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General History of the Jamaica Bay, Breezy Point

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GENERAL HISTORY OF THE JAMAICA BAY, BREEZY POINT, AND STATEN ISLAND UNITS, GATEWAY NATIONAL RECREATION AREA, NEW YORK NY Tony P. Wrenn 31 October 1975 ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION, FORMATTING AND EDITING 2002 DATE: 31 October 1975 TO: E. Blaine Cliver National Park Service North Atlantic Regional Office 150 Causeway Street Boston, MA 02114 FROM: Tony P. Wrenn Historic Preservation Consultant P. O. Box 1112 Alexandria, VA 22313 SUBJECT: General History, Gateway National Recreation Area, New York, NY Jamaica Bay, Breezy Point, and Staten Island Units (Order Number: PX 1600-5-0353) DESCRIPTION: Furnish a study and report on historical buildings within the Gateway National Recreation Area, excluding those located within the Sandy Hook Unit. The report should emphasis those buildings which the study indicates are of importance, explaining why these conclusions have been reached. A general over-all history and its association with the buildings should also be included as well as sources of future research and the types of material to be found in these sources. Hereby submitted in completion of the study is the report, which includes a listing of sources used. Attachments include photographs, drawings, surveys, maps, and copies from both secondary and primary sources. /s/Tony P. Wrenn ___________________________________ Tony P. Wrenn Historic Preservation Consultant 2 SUMMARY Areas within the Jamaica Bay, Breezy Point, and Staten Island Units are presented in that unit order, with each area covered separately. For each area there is first a location, then a general history, notes on existing structures (if any), comments, and suggestions for additional research. a sizable amount of manuscript material, graphics, and limited-circulation printed material uncovered during the research effort is transmitted with the report; these materials are described briefly by their listing in Appendix B of the report. Appendix A contains notes on additional research sources and general comments on the type of materials that each source might provide. Appendix C presents additional material on Floyd Bennett Field and on Fort Tilden that was inadvertently omitted from the body of the report but that the writer felt should be included. In assessing existing structures the report makes the following suggestions: ′ Floyd Bennett Field possesses sufficient importance in aviation history and the evolution of municipal-airport construction to warrant consideration for both nomination to the National Register of Historic Places and designation as a Registered National Historic Landmark. ′ Canarsie Pier The existing pier -- remnant of early-twenty-century development of Jamaica Bay as a port and of change (ca. 1940) from commercial to recreational use -- is historically important enough to warrant consideration for retention and preservation. ′ Jacob Riis Park possesses sufficient importance as an aviation testing and record site (Rockaway Naval Air Station) and architectural, landscape architecture, and regional planning/recreational importance to warrant consideration for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. ′ Fort Tilden possesses sufficient importance historically and architecturally as a typical World War I and 1930's coastal military defense installation to warrant consideration for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. ′ Miller Field possesses sufficient importance as an early aviation field, as a site for aviation testing and use by early aviators, and for the survival of early seaplane and land-plane hangars to warrant consideration for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. ′ South Beach The surviving Franklin D. Roosevelt Boardwalk is historically important enough (as a survivor of its type of 3 wooden-boardwalk development) to warrant consideration for retention and preservation. ′ Fort Wadsworth ′′ EDITOR'S NOTE: Refer to the Fort Wadsworth Site Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, December 1995 for current information. The report suggests that, since Fort Wadsworth remains an active base and since names applied to the section of it scheduled for acquisition are many and confusing, the designation "Fort Richmond" be used. Fort Richmond was the name of earlier installations and the original name for the major masonry there (later named Fort Wadsworth and then, after that name was applied to the entire post, Battery Weed). Architecturally -- in materials, workmanship, and design -- Fort Richmond is probably the finest structure within the units covered by the report. (In survival, however, structures such as those at Floyd Bennett Field, Jacob Riis Park, and Miller Field may be rarer, since such buildings have suffered a