KARRAWIRRA: 178

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

LANDS AND SQUARES

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK ADELAIDE 3.0 3.1.10 Karrawirra/Park 12 Report

KARRAWIRRA: 179 rra/Park 12, as park “No. 12,” “No. as park rra/Park 12, Figure th), the Frome Road Nursery location adjacent to the the to adjacent location Nursery Road Frome the th),

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES , 14 November 1927, depicting Karrawi 1927, depicting November , 14 e late 1920s. Source: ACC Archives ACC Archives e late 1920s. Source: Plan Showing Improved Pavements Improved Showing Plan Extract of a with Roberts Place (the triangular portion) to the nor portion) (the triangular with Roberts Place th in as developed University Oval,

Park’. The ‘University’ rmally it is today known as rmally it is ng the University Oval and surrounds, rising the original Roberts Reserve; e sports fields by the University of Adelaide. Torrens/Karrawirra Parri, and Frome Road. parks or gardens. To the west is Pennington Corporation staff reports during the Pelzer d War Memorial Drive is also known as Angas s formerly the Adelaide Bowling Club before given the different names and areas of the as the University Oval ‘park’ (from 1910s rra/Park 12 also now includes the Torrens ton Gardens East portions of Karrawirra/Park of the area was renamed Grundy Gardens . Following Karrawirra/Park 12 establishment h Avenue. From the 1860s-1950s Roberts Place of a garden and erection statue here. ontaining Pennington Gardens East, War poration in 1917, together with Victoria Drive designation applied in 1986 with the opening of applied in 1986 with designation Edwin Smith Avenue (formerly Road), Avenue, Pennington Terrace and King William ts field, Pennington Gardens East, and Angas .1900-1930s), and the ‘Peace c veral names over the years. Fo Roberts Reserve portion: the portion comp University Oval portion: the portion comprisi former Frome Road Nursery; Pennington East portion: the portion c Memorial Garden, and bounded by King William Road, Sir Edwin Smith Avenue Pennington Terrace; the portion within War Memorial Drive, King Parri portion: River Torrens/Karrawirra Road, that includes Angas Gardens, Grundy William Road, Victoria Drive and Frome Gardens, and the river; Grounds portion: the portion comprising Torrens Parade Ground, Torrens Parade Pioneer Women’s Memorial Garden and Kintore Avenue.

™ ™ ™ ™ ™ Gardens since the 1930s with development Along the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri much of area was simply called the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri riverside or river edge It includes the University of Adelaide spor Road. In the north was Roberts Reserve or Place which applied to land north of a closed road to Sir Edwin Smit that connected Finniss Street appears to have been managed by Parks & Gardens staff as an annexe to the Brougham Place Garden. Roberts Place was named after Colonization Commissioner Josiah Roberts. Road an A portion on the corner of King William Parri much along the River Torrens/Karrawirra after Alderman Tom Hadfield Grundy. Karrawi Parade Ground that was transferred to the Cor and the lower portion of Kintore Avenue that wa 14. its relocation to Mullawirraburka/Park 12, In reviewing, and assessing, Karrawirra/Park Park, the following framework has been adopted: Pennington Terrace, King William Road, the River Pennington Terrace, King William Road, Gardens. These spatial segments have remained consistent. Karrawirra/Park 12 has carried se Gardens East, bounded by Sir Edwin Smith Karrawirra/Park 12 Karrawirra/Park Historical Overview: Site Context Light’s plan, the main and Penning Arising from 12 consist of 14.62ha land bounded by Sir Karrawirra/Park 12, but it has also been known onwards), the Nursery ‘park’ (from designation is due to the long term occupancy of th The Nursery ‘park’ designation comes about from The ‘Peace Park’ is a period from 1899-1932. the Sri Chinmoy Peace Mile. Karrawirra/Park 12 also comprises two triangular

… The ( (‘Viator’ (1902) recalled [corroberrie] at the centre right at the centre

hing and practicing with KARRAWIRRA: 180 t many cockles And rose net bag and picking up cockles. for there are ever so many … wurley. The mean when in camp would rched down wit Thomas and William by Martha Berkeley; provenance Art provenance Berkeley; by Martha watercourse prior to 1843: yamailtpinna are standing It was full of timber Very dangerous to go amongst. d never see gaian, They go the Extinct Tribe of Cowandilla Torrens river – children bat They would stretch them, peg them out on the ground he Torrens. The government built them little brick long time. The River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri was can be discerned to the background [sic.]. Source: Source: [sic.]. background the to discerned can be of and rope clothes lines …. They would then sell or the morning, on north side of the river savages joined in the performance of a Figure Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES ’, watercolour painting ’, watercolour ing and going in the river with a Karrawirra parri Memories [b] (sic.; Day 1902 in Hemming 1998, p. 43). a corroberry this evening, I ma rough each successive encampment 8 December 1847, p. 3). nna, Mullawirraburke and It py them long, they preferred their bow Register

The 8 December 1847, p. 3). e Aborigines, Adelaide Adelaide 1838 e Aborigines, Register

29 March 1844). The 2005, p. 66. (‘Viator’ [sic.], et al et Hearing that there was going to be Register As many as a hundred naked and ornamented Hay. Arriving there I walked th of a surpassing kind, commencing about nine in [sic.], Their camping ground was on the northern side of t sheds but they would not occu at times be busy making rigs with opossum skins. … Women and children spent most of their time at the spear and small waddy – Women crab I have seen them go down – And I thought they woul again on the other side after being under water A A chain of water holes very deep When not in flood. Their time was also employed making mats, nets exchange for food from the settlers … The first dinner given to th ‘ Gallery of South Australia. Kaplitpi South Australia. Gallery of Ground Parade Torrens the in escarpment The (arrow). Draper

Early colonial resident Thomas Day, in some of the activities he observed in

or Palti (River in this 2005, p. 66; 2005, p. et al Old Government Tanda:njapari Karrawirra parri or 2005, pp. 42, 55, 65). gral to the Dreaming story. The being destroyed as part of sand et al 1998, pp. 18-19, 20, 21, 23, 43-44, 23, 1998, pp. 18-19, 20, 21, 98, pp. 45, 47-48; Colwell & Naylor (1974), depicts an encampment on Karrawirra parri 2, also repeated the observation that the 15 August 1843). or activities, pre-contact post-contact, for from the present railway station to Main stone origins, was draped as a swath across or enue, or to the Government House for rations therings prior to enlistments for the First te, it is also probable that this site may have Bridge south, with old Government House in tercolour painting by Martha Berkeley entitled the southern banks, near to the Festival Centre Tarnda Kanya economic and symbolic thread. The former de of the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri in ’ that depicts a gathering of Aborigines res … The Aborigines often set fire to a whole tree ss the natives encampment … the dim form of hunting resources and the transmigration of e King William Bridge also depicts an image of Bridge also e King William ound that was also subject to extensive quarrying to the second Native School off Kintore Avenue, Register to contemporary days. For example,

d fibrous food and equipment sources. d fibrous The ( Karra Wirra Parri Adelaide: An Illustrated History 2005, pp. 42, 64, 65; Hemming 19 65; Hemming 2005, pp. 42, 64, 2005, pp. 42, 55, 64, 65; Hemming et al he Aborigines, Adelaide 1838 et al —the ‘red kangaroo rock’—that was inte .1837, illustrated in .1837, illustrated c Tarnda Kanya In coming over North Adelaide … we had to pa various wurlies ad the glowing light of many fi which at night forms a curious spectacle in (corroborees) prior to and following colonization, it was a role that continued to The first dinner given to t 1974, p. 10). Various newspaper reports, recalling the north si 1 Tarndanya Womma/Park 26 and Karrawirra/Park area was subject to regular encampments. These include: Karrawirra/Park 12 (Hemming 1998). Karrawirra/Park 12 (Hemming Dissecting Karrawirra/Park 12 is Historical Overview: Aboriginal Associations There are several specific references to Kaurna sites House’ the approximate site of present King William the backdrop (Draper watercourse edges also provided favoured encampment, meeting point locations, and Hemming 1998, pp. 47-48). There is considerable evidence as to Indigenous encampments along vicinity. A plaque on the north-east pylon of th and an Indigenous camp. A watercolour by artist ST Gill of ‘ the first bridge Walk in the Adelaide Botanic Garden. It was the source of stone used in the Old Legislative Building, at least one church on North Terrace, and the original Government House structure and associated stone walling (Heritage SA file 101194; Draper Torrens/Karrawirra Parri) that was an important Torrens/Karrawirra Parri) importance was in terms of providing food and these resources, and the latter importance was in terms of its association with the Red Kangaroo Dreaming. The watercourse was an important source of aquatic foods including fish, and the watercourse banks were rich in tuberous an Amery (1997, p. 4) has also concluded that along site, was 45, 47-48; Kartinyeri 1996). While Amery and successive writers point to the stone quarrying activities on the Festival Centre si pertained to land within the Torrens Parade Gr for sandstone. The stone, of Pliocene Hallett Sand the northern escarpment of North Terrace running In terms of the Government House, there is a wa ‘ Kuri serve intermittently in Karrawirra/Park 12 in Karrawirra/Park 12 was a venue for Aboriginal ga World War and also gatherings prior to visits or the Aboriginal Protectors office off Kintore Av and blankets (Draper presumably on the site of the present Torrens Parade Ground flats. This was first Queens Birthday ration distribution undertaken by the colonial Government (Draper

(George

KARRAWIRRA: 181 nes 2004, pp. 2: 1-10; nes 2004, pp. 2: 1-10; the area of reserve e thought advisable to remove the k ink, and road widening proposals ink, and road widening k owing to the rapid fall of the western half was formalised by Governor Gawler in 1854 18 September 1839; Jo s awarded to John Williams and Robert Palmer the existing buildings of the Government House and the Government of the existing buildings thout, however, altering lly it included a wall of hammer dressed lly gs 2.7m long, and palings not less that 10cm gs 2.7m long, and Adelaide Hills. The first proposal for a wall Adelaide Hills. The first proposal Figure Figure vernment House gardens (in Karrawirra/Park 12) and 12) Karrawirra/Park (in gardens House vernment oncrete foundations and gates were dispensed with d in November 1838 for the fencing of rnacular position and alignment of King William Road King and alignment of position rnacular 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES d politician George Strickland Kingston, was building purposes. It was therefor Park 26) to the north-west in blac 26) to Park South Australian ned. Source: Mortlock Library. Library. Mortlock ned. Source: , 12 November 1877). The Advertiser The On proceeding to mark out the reserve it was seen that ground it was not well adapted for block a little to more level ground on the east, wi Kingston, Extract of an 1849 map inscribed with red ink indicating with red ink map inscribed 1849 Extract of an Barracks areas(in Karrawirra/Park existing 12), Go Womma/ gardens (in Tandanya market in red ink. The map also delineated the original ve original the delineated also The map in red ink. entertai was construction before road Georgian style to a design by architect an constructed further to east enabling a vernacular vehicular route to be formed directly from Street across in TandanyaKing William to the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri ford (located Womma/Park 26) to North Adelaide; a route that as King William Road that excised land from the Domain for this purpose. Builders East & Breeze constructed “a splendid building in a commanding and delightful spot, two storeys high with twelve commodious rooms” ( Daly 1987, pp. 47, 48; Worsnop 1879, p. 24). 47, 48; Worsnop Daly 1987, pp.

