Electrical and Lightning Injuries
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Specifying HV/MV Transformers at Large Sites for an Optimized MV Electrical Network
Specifying HV/MV Transformers at Large Sites for an Optimized MV Electrical Network White Paper 258 Revision 0 by Juan Tobias Daniel Radu Philippe Dogny Jean-Luc Belletto Executive summary Generally, large industrial site designs use standard specifications of the HV/MV transformer which leads to oversizing and a higher cost of the MV primary and secondary electrical distribution system. This paper introduces the factors to consider when specifying the HV/MV transformer and raises awareness of the impact of short circuit impedance (zt) on the cost of the HV/MV transformer and the MV electrical distribution installa- tion (MV switchgear and cabling). Finally, a case study of a large date center is presented to show how a reduction in the total cost of ownership (TCO) can be achieved. NOTE: this technical white paper is aimed at electrical engineers who are specifying HV/MV transformers for large industrial and data center sites. Schneider Electric – Data Center Science Center White Paper 258 Rev 0 2 Electrical utilities use four types of networks topologies to deliver electrical energy Introduction to the different types of load centers. The main network characteristics are pre- sented in Table 1. Table 1 Network characteristics of the four utility network topologies used to deliver energy to load centers Nominal Voltage Main Typical Network Type Function (typical range) topology Availability Extra High Voltage Transport bulk power over long 800kV < Un < 220kV Meshed 99.99999% (EHV) transmission distances Distribute power to main consump- -
Avoiding the Risks of Deadly Lightning Strikes
Avoiding the Risks of Deadly Lightning Strikes Lightning is one of the most underrated severe weather hazards, yet ranks as the second-leading weather killer in the United States. More deadly than hurricanes or tornadoes, lightning strikes in America each year kill an average of 73 people and injure 300 others, according to NOAA's National Weather Service. How Lightning Works Lightning is caused by the attraction between positive and negative charges in the atmosphere, resulting in the buildup and discharge of electrical energy. This rapid heating and cooling of the air produces the shock wave that results in thunder. During a storm, raindrops can acquire extra electrons, which are negatively charged. These surplus electrons seek out a positive charge from the ground. As they flow from the clouds, they knock other electrons free, creating a conductive path. This path follows a zigzag shape that jumps between randomly distributed clumps of charged particles in the air. When the two charges connect, current surges through that jagged path, creating the lightning bolt. The Warning Signs High winds, rainfall, and a darkening cloud cover are the warning signs for possible cloud-to- ground lightning strikes. While many lightning casualties happen at the beginning of an approaching storm, more than 50 percent of lightning deaths occur after the thunderstorm has passed. The lightning threat diminishes after the last sound of thunder, but may persist for more than 30 minutes. When thunderstorms are in the area, but not overhead, the lightning threat can exist when skies are clear. Safety Precautions While nothing offers absolute safety from lightning, some actions can greatly reduce your risks. -
Neurological and Neurourological Complications of Electrical Injuries
REVIEW ARTICLE Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska Polish Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgery 2021, Volume 55, no. 1, pages: 12–23 DOI: 10.5603/PJNNS.a2020.0076 Copyright © 2021 Polish Neurological Society ISSN 0028–3843 Neurological and neurourological complications of electrical injuries Konstantina G. Yiannopoulou1, Georgios I. Papagiannis2, 3, Athanasios I. Triantafyllou2, 3, Panayiotis Koulouvaris3, Aikaterini I. Anastasiou4, Konstantinos Kontoangelos5, Ioannis P. Anastasiou6 1Neurological Department, Henry Dunant Hospital Centre, Athens, Greece 2Orthopaedic Research and Education Centre “P.N. Soukakos”, Biomechanics and Gait Analysis Laboratory “Sylvia Ioannou”, “Attikon” University Hospital, Athens, Greece 31st Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 4Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 51st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece 61st Urology Department, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece ABSTRACT Electrical injury can affect any system and organ. Central nervous system (CNS) complications are especially well recognised, causing an increased risk of morbidity, while peripheral nervous system (PNS) complications, neurourological and cognitive and psychological abnormalities are less predictable after electrical injuries. PubMed was searched for English language clinical observational, retrospective, -
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission – Proven Technology for Power Exchange
