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An Analysis of the Aboriginal Ceramic Artifacts from Chota-Tanasee, an Eighteenth Century Overhill Cherokee Town

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An Analysis of the Aboriginal Ceramic Artifacts from Chota-Tanasee, an Eighteenth Century Overhill Cherokee Town University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-1982 An Analysis of the Aboriginal Ceramic Artifacts from Chota- Tanasee, an Eighteenth Century Overhill Cherokee Town James Frederick Bates University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Bates, James Frederick, "An Analysis of the Aboriginal Ceramic Artifacts from Chota-Tanasee, an Eighteenth Century Overhill Cherokee Town. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1982. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4182 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by James Frederick Bates entitled "An Analysis of the Aboriginal Ceramic Artifacts from Chota-Tanasee, an Eighteenth Century Overhill Cherokee Town." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Gerald F. Schroedl, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Charles H. Faulkner, Jeff Chapman Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by James Frederick Bates entitled "An Analysis of the Aboriginal Ceramic Artifacts from Chota-Tanasee, an Eighteenth Century Overhill Cherokee Town." I have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. l£�r�L�� lerald F. Schroedl ,· Major Professor ·�e have read this thesis dnd recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Vice Chancellor Graduate Studies and Research AN A.�ALYSIS OF THE ABORIGINAL CERAMIC ARTIFACTS FROM CHOTA-T&"l'ASEE, Ai.� EIGHTEENTH CENTURY OVERHILL CHEROKEE TOWN A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville James Frederick Bates August 1982 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the assistance and encouragement of several people, agencies, and institutions without whom this thesis would never have been possible. I am indebted to the National Park Service, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Cherokee Historical.Association for funding excavations at the site. Artifacts and facilities were made available for the study by the Frank H. McClung Museum, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and the Museum of the Cherokee Indian, Chero­ kee, North Carolina. I am especially grateful to Dr. Gerald F. Schroedl for his con­ tinued guidance, support, and counsel through the extended period of this study. I wish to thank Drs. Charles Faulkner and Jefferson Chapman for their editorial criticisms and helpful suggestions. I appreciate very much the assistance of Dr. Duane King, Dr. Roy Dickens, Mr. William Baden, Mr. Richard Polhemus, Ms. Ann Reed, and others who shared many ideas concerning historic cherokee ceramics. I am indebted to Mr. William Baden for his invaluable assistance in developing a ceramic computer coding sequence and constructing, implementing, and interpreting various computer programs vital to the study. Mr. Baden and Ms. Betty Duggan translated the majority of the analysis notes to the computer coding system. I wish to thank Dr. Richard Jantz and Mr. Charles Killian for their advice and assistance concerning the factor and clustering analyses and Ms. Alice Beauchene at The University of Tennessee Computer Center, Knoxville, for the use of their facilities. ii Finally, I wish to thank my parents for their continued support and guidance toward the completion of this thesis and especially my mother, I Ms. Hettie Bates, for typing the rough draft and final manuscript. iii ABSTRACT The Chota-Tanasee (40MR.2-40MR62) ceramic analysis incorporates all aboriginal ceramics recovered during seven excavation seasons at the site. The total ceramic assemblage consists of 154, 444 artifacts. Ceramics indicate that the site was utilized sporatically from the Early Woodland Period to protohistoric times. Throughout the eighteenth century the site was intensively occupied by the historic Overhill Cherokee. A descriptive classification system is developed which is used to define 55 ceramic types and residual categories primarily on the basis of temper and surface treatment attributes. Discrete attributes are further utilized to describe vessel and rim sherd morphology. The distribution of the various ceramic types are examined among the different excavation areas and the co-occurrence of historic types within .feature assemblages is discussed. The analysis indicates that Overhill and Qualla series sherds display distinctly different patterns of occurrence in feature assemblages. Fatherland Incised ceramics occur most often with the Overhill series and are not highly correlated with Qualla types. However, a review of the distribution of ce�amic types within the·site indicates a high degree of overall uniformity. No area of the site is markedly different in total ceramic content than another. This is attributed to the rather brief occupation at the site by the Overhill Cherokee and the predominance of Overhill Plain ceramics in all areas. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5 Chota-Tanasee: History ..•• 5 Chota-Tanasee: Archaeological Investigations· 7 III. ABORIGINAL CERAMIC DESCRIPTIVE TYPOLOGY ..... 10 Ceramic Classification System and Computer Coding Sequence 10 Type Description Format and Classification· System Terminology • . • • • • . • . • . • • . 18 Type Descriptions: Miscellaneous ..•. 25 Type Descriptions: Shell Tempered 25 Type Descriptions: Quartz Tempered 72 Type Descriptions: Sand Tempered • • • • 96 Type Descriptions: Limestone Tempered . • 101 Type Descrin:tions: Mixed Tempered .• 106 IV. THE DISTRIBUTION OF ABORIGINAL CERAMIC ARTIFACTS .•111 Total Site Assemblage . • . • . • • . •.• • • 111 Site Ceramic Distribution . • . .••. • 116 Historic Aboriginal Ceramic Patterning •... .. 140 REFERENCES CITED • ,148 VITA 153 V LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Chota-Tanasee Ceramic Computer Coding Sequence . • 11 2. Chota-Tanasee Ceramic Attribute Coding Lists . 12 3. Shell Tempered Plain Rim Sherd Morphology, 40MR.2: 1939 28 4. Overhill Plain Rim Sherd Morphology, 40MR.2: 1969-1970 . • 40 5. Overhill Plain Rim Sherd Morphology, 40MR2-40MR62: 1971-1974. • 42 6. Overhill Decorated; Rim Sherd Morphology, 40MR2: 1969-1970. 50 7. Overhill Decorated: Rim Sherd Morphology, 40MR.2-40MR62: 1971-1974 . • • • . • . • . • . • • 54 8. Shell Tempered Incised Rim Sherd Morphology, ·40MR.2: 1939 66 9. Qualla Rim Sherd Morphology, 40MR2: 1969-1970 75 10. Qualla Rim Sherd Morphology, 40MR2-40MR62: 1971-1974 71 11. Total Aboriginal Ceramic Assemblage, 40MR2-40MR62. 11.2 12. Distribution of Body and Rim Sherds, 40MR2: 1939 . 117 13. Distribution of Body and Rim Sherds, 40MR2: 1969 119 14. Distribution of Body and Rim Sherds, 40MR2:1970 . 123 15. Distribution of Body and Rim Sherds, 1971-1974 . 129 16. Historic Aboriginal Ceramic Variables and Samples . 137 17. Varimax Rotated Factor Matrix: Historic Aboriginal Ceramic Variables . 143 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Location Map of Historic Overhill Cherokee Towns 2 3 2. Excavations of Chota-Tanasee ••••••• 3. Selected Decorated and Modified Shell Tempered Sherds; Aboriginal Clay Pipes; and Shell Tempered Appendages 26 4. Overhill Plain Rim Forms . 30 5. Reconstructed Overhill Plain Jar . 32 33 6. Partial Overhill Plain Jar . 7. Overhill Plain Bowls . 34 8. Partial Overhill Plain Bowls . 35 9. Reconstructed Overhill Plain Bowls . 36 10. Reconstructed Overhill Plain Bowl 37 38 11. Overhill Plain Pans 12. Overhill Plain Pan . 39 13. Selected Decorated Overhill Series Body and Rim Sherds . 48 14. Selected Decorated Overhill Series Body and Rim Sherds; Mississippian Body Sherds . 64 15. Selected Qualla Series Body and Rim Sherds . 73 83 16. Selected Qualla Series Stamped Body and Rim Sherds . 17. Selected Limestone, Quartz, and Sand Tempered Rim and Body Sherds • • • • • • · • • • • • ·• 91 18. Clay-Sand-Shell Tempered Plain Vessel 107 19. Selected Fatherland Incised Body and Rim Sherds 108 vii 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Chota and Tanasee (40MR2-40MR.62) are among several historic Over­ hill Cherokee towns investigated by the Tellico Archaeological Project 0 between 1967 and 1979. The two sites are situated at 35 33' 18" North . ° Latitude and 84 07' 57" West Longitude on the first and second terraces east of the Little Tennessee River in Monroe County, Tennessee and are separated by a small unnamed creek (Figures 1 and 2). They occupy to­ gether approximately 60 to 80 acres. Excavations at the sites were conducted in eight major field seasons beginning in the 1880s (Thomas 1894) and ending in 1974. Chota was especially chosen for intensive investigations among the Overhill towns because of its historic importance as the center of Overhill poli­ tical, economic, social and religious life in the eighteenth century.
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