Kingston wrote about the reasons for the eastward shift as follows: With the House, tenders were let and awarde Domain. This included substantial posts, railin wide, with the timber being sourced from around Government House was in 1847. Initia limestone on a concrete foundation with decorative entrance gates proposed for the yard, extending to enclose the stables. A boundary wall around the Domain was however, considered more appropriate and the contract for wall wa beginning in the same year. As length of wall was now in 1849, construction considerably longer than initially costed the c

ovement of the water, which all the (crayfish) were favoured foods in 5 February 1840, pp. 55-6). kar’li or at least from public view: was also continual colonial pressure to Register

l in October 1838 a new House, simple cting a scene at the site of second bridge with an with an bridge second of site the at scene a cting The and to enable better foundations to be formed. py the head of King William Street on North py the head of King William es out of the river. From the Botanic Garden, geology of the site required that House be ciated with reconciliation, including a large nor John Hindmarsh failed to realise the land ( William Road not exist but rather that the Title & Reconciliation (Hemming 1998, p. 48). Figure Figure ected a three-roomed mud-walled House on the Karrawirra parri, (edible roots) and much, we should think, to the impr ngampa e Resident Commissioner [Sir] James Hurtle Fisher refused his e Resident Commissioner [Sir] James Hurtle Fisher refused st-Contact Associations the south-western side. the south-western (water cockles), (River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri), there unio dubia Something … ought to be done keep the Nativ downwards, it is full of them; not inhabitants who have not wells are obliged to use One of four plaques on the Adelaide Bridge, this one depi this one Bridge, Adelaide the on plaques One of four Aboriginal encampment on Aboriginal encampment on Karrawirra parri Historical Overview: Po survey Light intended that King In the original Government House residence and grounds occu Terrace. This was deemed the Government Domain and it included land partially down to the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri although Gover reaching the watercourse as th By March 1837 Governor Hindmarsh had er Domain. Upon Governor George Gawler’s arriva meeting in 1997 of the Australians for Native proposal. While the vision was there, actual relocated to the east provide a flatter location While remove the presence of Aboriginals from More contemporary places include the Peace Park installation on Sir Edwin Smith Avenue that has been used for several outdoor meetings asso

The Observer d today, a d today,

formalised as the ‘Town KARRAWIRRA: 182 serve, Pennington Gardens ng is locate ce dated 11 February 1865 that ce dated 11 February Smith Avenue, a straight a straight Smith Avenue, at portion of our metropolitan ced tree planting and enclosure (fencing) ge that eventually became eventually ge that tween North and South Adelaide will have perceived the present intersection of Victoria Drive and Frome Frome and Drive of Victoria intersection present the ea of the Torrens Parade Ground, the “Gov.t [Powder] [Powder] “Gov.t the Ground, Parade Torrens the of ea s established in Roberts Re s established in of Adelaide’s Union Buildi of Adelaide’s Union by the City Surveyor’s Offi the City by Surveyor’s Figure since renamed as Sir Edwin

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES rra/Park 12 was included. One editor to ations now making for planting th Those who have occasion to cross the park Lands be with much gratification the prepar Extract of a ‘Plan of the City of Adelaide’ as prepared as prepared Adelaide’ City of the Extract of a ‘Plan depicts Karrawirra/Park 12 with plantations and garden depicts East and along the eastern flank of “Roberts Place” eastern flank the along East and Brid to the Adelaide Parade corner McKinnon pathway from to the northern ar Quarters” “Sappers the Clerk’s Walk’, the University where approximately located Magazine” Road with adjacent watercourse ford Source: ACC Archives. ACC Archives. Source: ford watercourse adjacent Road with footbridge across the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri near Parri Torrens/Karrawirra River the across footbridge in 1856 recorded these works: in 1856 recorded the Corporation commen From about 1855 onwards works in the Park Lands, of which Karrawi

8 July 1857,

The Register ( sert of blinding, suffocating dust the … With such roads as now 17 June 1854, p. 4; 8 July 1857, 17 June 1854, ary wall to Government House had been main, to the east and south. While most of The Register (Heritage SA file 101194; Daly 1987, p. 51; portant, the Sappers and Miners ‘Barracks’— ehicles but to deviate in all directions from the track, is currently the parade ground, was closed in approximately where Victoria Drive is aligned e east, drawing upon Light’s experience in the e east, drawing upon Light’s ome in 1839. The structures were still there anted out and the original site transformed into elaide Hills. The quarry was progressively used quarry was progressively elaide Hills. The 65mm brick quoins at the ends. At same as the Park Lands generally were commonplace y have really been prompted by critical ring the late 1870s. It was not until 1891 before ring 2 B (1837) 314; Colonial Architect Outgoing rters and ground for the military police were d Miners from the Corps of Royal Engineers uished due to the quality of the stone and better been constructed in a “substantial and workmen No 2330; Jones 2005, pp. 2: 1, 9, 12). 35/585/41; GRG 24/4 O (1847) 212; 24/6 A ery side and rendering it utterly useless than a quagmire in winter, and a de wrote in July 1857: , including reports of public meetings that voiced critique of ed roads are constructed through 8 March 1855; Daly 1987, pp. 48, 49, 50). 1987, pp. 48, 49, 8 March 1855; Daly The Register The Register The Register By September 1849 the northern bound

2005, p. 42, 55, 65). et al in summer, … unless properly fenc disgrace the Park Lands there is no alternative for v thus cutting up acres of pasturage on ev The Park Lands will never be other p. 2). erected involving random rubble limestone with time, in 1855, a “small portion of Government Domain” was excised to enable the continuation of King William Street (State Records GRG (1849) 2292; GRG 24/4D (1838) 15; 24/ and the hammer dressed limestone was replaced with limestone rubble from the Government Quarry on the Torrens Parade Ground. The height of the wall varied accordingly to fall and rise of the land and it was considered to have Correspondence 105/53; National Trust file As part of these immediate building works, qua needed. Light had proposed a site adjacent to the Do the police and military barracks were erected to th Peninsula Wars where prospect was exceedingly im “neat little boxes”—were constructed to the north today. These soldiers comprised 15 Sappers an who arrived with Surveyor General Lieutenant Fr “well shaded plain … the voluntary military performed their drill on Mondays 1855. On this and Fridays” in 1855 ( p. 2), that were in many ways directed towards the colonial Governor than Council. For example, the editor of The site to the rear of Government House, which like manner.” the mid 1850s as a limestone quarry. In the following forty years or so it was used as a dump for street sweepings, despite attempts to fill it in du the area around it was contoured with terraces, pl a parade ground (Sumerling 2003, p. 37) Below Government House, to the north, was created by the Corporation was a quarry in 1841 to provide stone for various government buildings and to service the Corporation’s road making activities. The use of this quarry however lang in the Ad resources being obtained from quarries for rubbish dumping until 1892 when the land was levelled to accommodate a Parade Ground. The Ground was officially opened on 20 June 1893 Draper Discussions by the Corporation and Mayors (Lord Mayors) about landscaping River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri embankments as well from the mid 1850s onwards. The thoughts ma comments and articles in the quality of the Park Lands, in 1854 onwards (eg.,

gs and works extant in works extant gs and KARRAWIRRA: 183 ersity’s Union Building is Building ersity’s Union gun powder “Magazine” that “Magazine” gun powder iece. p but in particular all Squares and along ion, William O’Brien, sought to established (1871) that depicts buildin (1871) that depicts and the use of the yet un-formalised University University un-formalised yet the of use the and 1871, frontis monstrated in the ‘Plan of City Adelaide’ oot Bridge,” the northern oot Bridge,” the northern ive but sited where the Univ the where sited but ive Figure Almanack

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Almanack

s ’ y Boothby’s Boothb in Pennington Park East, was demolished during the construction of Victoria Dr of Victoria the construction was demolished during garden of a evidence now located, Karrawirra/Park 12. Note the position of the “Frome F “Frome position of the Note the Karrawirra/Park 12. Extract of a plan of Adelaide contained in Extract of a plan Adelaide Source: Ground.” “Football Oval as a Colonial Secretary to Town Clerk, ACC, 2 August 1855, GRG 24/6/2129 (1855) Colonial (1855) Colonial 24/6/2129 1855, GRG Colonial Secretary to Town Clerk, ACC, 2 August 24/6/3289 (1855)). Secretary to Town Clerk, ACC, 2 August 1855, GRG From 1861, inaugural City Gardener to the Corporat gardens and plantations throughout the municipality, entrance roadways through the Park Lands into Adelaide. But he also sought to establish plantations in adjunct spaces associated with these roadways. In terms of Karrawirra/Park 12, he undertook the planting and establishment of shelterbelts along the eastern flank of Roberts Place (now Sir Edwin Smith Avenue) and to establish plantations in what is now Pennington Gardens East. The extent of these works are de

Olea

-field, give promise of posterity. Not that there ssp) so “to assume a 16 August 1856, p. 6). Salix d and sand is positively refreshing; and pleasure contributing to as possible the Park Lands around he grateful shade and walk along the Observer

The ssp] …” It is possible the plan author ke new claims upon a gold t for ourselves at least quiring the appointment of an expert referee infinitely preferable to our summer dust plains and rnor indicating that “the writer of the t be two opinions as to necessity, not only of laying fined roads, enclosed spaces of grass, well-gravelled argued for the replanting of banks, use d by advertisements in the usual newspapers, d offered landscape design advice. The c Garden, George Francis, more so than Bailey pulsive part of the neighbourhood” with rri representing a “small creek … which is now blic Square” being sent to the Corporation on 9 pearance of the Park Lands. For example, on ssp) and willows ( have been prompted by concerns from the Eucalyptus wishes and propose to do so by means of me “the most delightful feature of our local me “the most delightful feature of our local Colonial Secretary, 13 August 1855, GRG Colonial Secretary, 13 August 1855, GRG ry to Town Clerk, ACC, 7 July 1855, GRG made use of.” The Colonial Secretary appointed e Corporation’s Town Clerk expressing a desire Clerk, ACC, 2 August 1855, GRG 24/6/1605 Clerk, ACC, 2 August 1855, e Governor volunteered a budget of £400, “a sum g skills whereas the sketch the text is similar in judgement on the deteriorating condition of the to Colonial Secretary, 2 August 1855, GRG acres [0.2ha] or even quarter [0.1ha] in in the selection of the position several at he wishes” which the Corporation eagerly dam the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri “to Callitris Park Lands, but as far fact imagination we can sit beneath t s and rails in that wilderness of mu 16 August 1856, p. 6). 16 August 1856, p. 6). ter … [as] a means of recreation ckney Nursery, to this role. Unfortunately scheme ssp and or ssp] and Gum-tree [ The Observer Acacia [sic.] ( Allocasuarina ], the Wattle [ much future enjoyment. Already in the whole city and the numerous square plots dug up, or marked out li cool avenues which we are planting and preparing, if no will be no advantages even to ourselves. Regularly-de walks, and young trees diversifying the surface will be our winter waterholes. We are sure that there will no out and planting the North Adelaide pleasure-grounds. The sight of post landscape.” Why not, continued the editor, clean and refreshing appearance” for it be beco produce sheets of ornamental wa of ‘native pines’ ( the adornment of city and pleasure of the citizens” ( the receptacle for every kind of filth.” The editor “that something should be done to improve the present very unsightly appearance of most of the Park Lands near Town; which he [Governor Gawler] thinks might be effected by the judicious planting of clumps trees on half suitable positions; care being taken to fence such clumps with strong but neat fencing.” The author of the above editorial also passed and re embankments were “the most ill favoured water trickle in the River Torrens/Karrawirra Pa These public debates and discussions appear to colonial Governor about the overall aesthetic ap 17 July 1855 the Colonial Secretary wrote to th River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri embankments an River Torrens/Karrawirra europaea was the inaugural director of the Adelaide Botani as there is no evidence of Bailey’s plan drawin Willingly, to assist these landscaping works, th sufficient to accomplish much, but not all th accepted “at once to carry out His Excellency’s competent gardeners [on] contracts to be obtaine the works generally being performed under supervision of the City Surveyor.” With acceptance, the Governor imposed one condition re to monitor the works: “that some person should be nominated by himself to represent the Executive in this matter and to have a voice plantations and of the species fencing to be horticulturist John Bailey, of Ha style to Francis’s hand (Letter, Colonial Secreta Secretary (1855) to Town Clerk, ACC, 20 August 1855, GRG 24/6/1740 (1855); Colonial collapsed with the dissolution of the Legislative Council in August 1855 despite unknown collapsed with the dissolution of Legislative Council in August 1855 despite authored sketch “on the subject of planting a Pu 24/6/1381 (1855); letter, Town Clerk, ACC, Secretary to Town 24/6/2644 (1855); Colonial October 1855, with correspondence from the Gove memorandum has indicated some most sensible and just views of Landscape Gardening…” The advice included a recommendation that, “in a climate like South Australia’s and to avoid the inconvenience of having to wait years for effect, clumps should be formed the Olive [ 24/6/2505 (1855); letter, Town Clerk, ACC, to

