DOCSLIB.ORG

Economic Relations with Newly Industrialising Countries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economic Relations with Newly Industrialising Countries A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Kebschull, Dietrich Article — Digitized Version Economic relations with newly industrialising countries Intereconomics Suggested Citation: Kebschull, Dietrich (1983) : Economic relations with newly industrialising countries, Intereconomics, ISSN 0020-5346, Verlag Weltarchiv, Hamburg, Vol. 18, Iss. 6, pp. 286-293, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02928232 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/139890 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu NlCs Economic Relations With Newly Industrialising Countries by Dietrich Kebschull, Hamburg* It is often maintained, with reference to the increasing competition from newly industrialising countries, that Western support for the development of LDCs' economies would only amount to supplying the rope with which one will later be hanged. Our author argues that, contrary to that opinion, the coming into existence of NICs should be looked upon not as a threat, but as a chance for improvement of the international division of labour and for further growth. conomic relations between industrial and support is economically after all hardly anything else, E developing countries are never without problems. than assistance to East-bloc economies by the so- The advocates of a more intensive cooperation between called capitalist states. It is a case of "supplying the rope the countries of the North and of the South argue mainly with which one will later be hanged", along the lines of on the basis of an economic order based on the Lenin's .motto. With good intentions, new competitors principles of free trade in which the philosophy of are cultivated who then contest the industrial nations' interdependence plays a major role. It is assumed that h~me markets as well as their sales with considerably the transfer of resources from the industrial countries cheaper products. The consequences are would create growth in the developing countries. The unemployment and growth losses in the industrial corresponding increase of the national product would North. This is all the more to be feared as the process of lead to additional demand for products from the structural adjustment, owing to a multitude of industrial countries. These additional exports would, in interventions, in practice occurred neither without turn, contribute to growth in the industrial countries, in friction nor rapidly. The developing countries' growing which case a reinforcement of the effects via multipliers competition leads to an escalation of protectionism and accelerators would be probable, because the industrial nations' governments see themselves increasingly compelled to dampen the According to this concept, problems of structural internal effects. It is also stated that the developing adjustment can be mastered if the price and market countries frequently do not stick to the rules of the mechanisms are not disturbed and the mobility of international division of labour and shut themselves off factors is maintainedl so that every country can utilise its from international competition with more or less specific comparative advantages to the full. The plausible arguments (infant industry argument, or specialisation and adjustment process must not be defence against the economic power of others). delayed or prevented by government intervention. This "faith in the market" will then reward all the parties Looking at the different groups of the total of about involved with permanent and stable growth. 120 developing countries, the fear of competition concerns above all the small group of newly This opinion is often opposed with the argument that industrialising countries. These are usually meant when the development of the LDCs' economies with Western the competition of low-price countries is mentioned. Especially in phases of economic recession and marked * HWWA-Institut f(Jr Wirtschaftsforschung-Hamburg. This article is a structural problems they are blamed with sharing the revised and edited version of a paper presented to the Association of European Conjuncture Institutesin Athens, 2-3 May 1983. responsibility for increased unemployment. 