www.siemens.com/energy/hvdc High Voltage Direct Current Transmission – Proven Technology for Power Exchange Answers for energy. 2 Contents Chapter Theme Page 1 Why High Voltage Direct Current? 4 2 Main Types of HVDC Schemes 6 3 Converter Theory 8 4 Principle Arrangement of an HVDC Transmission Project 11 5 Main Components 14 5.1 Thyristor Valves 14 5.2 Converter Transformer 18 5.3 Smoothing Reactor 20 5.4 Harmonic Filters 22 5.4.1 AC Harmonic Filter 22 5.4.2 DC Harmonic Filter 25 5.4.3 Active Harmonic Filter 26 5.5 Surge Arrester 28 5.6 DC Transmission Circuit 31 5.6.1 DC Transmission Line 31 5.6.2 DC Cable 32 5.6.3 High Speed DC Switches 34 5.6.4 Earth Electrode 36 5.7 Control & Protection 38 6 System Studies, Digital Models, Design Specifications 45 7 Project Management 46 3 1 Why High Voltage Direct Current? 1.1 Highlights from the High Voltage Direct In 1941, the first contract for a commercial HVDC Current (HVDC) History system was signed in Germany: 60 MW were to be supplied to the city of Berlin via an underground The transmission and distribution of electrical energy cable of 115 km length. The system with ±200 kV started with direct current. In 1882, a 50-km-long and 150 A was ready for energizing in 1945. It was 2-kV DC transmission line was built between Miesbach never put into operation. and Munich in Germany. At that time, conversion between reasonable consumer voltages and higher Since then, several large HVDC systems have been DC transmission voltages could only be realized by realized with mercury arc valves. -
Thoracic Trauma ● Esophagus ● Heart Tessa Woods, DO ● Thoracic Vascular Injuries
10/1/2018 Outline ● Emergency Department Thoracotomy ● REBOA ● Lung ● Trachea Thoracic Trauma ● Esophagus ● Heart Tessa Woods, DO ● Thoracic Vascular Injuries EAST Practice Management Guidelines ● EDT Survival Predictors ○ 1. Injury mechanism ○ 2. Anatomic injury location ○ 3. Presence of life on presentation ED Thoracotomy EAST Scenarios EAST Scenarios ● Patient 1: Pulseless to ED with signs of life after penetrating thoracic injury? ● Patient 5: Pulseless to the ED with signs of life after blunt injury? ○ Yes ○ Yes, Conditionally ● Patient 2: Pulseless to ED without signs of life after penetrating thoracic ● Patient 6: Pulseless to the ED without signs of life after blunt injury? injury? ○ No ○ Yes, conditionally ■ Some voting “conditionally” ● Patient 3: Pulseless to the ED with signs of life after penetrating extrathoracic ■ Low quality of evidence injury? ○ Yes, conditionally ■ Does not pertain to cranial injuries ● Patient 4: Pulseless to the ED without signs of life after penetrating extrathoracic injury? ○ Yes, conditionally ■ Low quality of evidence 1 10/1/2018 Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta2-12 ● Benefits: ○ Maximizes cerebral and coronary perfusion ○ Limits infradiaphragmatic hemorrhage REBOA ○ Avoids thoracotomy ● Limitations/complications: ○ Vascular injury ○ Time consumptive? ○ Learning curve ○ Appropriate setting/provider ● https://youtu.be/L3z5utZvnq4 Upcoming studies ● EPR-CAT (Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest From Trauma) ○ Compares pulseless penetrating trauma victims -
Topics in Burn Injury
Topics in Burn Injury David W. Voigt, MD Medical Director Saint Elizabeth’s Regional burn and Wound Care Center Disclamer Never do anything that is not consistant with your medical director’s direction Ambroise Pare’ 1510 - 1590 Thou shalt far more easily and happily attain to the knowledge of these thing by long use and much exercise, than by much reading of books or daily hearing of teachers. For speech how perspicuous and eloquent soever it be, cannot so vividly express anything as that which is subjected to the faithful eyes and hands. Ambroise Pare’ 1510 - 1590 1st to demonstrate gunshot wounds weren’t poisoned Invented the technique of ligation of blood vessels which allowed him to perform amputations 1st to exarticulate an elbow & to use artificial limbs. Trained in the barbershop Ended the practice of pouring boiling oil on open wounds Found projectiles by placing patient in approximately the position he was when he was shot Ambroise Pare’ 1510 - 1590 2 newborn puppy dogs 1 lb. of earthworms 2 lbs. of lily oil 6 oz venic turpentine 1 oz aquavitae MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF OUTCOME FOLLOWING BURN AGE EXTENT OF BURN (TBSA) PRESENCE OF INHALATION INJURY 100 90 80 70 Thermal Injury 21 Year Old LD 50 60 50 40 30 50 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 83 86 89 YEAR Threshold for Injury 248 212 176 C0 140 F0 104 68 32 Exposure (Seconds) Time Temperature Curve for Full Thickness Injury in an Adult 700 600 TI M 500 E I 400 N S 300 E C O 200 N D 100 S 0 120 125 130 140 150 Degrees F. -
Plasma Physics 1 APPH E6101x Columbia University Fall, 2015