8 in

The ) expert post and double double and post Corporation Barngutilla/Park 7, k Olea europaea KARRAWIRRA: 184 Par 1990. e use of timber timber of e use et al tings when he reviewed the state Kuntingga/ . Italian olive ( ( ’ During 1872 he was planting them During 1872 he was 1880-81, pp. 35, 394; Thornton nd, pp. 2, 1880-81, pp. 35, 394; yed in June 1882 to administer the Act and . Thereupon the first ‘Inspector of Boats e rear of the photograph together e rear wit the together of the mature photograph Town Clerk, 22 February 1886, TC 1886/465; Act e River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri that existed from from existed that Parri Torrens/Karrawirra e River cottage. The cottage was erected on the Lake & Sheriff William Boothby were predominantly & Sheriff William MLSA B3324; Marsden B3324; Marsden MLSA 1872, TC 1872/519 and 4 September Figure Figure Town Clerk, 13 July 1883, TC 1883/2224; Town Clerk, 13 July Jolley’s Boathouse which was erected in 1888 on its

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES ) plantations in the Park Lands for Drive alignment, and the extensiv alignment, Drive ) groves but makes no reference to any plantations in specimens respectively Digest of Proceedings europaea

ways. Source: North Adelaide Plantations ‘ Olea ) plantings in several areas. Olea europaea borated the existence of these plan ) trees in the Park Lands, City Gardener William Pengilly also ) trees in the Park Lands, in the europaea

12) (1,255 and 210 europaea

Olea Olea substantial olive ( substantial spp along Frome Road and Victoria Road spp along Frome

, 24 July 1883, p. 6; letter, Paolo Villanis to Villanis, in 1882, corro Karrawirra/Park 1863 to Exhibition 1869. Building to Note the timber th rail fencing at rhe rear and along road along rail fencing at rhe rear and Photograph of the timber “Frome Foot Bridge” Foot Bridge” over “Frome th Photograph of the timber c. Eucalyptus by-laws pertaining to the “preservation of waters impounded by Dam from pollution, regulations as to boats and boating on the waters; and regulations as to fishing in said waters” as enabled under Clauses 9 and 10 of the and Collector of Licence Fees’, WL Furze, was emplo the by-laws and provided him with a boat and a immediately adjacent to the future site of pp. 46, 47; current site (Jenkin 2005, 3). While Francis, Bailey and Gaol Superintendent planting olive ( and condition of all the olive ( Karrawirra/Park 12 (Letter, Paolo Villanis to Register letter, William Pengilly to Town Clerk, 16 July 1872/622). undertook olive ( Paolo recording various locations including and

21], ssp; Salix ssp), Juglans ssp), Eucalyptus Aristolochia Rosa Ligustrum ; 10,600], Ficus Ficus ; 10,600], , it was not until ; Thornton nd, p. 2). Ligustrum lucidum; l pleasure craft and boats ssp; 1,627], ssp; 1,627], Act ; 12], Gums europaea

; 149], Laburnums ssp; 6], Walnuts [ ; 30], Acacias ssp), rose ( Olea ssp), privet ( tinus

; 249 in number], Oleanders Ulmus australisca Allocasuarina ssp] ... [and] Gums [ Populus about 19,249 plants.” In addition, / ssp) from various individuals. ssp) from various monogyna

, No 70 was enacted requiring the var nobilis Bambusa ssp; 50], Aristolochias [ ssp along the entrance roadways,

Pinus ; 6], China Privet [ ; 6], China Viburnum Morus r to grant exclusive rights of erecting sheds, boat 21 July 1881, that the full weight of this fishing, and licensing of al Casuarina Crataegus ing planted is unclear but it known that Laurus ; 18], also, about one thousand willow [ ; 18], also, about t the municipality including along “Both sides interestingly demonstrates a strong overall wirra Parri watercourse and edges “for the Fraxinus azedarach O’Brien wrote to Mayor Henry Fuller advising O’Brien wrote to Mayor Henry Fuller advising the Lake in 1881, Council passed a series of Unley Road,” to the municipality (Letter from

11 February 1865. These works were quite ssp; 100], Olives [ ssp; 100], Olives Eucalyptus ssp; 48], Elms [ th and enjoyment.” Land, now comprising the His preference was clearly towards a mixture of ed out over the previous autumn planting season e “North Terrace Esplanade” and “19 native macrophylla

nic Gardens” in Tainmundilla/Park 11 (Letter nic Gardens” in Tainmundilla/Park 11 (Letter sativa

” This reservation, one of three under the the most detailed account of the great number of Melia ccommodate sheds, landing stages, and other ssp), bamboo ( River Torrens Improvement Act, 1869 Populus Ficus ; 2], Ash [ Platanus Salix Castanea t also the typical species he was seeking to establish in late ; 24], Whitethorn [ ), and five mulberries ( granatum

(Clause 7, vested power in the Corporation: ilex

ssp; 280], Laurestinas [sic; Act Punica River Torrens Improvement Act, 1869 ssp] cuttings, making a grand total of ssp] cuttings, making a grand babylonica ; 78], Native Pines [Callitris/

Quercus Quercus ssp; 24], White Cedar [ ssp; 4,450], Poplars [ ; 48], Sycamors [sic; pinea

Salix Populus ; 216], Moreton Bay Figs [ ssp; 14], Ches[t]nuts [ Pinus watereri Cupressus Corymbia / x oleander Robinia

/ … the conservancy of the said sheets of water, the powe houses, stands, and landing stages, the right to control plying for hire upon the river ssp; 99], Oaks [ ; 24], Pomegranates [ Nerium Eucalyptus Ficus Laburnum Acacia ssp] and poplar [ O’Brien records donations of an unspecified number poplar ( herbaceous plants and bulbs, willow ( the Weir was constructed from 1879, and opened on legislation could be utilised. With the opening of Stone Pines [ Cupressus [ Oaks [ 74]. Evergreen weeping willows ( W O’Brien to the Mayor, 19 August 1867; ACC Archives). On 9 February 1870 the prepared by the City Surveyors Office and dated extensive, and his expertise is evidenced in the following discussion. In August 1867 inaugural City Gardener William of extensive tree planting works that were carri under his care. The list is extensive and valuable to consider. Further, O’Brien records where these specimens were being generally planted but unfortunately not the specific details of these plantings per place. Specimens included “Laurels [ [ [ [ [ regia These were planted in various locations throughou 10, of the River Torrens” from Albert Bridge to Weir (in Warnpangga/Park Tulya Wodli/Park Womma/Park 26 and 12, Tandanya Tainmundilla/Park 11, Karrawirra/Park 27) amongst other locations including along th ssp].” Unfortunately where these specimens are be O’Brien was planting shelterbelts or avenues of sides of through the Park Lands, including “both Corporation to beautiful the River Torrens/Karra purposes of public recreation, amusement, heal boathouses was specifically designated to a buildings allied to “public use and recreation. Boathouse to be constructedlegislation, enabled the William Joll[e]y in the 1870s (Daly 1987, pp. 54, 140). In particular the While several licences and works were instigated as a consequence of this pines” to surround the house at “old Bota preference to Australian native species including “Pines [ [ from W O’Brien to Mayor Henry Fuller, 19 August 1867; ACC Archives). This is an important inventory as it presents trees that O’Brien was planting bu 1860s in the municipality and Park Lands. indigenous British and Mediterranean species, but

KARRAWIRRA: 185 River’s edgeunspecified of prepared for documentation prepared for ”, the “Proposed Carriageway Drive” Carriageway ”, the “Proposed e Corporation. Source: ACC Archives. Source: e Corporation. tion Grd”. Note the reserves along the River River the along reserves Note the tion Grd”. for Karrawirra/Park 12, as for reserves “1” and “2” on the “2” on the and “1” reserves

nment of Pulteney Street extension through the present extension through Pulteney Street of nment Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES as Parri Torrens/Karrawirra River along the Reserves about a “Proposed Exhibi ing the “Sappers and Miners Cottages Miners “Sappers and the ing that were proposed to be given to th given to be proposed that were Extract of an untitled plan depicting Government Government depicting plan untitled of an Extract in c.1886, Printer Government by E Spiller, lithographed that became Victoria Drive, the “Site of the Former [Foot] Bridge” over the River, the “Powder Magazine” near near Magazine” “Powder the River, the over Bridge” [Foot] Former the of “Site the Drive, Victoria that became alig the proposed today, Union Building the of site the semi-rectangular today, a campus Adelaide of University purposes colonial government associated with early 1880s discussion 1880s early associated with Torrens/Karrawirra Parri edge includ

)

Salix Register acerifolius x 1878-79, pp. Platanus Report

Annual ]…” ( 1880-81, p. 109; 1883-84, pp. 116- 1883-84, 1880-81, p. 109; ssp], as well the graceful palms [eg. Trust file No 2330; Jones 2004, p. 2: 3, 20). No 2330; Jones Trust file Report Betula

feet (3.0m). The works were undertaken to tern boundary of the Domain shifted again, River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri banks. This is River Torrens/Karrawirra nabling] graceful curves, irreproachable in they had been planted “in small holes cut out amline, involving a double row of tram lines, tram cars and increasing heavier amounts of onplace throughout the 1870s-1960s, so a large ple of the poor quality works and supervision t Walter William Hughes, the colonial government scharge[s] noxious matter into the river,” would along North Terrace to enable the development e implementation of sewerage works in the ese trees struggled during the summer of 1883-84 ese trees struggled s alienated from the Government Reserve under Gardens, connecting King William Street to e River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri joining King e River Torrens/Karrawirra s, City Gardener William Pengilly planted Oriental Annual Dicksonia antarctica e judicious planting with the weeping-willow [ the east. The Government House boundary walling ssp], the birch [ that could enable “a system of adorning the Park Lands … for (Daly 1987, p. 55). (Daly 1987, p. 55). Ulmus ) trees along King William Road, and London Plane ( ) trees along King William Road, reviews the works and aspirations occurring. orientalis

ssp] or pillar-like tree ferns [eg. Report ], the drooping elm [ Platanus Adelaide University Act, 1874 the embellishment of their stream and its banks [e 28 December 1878; Nagle 1971, pp. 49-50). Buik noted th William Christie In 1879 Mayor municipality might prompt a beautification of the because the drain system, “which at present di be replaced by a sewerage system their river-like scenery and charm, a littl babylonica Washingtonia this time approximately 20 feet (6.09 m) to and planting was demolished and removed the boundary wall rebuilt. As part of these 1855 design by Kingston. As a works the Guardhouse was rebuilt copying much of original result of this incursion the western section Domain was beginning to look small and overcrowded (National disproportionately During 1875-78 the road through Brougham O’Connell Street was widened by an additional 10 and the tramline was formally opened in December 1878. The works were considerably delayed as a result of protracted negotiations with the Corporation as to alignment works, culminating in the construction of raised earthen causeway between Adelaide Bridge and Pennington Terrace. These works involved considerable earthworks, and explains the raised causeway feature today that was jointly paid for by the Tramways Company and the Corporation ( William Street was widened, the wes In 1873 King enable the construction to North Adelaide tr Due to a bequest in 1872 by wealthy pastoralis was obliged to alienate in 1874 additional land 80-81). These types of statements were comm trees along Frome Road in the late 1870s. Th and City Gardener Richard Patterson found that of the University Adelaide. This was first Government Reserve land allocation to an institution under legislation. Some 2.02ha wa the part of this In 1877 the City Bridge was erected across th vehicular traffic resulted in its demolition, and the erection of present Adelaide Bridge in part of these construction work 1930-31. As limestone” and sought to enlarge the holes and have them “filled in with suitable compost.” This assessment of tree health is another exam William Road. This bridge, the second on site,William Road. This bridge, lasted until the late 1920s when engineering concerns about its structural stability to handle Plane ( undertaken by Pengilly between 1878-1884 ( 117).