286 INTERECONOMICS,November/December 1983 NICs Characteristics of NlCs, Table 1 A uniform definition of the group of countries to be Development of World Exports and the Exports of Newly Industrialising Countries 1960-1979 considered and which are called "take-off countries", "threshold countries" or "NICs" (newly industrialising Countries Exports in Share of world Average Growth US $ million exports (in %) Rate (in % p.a.) countries) does not exist as yet. But-for the 1960 1979 1960 1979 i characterisation of these countries, which belong to the World 128,275 1,627,030 100.0 100.0 14.3 economically most advanced ones in the Third World, the following common features may be mentioned: NICstotal 10,198 141,165 8.0 8.7 14.8 [] a per capita income of at least US $1,000; Hong Kong 689 15,156 0.5 0.9 17.7 Singapore 1,136 14,233 0.9 0.9 14.2 CI above-average growth rates of the gross national So~Jth Korea 33 15,055 0.0 0.9 38.0 product and of industrial production; Malaysia _a 11,079 - 0.7 - Argentina 1,079 7,810 0.8 0.5 11.0 [] a share of industry in the gross domestic product of Brazil 1,269 15,249 1.0 0.9 14.0 more than 30 %; Uruguay 129 789 0.1 0.0 10.0 Venezuela 2,432 13,111 1.9 0.8 9.3 [] a rapid change in the structure of production; Mexico 740 8,768 0.6 0.5 13.9 Algeria 394 8,198 0.3 0.5 17.3 [] a well-trained labour force, which in the opinion of Nigeria 475 _a 0.4 - - OECD should e.g. be the case when the illiteracy rate is Greece 203 3,855 0.2 0.2 16.8 less than 30 %; Portugal 327 3,468 0.3 0.2 13.2 Spain 726 17,903 0.6 1.1 18.4 [] comparatively low wages and costs accessory to Yugoslavia 566 6,491 0.4 0.4 13.7 wages. USA 20,412 178,578 15.9 11.0 12.1 Three main groups are significant if these criteria are Japan 4.055 103,045 3.2 6.3 18.6 applied: the oil-producing countries, the large states of Federal Republicof 11,415 171,540 8.9 10.5 15.3 Latin America including Mexico, and the South-East Germany Asian countries of Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea a Not available. and Singapore. The rapidity of their development can be S o u r c e : United Nations: Yearbook of International Trade Statistics 1979. seen particularly clearly in the foreign trade sector. 1 During the period from 1960 to 1979 world exports grew from 130 billion US $ to more than 1,600 billion US Table 2 $. The exports of the newly industrialising countries Annual Growth Rates of GDP and Industrial Production in Selected NICs have grown at a considerable speed. After a phase of and Industrial Countries, 1960-1979 stagnation in the fifties they succeeded in doubling their exports in the following decade and even in increasing Per capita Growth rate in per cent p.a. income them nearly tenfold in the last decade (cf. Table 1), Count~ in US $ GDP Industr.Production although their share in world exports remained nearly (1979) 1960-19701970-19791960-19701970-1979 constant, rising only from 8.0 per cent (1960) to 8.7 per Hong Kong 3,760 10.0 9.4 - 4.3 cent (1979). Exceptional circumstances played a Singapore 3,830 8.8 8.4 12.5 8.6 South Korea 1,480 6.6 10.3 17.2 16.5 decisive role in the case of the oil-exporting countries. Malaysia 1,370 6.5 7.9 - 9.9 But even apart from this, the successful growth of the Argentina 2,230 4.2 2.5 5.9 2.4 other newly industrialising countries, accompanying Brazil 1,78Q 5.4 8.7 - 9.6 Uruguay 2,100 1.2 2.5 1.1 4.2 their exports, remains a phenomenon comparable only Venezuela1 3,120 6.0 5.5 4.6 3.1 with the era of the Japanese and the German economic Mexico1 1,640 7.2 5.1 9.1 6.4 miracles (cf. Table 2). Algeria1 1,590 4.6 5.8 12.9 6.5 Nigeria ~ 670 3.1 7.5 12.0 11.2 Particularly in the South-East Asian states, USA 10,630 4.3 3.1 5.1 2.7. integration into the world economy, with its division of Japan 8,810 10.5 5.2 10.9 5.6 Federal labour and the growth process of the past two decades, Republic of 11,730 414 2.6 5.2 2.1 was linked with extensive structural changes. The Germany 1 Belongs also to the group of oil-producing countries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Least Developed Country (LDC) Category at 40 Djalita Fialho
    Aiming high, falling short: the Least Developed Country (LDC) category at 40 Djalita Fialho ISS - Institute of Social Studies Abstract Why have 94% of LDCs not escaped poverty during the last four decades? This paper analyses the motivation behind the UN decision to establish the LDC category in 1971. The reviewed literature highlights the conflicting interests of the actors involved. It provides a historical account of the creation of the category and an international political economy analysis of that process. Based on this literature, I argue that the initial LDC identification process - which set a precedent for future LDC categorizations - was manipulated in order to generate a reduced list of small and economically and politically insignificant countries. Contrary to the LDC official narrative, this list served the interests of both donors (by undermining the UN’s implicit effort to normalize international assistance) and other non-LDC developing countries (disturbed by the creation of a positive discrimination within the group, favoring the most disadvantaged among them). As a result of this manipulation, considerably less development-promoting efforts have been demanded from donors, which has, in turn, not significantly distressed the interests of other non-LDC developing countries. Keywords: LDCs, aid, trade, preferential treatment, graduation JEL Classification: N20, O19 1. Introduction In May 2011 the international community, under the auspices of the UN, gathered for the fourth time in 40 years to assess progresses made by the least developed country (LDC) group. The conference took place in Istanbul, under the grim shadow of a stagnant and non-evolving category, whose membership has not declined for most of its lifespan.
