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United States Marine Corps Assault Amphibian Vehicle Egress Study

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United States Marine Corps Assault Amphibian Vehicle Egress Study Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2014-06 United States Marine Corps assault amphibian vehicle egress study Ford, Jason T. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42624 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS ASSAULT AMPHIBIAN VEHICLE EGRESS STUDY by Jason T. Ford June 2014 Thesis Advisor: Lawrence G. Shattuck Second Reader: Lyn R. Whitaker Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2014 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS ASSAULT 5. FUNDING NUMBERS AMPHIBIAN VEHICLE EGRESS STUDY 6. AUTHOR(S) Jason T. Ford 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number NPS.2012.0076- IR-EP7-A. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) Due to the cancellation of the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) program, the Marine Corps have begun developing the Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) to replace the 42-year-old Assault Amphibian Vehicle (AAV). Because the ACV will not be fielded until 2022, the AAV is being modified to improve its survivability. Upgrades to the AAV will make it heavier and, therefore, will make it sink faster. This thesis explores the factors that give Marines the best chance for surviving a sinking AAV. A 2 (17 vs. 21 embarked infantry) x 2 (daylight vs. restricted lighting) x 3 (combinations of armor and floatation devices) x 6 (combinations of egress or evacuation and number of hatches) full factorial experiment was conducted at Camp Pendleton, CA, in August 2012. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified specific factor combinations that yielded the lowest egress times. Specifically, subjects who left their weapons and body armor and exited through the two rear cargo hatches had the best chance of survival. This thesis provides baseline results for future emergency egress studies on the AAV and the new ACV. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Assault Amphibian Vehicle, AAV, Amphibious Combat Vehicle, ACV, 15. NUMBER OF Egress, Evacuation, Emergency Egress, Analysis of Variance, ANOVA, Design of PAGES Experiment, DOE, Marine Corps, USMC, Full Factorial 147 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS ASSAULT AMPHIBIAN VEHICLE EGRESS STUDY Jason T. Ford Major, United States Marine Corps B.S., United States Naval Academy, 2000 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OPERATIONS RESEARCH from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2014 Author: Jason T. Ford Approved by: Lawrence G. Shattuck Thesis Advisor Lyn R. Whitaker Second Reader Robert F. Dell Chair, Department of Operations Research iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT Due to the cancellation of the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) program, the Marine Corps have begun developing the Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) to replace the 42-year-old Assault Amphibian Vehicle (AAV). Because the ACV will not be fielded until 2022, the AAV is being modified to improve its survivability. Upgrades to the AAV will make it heavier and, therefore, will make it sink faster. This thesis explores the factors that give Marines the best chance for surviving a sinking AAV. A 2 (17 vs. 21 embarked infantry) x 2 (daylight vs. restricted lighting) x 3 (combinations of armor and floatation devices) x 6 (combinations of egress or evacuation and number of hatches) full factorial experiment was conducted at Camp Pendleton, CA, in August 2012. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified specific factor combinations that yielded the lowest egress times. Specifically, subjects who left their weapons and body armor and exited through the two rear cargo hatches had the best chance of survival. This thesis provides baseline results for future emergency egress studies on the AAV and the new ACV. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 A. PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................... 1 B. OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................... 2 C. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................... 3 D. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS ......................................................... 3 E. THESIS ORGANIZATION .................................................................... 5 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 7 A. OVERVIEW .......................................................................................... 7 B. BACKGROUND ................................................................................... 7 1. History of Amphibious Operations ........................................ 7 2. Navy-Marine Corps Team ........................................................ 8 C. PRESENT SITUATION ...................................................................... 11 1. Equipment Conflicts .............................................................. 11 2. The Road Ahead .................................................................... 13 3. Statement of Work and Test Plan ......................................... 16 D. REVIEW OF RECENT EGRESS GUIDELINES PRACTICES AND RESEARCH ....................................................................................... 17 1. Hypotheses ............................................................................ 24 2. Research Question One ........................................................ 25 3. Research Question Two ........................................................ 26 4. Research Question Three ..................................................... 26 III. METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 27 A. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 27 B. RESEARCH TEAM ............................................................................ 28 C. RESEARCH SUBJECTS ................................................................... 28 D. EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................... 28 E. VARIABLES ....................................................................................... 29 1. Response Variable ................................................................. 29 2. Snag Variable ......................................................................... 29 3. Independent Variables .......................................................... 29 a. Illumination (Daylight or Restricted) ......................... 30 b. Subject Load (17 infantry + 3 crewman or 21 infantry + 3 crewman) ................................................. 30 c. Body Armor and Personal Flotation Device (Keep LPU-32; Drop LPU-32; Keep HESP) ........................... 30 d. Weapon and Route (Take1; Take3; Take4; Leave2; Leave3; Leave5) .......................................................... 31 F. DATA COLLECTION/PROCEDURES ............................................... 32 IV. DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 35 A. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 35 B. DEMOGRAPHICS .............................................................................. 35 vii C. ANTHROPOMETRICS ....................................................................... 39 1. Unequipped Measurements .................................................. 39 2. Equipped Measurements ...................................................... 48 D. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS .............................................................. 50 1. Response Variable
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