ssp] Eucalyptus Eucalyptus [ (1880) depicting (1880) depicting ntal point of view. The

KARRAWIRRA: 186 which occupy this portion of their class; and that, ssp] (Brown 1880, p. 21). ong the northern bank of the River bank of northern the ong of Karrawirra/Park 12 together with with 12 together Karrawirra/Park of Under these circumstances, I have to also proposed linking Pennington also Eucalyptus [ its capabilities in an orname , the other kinds of trees planted here are doing ns/Karrawirra Parri. He was impressed with to be performed in a gradual manner, so that the ones as representatives of planted in the Park. Of course, this operation of spp growing within the Sir Edwin Smith g somewhat sheltered, it is capable of growing a great ssp] tation along Avenue Road (now Sir Edwin Smith tice, that the greater portion of the Gums Figure Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES recommending the select felling of unhealthy Eucalyptus Eucalyptus [ ound would always be maintained Report on a System of Planting the Adelaide Park Lands Adelaide Planting the of System Report on a by Brown in the University portion by Brown in the University portion , and a carriage way drive proposed al and a , on Gardens East. A pathway was East. A pathway on Gardens mensions and representative forms. remarkably well. I think it is now evident that the Gums soil here is of a good rich quality, and the site bein variety of forest flora to fair di advise with regard to the plantations under no present clothed appearance of the gr With the exception of the Eucalypti the grounds are not of a character to make most should be removed—leaving a few only of the better afterwards, trees of a more ornamental character be removing the trees and replanting others, would have Roberts Place Reserve and Penningt Bridge Frome Road the Terrace with Archives. ACC Source: Parri. Torrens/Karrawirra Plan 17 prepared by Brown (1880) in his Brown (1880) Plan 17 prepared by planting tree proposed the extensive Brown also observed that an existing tree plan Avenue) was quite healthy and should be incorporated into any design. His particular attention

spp specimens in this precinct: was drawn to the healthy stands of non- Avenue - Frome Road corridor and the River Torre their growth, health, and quality of form,

et

caissons Report ssp] and the most ssp. he noted that they s associated with the (1880). In this Eucalyptus Eucalyptus [William] Buik at a large public gathering. poration let a tender to Davies & Wishart, ng and the provision of species “greater rdener.” He was critical of the extant tree g various options including the relocation of sation of this Exhibition, chaired by (Sir) ersity of Adelaide North Terrace campus. The aide International Exhibition that was held in veral natural features and outlines “making it a rk Land block. The soil was rich, of a good 9, 10, 15 August 1871; 18 November 1874; 24 9, 10, 15 August es of the Exhibition. This was a precursor 1878; 29 January 1879; 15 May 1879; Marsden 1879; Marsden 1879; 15 May 1878; 29 January don, to a design by (John Harry) Grainger & on point as focusing upon the former Exhibition complimented imported cast iron work obtained ings, levels, and ground ings, Agricultural & Horticultural Society. The Adelaide Exhibition of Arts & Industries in ornamental character, resulting in too much should be removed before the compromise ng the Adelaide Park Lands River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri; approximately ptember 1878; 29 January 1879; 15 May 1879; ptember 1879; 15 1878; 29 January was washed away with floodwaters in the 1840s. idge was positioned south from the Frome Road span of 60 feet (18.3m) between two central 9, 10, 15 August 1871; 18 November 1874; 24 April 9, 10, 15 August 1871; 18 November 17, Brown recommended that a carriage drive be Register 1880-81, pp. 28-31; 1884-85, pp. 9-12). pp. 28-31; 1884-85, 9-12). 1880-81,

Frome Road (Tainmundilla/Park 11) and a large Frome Road ssp].” In terms of the The ssp) were too dense in planting resulting a “formal and Register Report

The Cupressus Annual Cupressus Report on a System of Planti 1990, pp. 277-278). et al 1990, pp. 277-278). were unhealthy, displaying “early decay,” and landscape. The Cypresses ( church-yard appearance” proposing a major thinni variety of foliage and combination of contrasts” (Brown 1880, p. 21). As part of the design, detailed in his Plan established along the northern banks of along the present alignment of War Memorial Drive today. the engagement of John Ednie The other initiative the Corporation entered into in 1879-80 was Brown to prepare a filled with concrete. Tea Tree Gully sandstone in England. The bridge cost £9,000 ( April 1875; 9 March 1876; May 1877; 5 Se Marsden During July-August 1880 Adelaide hosted the structures associated with the [Royal] Adelaide 1885 on the same grounds ( (1880) Brown recorded that the area in Karrawirra/Park 12 consisted of the best “soil and capabilities for ornamentation” that any other Pa depth, and the block itself was central offering se good field for the operations of the Landscape Ga plantation along the river-banks as having no “sameness,” and recommended the removal of “all Gums [ unpromising of the Cypress [ exhibition grounds included the series of build exhibition to the larger and more significant Adel Society that occupied land to the east of portion of the lower grounds present Univ Mayor Edwin Thomas Smith. The colonial Government granted the Exhibition Committee the leasehold right to use these lands for the purpos Corporation was a large contributor to the organi The construction of Albert Bridge, at Frome Road, was commenced in 1879. It occupied the site of an earlier timber carriage bridge that August 1871 seeking funding the construction of Albert Bridge in The Corporation first sought assistance from the colonial government. In the absence of the road bridge a timber pedestrian bridge was in place the 1863-69. This br under the supervision of city surveyor JH Lang Worsley for a new road bridge ( 1877; 5 September 1876; 9 May 1875; 9 March al stone was laid by Mayor Henry Scott in August 1878, and the The Albert Bridge foundation bridge opened on 7 May 1879 by Mayoress Mrs Jane It spanned 120 feet (39.4m), with a central bridge on a 45° angle across the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri. A photographic image of this bridge depicts its south-eastern visual terminati Building in Frome Road. Finally, after considerin the Cor the old City Bridge on King William Road,

in extent. [0.8ha] and besides, by having a

ty may, if adopted, be KARRAWIRRA: 187 deep would be necessary them of a good size before they ver on the lowest part of the site, ed to meet the exigencies of e to be grown specially for the [0.9m] ems, and the characteristic points rdance with the outlines of r ornamental purposes … I have to d, so that the specimens would be (Brown 1880, p. 4). (Brown 1880, p. 4). s, and combinations, be realised. he Corporation grounds adjoining the being operated upon. and make the soil of a free nature, suitable for s required, of a character likely to conduce this t of the banks our River” to create “the trees by public nurserymen; from them without much injury to the ramified the Park Lands of this Ci ing all existing surfaces, changes to surfaces ds, the ground would require to be trenched about ve to advise that a small Nursery be established by lands. It is a work which, from its character ver Torrens/Karrawirra Parri edge to craft a Parri edge to ver Torrens/Karrawirra eby likely to excite the trees throw out plenty of reet bridge to the Hackney Road bridge, and was conceptually adopted by Pelzer in the te detailed in its planting design strategy, s specific references to portions within each was accompanied by a suite of lithograph was accompanied by a suite of lithograph loped, the trees planted may assume the forms required, ecommendations but includes specific references ion applied to the River Torrens/Karrawirra ee plantation locations, and any amenities to be e one; but its popularity and undoubted necessity

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES ions regarding its formation and management. uced on the ground inside, ending in an outlet to the ri s an ever continuous supply of water, all essential qualities and fence. An open drain three feet characteristic peculiarities of habit without any particular care or be had at command, and by rearing part appears to me be well adapt in a short time; the site is sheltere to be removed to the Park Lands in regard to outlines, grouping enty of fibrous roots, well-trained st he rearing of trees required solely fo ornamental grounds and parks requir stic and commodious manner in acco uld be got on that portion of t in depth, so as to take out all obstructions [0.6m] All trees used in the formation of purpose, in order that by having pl and peculiarities of each different specie fully deve and the anticipation of designer This amount of attention cannot be given to the young private nursery the plants can always are put out, immediate effect can be prod In order that my suggestions regarding the planting of carried out with every chance of ultimate success, I ha the Corporation for purpose of growing the young tree end. I have, therefore, to offer you a few suggest A suitable site for the purpose co residence of the Park Ranger. This case, as the soil is of a good deep loamy nature, ther fibrous roots and attain a fair size allowed to assume the establish their training, while the situation command requisites in a nursery devoted to t recommend that the ground enclosed for purposes of a nursery be at least two acres This should be laid off in an arti ground, and enclosed with a “paling” round the whole of the enclosure on so as to avoid flooding in the rainy season. Afterwar two feet encouraging expanded roots and easy of being detached fibrous roots when the plants come spatial and functional design proposed by Brown spatial and functional design proposed development of the ‘Frome Road Nursery’. Brown wrote: Brown also proposed a major renovation of the Ri more Gardenesque setting. This recommendat Parri embankments from the present Morphett St while general in its description occasionally make Park. Conceptually this recommendation was qui adopting a strong Gardenesque philosophy, and images so to portray the visual outcomes Brown was seeking to achieve. The following is therefore a summation of his r to Karrawirra/Park 12 where made. Brown proposed a “thorough system of improvemen most attractive feature in the landscape of the City and extent, would no doubt be a very expensiv would warrant its being done at any cost.” To achieve this outcome he proposed a detailed engineering survey of the River embankments show and contours, and proposed tr all existing trees 10, 11). included (Brown 1880, pp.