    [Show full text]
  • Verge 7 Re-Orienting Neo-Liberal Development and Mainstreaming
    Verge 7 Re-Orienting Neo-liberal Development and Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa Brianna Bowman The countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been sites of turbulent development practices since the Third World debt crisis of the 1970s. As illustrated in Tanzania, attempts by International Financial Institutions (IFIs), namely the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), to stabilize and liberalize the economy through the implementation of neo-liberal contingency based Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) only worsened conditions. It was in the shadow of deepening poverty and increasing debt obligations that the HIV virus began to permeate and devastate SSA. Government implementation of SAPs facilitated transmission of the disease by raising unemployment, increasing labor mobility, and restricting social services. Institutional reforms abated structural violence, defined by John Galtung as a process that causes ―avoidable insults to basic human needs, and more generally to life,‖ (292) and compromised the human right to health, as set forth in Article 25 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Under these conditions, AIDS deaths in SSA continued to rise throughout the 1980s. Poverty, debt, and illness lformed a destructive cycle that set back development gains, worsened poverty, and impeded the ability of governments to adequately assist their people or help resolve their mounting debts. In the early 1990s, worsening conditions and increasing discontent throughout the developing world necessitated that the World Bank and IMF revise their development approach. Acknowledging the incompatibility of goals for economic growth and expectations that countries Verge 7 Bowman 2 fulfill their crippling debt obligations, the IFIs introduced their most recent development programs, the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) in 1996, followed by the the enhanced version in 1999, and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) in 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • War in the Fourth World
    The Worlds ■ First World: the capitalistic west. ■ Second World: the communistic east. Much reduced today. ■ Third World: originally non-aligned but really means poor or developing states. ■ Fourth World: nations or peoples that exist largely within the bounds of third world states and who are defending themselves against territorial invasion and have desires for autonomy or independence. Worlds 1-3 Nations and States in the Fourth World ■ Nation: a community of self- identifying people who have a common culture and a historically common territory. They see themselves as a people on the basis of common ancestry, history, society, institutions, ideology, language, territory, and often, religion. A person is born into a particular nation. About 5,000 exist today ■ State: a centralized political system within international legal boundaries recognized by other states. It uses a civilian- military bureaucracy to establish one government and to enforce one set of institutions and laws. 191 states recognized by the UN. Nations and States { 95% of the 191 states in the world today are m ultinational (m ultiethnic) and assert sovereignty over som e 5,000 nations. { Nation states such as Portugal, I celand, or Senegal are rare. { 80% of today's (1993) 120 wars are between nations and states. State versus Nation Terminology State Terms and Fourth World Translations Categorizations peasants unarmed members of an unnamed nation separatists a nation that never joined a state rebels a large group of armed nation people terrorists a small group of armed
    [Show full text]
  • Decolonization, Development, and Denial Natsu Taylor Saito
    Florida A & M University Law Review Volume 6 Number 1 Social Justice, Development & Equality: Article 1 Comparative Perspectives on Modern Praxis Fall 2010 Decolonization, Development, and Denial Natsu Taylor Saito Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.law.famu.edu/famulawreview Recommended Citation Natsu T. Saito, Decolonization, Development, and Denial, 6 Fla. A&M U. L. Rev. (2010). Available at: http://commons.law.famu.edu/famulawreview/vol6/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ FAMU Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida A & M University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ FAMU Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DECOLONIZATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND DENIAL Natsu Taylor Saito* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1 R 11. THE TRANSITION FROM DECOLONIZATION TO DEVELOPMENT ............................................. 6 R A. Inherently Contradictory:Decolonizing Under Colonial Rules ............................................ 8 R B. The Influence of InternationalFinancial Institutions . 12 R C. "Good Governance" and "FailedStates" ............... 17 R III. DEVELOPMENT AS A COLONIAL CONSTRUCT ................ 21 R A. "Guardianship"as a Justificationfor Colonial Appropriation.................................... 22 R B. Self-Determination and the League of Nation's Mandate System ................................. 25 R C. The Persistence of the Development Model ...........