greater rate of demolition than have nineteenth-century fortifications.) Fort Richmond (Battery Weed) is already listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The information in the Register contains some inaccuracies, which should be corrected. The batteries adjacent to Fort Richmond warrant consideration for enlarging the listing in the National Register to a Fort Richmond Historic District. (Fort Tompkins, also listed in the Register, could be included in the expanded listing, perhaps by the creation of a Fort Richmond/Fort Tompkins Historic District. If this course is taken, errors in the Fort Tompkins nomination -- which are more basic than those in the Fort Richmond (Battery Weed) nomination --should be corrected. Throughout the area there survives evidence of changing development, park, recreational, environmental, and military concepts. A strong interpretive program that would stress these concepts, which are discussed generally in the report, could be developed. The potential for passive recreation in each of the areas within the three units is great -- as can be realized through bird-watching, boardwalk sitting, visiting historic sites, or walking nature trails or beaches. This passive recreational potential can also be realized in another way -- by interpreting and using vista and views that are a part of all park areas. 4 Some of the more exciting of these sights are views of Coney Island from Breezy Point; the Empire State Building and downtown New York from the mall promenade at Jacob Riis Park; and shipping to and from the Port of New York and the New York skyline from all Staten Island areas, especially from Fort Wadsworth. Included in these vistas are two beautiful and exciting architectural/engineering structures that dominate the units: the Marine Parkway Bridge (which connects the Jamaica Bay and Breezy Point Units) and the Verrazano Narrows Bridge (which crosses between Brooklyn and Staten Island over Fort Richmond). Both are engineering landmarks and world-record structures in their categories (highway lift bridge and suspension bridge, respectively). Historical information on the bridges has been included in the report -- the Marine Parkway Bridge (which connects the Jamaica Bay and Breezy Point Units) and the Verrazano Narrows Bridge (which crosses between Brooklyn and Staten Island over Fort Richmond). Both are engineering landmarks and world-record structures in their categories (highway lift bridge and suspension bridge, respectively). Historical information on the bridges has been included in the report -- the Marine Parkway Bridge, under Jacob Riis Park (Sec. II.A); the Verrazano Narrows Bridge, under Fort Wadsworth (Sec.III.E). Because of their pre- eminence as visible structures, they warrant inclusion in Gateway interpretation and planning. Though the writer feels strongly about several of the comments, the purpose of this report was not to make recommendations, but to identify historical and architectural resources and place them in a general historical context. That purpose has been accomplished. It is believed that sufficient data are included to justify the comments. They remain however comments, and recommendations and programs must still be evolved from these and other data. 5 CONTENTS I. JAMAICA BAY UNIT A. Floyd Bennett Field 1. General History 2. Construction a. 1927 b. 1928 c. 1929 d. 1930 e. 1931 f. 1932 g. 1937 h. 1936-38 i. 1939 j. 1942-43 3. Record Flights, 1931-39 (see also Appendix C.1, below) a. 1931 b. 1932 c. 1933 d. 1934 e. 1935 Table. Tomlinson-Barltes Speed Records f. 1936 g. 1937 h. 1938 i. 1939 4. Existing Buildings 5. Comments 6. Suggestions for Additional Research a. Municipal Records b. WPA Records c. Navy and Other Local-User Records d. Local Newspapers e. Local Repositories f. Oral History g. Airport Register h. Aviation Publications i. General Sources 6 B. Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge 1. General History 2. Comments 3. Suggestions for Additional Research C. Canarsie Pier 1. General History 2. Existing Structures 3. Comments 4. Suggestions for Additional Research II. BREEZY POINT UNIT A. Jacob Riis Park 1. General History 2. Existing Structures 3. Comments 4. Suggestions for Additional Research B. Fort Tilden (see also appendix C.2, below) 1. General History 2. Existing Structures 3. Comments 4. Suggestions for Additional Research C. Breezy Point 1. General History 2. Existing Structures 3. Comments 4. Suggestions for Additional Research 7 III. STATEN ISLAND UNIT A. Great Kills Park 1. General History 2. Comments B. Miller Field 1. General History a. General History b. Elm Tree Light Station 2. Existing Structures 3. Comments 4. Suggestions for Additional Research C. South and Midland Beaches 1. General History 2. Comments 3. Suggestions for Additional Research D. Hoffman and Swinburne Islands 1. General
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