Cedar Cedar Red Aborvitae, Western Cedar Cedar Burr Oak and Turkey Oak Burr Oak and Turkey London Plane Current Common Name Pepper Tree Silky Oak Italian Cypress Orford Port Lawson Cypress, Monterey Pine Aleppo Pine Pine Canary Islands Pine Western Yellow Pine Western Yellow Pine White Western Himalayan Cedar, Deodar Atlas Cedar Lebanon Cedar of Fir Douglas Spruce Norway Spruce Caucasian Spanish Fir Fir Silver Pacific Western Giant Thuya, Pencil Cedar, Eastern Red Fig Bay Moreton Oriental Plane Pine Norfolk Island Biota Bookleaf Cypress, Hickory Brush Queensland Box Common Yew Gum Sugar White Ash and English Ash

Quercus ceriis Fraxinus excelsior ark 12. It is also important to note that the and in order to the rearing of young trees suitable Norfolk Island Hibiscus Island Norfolk [?] and [?] and Royal Paulownia Royal e Park Lands, Brown also recommended the molle Balsam Fir Fir Balsam the reasoning that Pelzer used to recommend and var

acerifolius acerifolius x ssp. ns for Karrawirra/Park 12 were: 12 ns for Karrawirra/Park phostemon confertus

Current Scientific Nomenclature Cupressus sempervirens Picea orientalis Ficus macrophylla Platanus orientalis Lagunaria patersonii Paulownia tomentose Thuja orientalis cladocalyx Eucalyptus

[sic.] (1880) [sic.] olia Platanus

JE Brown

Nomenclature as used by Nomenclature as used Schinus Molle robusta Grevillea Cupressus sempervirens Cupressus Lawsoniana Cupressus Benthamii Pinus Insignis aeria Schinus robusta Grevillea lawsoniana Chamaecyparis Pinus Sabiniana Pinus Longifolia Pinus Halepensis ? Pinus Gerendiana Pinus Canariensis Pinus Jeffreyii Pinus radiata ? Pinus Ponderosa ? Pinus Montana Pinus halepensis Cedrus Deodara Pinus gerardiana Pinus canariensis Cedrus Atlantica Cedrus Libani Pinus ponderosa Pinus ponderosa Abies Douglasii Abies Excelsa Pinus monticola Cedrus deodara Abies Menziesii Abies Orientalis Cedrus atlantica Picea Pinsapo Picea Amabilis Cedrus libani menziesii Pseudotsuga Picea Nobalis Picea Balsamia Picea abies ? Thuja Gigantea Abies pinsapo Thuja Menziesii Abies amabilis Juniperus Virginiana ? Abies balsamea oaks American and Turkey Thuja plicata ash American and English kinds) common the (all Poplars Juniperus virginiana Quercus macrocarpa ? Ficus Macrophylla Populus americana Fraxinus Platanus acerif Platanus orientalis Legunaria Patersonii Araucaria Excelsa imperialis Paulownia Biota orientalis Carya alba Tristanea conferta Taxus baccata Araucaria heterophylla Eucalyptus corynocalyx Lo Carya ovata Taxus baccata In conjunction with his recommendations for th establishment of “a Nursery and its management, p. 4). While his reasons were specific for the purposes of Corporation (Brown 1880, proposed site was adjacent to the Park in Tulya Wodli/Park 27. Ranger’s residence Notwithstanding this it is worthy to quote his logic as to the purpose and establishment of the in a smaller scale, Nursery as it mirrors, albeit establish the ‘Frome Road Nursery’ in Karrawirra/P Brown’s tree planting recommendatio

.

KARRAWIRRA: 188

of the most approved ornamental kind;” anted apart must be such as to allow each ix different kinds of trees which No. 1 prepared having regard for the “desired and natural features for ornamentation” Figure Figure mature foliage canopy and spread; 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Report on a System of Planting the Adelaide Park Lands Adelaide Planting the on a System of Report Regularity of newly planted tree distances should be avoided; Tree distances should have regard to Clump trees of different spreads, often “s No. 5, 40 feet; and, 3, 15 feet; No. 4, 50 will measure 10 feet; No. 2, 12 No. 6, 30 feet in diameter” as depicted in the following diagram; The “distances at which the tree should be pl to attain its open natural habit and full spread of branches, thus realise the pictorial view intended;” Do not plant the banks “regularly all over with trees” “We must have single trees standing out prominently alone in places, groups pf one intermixed in others and so on,” (Brown 1880, pp. kinds judiciously kind and of several 11-12). Make the banks “as natural as possible” and take advantage of “hollows, ledges, ridges, knolls, flats, and water-washed crevices gullies;” Where already sufficiently sloped leave unchanged; “Natural flats, ridges and terraces, have gr should be taken advantage of; Consolidated 2.4-3.0m wide should be constructed crushed rock levelled footpaths, adjacent to the River banks and follow natural windings of the landscape sinuously winding around natural clumps of trees; Tree planting plans should be meticulously effect;” The “system of planting suitable … would be

™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ Plan 4 prepared by Brown (1880) in his Brown Plan 4 prepared by

. all the natural

great capabilities for the ter and formation generally. In idge—we have them made up of a g gradually loosened and washed into attain this end, Report on a System of Planting the Adelaide Park Lands Adelaide Park the Planting of System Report on a g to regularity or mechanical stiffness should be be carefully studied, embraced, and, if necessary, on and its banks, there are very a pleasing slope from the ridge to water’s edge; in improving the subject, would of course be

Figure s. this program of works included: are very variable as to their charac ly to the south of Adelaide Br e bluffs, the soil on which is bein rasts as possible, and, in order to (Brown 1880, p. 11). (Brown 1880, p.

Banks should be levelled to 45° more or less; Avoid uniformity in slope forming; From the sinuous and irregular character of the river rigidly avoided. The banks of the River as a whole … designing of many rare and striking effect One of the most important points to be attended presenting as much variety and cont contours and irregularities of each part would have to occasions enlarged or extended. Anything approachin some places we have jagged precipitat the bed of river by rains; in others they form while again in some parts—particular series of flats, knolls, and terraces

™ ™ Plan of a Proposed Nursery prepared by Brown (1880) in his by Brown Nursery prepared Plan of a Proposed Key recommendations in implementing

KARRAWIRRA: 189 enue of trees, with the

view the varied scene presented by d deciduous treesa sense and of Report on a System of Planting the Adelaide the Adelaide of Planting System a Report on )) to create an often Picturesque and and Picturesque an often create )) to th be made to run along the top of banks on owing carefully and clearly the portions of various icities of foliage, colour, groupings and combinations on the banks of the description stated, the whole ad should be through an Av rra Parri Linear Park segments in the 1970s ioning and atmosphere of the proposed carriage the landscape he was trying to craft along the along the craft to trying the landscape he was thorough survey and landscape design master d undulating flows and the use of particular exotic exotic flows and the use of particular d undulating recommendations for Karrawirra/Park 12 and in recommendations for Karrawirra/Park babylonica

[sic.] (Brown 1880, p.12). ficity mirrors the detailed planting design point repeatedly in his discussion concluding: ce Brown was trying to craft along the River anting design recommendations. One image depicts a recommendations. anting design 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Figures Salix in their carriages or on foot could ions. No. 9 provides a view along the River the along a view No. 9 provides ions. ring measures along the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri in No 9. in No 9. Parri River Torrens/Karrawirra the along measures ring planting evergreen of exotic planting an by Brown and included in his in Brown and included by (1880) that provide visual representations of (1880) that provide hundreds of boats plying upon the water, and intr I have to recommend that a Carriage Drive and Footpa the north side, from which the citizens of the trees planted on the banks. The Carriage Ro footpath betwixt it and the brink of the banks Before any alterations or improvements are made up ground should be surveyed and delineated on plans sh River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri with his detailed pl detailed with his Parri River Torrens/Karrawirra slant Picturesque somewhat rustic a rather another No. 13, and in atmosphere park Gardenesque strong re-contou river bank in planting and No. decorative 11 depicts random intrigue river in the undulating bank format an organic its reinforces that Parri Torrens/Karrawirra Willows ( Weeping deciduous trees (in particular Archives. Adelaide of City Source: scene. rugged Three lithograph images prepared prepared images lithograph Three Park Lands Overall these were very specific and deliberate particular in terms of the landscape experien speci Torrens/Karrawirra Parri corridor. The principles devised for the River Torrens/Karrawi (Hassell 1975). Brown also drew special reference as to the posit drives: But before any works were to be commenced a plan had to be prepared. Brown stressed this

and Annual Phoenix Annual [ Jubilee Jubilee 1886-87, p. canariensis

Report

Jubilee Exhibition Act,

wirra Parri “to form KARRAWIRRA: 190 ) have since been Phoenix vernment enacted the have been planted alternately on Annual ( ] , was laid out and constructed dactylifera

1884-85, pp. 9-12). 1884-85, pp. 9-12). Parade Ground. Park Lands Ranger Parade cladocalyx

Phoenix to Victoria Drive in the 1880s, it is clearly the Exhibition’s proponents succeeded in Report

the North Terrace site together with a spur 1886-87, p. 112; 1887-88, pp. 81, 82). pp. 81, 82). p. 112; 1887-88, 1886-87, rn River Torrens/Karra prior to 1885 did not exist, and its transferral Drive in 1887. In addition, “diagonal fencing” aide” that considered nine sites three of which rough the Botanic Park … to Adelaide Bridge. Frome-road.” Thus in one piece of legislation on, and the Corporation surrendering its title to ese celebrations the Go Eucalyptus under King William-road,” to enable the y drive system through the Park Lands rather to occur until 1903 (Daly 1987, pp. 56, 62-63; to occur until 1903 (Daly 1987, pp. 56, 62-63; the present University of Adelaide, comprising , to “acquire and dedicate” land on the eastern e was named in honour of Queen Victoria, and [ liberate tree-planting strategy be employed to g along this newly created road in 1886, and a ) are in a senescent condition today. However, Annual Report bition from June 1887 to January 1888. This to January 1888. This bition from June 1887

Parks Lands Ranger’s and City Gardener’s

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Woods Hayes was managing these plantings ( is land was not included in the original he eastern and western entrances splendid date palm Jubilee Exhibition Act, 1885 procera

Annual ) and Date Palms ( ) may be today part of the Date Palm ( Ulmus and sugar gums ] cladocalyx

but was subsequently voted out of office by a vehement rural voting procera

dactylifera

All the land designated was allocated to Exhibition Trust and had Ulmus was repealed. Not to be deterred, Eucalyptus [ Phoenix have been placed which add much to the beauty of the scene ) collection extant at the adjacent Torrens Act ] 1884-85, pp. 9-12). 9-12). 1884-85, pp. Jubilee Exhibition Act, 1885, no 351 Jubilee Exhibition Act, 1885, dactylifera Report

throughout the late 1880s and 1890s. During 1886 Campbell erected 29 panels of post 1886 Campbell throughout the late 1880s and 1890s. During … forming a continuation of the beautiful drive th English elms each side of the drive, and at both sides of t dactylifera 15). was the reservation of land along southe 1885-86, p. 52; 1886-87, p. 15). p. 15). 1886-87, 1885-86, p. 52; an extension of the Botanic Park drive;” th Exhibition Act, 1883. exhi revert to the Government following legislative reservation concerns the identification and reservation of land to enable the construction of the present Victoria Drive, which from the colonial Government to Corporati a road “leading from opposite Pulteney-street to the Corporation gained Victoria Drive and its frontage to River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri, and surrendered its title over an undeveloped road that dissected the proposed Exhibition site. to the construction associated The government allocated £32,000 of the Exhibition Building and works. Rail access to the site was however not Annual Victoria Drive, following gazettal of the in 1887. As part of the construction works, Sappers & Miners cottages and northern gun powder magazine were demolished. The Driv Australia” on 28 December 1835. As part of th Australia” on 28 December 1835. As Jubilee Exhibition Act, 1883, public, and the enacting the Road, and the lower portion of side of Frome Terrace. The land selection some 7.48ha, together with 3.2ha on the “upper level” along North arrangements followed the recommendations of a Royal Commission set up in 1883 “to make for the international exhibition to be held in Adel were in the park lands (Daly 1987, pp. 55-56; A permanent Exhibition Building was proposed for railway line from the “North-terrace terminus, movement of “stock, machinery, &c., to the Exhibition.” Included in the 1885, all Corporation references opened on 2 June 1886. In intended that the drive be part of a carriage-wa road, and that a de than connecting or arterial enhance its character. City Gardener John Report The Sugar Gums ( removed, and the English Elms ( the Date Palms ( Phoenix also erected 37 panels of post and wire fencin along the south-side of Victoria further 40 panels panels were relocated from Elder Park and repainted before being “erected along the top of embankments” along Victoria Drive ( Fencing predominated in the Corporation’s Reports 1883-84, pp. Report

king contrasts permanently Annual features of the site to a a combination of pleasing effects alterations are necessary in order to different effects likely to be produced the works are completed, whole rrival, the Park Lands and intention to allow of perambulators, &c., of the part. This done, ground should then be d a substantial amount of fencing materials d a substantial amount of fencing materials recognised the arrival of the first “vessel for is unclear. It would be logical that Pengilly ties for addition access points, and “in a Brown’s formal resignation on 1 June 1883. proceeded with planting activities. In his defined, and the most stri amation establishing a British Colony in South amation establishing a British s (107,853m) of 7-ply galvanized wire. The s (107,853m) 1884-85, pp. 102-103). over street tree plantings along Barton Terrace ought iron field gates, cast corner posts, the sake of professional reputation, seek to be this purchase, staff often proceeded with re- eners until such time as August Pelzer (1862- ee in 1885, the colonial Government orchestrated the species and location of plantations position in August 1882. While the Corporation position in August 1882. While and dilapidated post two rail fence” that r Mr. Brown every facility for this purpose …” “various kinds of trees” numbering 100 in the ialled this new fencing on South Terrace and April 1882, Brown commenced foundational 882/602/18). A fractious relationship occurred essary to alter the natural the Plantations’, upon invitation of City sion the Corporation determined to sack City per foot. His conclusions were that the fencing e Terraces. The cast iron posts and pillars were Report

