STUDYBAY TECHNOLOGIES PRIVATE LIMITED May 31, 2020

STUDYBAY TIMES

NATIONAL Missile Park ‘Agneeprastha’ & 2 MW Solar Power Plant at INS Kalinga The foundation stone for a Missile Park named ‗Agneeprastha‘ was laid by Rajesh Debnath & a 2 MegaWatt(MW) solar photovoltaic plant was commissioned by Vice Atul Kumar Jain, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, (ENS) at INS Kalinga, . A 2MW plant was commissioned in line with the initiative of the Union government to promote solar power and an objective to achieve 100 GigaWatt(GW) of solar power by 2022 as part of the National Solar Mission. One Sun One World One Grid: initiated talks on West to SE Asia solar grid The aim of One Sun One World One Grid‘ (OSOWOG) is to provide solar power to nations which lack sunlight, by building a common transmission system. For the implementation of proposed OSOWOG, the MNRE has invited proposals from consulting firms for making a long-term OSOWOG road map, and identify two or three cross-border projects that can be initiated within one or two years. Piyush Goyal attends the Digital Summit on Exports organized by CII Union Minister for Commerce & Industry and Railways, Piyush Goyal participated in the Digital Summit on Exports organized by the Confederation of Indian Industry(CII) through a Video Conference. Export- Import(EXIM) Bank is the Institutional Partner for the Summit. Exports are likely to improve in May, with the contraction expected to be 30-35%, after outbound shipments crashed by a record 60% in April. NABARD grants Rs 1,050 crore to West Bengal during FY 21 for the benefit of farmers & poor people National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has extended Rs 1,050 crore special liquidity facility (SLF) to West Bengal (WB) so far in the current fiscal year (FY 21) for the welfare of farmers and poor people in the state. The credit support will help farmers for taking up pre-monsoon and kharif(summer sown crops) 2020 operations. India’s GDP growth slows to a 11-year low of 4.2% According to the Provisional Estimates of National Income for the financial year 2019-20 by National Statistical Office(NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation(MoSPI) India‘s Gross Domestic Product(GDP) growth has slowed to an 11-year low of 4.2% in 2019-20 & in the final quarter(Q4- January to March) the GDP‘s growth rate fell to 3.1%, against 6.2% in the 2018-19, which reflects the impact of the first week of the COVID-19 lockdown which began on March 25. India Observatory launches GIS-enabled dashboard, CoAST India India Observatory, an open-source database, launched a GIS-enabled dashboard, CoAST India(Collaboration/Covid Action Support Group) in collaboration with Anand-based Forest Ecological Security(FES) as its main nodal point, to help administrators, civil society organisations & volunteers to plan urgent steps to get the stranded migrant population to safety & care. The dashboard provides a repository of migrants data & requirements linked to the relevant service providers. It also visualises facilities like schools & hospitals, road networks, relief camps, quarantine centers & healthcare workers.

References:- https://affairscloud.com/current-affairs-28-may-2020/

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STUDYBAY TECHNOLOGIES PRIVATE LIMITED May 31, 2020