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Trade with the Third World: Theamerican Stake
    416 DOCUMENT RESUME ED 219 293 SO 014 019 AUTHOR' yathieson, John A. TITLE U.S. Trade with the Third World: TheAmerican Stake. Occasional- Paper' 28. INSTITUTION Stanle? FOundation, Muscatine, Iowa. PUB DATE Jan 82 NOTE 34p. AVAILABLE FROM Stanley Foundation, 420 East Third Street, Muscatine, 'IA f2761 (free). EDRS PRICE MF01 Phis Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Developing Nations; Economic Change; *Economic Factors; Futures (of Society) IDENTIFIERS1- *International Trade ABSTRACT This essay examines the various economic effects or U.S. trade with developing nations todetermine''whether or'not such trade is in the U.S. interest. Expansion of ,trade withthe Third . Worls very much in keeptiwith the Reagan administration's economlc goals. It.stems f conviction that solution to the.. problems of poverty and'insufficient economic development is tobe found in the magic of the market place. U.S.' gains from tradein6lude acceps to needed raw materials, consumerbenefits, economic effikelZncy, and growing marketsfor U.S. exports. Although U.S.trade with the'developidg countries is quite favorable (with theexception of oil), it is not sufficient to look exclusively on thepositive side. One serious costto the United States is loss 'ofemployment opportunities in" declining industries. Study afterstudy identifies the same'industries as being most sensitive to -importcompetition: textiles and clothing, footwear, leather goods, and consumer electronics. Compered to a protectionist stance,the/article concludes, in the lbng run, a set of policies to stimulateworld, trade and distribute its costs equitably carrieswith it a much greater potential kor ippeoving the economicwell-being of all nations. (RM) /./ *t*************************t***,***********************-*****************) * * Reproductions suppLiestrby EDRS are the best than bemade * , * ' from the oiginasl'document.
    [Show full text]
  • Decolonization and Revolution by Fabian Klose
    Decolonization and Revolution by Fabian Klose Decolonization is a central historical trend. Occurring in four broad phases from 1776 up to 1991, it has shaped the present-day global system of states through the release of revolutionary forces. The term "decolonization" refers to the process through which colonial rule dissolved, and it encompasses the various political, economic, cultural and social dimensions of this process both in the periphery and in the metropole. For more than 200 years, decolonization has linked the history of Europe with that of the other four continents in significant ways, and it continues to influence the relationship between the European continent and the rest of the world right up to the present. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction: Definition, Periodization and Models of Interpretation 2. The Atlantic Revolutions and American Independence (1776–1826) 3. The "White" Dominions and the Establishment of "Neo-Europes" (1839–1931) 4. The Anticolonial Revolution and the Dissolution of the European Colonial Empires (1914–1975) 5. The Collapse of the Soviet Empire as a Fourth Phase of Decolonization (1985–1991) 6. Summary 7. Appendix 1. Literature 2. Notes Indices Citation The future historian may regard as the greatest "revolution" of the twentieth century not Lenin's overthrow of the short-lived free regime in Russia in November 1917, but the less conspicuous […] and, yet, more far- reaching process which brought Europe's four hundred years old dominion of the globe to an end (Hans Kohn, October 1958).1 Introduction: Definition, Periodization and Models of Interpretation The term "decolonization" refers to the process whereby colonial rule dissolved in the periphery and in the metropole, with its various political, economic, cultural and social dimensions.2 The transfer of national sovereignty rights led to the emergence of new independent states, thereby permanently changing international relations and the global system of states.