’s (1880) recommendations. The City Gardener (1867- in another place; so that, when outlines, extents, heights, and other matter which it will be necessary to ewed from any one direction, present sion may be arrived at as to what Report Annual xtending or shortening a terrace here, lowering or raising a knoll there, at the same time although he does not specifically record this was advised that Brown shall have “general supervision of the was advised that Brown shall have “general supervision “Letterewe” branding. Upon a of view, and, by mentally picturing the 1882-83, p. 134). (Brown 1880, p. 11). Report

Annual ground operated upon will, when vi and contrasts and deepening or filling up a hollow the best features of site being most prominently secured. To do this it will, I doubt not, be nec considerable degree in places, by e surface features, together with their when it comes to be planted, a deci consider and embrace in designing for the improvement inspected from various points In the subsequent financial year Corporation acquire enclosed most of the Park Land blocks to th relieved of the responsibility.” With this deci Gardener, and therein had a series of City Gard 1934) was appointed City Gardener (1899-1934) mid 1899. in Notwithstanding Brown’s activities, Pengilly also report of 1883 Pengilly records the planting of Squares and in “Roberts-place.” The nature of Pengilly was establishing in the Park Land blocks also tackled plantings in “Park 12” action ( from England, including wrought iron posts, wr galvanized iron pillars together with 117,950 yard purpose was to totally replace the existing “old marked with “Iron Duke” and Gardens staff commenced the process of re-fencing the Park Lands ( 56-57). William H Campbell, as Park Lands Ranger, tr found that he could erect it at a cost of 2¼d. was cost-effective, ornamental, offered opportuni measure complies with Councillor [William] Bullock’s having access to our reserves.” Campbell thereupon fenced Robert’s Place using 14 chains of this new ornamental fencing. Notwithstanding sought to remedy the situation, continued disobedience and contrary activities by the City eventually prompted Gardener and his workforce In his letter of resignation he wrote “I must for fencing works using old materials ( work in implementing parts of the 83), William Pengilly (1825-1911) tree planting in the Park Lands” and to “rende with Brown and Pengilly, a specific incident West prompted Brown’s resignation from this With Brown’s appointment as ‘Supervisor of Adelaide Mayor [Sir] Edwin Thomas Smith in (Town Clerk’s Dept Outwards Letter Book, 1 As part of the celebrations of the colony’s Jubil the Adelaide International Exhibition. The Jubilee the colonization” on 27 July 1835, and the “procl

KARRAWIRRA: 191 ’ and Victoria ‘Drive’.’ by the Surveyor by General’s alienations as indicated in hand in hand as indicated alienations on widths on of ‘Roberts Place’ and widths ‘Avenue tructed Corporation ‘Nursery Figure Figure Lands’ dated 1895 as prepared dated 1895 as prepared Lands’ 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES at the time as well as subsequent as subsequent well as time at the Karrawirra/Park 12, note the road reservati Extract of a ‘Plan of the City of Adelaide and Park and Adelaide City of the Extract of a ‘Plan land reservations Office, delineation terms of annotations. In be cons yet to approximate location of the the Road’, Archives. ACC Source:

of in lieu By-Law XX 1886-87, pp. Report 513 of 1889; Town Town 513 of 1889;

; Thornton nd, pp. 3-4). Annual ssp) trees. This shift, formalised in By-Law XX Town Clerk’s Docket Phoenix

Road along the main portion of Park 12, and e destruction of the original Boathouse by fire. of the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri next to the Parade Ground Reserve was filled in and a al two-wire cable fencing. Eighteen panels of e western side of Frome Road through Park 12, King William Road in 1887 due to damage Hall, originally located behind the Museum, was ound. Works on the Ground included levelling, ound. Works on along Avenue Road. A further 12 panels of now provided. On 4 March 1889 the Corporation on of the ‘Inspector of Boats and Collector d licensing to the Water Police Constable 31 July 1905 the Corporation also revised and South Australian Museum forecourt on North the control of uses on Torrens Lake into ent, the Corporation ceded occupancy of the 1889-90, p. 58; 1889-90, , enabled the Commonwealth Government to formally take Report

-89, p. 135; 1889-90, 119). Annual South Australian Defences Act, 1895 In 1892 the old Corporation-developed quarry in formal flat Parade Ground established. A Drill also relocated and re-erected adjacent to the Gr laying of piping and drains, the planting palm ( the charge of the land, from Government Domain, in 1901 upon federation. Prior to 1893 the Ground was located in the Military Parade Terrace (Heritage SA file 14617; Daly 1987, p. 51). Clerk’s Outward Letter Book, 1889, Acc 602, Item 25; ACC and wire fencing along the western side of Frome 12 panels of wrought iron ornamental fencing the ‘Inspector’. As part of this arrangem ‘Inspectors’ Cottage, immediately adjacent to Jolley’s Boathouse, to the Police. This Boathouse was erected in 1888 by George Jolley following th The original Boathouse was located on the banks the Victoria Bridge of Morphett Street. On consolidated existing by-laws pertaining to (Jenkin 2005, pp. 46, 47; ornamental fencing was erected on both sides of post and wire fence was erected in 1889 along th and a further 36 panels opposite the Zoological Gardens in 1889 ( caused by “vehicular traffic” damaging the origin proposed the transfer of boat inspections an 111, 112; 1887-88, p. 82; 1888 p. 82; 111, 112; 1887-88, Progressively, from 1882, the role and functi Licence Fees’ changed in the 1880s despite “healthful amusement and recreation for untold numbers of the public” that Torrens Lake

KARRAWIRRA: 192 rcolour postcard. While rcolour postcard. 1897-98, p. 72). Report

Annual er fretwork design with finials and gables. Image is is Image gables. and with finials design fretwork er rawirra Parri, the weir and Torrens Lake, and rawirra Parri, the weir and Torrens Lake, ressed into the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri, Torrens. In particular, the “steep banks near .1900 as depicted in a wate depicted in as .1900 h. While Joseph Bower imported the sport into c allocation of 0.41ha land on the Government of flow along the River Torrens/Karrawirra l recommendations from its Engineer-in-Chief line that traversed the Frome Road exhibition Figure Figure the existing stormwater line that drained Frome the existing stormwater Government Reserve in the Park Lands matched y forms the northern portion of Kintore Avenue and that was revised in 1902 with a 21 year lease and that was revised in 1902 with

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES collection. Source: private ue alignment. (1880) planting design strategy recommendations for Report 1893-94, p. 69; 1894-95, p. 66). 1893-94, p. 69; 1894-95, Report

Annual ‘temporary’ it was clearly a fashionable Federation style timb style Federation a fashionable clearly it was ‘temporary’ Kintore Aven the looking south-south-west along The Adelaide Bowling Club “temporary club house” in house” club Club “temporary Bowling Adelaide The

The Corporation also reconstructed a drainage land, with a 0.9m wide underground drain that eg at a cost of £138 as a separate drain to 7s 9d, Road itself ( During 1897 the Corporation considered severa concerning flooding along the River Torrens/Kar general embankment observations. While there were numerous recommendations and suggestions, several centred upon enabling ease Parri watercourse before its waters reached Lake Frome Bridge should be sloped down, and the projecting angles should be rounded off.” This recommendation mirrors Brown’s the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri in this precinct ( In the same year, Adelaide Bowling Club was founded with much assistance from the Superintendent of the Public Works Owen Smyt South Australia, it was Smyth who arranged the Reserve, in a rectangular shape, on what toda This was the first road reserve. The Club occupied this site until 1958 (Daly 1987, pp. 59, 150). sporting club to specifically obtain use of the also by the first 24 hour liquor licence in state being granted to the Club. Smyth created a five year lease with an annual rental of £10, with a special water concession:

ssp) Report

Phoenix Annual ) along King , and replaced by a good have a poor and hungry [1.2m] orientalis 1898-99, p. 150; 1899-

have trenches dug the full width its continuation across the its continuation Report

].” Clearly the original species Platanus postcard looking north-west across the procera Annual

( er of planting than the species itself. But ound. Most of these trees of a very bad nature, being mostly pipe-clay, lime- or more feet away from each tree trunk, according to Ulmus 1893-94, p. 69; 1898-99, p. 150). In 1893-94, p. 69; 1898-99, s were replaced with mature specimens that he tree healthy growth, City Gardener Pelzer acted Figure five wires on the left and right, and young palm ( young right, and on the left and wires five ound (since removed) and removed) (since ound Report [0.9m]

replanted the Pengilly-planted, and Patterson- ) trees along King William Road with “an avenue of plantings elsewhere in the park lands ( out to a depth of at least four feet ssp) from King William Road in 1901 and relocated them the trees are dormant, I propose to Annual orientalis

Phoenix Source: private collection. collection. private Source: .1890s as featured in a water-coloured ?] and English elms [ c the kerbstone, three Platanus dactylifera

he noted that his trenching of the Plane Trees ( Phoenix 1900, p. 294). 1900, p. 294). between the asphalt and the size of rhe trees, and the earth taken appearance, and the soil in which they are growing is rubble, &c., and next winter, when loamy soil, mixed with bone dust and well-rotted manure The trees along King William Road have been dug ar plantings in the foreground lawns. the foreground plantings in Ground. Note the diagonal axial path in the foregr the path in axial diagonal the Note Ground. posts holding White painted extant). (still Ground The ‘Military Parade Ground’ in ‘Military Parade Ground’ in The

to the Brougham Place gardens, and for future use in Frome Road Nursery. In same Annual Report Pelzer also removed 30 palms ( William Road and Avenue (Sir Edwin Smith Avenue) had brought a healthy improvement to the streetscape, and that gaps in the planting 1901, p. 42). excavated and transported from sporadic During 1893 (City) Head Gardener Hayes Date Palms [ quickly in late 1899 recording that: replanted Oriental Plane ( desperation at this continued failure to enable had not been successful probably more to the mann again the trees struggled to develop (

cture that served as the that served as cture ) trees, the single the single line ) trees,

KARRAWIRRA: 193 Source: ACC Archives Archives ACC Source: g surrounding the Parade ) along Victoria Drive. Source: de Ground looking to the north-east the north-east looking to de Ground procera Phoenix dactylifera

Ulmus ound to ound the dome on the Exhibition e 1899-1902 Boer War parading on the the War parading on e 1899-1902 Boer cated Drill Hall and another stru another cated Drill Hall and Figure Figure Figure Exhibition Grounds, hedgin Exhibition Grounds, of the bowling club pavilion. bowling of the

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES ssp) and fencing in the foreground, and the hedge along the along hedge the and the foreground, in fencing ssp) and Phoenix .1903. Photograph of the Torrens Para Torrens the of .1903. Photograph c South Australian soldiers from th from Australian soldiers South .1900, looking south-east across the Gr .1900, looking south-east across c , Adelaide’, in , Adelaide’, MLSA B45675. ; CC Archives railway line running from the Railway Station to the to the Railway Station the from railway line running depicting, in the foreground, the escarpment with its newly planted palm ( palm planted with its newly escarpment the foreground, the in depicting, Return of the first contingent of the first Return of in Ground Military Parade ( palms planted young the Note Building. Elms ( English the established Also, of the Ground. northern flank A Ground, the crushed rock surface Ground, of the the relo Ground, the barracks. Behind the barracks are the timber spires spires timber the are barracks the Behind barracks. ‘The Parade Ground ‘The HP1534

