Le Massacre De Peterloo Dans L'imaginaire Populaire

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Le Massacre De Peterloo Dans L'imaginaire Populaire The Haberdashers’ Aske’s School Occasional Papers Series in the Humanities Occasional Paper Number Thirty-Two Le massacre de Peterloo dans l’imaginaire populaire - Causes et conséquences d’un évènement tragique (Peterloo massacre in the collective imagination Causes and consequences of a tragic event) Wassila Boutchich [email protected] June 2020 1 A Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper. All rights reserved. Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper Number Thirty-Two June 2020 All rights reserved Peterloo massacre in the collective imagination Causes and consequences of a tragic event Abstract The 19th century is known as one of the most eventful periods in British history. Between the progress of the Industrial Revolution, and the waves of unrest at the start of the century, this era marks the beginning of societal evolution. This period is known, in particular, as a time when members of the working class tried to carve out a place for themselves and claim their rights. Of all the rallies that took place during this time, the 1819 protest in Manchester is undoubtedly the most important. On the 16th of August 1819, tens of thousands of people decided to peacefully demonstrate in order to demand parliamentary reform. Women and children were at the front of the group, playing and dancing to the sound of musicians. However, this did not prevent a militia from storming the crowd. As a result, fifteen people died and hundreds more were injured. This event prompted public outrage and strong reactions, especially in the press. For this thesis, I decided to ask myself three questions: How were the demonstrators represented in the press after the event? How was law enforcement represented? What were the effects of this massacre on society? In order to answer these questions, I consulted several newspaper articles from the time. The majority of the articles were in support of the demonstrators, while denouncing the actions of the government. Nevertheless, some pro- government newspapers wrongly accused the demonstrators of violence and various crimes in an attempt to justify the militia attack. For this reason, it was especially interesting to compare these two perspectives in order to understand and emphasise the gravity of this event that serves as a turning point in the evolution of the working class in British society. Below, the English version of the table of contents: 2 A Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper. All rights reserved. 3 A Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper. All rights reserved. Le massacre de Peterloo dans l’imaginaire populaire - Causes et conséquences d’un évènement tragique Wassila Boutchich Remerciements Résumé Abstract Introduction Chapitre Premier - La représentation du peuple 1. Le massacre à travers la presse - une violence non nécessaire 2. Mise en scène du tragique - concordance entre les écrits et les dessins 3. Henry Hunt : incarnation de l’injustice subie par le peuple Deuxième chapitre - La représentation des forces de l’ordre 1. Des héros du gouvernement 2. Des meurtriers 3. Remise en cause du gouvernement et du système Troisième chapitre - Impact sur la cohésion nationale et l’imaginaire collectif 1. Une atmosphère pesante 2. Union du peuple - Que justice soit faite 3. Une liberté d’expression menacée Conclusion Biblographie Annexes 4 A Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper. All rights reserved. Remerciements Pour la réalisation de ce mémoire, je tiens tout d’abord à remercier ma directrice de recherche, Mme. Catherine HEYRENDT, pour l’aide qu’elle m’a apportée tout au long de l’année. Ses conseils ont été d’une grande utilité et ses encouragements m’ont permis de m’investir entièrement dans ce projet. Il me convient également de remercier tout autant M. Adrian PARK d’avoir pris le temps de me lire, en acceptant de faire partie des membres du jury. Mais aussi pour les différents conseils qu’il a pu m’apporter, notamment en me guidant vers certains ouvrages à lire pour faciliter mes recherches. Enfin, je remercie le Dr. Ian St. John, professeur d’histoire à la Haberdarsher’s Aske Boys School, pour son soutien. Nos discussions m’ont permis d’organiser mes idées plus facilement et de comprendre certains points de manière concrète. 5 A Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper. All rights reserved. Résumé Le XIXe siècle au Royaume-Uni est connu comme étant l’une des période les plus mouvementées de l’histoire. Entre les progrès liés à la Révolution Industrielle, et les différentes agitations qui se sont déroulées au début du siècle, cette ère marque le début de l’évolution de la société. Cette société notamment marquée par la classe ouvrière qui a essayé de se faire une place et de revendiquer ses droits. Ainsi, le rassemblement des réformateurs radicaux au St. Peter’s Field de Manchester, marquera le point de départ de cette reconnaissance. Même s’il s’est terminé en massacre et qu’on lui donnera très vite le nom de Peterloo dans la presse, il a permis de mettre l’accent sur les problèmes qui subsistaient au sein du gouvernement et de la société. Mots-clés : classe ouvrière, Révolution Industrielle, agitations, rassemblement, réformateurs, radicaux, Manchester, massacre, Peterloo, presse. 