scientific party ranged from In O’Connell and Holmes (2005), we were optimistic 14% to 50%, averaging 26% (Figure 7B). Of the graduate stu- about the progress made in increasing women’s participa- dents, as few as 14% (one) to as many as 100% (six) were tion in scientific ocean drilling. Although women weren’t females, with an average of 45%. Forty-five percent is slightly common as co-chief scientists, their percentages of ship- higher than the percentage of female Earth science PhD grad- board scientific parties had grown from about 15% in the uate students (Figure 2) during the past decade. This suggests early 1980s at the end of the Deep Sea Drilling Project that a large number of women (almost 100) have participated (DSDP) to over 25% in the early years of the twentieth cen- as graduate students as part of the JOIDES Resolution scientific tury Ocean Drilling Program (ODP; 1985–2003). Then, ODP party. Over 100 have participated when all three platforms are expanded into the multiplatform Integrated Ocean Drilling considered. These women could be a tremendous resource for Program (IODP) that operated from June 2004 to September gender equity in future scientific ocean drilling expeditions as 2013. IODP encompassed Expeditions 301 through 348. both shipboard participants and co-chief scientists. Expedition numbers are consecutive, but the actual expedi- Of the 98 co-chiefs on all expedition platforms, only 12 were tions did not always occur in sequence and were on different female (12%), but when the percentage of female co-chiefs platforms (Table 4). The majority of expeditions (29) were without Japanese co-chiefs or just the percentage of female on JOIDES Resolution, followed by Chikyu (13), with five on US co-chiefs is considered, the percentage of female co-chiefs Mission Specific Platforms (MSP). increases to 18% for both. JOIDES Resolution, with US man- Assembling a scientific party is a complicated task. agement, has the highest percentage of female co-chief scien- Expedition staffing requires specific disciplinary expertise be tists (16%) and the riser drilling ship Chikyu, under Japanese present on the ship to ensure the scientific objectives are met, management, has the lowest (Table 4, Figure 8). for example, a micropaleontologist with expertise in a spe- In the new International Ocean Discovery Program (also cific time interval and microfossil, or a geochemist adept in IODP), there are no constraints on nationalities of co-chief organic geochemistry. In addition, under IODP memoranda scientists on any platform. Sadly, even without national

20 constraints, women co-chief scientists have continued to fare questions and be recognized as potential co-chief scientists. poorly. Of the 16 co-chief scientists that have been selected There are over 100 graduate student and early career women for JOIDES Resolution Expeditions 349–356, only one (6%) is with shipboard scientific drilling experience who should be a female. The European-run MSP program is doing consider- encouraged to take a leadership role in planning the future of ably better. Although its last old IODP Expedition 347 (Baltic scientific ocean drilling. Sea Basin Paleoenvironment) had two male co-chief scientists, its first expedition in the new IODP Expedition 357 SUMMARY (Atlantic Massif) will have two female co-chief scientists. The twenty-first century has seen women oceanographers No new expeditions are currently scheduled for the riser assume several prominent roles in the scientific commu- drilling ship Chikyu (see http://iodp.tamu.edu/scienceops/ nity, and there have been many firsts, with women receiv- expeditions.html). When they do get scheduled, it would be ing prestigious professional society award medals. However, wonderful to select a female Japanese co-chief scientist to the ocean sciences remain far from gender parity, especially head the expedition. when it comes to academic positions. Beyond Expedition 358, funding is not guaranteed, but Several actions can be taken to reach gender parity. PhD the expedition objectives are known and coring sites have advisors need to make sure that female students are men- been selected for Expeditions 359–363 on JOIDES Resolution. tored so that they will learn the skills needed to assume Co-chief scientists have also been chosen. Three of the 10 are 50% A % PhD Females % All Females women, one from the United 45% States and two from Europe. 40% How does someone become 35% a co-chief scientist? “Co-chief 30% scientist” is not an honor- 25% ary position. These men and 20% women are usually among the 15% % of Scientiﬁc Party lead scientists who have been 10% active in planning for a par- 5% ticular research expedition 0% for a long time and are prin- 100% B % Graduate Students cipal investigators on the pro- % Female Graduate Students posals submitted to IODP. This 80% requires participating in activi- ties such organizing pre-cruise 60% site surveys and assembling the necessary data to frame the 40%

questions that will be addressed % of Scientiﬁc Party during the expedition. Much of 20% the groundwork for these expeditions is formulated at work- 0% 311 317 341 318 312 321 301 327 334 344 307 323 342 324 335 336 339 345 346 303 330 304 340 329 308 320 305 306 shops supported by the agen- 309 JOIDES Resolution Expedition Number cies that fund the program. Figure 7. (A) Percentages of women in JOIDES Resolution scientific parties by expedition as a Early career female scientists percentage of non-students (e.g., participants with PhDs) and as a percentage of the total party need to be at these workshops including female graduate students. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 301 sailed from June 27–August 21, 2004, and Expedition 346 sailed from July 29–September 27, so that they can become leaders 2013. (B) Percentages of graduate students in JOIDES Resolution scientific parties by expedi- for addressing specific scientific tion and percentages of graduate students who are women.

21 25% ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A With Japan I would like to thank Adam Klaus for providing the scientific ocean drilling data. Without Japan Two anonymous reviewers and the editor provided excellent guidance in com- 20% piling the final version of this manuscript.

REFERENCES 15% AFT (American Federation of Teachers). 2009. The State of the Higher Education Workforce 1997–2007. American Federation of Teachers, 28 pp., http://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/aa_highedworkforce0209.pdf. 10% Banaji, M., and A. Greenwald. 2013. Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People. Delacorte Press, NY, NY, 272 pp.

Expeditions 301–346 Clem, S., S. Legg, S. Lozier, and C. Mouw. 2014. The impact of MPOWIR: 5% A decade of investing in mentoring women in physical oceanogra- % Female Co-Chief Scientist s phy. Oceanography 27(4) supplement:39–48, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/ oceanog.2014.113. Glass, J. 2015 (May). We are the 20%: Updated statistics on female faculty 0% in Earth sciences in the US. In Women in the Geosciences. M.A. Holmes, Chikyu JR MSP Total S. O’Connell, and K. Dutt, eds, American Geophysical Union and Wiley. Scientiﬁc Ocean Drilling Platform Holmes, M.A. 2014. Advancing women in oceanography: How NSF’s ADVANCE program promotes gender equity in academia. Oceanography 27(4) 35 supplement:30–38, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.112. B Male Female Holmes, M.A., P. Asher, J. Farrington, R. Fine, M.S. Leinen, and P. LeBoy. 30 2012. Does gender bias influence awards given by societies? Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 92:421–422, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1029/2011EO470002. 25 Holmes, M.A., S. O’Connell, and K. Dutt, eds. 2015 (May). Women in the Geosciences: Practical, Positive Practices Toward Parity. American 20 Geophysical Union, Wiley, 135 pp. Huntoon, J.E., and M. Lane. 2007. Diversity in the geosciences and suc- cessful strategies for increasing diversity. Journal of Geoscience 15 Education 55:447–457. Kappel, E.S., and L. Thompson. 2014. Invited scientific papers and speakers

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