Lecture22: Atmospheric Plasma Plasma Physics 1 APPH E6101x Columbia University Fall, 2015 1 http://www.plasmatreat.com/company/about-us.html 2 http://www.tantec.com 3 http://www.tantec.com/atmospheric-plasma-improved-features.html 4 5 6 PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 22, 121901 (2015) Preface to Special Topic: Plasmas for Medical Applications Michael Keidar1,a) and Eric Robert2 1Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Neurological Surgery, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA 2GREMI, CNRS/Universite d’Orleans, 45067 Orleans Cedex 2, France (Received 30 June 2015; accepted 2 July 2015; published online 28 October 2015) Intense research effort over last few decades in low-temperature (or cold) atmospheric plasma application in bioengineering led to the foundation of a new scientific field, plasma medicine. Cold atmospheric plasmas (CAP) produce various chemically reactive species including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It has been found that these reactive species play an important role in the interaction of CAP with prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells triggering various signaling pathways in cells. VC 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4933406] There is convincing evidence that cold atmospheric topic section, there are several papers dedicated to plasma plasmas (CAP) interaction with tissue allows targeted cell re- diagnostics. moval without necrosis, i.e., cell disruption. In fact, it was Shashurin and Keidar presented a mini review of diag- determined that CAP affects cells via a programmable pro- nostic approaches for the low-frequency atmospheric plasma cess called apoptosis.1–3 Apoptosis is a multi-step process jets. -
Lightning on Transmission Line of the Harm and Prevention Measures
Lightning on transmission lines hazards and Prevention Measures Wang Qinghao, Ge Changxin, Xue Zhicheng, Sun Fengwei, Wu Shaoyong, Li Zhixuan, Shi Dongpeng, Ren Hao, Li Jinye, Ma Hui, Cao Feiyi Fushun Power Supply Company, Liaoning Electric Power Company Limited, State Grid, China, [email protected] Keywords: power transmission line, lightning hazard, prevention measures Abstract. Through the analysis of lightning to the harmfulness of the power transmission line, puts forward the specific measures to prevent lightning accidents, improving insulation, installing controllable discharge lightning rod, reducing the tower grounding resistance, adding coupling ground wire and the proper use of send arrester electrical circuit transmission line. And take on the unit measures nearly were compared, statistics and analysis. Introduction Lightning accident is always an important factor affecting the reliability of the power supply of the electric line to send. Because of the randomness and complexity of lightning activity in the atmosphere, currently the world's research on knowledge transmission line lightning and many unknown elements. Lightning accident of overhead power transmission line is always a problem of safe power supply, lightning accidents accounted for almost all the accidents of 1/2 or more line. Therefore, how to effectively prevent lightning, lightning damage reduced to more and more by transmission line of the relevant personnel to pay attention[1-2]. At present, the measures of lightning protection of transmission line itself mainly rely on the erection of the overhead ground wire of the tower top, its operation and maintenance work is mainly on the detection and reconstruction of tower grounding resistance. Due to its single lightning protection measures, can not well meet the requirements of lightning protection. -
Of Cellular Injury in Electrical Trauma by Diane C
Physical Mechanisms of Cellular Injury in Electrical Trauma by Diane C. Gaylor B.S.E.E. University of Arizona (1984) S.M.E.E. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1987) Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 1989 - Diane C. Gaylor, 1989. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author D 4artmeof"Electricaal Engineering 11 August 1989 Certified by , Raphael C. Lee Thesis Supervisor Accepted by Aritj . Smith Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHN•OLO.Gy DEC 2 7 1989 ARCHIVEF UBRANRIE Physical Mechanisms of Cellular Injury in Electrical Trauma by Diane C. Gaylor Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on 11 August 1989 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering ABSTRACT Clinical evidence indicates that skeletal muscle cell membrane rupture occurs in electrical trauma. The pathogenic mechanisms of this damage have not been clearly identified. While it is clear that Joule heating causes part of the tissue destruction, particularly near the skin contact points, it does not appear to explain the pattern of tissue injury frequently observed at sites distant from the contacts. In this thesis, the significance of the non-thermal mechanism of membrane electrical breakdown, often termed electroporation or electropermeabilization, is examined. The exposure thresholds for damage to skeletal muscle cells due to membrane electrical breakdown and to heating are determined experimentally. -
Electric and Magnetic Fields the Facts