6 A Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper. All rights reserved. Abstract The 19th century is still recognized as one of the most boisterous periods in history. On the one hand, the Industrial Revolution underlined the beginning of progress. On the other hand, many agitations took place, especially at the beginning of the century. But we can’t deny that the British Society started to evolve from the moment the population wanted to fight and claim for more rights. That was particularly the case for the working-class who wanted to be recognised and supported. That’s why, the great meeting of the Radical Reformers, at St. Peter’s Field, in Manchester, can be considered as a turning point in the improvement of the working-class’s way of life. Even if that event ended in the most terrible way and was renamed as ‘Peterloo Massacre’ through the press, it opened the way in obtaining their rights and liberties. Keywords: agitations, working-class, progress, meeting, Radical Reformers, Manchester, Peterloo, Massacre, press 7 A Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper. All rights reserved. Introduction En pleine Révolution Industrielle, dès le début du XIXe siècle, le Royaume-Uni s’est retrouvé à faire face à différentes crises qui ont eu des conséquences importantes sur les années à venir. En 1800, l’Angleterre est amenée à signer l’Acte de l’union avec l’Irlande. À travers cet acte, effectif seulement à partir du 1er Janvier 1801, l’Irlande a commencé à faire partie officielle du Royaume-Uni en rejoignant la Grande-Bretagne. C’est à partir de ce moment que le parlement de Dublin s’est dissout et que l’Irlande a été contrainte d’être représentée au Parlement de Westminster. Et comme la seule Église autorisée à représenter le Royaume-Uni était l’Église anglicane, les catholiques se sont vu refuser l’accès à des fonctions officielles. Ainsi, l’émancipation de la population catholique a été très restreinte, et l’alliance entre la Grande Bretagne et l’Irlande a laissé place à un mécontentement croissant de la population catholique et de ceux qui voulaient la paix1. En 1807, c’est un autre problème qui, même une fois résolu, n’a pas mis fin à la crise existentielle au sujet de l’esclavage. Cette année, William Wilberforce, après de nombreuses tentatives depuis la fin du 18ème siècle, a réussi à faire entendre ses idées en poussant le gouvernement à abolir la traite des esclaves. Même si cela a été considéré comme un premier pas important dans l’abolition de l’esclavage, cela n’a néanmoins pas empêché de nombreuses personnes à se soulever pour demander l’abolition totale de l’esclavage, créant ainsi de nombreuses tensions au sein même des abolitionnistes2. Mais ces deux aspects ne sont pas les seuls à avoir mis en place cette atmosphère de désaccord entre la population et le gouvernement britannique. Effectivement, les années 1810 étaient particulièrement agitées jusqu’au début des années 1920, du fait des inégalités très présentes. Ces inégalités se trouvaient spécialement au 3 niveau des représentations politiques, et plus précisément entre les différentes classes sociales . 1 http://www.victorianweb.org/history/ireland1.html [Dernière consultation le 23/06/2018] 2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wilberforce_william.shtml [Dernière consultation le 23/06/2018] 3 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/95699.stm [Dernière consultation le 23/06/2018] 8 A Haberdashers’ Aske’s Occasional Paper. All rights reserved. Il est vrai que le pays était découpé en plusieurs municipalités afin de représenter convenablement la totalité de la population. Or, au début du 19ème siècle, le gouvernement a accordé des privilèges à certaines circonscriptions au détriment d’autres villes plus importantes démographiquement. On appelait ces circonscriptions les « bourgs pourris1 » car elles étaient à l’époque très peuplées, mais ont vu, au fil du temps, leur population diminuer. Puis, comme ces municipalités étaient peuplées de personnes aisées, même s’il ne s’agissait que d’un très petit nombre, elles conservaient tout de même leurs avantages électoraux. Ainsi, ils avaient la possibilité d’élire les représentants de leur choix au Parlement. Alors que certains de ces bourgs continuaient à avoir une influence importante sur la représentation électorale, des villes considérablement plus peuplées se retrouvaient avec peu, voire pas du tout, de représentants. C’était le cas, par exemple, pour la ville de Manchester. Pour rappel, à cette époque, seuls les hommes avaient le droit de voter, les femmes étant exclues de la sphère politique pour consacrer leur temps aux affaires domestiques.
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