INTERNATIONAL New York City to begin re-opening on June 8 New York City, the epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US, will begin reopening in a phased manner on June 8, bringing about 4,000,000 employees back to work, Governor Andrew Cuomo has said. New York City has been shut since mid-March as coronavirus ravaged the metropolis, which has reported over 199,038 coronavirus cases so far and close to 20,000 deaths. US has so far reported more than 1,747,085 COVID-19 cases and over 102,835 fatalities -- both the numbers highest in the world. Regions across New York State began their phased re-opening this month but New York City remained shut as it did not meet the seven health-related criteria necessary for the first phase of reopening. Addressing a press conference on Friday, New York Governor Cuomo said the city is on track to meet all the metrics and will enter phase one of reopening on June 8. US action on Hong Kong ‘doomed to fail’: China The mouthpiece of China‘s ruling Communist Party said US moves to end some trading privileges for Hong Kong ―grossly interfere‖ in China‘s internal affairs and are ―doomed to fail‖.Saturday‘s editorial in the newspaper People‘s Daily was responding to an announcement from President Donald Trump, after China‘s ceremonial Parliament bypassed Hong Kong‘s local legislature to advance legislation that could severely curtail free speech and opposition political activities in the semi-autonomous Chinese territory. It was the ―firm determination of all Chinese people‖ to oppose interference in Hong Kong affairs by any external forces, the paper said.―This hegemonic act of attempting to interfere in Hong Kong affairs and grossly interfere in China‘s internal affairs will not frighten the Chinese people and is doomed to fail,‖ it said.Attempts at ―forcing China to make concessions on core interests including sovereignty and security through blackmailing or coercion...Can only be wishful thinking and day-dreaming!‖ In unusual move, US embassies in Africa speak up on Floyd As Minneapolis burns over the police killing of George Floyd and shock and disappointment in Africa grow, some US embassies on the continent have taken the unusual step of issuing critical statements, saying no one is above the law.The statements came as the head of the African Union Commission, Moussa Faki Mahamat, condemned the ―murder‖ of Floyd and said Friday the continental body rejects the ―continuing discriminatory practices against black citizens of the USA.‖ Africa has not seen the kind of protests over Floyd‘s killing that have erupted across the United States, but many Africans have expressed disgust and dismay, openly wondering when the US will ever get it right. ―WTF? ‗When the looting starts the shooting starts‘?‖ tweeted political cartoonist Patrick Gathara in Kenya, which has its own troubles with police brutality. He, like many, was aghast at the tweet by President Donald Trump, flagged by Twitter as violating rules against ―glorifying violence,‖ that the president later said had been misconstrued. Police: 1 dead after shots fired at protesters in Detroit One person was killed in downtown Detroit after someone in an SUV fired shots into a crowd of people protesting George Floyd‘s death in Minneapolis custody, a Detroit police spokeswoman said Saturday. The shooting occurred about 11:30 pm on Friday near Detroit‘s Greektown entertainment district as officers were confronted with dozens of protesters, said Sgt. Nicole Kirkwood, a police department spokeswoman. She said an officer wasn‘t involved in the shooting. Protests over Floyd’s death overwhelm US authorities again Fires burned unchecked and thousands protesting the police killing of George Floyd ignored a curfew as unrest overwhelmed authorities for another night in Minneapolis, and the Governor acknowledged on Saturday that he didn‘t have enough manpower to contain the chaos. The new round of tumult — which has also spread to other cities — came despite Minnesota Gov Tim Walz vowing Friday to show a more forceful response than city leaders had the day before. But by early Saturday morning, Walz said he didn‘t have enough troops, even with some 500 National Guardsmen. References:- https://www.dailypioneer.com/world/page/2 2

STUDYBAY TECHNOLOGIES PRIVATE LIMITED May 31, 2020

ARTICLES

INDIAN MONARCHS AND DYNASTIES India, being a land of Braves and Warriors, but due to a few known and unknown reasons our new generation is completely unaware about its glorious past which dates back to thousands of years (More than 5000 – 7000 years back). To enlighten our new generation with the glorious , we are presenting these weekly article on Indian Monarchs and Dynasties. We have highlighted required texts through which our present generation can connect themselves with history very easily

Today our article is on SHISHUNAGA DYNASTY

The Shaishunaga dynasty is believed to have been the third ruling dynasty of , an empire of ancient India. According to the Hindu Puranas, this dynasty was the second ruling dynasty of Magadha, succeeding Nagadashaka of the . Shishunaga, the founder of the dynasty, was initially an amatya or "minister" of the last Haryanka dynasty ruler and ascended to the throne after a popular rebellion in c. 421 BCE. The capital of this dynasty initially was ; but later shifted to Pataliputra, near the present day Patna, during the reign of Kakavarna. According to tradition, Kakavarna was succeeded by his ten sons. This dynasty was succeeded by the in c. 345 BCE.

According to Buddhist tradition, Shishunaga was amatya in Haryanka kingdom, who revolted and became the king

Shishunaga founded his dynasty in 413 BCE with its capital in Rajgir and later Pataliputra (both in what is now Bihar). Buddhist sources indicate that he had a secondary capital at Vaishali, formerly the capital of Vajji, until it was conquered by Magadha. The Shaishunaga dynasty ruled one of the largest empires in the Indian subcontinent.Most important achievement of Shisunga was destruction of the pradyota dyanasty of .This brought to an end the hundred year old rivalry between Magadh and Avanti .From then Avanti became a part of Magadh ruleAccording to the Puranas, Shishunaga was succeeded by his son Kakavarna and according to the Sinhala chronicles by his son Kalashoka. On the basis of the evidence of the Ashokavadana, Hermann Jacobi, Wilhelm Geiger and Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar concluded that both are the same. During Shishunaga's reign, he was the governor of . The two most significant events of his reign are the Second Buddhist council at Vaishali in 383 BC and the final transfer of the capital to Pataliputra. According to the Harshacharita, he was killed by a dagger thrust into his throat in the vicinity of his capital. According to Buddhist tradition, he had nine or ten sons, who were ousted by Ugrasena NandaAccording to tradition, ten sons of Kalashoka ruled simultaneously.The Mahabodhivamsa states their names as Bhadrasena, Korandavarna, Mangura, Sarvanjaha, Jalika, Ubhaka, Sanjaya, Koravya, Nandivardhana a nd Panchamaka. Only one of them is mentioned in the Puranic lists, Nandivardhana. The Puranas list Nandivardhana as the ninth Shaishunaga king and his son Mahanandin as the tenth and the last Shaishunaga king. Mahanandin was killed by his illegitimate son from a Shudra wife named Mahapadma. According to Puranas, Shaishunagas were followed by Nanda Empire, which was established by Mahanandin's illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda.