PRODUCED BY ENERGY NETWORKS ASSOCIATION - JANUARY 2012 electric and magnetic fields the facts Electricity plays a central role in the quality of life we now enjoy. In particular, many of the dramatic improvements in health and well-being that we benefit from today could not have happened without a reliable and affordable electricity supply. Electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are present wherever electricity is used, in the home or from the equipment that makes up the UK electricity system. But could electricity be bad for our health? Do these fields cause cancer or any other disease? These are important and serious questions which have been investigated in depth during the past three decades. Over £300 million has been spent investigating this issue around the world. Research still continues to seek greater clarity; however, the balance of scientific evidence to date suggests that EMFs do not cause disease. This guide, produced by the UK electricity industry, summarises the background to the EMF issue, explains the research undertaken with regard to health and discusses the conclusion reached. Electric and Magnetic Fields Electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are produced both naturally and as a result of human activity. The earth has both a magnetic field (produced by currents deep inside the molten core of the planet) and an electric field (produced by electrical activity in the atmosphere, such as thunderstorms). Wherever electricity is used there will also be electric and magnetic fields. Electric and magnetic fields This is inherent in the laws of physics - we can modify the fields to some are inherent in the laws of extent, but if we are going to use electricity, then EMFs are inevitable. -
Injuries and Deaths from Lightning J Clin Pathol: First Published As 10.1136/Jclinpath-2020-206492 on 12 August 2020
Review Injuries and deaths from lightning J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206492 on 12 August 2020. Downloaded from Ryan Blumenthal Department of Forensic ABSTRACT above zero at the base of the cloud to aboutminus Medicine, University of Pretoria, This paper reviews recent academic research into 50°C at its top. Violent up and down draughts and Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa the pathology of trauma of lightning. Lightning may severe turbulence occur in specific regions of the injure or kill in a variety of different ways. Aimed at the cloud.8 Correspondence to Professor Ryan Blumenthal, trainee, or practicing pathologist, this paper provides a According to Malan (1967), an electrically active Department of Forensic clinicopathological approach. thundercloud may be regarded as an electrostatic Medicine, University of Pretoria, generator suspended in an atmosphere of low Private Bag X323, Gezina, 0031, electrical conductivity. It is situated between two South Africa; ryan. blumenthal@ As Ponocrates grew familiar with Gargantua’s vi- up. ac. za cious manner of studying, he began to plan a differ- concentric conductors, namely, the surface of the ent course of education for the lad; but at first he let earth and the electrosphere, the latter being the Received 27 March 2020 him go on as before knowing that nature does not highly conducting layers of the atmosphere at alti- Revised 30 June 2020 9 endure abrupt changes without great violence. tudes above 50–60 km. Accepted 3 July 2020 Published Online First Rabelais, “The Old Education and the New”, Gar- There are different types of lightning discharges: 12 August 2020 gantua, Book 1. -
NCC Sports Lightning Policy
NEW CASTLE COUNTY SPORTS OFFICE Lightning Policy Safer locations during thunderstorms and locations to avoid *No place is absolutely safe from the lightning threat, however, some places are safer than others. *Large enclosed structures (substantially constructed buildings) tend to be much safer than smaller or open structures. The risk for lightning injury depends on whether the structure incorporates lightning protection, construction materials used, and the size of the structure (see NFPA 780, Appendix E & H). *In general, fully enclosed metal vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, vans, fully enclosed farm vehicles, etc. with the windows rolled up provide good shelter from lightning. Avoid contact with metal or conducting surfaces outside or inside the vehicle. *AVOID being in or near high places and open fields, isolated trees, unprotected gazebos, rain or picnic shelters, baseball dugouts, communications towers, flagpoles, light poles, bleachers (metal or wood), metal fences, convertibles, golf carts, water (ocean, lakes, swimming pools, rivers, etc.). *When inside a building AVOID use of the telephone, taking a shower, washing your hands, doing dishes, or any contact with conductive surfaces with exposure to the outside such as metal door or window frames, electrical wiring, telephone wiring, cable TV wiring, plumbing, etc. Safety guidelines for individuals *Generally speaking, if an individual can see lightning and/or hear thunder he/she is already at risk. Louder or more frequent thunder indicates that lightning activity is approaching, increasing the risk for lightning injury or death. If the time delay between seeing the flash (lightning) and hearing the bang (thunder) is less than 30 seconds, the individual should be in, or seek a safer location (see Safer Locations during Thunderstorms and Locations to Avoid).