    [Show full text]
  • The BRICS—Merely a Fable? Emerging Power Alliances in Global Trade Governance
    The BRICS—merely a fable? Emerging power alliances in global trade governance KRISTEN HOPEWELL* The rise—and, more recently, purported fall—of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) has been among the most prominent stories of recent decades. The concept of the BRICS originated as a marketing tool designed by an investment bank: in 2001, a Goldman Sachs report highlighted the rapid economic growth in the BRIC countries and their increasing weight in the global economy, projecting that they would eventually overtake the established economic powers.1 This prompted a flood of new BRIC investment funds and an explosion of interest in these countries. Much of the discussion to date has accordingly been dominated by what could be called the Goldman Sachs view of the BRICS—as primarily an economic phenomenon, centred on rapid economic growth in these countries and resulting opportunities for investment.2 Consequently, now that growth has slowed in most of the BRICS—with China’s annual rate falling from double digits to less than 7 per cent, and Brazil and Russia currently in reces- sion—the frenzy surrounding the rise of the BRICS has been replaced by equally fervent declarations of their demise. In a reversal of earlier fantastical predictions that these countries would ‘power an unstoppable wave of emerging markets-led economic growth’, many now conclude that slowing growth means ‘the BRICs are dead’.3 Goldman Sachs generated a fresh storm of attention when it closed its BRIC fund in 2015 after sustained losses and folded it into its larger emerging markets fund.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank, IMF Turned Poor Third World Nations Into Loan Addicts
    A CRITIQUE OF CORPORATE GLOBALIZATION (PART III): World Bank, IMF turned poor Third World nations into loan addicts By John Cavanagh and Jerry Mander reating a world that works for all must begin with an just to service payment of interest and principle due on pre- effort to undo the enormous damage inflicted by the vious loans. The more the borrowing, the greater the need Cfree trade economic policies that so badly distort eco- for still larger loans, and borrowing became something of an nomic relationships among people and countries. The thrust economic addiction. Aside from a handful of citizen watch- of those policies is perhaps most dramatically revealed in dog groups, few paid attention to the burden these loans the structural adjustment programs imposed on low- and in- placed on domestic economies when the time came to repay. termediate-income countries by the International Monetary During the 1970s, OPEC sharply increased oil prices and Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Structural adjustment re- hence the cost of energy imports. Northern banks, awash with quires governments to do the following: OPEC deposits, lavished loans on Third World countries— • cut government spending on education, health care, the often with the encouragement of the World Bank. Soon the environment, and price subsidies for basic necessities costs of debt service exceeded repayment capacity by such a such as food grains and cooking oils; wide margin that there was a threat of a global financial cri- • devalue the national currency and increase exports by sis. Beginning with Mexico in 1982, the World Bank and the accelerating the plunder of natural resources, reducing IMF swung into action with structural adjustment as their real wages, and subsidizing export-ori- primary response.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccines for the Third World Barry R
    COMMENTARY Vaccines for the Third World Barry R. Bloom New vaccines, developed through genetic engineering, can make immunization an even more effective weapon for tackling disease in developing countries. So what is preventing progress? Where there is no vision, the people perish available, as well as inherent limitations in Any new or improved vaccine to be ... Proverbs 29:18 each of the currently used vaccines. Only considered for inclusion in the EPI two EPI vaccines- BCG, used to immu­ should, ideally, have the following attri­ THE Third World is the place where three­ nize against tuberculosis, and oral polio butes: (1) it must be inexpensive; (2) it quarters of the people of this planet live, vaccine-can be given at birth or any time must be safe; (3) it must be extremely where 86 per cent of all births and 96 per thereafter, and BCG and measles are the effective, inducing protection in 90-100 2 cent of child and infant deaths occur'· • At only vaccines that require a single immu­ per cent of recipients; (4) it should both a national and a human level the nizing dose. DPT and polio must be given engender lifetime immunity; (5) it should diverse problems of the developing be heat-stable and not need to be kept countries are of staggering proportions. ~ cold at all stages (a cold chain), which is Most have heavy foreign debt and, as ~ both expensive and subject to catastrophe; a consequence, these countries now (6) it should require only one shot or be transfer to the developed countries more compatible with the schedule for other hard currency than they receive ($31.1 vaccines; (7) it should be simple to give, billion in 1987)'.