Reference- https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/the-story-of-kurma-avatar https://blog.cosmicinsights.net/kurma-tortoise-avatar-of-lord-vishnu-saturn/

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STUDYBAY TECHNOLOGIES PRIVATE LIMITED May 31, 2020

ARTICLES INDIAN SCIENTISTS-BRAHMGUPTA The great 7th Century Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta wrote some important works on both mathematics and astronomy. He was from the state of Rajasthan of northwest India (he is often referred to as Bhillamalacarya, the teacher from Bhillamala), and later became the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain in central India. Most of his works are composed in elliptic verse, a common practice in Indian mathematics at the time, and consequently have something of a poetic ring to them. It seems likely that Brahmagupta‘s works, especially his most famous text, the ―Brahmasphutasiddhanta‖, were brought by the 8th Century Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur to his newly founded centre of learning at Baghdad on the banks of the Tigris, providing an important link between Indian mathematics and astronomy and the nascent upsurge in science and mathematics in the Islamic world. In his work on arithmetic, Brahmagupta explained how to find the cube and cube-root of an integer and gave rules facilitating the computation of squares and square roots. He also gave rules for dealing with five types of combinations of fractions. He gave the sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers as n(n + 1)(2n + 1)⁄ 6 and the sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers as (n(n + 1)⁄2)². Brahmagupta‘s genius, though, came in his treatment of the concept of (then relatively new) the number zero. Although often also attributed to the 7th Century Indian mathematician Bhaskara I, his ―Brahmasphutasiddhanta‖ is probably the earliest known text to treat zero as a number in its own right, rather than as simply a placeholder digit as was done by the Babylonians, or as a symbol for a lack of quantity as was done by the Greeks and Romans. Brahmagupta established the basic mathematical rules for dealing with zero (1 + 0 = 1; 1 – 0 = 1; and 1 x 0 = 0), although his understanding of division by zero was incomplete (he thought that 1 ÷ 0 = 0). Almost 500 years later, in the 12th Century, another Indian mathematician, Bhaskara II, showed that the answer should be infinity, not zero (on the grounds that 1 can be divided into an infinite number of pieces of size zero), an answer that was considered correct for centuries. However, this logic does not explain why 2 ÷ 0, 7 ÷ 0, etc, should also be zero – the modern view is that a number divided by zero is actually ―undefined‖ (i.e. it doesn‘t make sense). Brahmagupta‘s view of numbers as abstract entities, rather than just for counting and measuring, allowed him to make yet another huge conceptual leap which would have profound consequence for future mathematics. Previously, the sum 3 – 4, for example, was considered to be either meaningless or, at best, just zero. Brahmagupta, however, realized that there could be such a thing as a negative number, which he referred to as ―debt‖ as a opposed to ―property‖. He expounded on the rules for dealing with negative numbers (e.g. a negative times a negative is a positive, a negative times a positive is a negative, etc). Furthermore, he pointed out, quadratic equations (of the type x2 + 2 = 11, for example) could in theory have two possible solutions, one of which could be negative, because 32 = 9 and -32 = 9. In addition to his work on solutions to general linear equations and quadratic equations, Brahmagupta went yet further by considering systems of simultaneous equations (set of equations containing multiple variables), and solving quadratic equations with two unknowns, something which was not even considered in the West until a thousand years later, when Fermat was considering similar problems in 1657. Brahmagupta even attempted to write down these rather abstract concepts, using the initials of the names of colours to represent unknowns in his equations, one of the earliest intimations of what we now know as algebra. Brahmagupta dedicated a substantial portion of his work to geometry and trigonometry. He established √10 (3.162277) as a good practical approximation for π (3.141593), and gave a formula, now known as Brahmagupta‘s Formula, for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral, as well as a celebrated theorem on the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral, usually referred to as Brahmagupta‘s Theorem.

Reference- https://www.storyofmathematics.com/indian_brahmagupta.html 4

STUDYBAY TECHNOLOGIES PRIVATE LIMITED May 31, 2020

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ANSWERS FOR YESTERDAY’S QUIZ WINNER (30-May-2020) 1. Tropical Rain Forest 2. Rishi Durvasa Rahul 3. World Health Organization Anushska 4. National Payment Corporation of India Aashi 5. Nirmala Sitharaman Vivaan

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