Annual 1899-1900, p. x years from that Town Clerk’s Dockets 1898-99, p. 202). For p. 202). 1898-99, somewhat faithfully Annual Report for a period of si Digest of Proceedings to the Corporation about minor as many Club members were involved in ultivation of trees.” It appears that Pelzer of May 1903 so that in accordance with the of May 1903 so that in th no distinct references to planting upstream of 1899-1900, p. 188; 1899-1900, s planting strategy. The first nursery was of Kintore Avenue and the removal it appears that Pelzer developed and a ‘temporary’ Club House had rsery was to be used for normal flower and opted this recommendation on 9 April 1900, and November 1899 (Heritage SA file 101194). November 1899 (Heritage SA file 101194). ol in Tulya Wodli/Park 27 for “the purpose of er War. The first contingent of 125 South the Corporation in mid 1899 a rigorous planting stream of Albert Bridge within Karrawirra/Park the 1940s onwards state Government and le the propagation and nurturing of street tree slopes near Albert Bridge from 1899 onwards. slopes near Albert Bridge from ober 1899 from the Ground farewelled by large Karrawirra/Park 12 between University Oval and grounds. But discussions were complicated to implement in 1899-1900. Pelzer took to implement in 1899-1900. Pelzer this nursery as can be evidenced by his (Letter, Honorary Secretary, Adelaide Bowling Club 12 as the ‘Frome Road Nursery’ ( Annual Reports

enjoy the use of water free charge 1899-1900, pp. 295-296; 1902, p. 31; 1903, p. 44). 1899-1900, pp. 295-296; 1902, p. 31; (1880) as the guiding master plan for his planting activities. Digest of Proceedings Report of May 1909 of

Report th Annual of its activities ( data, nominally till the 25 concession granted to you, we are to Commissioners of Public Works, 24 July 1902, docket CPW 729/02; cited in Daly 1987, p. 59). Our present lease of five years will expire on the 25 These references appear to relate land down works coincide with the construction and 12 and not upstream in Tainmundilla/Park 11 as the development of War Memorial Drive. There are Albert Bridge until discussions commence in 1919 about the construction of War Memorial Drive through Warnpangga/Park 10. earthworks and tree planting activities on the referred to and used Brown’s A key recommendation was the development of the ‘Frome Road Nursery’ in Karrawirra/Park 12, an action that Pelzer immediately sought considerable interest in the development of Reports 1899 was also important in the first mustering of volunteers and troops on the newly formed Parade Ground as a departure point for the Bo Australian soldiers assembled and left in Oct crowds. The Drill and Gun Sheds, then located behind the Museum, were thereupon dismantled and reassembled on the Ground by There are regular references in Pelzer’s By December 1898 the bowling green had been between the Corporation and state Government these two organisations. With Pelzer’s appointment as City Gardener to was undertaken and Park Lands program of the tabled before the Corporation an ambitious plan to establish On 29 March 1900 Pelzer Corporation’s second plant nursery to support hi established in 1899 adjacent to the Adelaide Ga been erected (Heritage SA file 101194). From traffic movement Adelaide Bowling Club on … fencing, shade houses and obtaining young trees” ( Corporation variously pressed for the extension the second nursery, Pelzer proposed a site in enable the “c the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri to desired a nursery specifically designed to enab specimens whereas the Tulya Wodli/Park 27 nu shrub cultivation for Corporation displays, although numerous tree specimens continued to be propagated at this nursery. The Corporation ad the nursery in Tulya Wodli/Park 27 began to be colloquially known as the ‘West Park Nursery’ and the new nursery in Karrawirra/Park 157 of 1900 and 1164 1900; 106).

trees along , have been Ficus ] ssp) trees, two trees, ssp) ssp) from ssp] procera

Phoenix

KARRAWIRRA: 194 Ulmus the other boundary fences [ Ampelopsis Washingtonia [ y to being planted around the large u approved. The dying and stunted d levelled, and a mixture of couch eely. The banks of the storm-water er reported the design, development ing the central Moreton Bay Fig ( central Moreton ing the , and ampelopsis ption of six, which were topped and ringed, and anting plane trees along ssp] y Sewell’s Payneham Nursery, together with er and Brougham Place Gardens, and various Figure Tecoma 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES [ tree which is growing therein, and paths from the three entrances e, have been sloped off preparator en planted on the lawns, and three elm ] out according to the plan, which yo , tecoma ] Underground Ducts & Lighting plan, Z79/20. plan, & Lighting Ducts Underground nd has been ploughed, harrowed, an rve, as surveyed in 1920, depict as surveyed in 1920, rve, helix

s have been sown and has come up fr macrophylla

1901, p. 41). Hedera [ 1899-1900, p. 293; 1910, p. 23). Pelz p. p. 293; 1910, 1899-1900, Ficus ) in the reserve following a donation of 100 palms ( ) in the reserve following g [ Report

Report

robusta

Annual ) and the pathway system extant at that time, together with the five extant palm ( palm extant five the with together time, that at extant system pathway the ) and Annual Roberts Place Reserve has been laid gum trees have been grubbed and removed with the exce climbers such as ivy planted to cover theme. The grou and perennial rye grass seed catchment, running through this reserv Moreton Bay fi have been made. One of the paths crosses the storm-water catchment, and a substantial foot-bridge has been put across it. Six palms have be the western fence. Next planting season I purpose pl [sic] ( Detailed plan of Roberts Place Rese Roberts Detailed plan of flower beds and seating. Source: ACC Source: seating. and flower beds macrophylla Washingtonia

and planting of Roberts Place in late 1901: approximately 0.2ha, received Pelzer’s attention. Pelzer planted several Cotton Palms ( politician George Brookman, obtained from Henr Elder Park (in Tandanya Womma/Park 26), Palm Squares (

var ssp), “50 ‘Pyramidalis’). azedarach Ulmus

alba

wide, with paths 6 feet Melia and twenty loads of manure Populus [10m] 1899-1900, pp. 295, 296). 1899-1900, . [0.6m], ssp) trees and white painted post and and post painted and white trees ssp) ), 200 Elm trees ( wide Phoenix he Albert Bridge, near the River Torrens, covering long and 33 feet orientalis

[3.6m] Ground in 1893, possibly taken at the opening of the of the opening at possibly taken in 1893, Ground Annual Report posts and twelve barb wires, and … a hedge of been laid out with mounds and ridges, the trees thway leading up the escarpment in the background. background. the in escarpment the up leading thway ] ing them, when ready for removal, will be greatly r the purpose of watering the trees in summer lopment of the ‘Frome Road Nursery’, or , then administered by Conservator Walter Gill, [30m] Figure Figure From 1899 Roberts Place Reserve, comprising 1899 Roberts From ), 25 Upright Poplars ( ), 25 Upright Poplars Platanus ], 200 White Cedars (Melia) [ planted along the fence. alba

] apart each way and alternate in the rows. a roadway 12 feet en trenched to a depth of 2 feet

Populus pseudoacacia

[1.2m] Eucalyptus marginata [ y Parade. Note the young palm( the young Note y Parade. Robinia Lycium ferocissmum [0.8ha]. [ 1899-1900, pp. 295-296). Report

wide between the beds, and ],” 25 Spreading Poplars ( Annual The Nursery has been laid out in beds 100 feet [1.8m] So far four of the large beds have be have been worked into each of them. The beds have planted on the mounds 4 feet African box thorn By planting the trees on mounds thew work of lift an area of two acres The fence consists of jarrah facilitated, and the ridge will serves as channels fo ( … had been laid out in the North Park Lands below t double rail fencing in the foreground, and the diagonal pa diagonal and the foreground, in the fencing double rail MLSA B5384. Archives; Source: ACC Ground depicting its first Militar depicting Ground A photograph looking south-east across the Military Parade the across south-east A photograph looking By November 1900 Pelzer reported on the deve ‘planting-out ground’ that: ‘planting-out Pelzer also advised that the Forest Department had provided some 750 trees of several varieties that were growing now successfully in the Nursery. The donation included 250 Plane ( White Acacias (Robinia) [ australisca The nursery perimeter fencing was also completed ( With the turn of the century Pelzer focused part his attention on the creation of formal parks in the pocket triangles created Light’s Plan.

. )

, white ] , &c ]

Annual Eucalyptus pseudoacacia selloana

Eucalyptus Tamarix aphylla Robinia [ KARRAWIRRA: 195 Cortaderia [ spp) along Frome Road, 4 rious trees, shrubs, &c., such as ) along Pennington Terrace, 25 ], tamarisks Platanus ssp , pampas grass ] australisca Salix – “the finest of any public thoroughfare in alba

[ var stream of the Frome Road bridge in 1902: ] the Frome Road Bridge. Two further trees k 12; this was the corner of Frome Road and ncing with iron posts” along the west side of and Campbell’s staff in the early 1900s. In ng various trees and shrubs, most of the ng various trees erected around the Corporation’s Sweepings e fencing around Roberts Place and Populus River Torrens” in 1903, and Pelzer reported the River Torrens” in 1903, and Pelzer , willows Road. Town Clerk Ellery profiled the King Karrawirra/Park 12, and in the following year and bars” in the Roberts Place fencing ( [ azedarach Tree root trenching also occurred around select the “Anchor” style of sawn jarrah ( ] 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES ] ssp] the Corporation p. 46). In 1904 31; 1903, 1902, p. australisca sloped off and planted with va ?] 1903, p. 25). Melia var Report ]

] ] ] , silver poplars pseudoacacia alba ] tacamahaca ‘Pyramidalis’]

canescens

Washingtonia repens

aphylla azedarach Annual

alba ssp]

orientalis

Robinia Annual Report Populus Populus ( Populus [ [ [ ssp / [ 1901, p. 43; 1902, pp. 20, 30, 31; 1903, p. 27). Notwithstanding this, pp. 20, 30, 31; 1903, 1902, 1901, p. 43; Melia ssp] [ pseudoacacia ssp] ssp) along King William Road, and 48 White Cedars ( Populus

ssp) were sourced annually from the Woods & Forests nurseries. A further 1902, p. 31). 1902, p. 31). ssp] Tamarix Coprosma Fraxinus [ [ [ [ Platanus Report Rosa Ulmus

[ Phoenix [ [ [ Pinus Report [

1903, pp. 25, 44, 45; 1904, pp. 9-10, 39). 44, 45; 1904, 1903, pp. 25, Populus Robinia Platanus ssp) and 5 white cedars ( [ Annual ) post and wire fencing. The style consisted of six-wire fencing with jarrah ( ) posts 3.6m apart. George Wills & Co was the appointed contractor. In 1904 Report

Annual The steep banks … are being gradually upright poplars 107 White Acacias 26 Tamarisks 20 Palms 34 Coprosmas 150 Roses 99 Pines 34 Various Shrubs acacias ( 150 Elms 413 Planes 50 Ash Trees 175 Silver Poplars 40 Balsam Poplars 50 White Cedars 142 White Poplars