    [Show full text]
  • The Continued Relevance of the 'Third World' Concept Written by Nico Smit
    The Continued Relevance of the 'Third World' Concept Written by Nico Smit This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. The Continued Relevance of the 'Third World' Concept https://www.e-ir.info/2013/03/26/the-continued-relevance-of-the-third-world-concept/ NICO SMIT, MAR 26 2013 The Need for a Revival of Third Worldism and the Continued Relevance of the Concept of the Third World Introduction The end of the Cold War, some have argued,[1] has dealt the ‘three worlds’ classification scheme a fatal blow, and the break-up of the former Soviet Union and the associated disintegration of the Second World has, to a large extent, diminished the rationale which underlay the concept of the Third World.[2] Furthermore, from its heyday in the 1970s, Third Worldism has been on a path of terminal decline due to a number of factors, such as disproportionate economic development among Third Worldist states,[3] political differences and the failure to establish a “common programme for international economic and political reform.”[4] Within the literature relating to Third Worldism, the concept of the Third World itself, and the three worlds scheme, there is a lively debate, with some arguing that the concept has become an anachronism,[5] and others maintaining that the concept maintains significance in the contemporary era. Furthermore, while there is general consensus within the literature that Third Worldism has experienced a declining trend, some argue that there is both the need and space for a revival of Third Worldism.[6] This essay will argue that the concept of the Third World maintains relevance within the contemporary era, and that there is indeed a need for a revival of Third Worldism.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Historiography of the Rise and Demise of the Third Worldism
    Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 2018, 13/2: 63-117 ON THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE THIRD WORLDISM Özgür BALKILIÇ Öz İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası dünya Üçüncü Dünya halklarının uyanışına doğdu. Yüzyıllar boyunca “gelişmiş” Batı ülkelerinin hâkimiyetinde yaşamış halklar savaş sonrası silahsızlanma, barış, ekonomik adalet, gibi söylemlerle bezenmiş bir Üçüncü Dünya projesine yoğun ilgi gösterdiler. Bu makale Üçüncü Dünya projesinin tarih yazımını incelemektedir. Bu anlamda çalışma mevcut tarih yazımına toplumsal hareketler düzeyi, devletler düzeyi ve uluslararası düzey olmak üzere, üç düzeyde odaklanacaktır. Söz konusu üç düzeyde makale ilk olarak halkların dünyanın farklı coğrafyalarında verdiği mücadeleleri konu alacaktır. İkinci olarak, milliyetçi hükümetlerin anti-emperyalist mücadelelerini konu alan eserlere odaklanılacaktır. Son olarak ise, uluslararası düzeyde anti- emperyalist ve anti-kolonyalist mücadele veren Bağlantısızlar Hareketi masaya yatırılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Üçüncü Dünya, Anti-Emperyalizm, Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadeleleri, Bağlantısızlar Hareketi. Üçüncü Dünyacılığın Yükselişi ve Düşüşü Üzerine Bir Tarih Yazını Abstract After 1945, Western countries witnessed the awakening of the Third World. People of underdeveloped countries, who had been subjected to domination by developed Western countries, showed an interest towards a project of the Third World; the underlying motto of which was shaped by disarmament, peace, and social and economic justice. This project aimed to embody a radical break from the economic, political, social, and cultural paths which were devised in the West and then imposed on the rest of the world. This paper will analyze the historiography of this project. In this context, this paper will approach such literature from the lenses of social movements that emerged in the Third World, of nation states and of international relations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cold War and Third World Revolution
    Communist and Post-Communist Studies 52 (2019) 51e57 Communist and Post-Communist Studies The Cold War and Third World revolution Robert P. Hager Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article-pdf/52/1/51/5307/cpcs_52_1_51.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 Instructional Television, Los Angeles Mission College, Sylmar, CA, 91342, United States article info abstract Article history: Much of the Cold War took place in the Third World. The three works authored by Gregg A. Available online 16 February 2019 Brazinsky, Winning the Third World: Sino-American Rivalry During the Cold War; Jeffry James Byrne, Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order; and Jeremy Keywords: Friedman, Shadow Cold War: The Sino-Soviet Competition for the Third World, are reviewed Ideology here and they provide historical details. A consistent theme that emerges is the importance Third World of ideological factors in driving the events are discussed. It is also clear that the Third U.S. foreign policy World states were not passive objects of pressure from great powers but had agendas of Soviet foreign policy Chinese foreign policy their own. These books provide useful material for theorists of international relations and Cold War policy makers. Algeria © 2019 The Regents of the University of California. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights Sino-Soviet split reserved. 1. Introduction The three works reviewed here provide considerable insight into the Cold War in the Third World. A few comments about this topic are in order here. For one thing, the Cold War in general, and as Best (2012) and Hager (2016) note, especially in Asia, arguably began before the Second World War with the activities of the Communist International (Comintern).
    [Show full text]