1904, pp. 39, 74; 1905, pp. 41, 55). 1904, pp. 39, 74; 1905, Fraxinus Annual accurate ( Pelzer reported on River embankment works down Various members of the public were also donati new Poplars ( 92 trees were planted along the “banks of completion of bank sloping works downstream and 30 shrubs were planted in Roberts Place, 11 Plane Trees ( ash ( Plane Trees ( trees along Avenue Road in the same year. street trees in King William Road and Frome William Road – its “shapely rows” - and Frome Australia” - tree-lined avenues in two lantern slide lectures in August and September 1904 ( Fencing works also continued to occupy Pelzer’s “perambulator” gates were added to th 1902-03 Karrawirra/Park 12 generally. A fence was also Depot in the north-east corner of Karrawirra/Par former MacKinnon Parade ( commissioned fencing contractors to erect marginata marginata Campbell also erected 16 chains of “cable wire fe By 1903 the tree stock in Frome Road Nursery included: Report Frome Road north of Bridge in Pelzer installed two new “perambulator gates

Populus ) and elms ), 3 Pepper alba Nerium

orientalis ssp). He

ssp), &c., along the Populus street tree planting. ), 11 upright poplars Phoenix Platanus Ulmus ), 20 spreading poplars ( pseudoacacia

ssp), elms ( ].” It is difficult to ascertain where ), and 2 palms ( ), 2 Silver Poplars ( Robinia ged by the late 1900s. This tree raising cladocalyx Salix

s” in his reports as he was in the processs” in his reports of ssp) shrub. In Roberts Place, 8 Planes ] 1901, p. 43). , Pelzer started extensive r transportation into the municipality’s streets 1901, p. 43; 1902, 31; 1903, pp. 25, 45; 1904, were being established. The latter were to orientalis The Corporation allocated an additional £50

Tecoma in its 1902 budget and these trees included 9 Report

Eucalyptus Dovyalis caffra Report australasica ]

] ] ) were planted together with 1 Oleander ( ] Cortaderia selloana Cortaderia Platanus ssp), willows ( ] ) were added in Avenue Road 1901, together with ] var molle accommodate seeds and cuttings of: Annual ] ritised mass street trees in planes ( Annual ] ( procera selloana

]

var Populus cladocalyx

patersonii orientalis pseudoacacia orientalis

repens

altissima ssp]

azedarach aeria

), 3 planes (

spp] ), and 1 Tecoma (

Ulmus ssp), 1 Aberia ( ssp] oleander

ssp] ssp] ssp] Cortaderia ssp] [ ssp] ssp] molle Melia Robinia procera Platanus Platanus [

Schinus [ Eucalyptus Tecoma Lagunaria [ Coprosma Ulmus [ Rhamnus [ Ailanthus Laburnum Nerium var Hebe [ [ Fraxinus [ [ [ [ Tecoma [ [ Populus Aberia ), 3 Elms ( Prunus [ [ [ [ [ Ulmus aeria

‘Pyramidalis’), ( 7 Sugar Gums orientalis

alba

), 1 Tecoma ( Schinus ssp), a pattern and preference which had chan 350 white cedars 50 poplars 48 sugar gums 36 lagunarias 65 ash trees 16 pepper trees 70 coprosmas 550 plane trees 475 elm trees 20 rhamnus 15 pampas grasses 12 oleanders 40 white acacias 50 prunus 15 ailanthus 70 aberias 8 laburnums 15 veronicas 15 tecomas ), and “30 bushes of pampas grass [ Ulmus Platanus Populus p. 39; 1905, p. 65). p. 39; 1905, With this mass production of street trees at hand These lists provide a very important insight into what tree and flowering shrub species that Pelzer sought immediately to propagate ready fo and parks. He appears to have prio ( pattern was evident in later years ( Parri.” banks of the River Torrens/Karrawirra towards street tree planting in Avenue Road English Elms ( and the former nursery beds were to Further Plane Trees ( accommodate seedlings and specimens obtained from the Mount Macedon Forests Department Nursery in Victoria and the South Australian Woods & Forests Department including: “various trees such as poplars ( By 1901 the Frome Road Nursery was in full operation. Pelzer reported that all trees were doing well, and that six additional beds of 30m x 10m Trees ( ( oleander projected that two rows of trees would be planted along Avenue Road in 1903. Along the “banks of the River Torrens” were 3 “white acacias” ( ( alba Pelzer was specifying as “banks of the River Torren landscaping all River banks from the Frome Road bridge to Morphett Street bridge having been allocated additional land from the state Government in front of the present Convention Centre, so the latter needs to be placed in context rather than being interpreted as spatially

); );

pampas procera ],

Ulmus alba

tamarisks Ulmus ssp], Populus [ KARRAWIRRA: 196 Salix [ requiring the planting of trees willows rk’ as designed and developed by and developed designed rk’ as silver poplars ], 3, p. 44). Pelzer reported that: australasica 1903, pp. 28-29). 1903, pp. 28-29). adually sloped off and planted with various trees, ‘Pyramidalis’], recommendation that Pelzer establish dense y system; an obviously mature English Elm ( Elm English mature y system; an obviously 12 except within the confines of Frome 1902, p. 31). var alba

Figure Figure on the northern corner of Frome Road and circular timber seat around the English Elm ( Elm English the around seat timber circular imately westwards. Source: private collection. collection. private Source: westwards. imately tter two under the City Surveyor respectively.

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Report

azedarch

Populus Annual Report s [ rt Bridge (Frome Road Bridge) rt Bridge (Frome Annual Melia ( [ picting ‘Pennington [Gardens East] ‘Pennington Pa picting , &c. ] white acacias , ] aphylla

1899-1900, pp. 295-296; 1902, p. 31; 190 pp. 295-296; 1899-1900, Cortaderia selloana [ .1910. Note the picturesque circuitous pathwa picturesque Note the .1910. c Report

Tamarix ) that Pelzer incorporated into the design; the the design; the into incorporated Pelzer ) that grass The steep banks near the Albert Bridge are being gr shrubs, &c., such as upright poplar [ extensive flower beds. The view is looking approx flower beds. extensive A period water coloured postcards de coloured postcards water A period Pelzer in procera Annual noted that there of all Corporation depots and rubbish tips in the Park Lands In 1903 a review were no rubbish tips located in Karrawirra/Park Road Nursery, a ‘sweepings’ depot in the north-east corner of Karrawirra/Park 12, and a dump for “street sweepings” and scrapings” Victoria Drive. All were deemed important and thereby recommended for “permanent reservation” under the City Gardener and la Accompanying these policy determinations was a hedges to surround these compounds ( There appears also to have been minor engineering works along the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri embankment slopes near Albe (

the northern and western western and the northern House Domain, dated 1903, dated 1903, House Domain,

ssp) established along King William ssp) Road Platanus e sheep grazing on the southern embankment; lines embankment; southern the on grazing e sheep y Parade Ground land and the absence of palms y Parade Ground land ion; and extant walling along ion; and the Parade Ground expanse thus indicating it was it was indicating thus expanse Ground Parade the Ground and Government Government Ground and Figure ions against the Road itself; the line of young palms young palms the line of Road itself; the against ions Source: Campbell 1998, pp.18-19. Campbell 1998, Source: Note the young Plane trees ( trees Plane young the Note ssp) inside the centre of ssp) inside Platanus ssp) adjacent to King William Road in the Militar William Road in King to ssp) adjacent th the southern embankment; interestingly ssp) on Phoenix Phoenix and looking south-south-east. and looking south-south-east. dimens its and Bridge Adelaide second the side; east ( ( Extract of a photograph featuring the Torrens Parade featuring the Torrens Extract of a photograph flanks of the Government House. flanks of of young Plane trees ( trees Plane of young smaller in dimensions that today’s bitumen covered vers bitumen dimensions that today’s smaller in

Report

[3.0m] Report

Annual Annual (

KARRAWIRRA: 197 , herbaceous, and other ss] rrowed, and will be laid out and bad language and accidental ut the lawnss and a flower-bed 40 Canna [ [sic]. into liquidation in 1905 and the land was into liquidation in 1905 . From the various entrances, path. 10 feet ral gardens in the Park Lands. In 1904 his the Park Lands. In 1904 ral gardens in ays gained and constructed a railway line from take advantage of the Lake Torrens waters, dedicating an area specifically for railways ing in that locality … also to search the Lake for large lawns of various shapes, Plots of various designs uise on Lake Torrens; a 9m long Stern Wheeler transport produce and stock. As part of the Boathouse. In the following year, entrepreneur the Inspector, and thereupon the Water Police a spur line located between the Parade Ground ition. This was a cottage erected immediately spector deemed it to be in an unsanitary ngton Gardens East, that he proposed to be ounds then occupied by the Royal Adelaide ppointment to the Corporation, included control to prevent acts of indecency [1.2ha] 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES s lawns will be taken in hand next month ad south has been ploughed and ha [and] 2307 of 1904; 527 of 1909; Thornton nd, p. 4). 527 of 1909; Thornton 2307 of 1904; ve been planted here and there abo 15 January 1903; Daly 1987, pp. 62-63). 15 January 1903; 4024 of 1904). 4024 of 1904). in, and a gradual slope towards the lower level has been formed; the and planted with Shrubs, Cannas Clerk’s Dockets

[sic] Town Government Gazette in diameter has been laid out in the centre lawn Town Clerk’s Docket ( [12.2m] The Reserve east of King William Ro planted as a garden, according to the plan which I have submitted to you; the steep bank on the western side of the Reserve has been filled work of levelling and planting Couch gras 1904, p. 63). … to attend all reports made of anything occurr bodies of persons who are missing … drowning This reserve has an area of about three acres wide have been made, dividing the reserve into five have been laid out in the lawns flowering plants Ornamental trees and palms, etc., ha feet 1904, pp. 39, 66; 1905, p. 41). He reported: 66; 1905, 1904, pp. 39, Down on the Lake, the condition of old ‘Inspector Boats and Licenses’ wooden Cottage was now reported to be in a deteriorating cond adjacent to Jolley’s Boathouse to accommodate Constable. The Corporation’s own Sanitary In structure was demolished and the Constable condition and directed its demolition in 1904. The shifted his functions to the North Adelaide Police Station which was an unsuitable location to monitor the Lake ( his a Constable J Robb’s duties, in confirming over the water from Torrens Weir to Hackney Bridge and In the same year, 1903, the South Australian Railw In the same year, 1903, the railway station to Jubilee Exhibition gr Agricultural & Horticultural Society. This was and the northern Government House wall included a bridge under King William Road. The line was regular used especially during shows to construction a ‘Produce Depot’ was also reserved purposes. The ‘Depot’ was thereupon leased to the South Australian Fruit & Vegetable Company however went Company for 21 years. The then leased to the Society for 21 years. The also re-leased its show grounds from state government in 1908 for 50 years, which included land to the east of Frome Road within same agreement ( The Torrens Rowing Club was formed in 1903 to eventually erecting a boat house next to Jolley’s Frank Jolley introduced the first motorboat to cr pp. 46, 47). (Jenkin 2005, capable of holding 30 passengers Pelzer commenced the creation of seve In 1903-10 attention turned to ‘Pennington Park’ or Penni “grassed and planted with shrubs and flowers similar to the gardens in Brougham Palmer Places” and shifted fencing to accommodate these works. He also expressed a wish for additional funds to commence Pennington Gardens West in the following budget ( Work on creating Pennington Gardens East was completed by 1905:

ton Gardens East as designed and and designed as East Gardens ton system; an obviously mature English mature English obviously system; an e circular timber seat around the English Elm English Elm the seat around timber e circular ooking approximately westwards, and the lower view and westwards, approximately ooking circuitous pathway circuitous Figures t to be developed Memorial Garden or Garden of Garden or Garden to be developed Memorial t depicting ‘Pennington Park’ or Penning Park’ or ‘Pennington depicting .1910. Note the picturesque c ) that Pelzer incorporated into the design; th design; the into incorporated Pelzer that ) ); extensive flower beds. The upper view is l view The upper flower beds. extensive ); procera

procera

Ulmus Ulmus ( Elm ( Two period water coloured postcards Two period water coloured postcards is looking north-westwards along the axis of the ye the axis of the is looking north-westwards along collection. private Source: Remembrance. developed by Pelzer in by developed