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Skeletal System Gross Anatomy 7.1 Skeletal System Overview

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Skeletal System Gross Anatomy 7.1 Skeletal System Overview Chapter 07 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes and animations. 1-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 7 Skeletal System Gross Anatomy 7.1 Skeletal System Overview • Provides framework • Provides levers upon which muscles act to move the body • Protection of organs • Mineral storage • Hemopoiesis • Energy storage • Components – Bones – Cartilage – Ligaments – Tendons 7-3 Skeletal System Overview • Terms • Projections – Body: main part – Process: prominent – Head: enlarged end projection – Neck: constriction – Tubercle: small rounded between head and body bump – Margin or border: edge – Tuberosity: knob – Angle: bend – Trochanter: tuberosities – Ramus: branch off body on proximal femur – Condyle: smooth rounded – Epicondyle: near or articular surface above condyle – Facet: small flattened articular surface 7-4 Skeletal System Overview • Ridges – Line or linea: low ridge • Depressions – Crest or crista: – Fossa: general term prominent ridge for a depression – Spine: very high ridge – Notch: depression in • Openings bone margin – Foramen: hole – Fovea: little pit – Canal or meatus: tunnel – Groove or sulcus: – Fissure: cleft deeper, narrow – Sinus or labyrinth: depression cavity 7-5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. TABLE 7.2 Anatomical Terms for Bone Features Term Description Body Main part Head Enlarged, often rounded end Neck Constriction between head and body Margin, border Edge Angle Bend Ramus Branch off the body beyond the angle Condyle Smooth, rounded articular surface Facet Small, flattened aticular surface Ridges Line, linea Low ridge Crest, crista Prominent ridge Spine Very high ridge Projections Process Prominent projection Tubercle Small, rounded bump Tuberosity, tuber Knob; larger than a tubercle Trochanter Tuberosity on the proximal femur Epicondyle Upon a condyle Lingula Flat, tongue-shaped process Hamulus Hook-shaped process Cornu Horn-shaped process Openings Foramen Hole Canal, meatus Tunnel Fissure Cleft Sinus, labyrinth Cavity Depressions Fossa General term for a depression Notch Depression in the margin of a bone Fovea Little pit 7-6 Groove,ulcus Deep, narrow depression The Complete Skeleton Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton Skull Skull Mandible Mandible Hyoid bone Clavicle Scapula Sternum Ribs Humerus Ribs Vertebral column Vertebral column Ulna Radius Sacrum Sacrum Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges Coxal Coccyx bone Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges 7-7 Anterior view Posterior view Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. TABLE 7.1 Number of Named Bones Listed by Category Bones Number Bones Number AxialSkeleton Appendicular Skeleton Skull (Cranium) Pectoral Girdle Braincase (neurocranium) Scapula 2 Paired (left and right) Parietal 2 Clavicle 2 Temporal 2 Upper Limb Unpaired (single) Frontal 1 Humerus 2 Sphenoid 1 Ulna 2 Occipital 1 Radius 2 Ethmoid 1 Carpal bones 16 Face (viscerocranium) Metacarpal bones 10 Paired Maxilla 2 Phalanges 28 Zygomatic 2 Total girdle and upper limb bones 64 Palatine 2 Pelvic Girdle Lacrimal 2 Coxal bone 2 Nasal 2 Lower Limb Inferior nasal concha 2 Femur 2 Unpaired Mandible 1 Tibia 2 Vomer 1 Fibula 2 Total skull bones 22 Patella 2 Bones Associated with the Skull Tarsal bones 14 Auditory ossicles Metatarsal bones 10 Malleus 2 Phalanges 28 Incus 2 Total girdle and lower limb bones 62 Stapes 2 Total appendicular skeleton bones 126 Hyoid 1 Total associated bones 7 Total axial skeleton bones 80 Total appendicular skeleton bones 126 Vertebral Column Total bones 206 Cervical vertebrae 7 Thoracic vertebrae 12 Lumbar vertebrae 5 Sacrum 1 Coccyx 1 Total vertebral column bones 26 Rib Cage (Thoracic Cage) Ribs 24 Sternum 1 Total rib cage bones 25 7-8 Total axial skeleton bones 80 7.2 Axial Skeleton • Axial skeleton – Skull – Hyoid bone – Vertebral column – Thoracic (rib) cage 7-9 Superior View of the Skull Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Functions – Protects brain Frontal bone – Supports organs of special senses Parietal bones – Provides foundation Coronal suture for structures that take Inferior temporal line air, food, and water Superior temporal line into body Sagittal suture Parietal eminence • Superior view of skull – Parietal bones Zygomatic arch Occipital bone – Frontal bone Superior view – Sagittal suture – Coronal suture 7-10 7-11 Posterior View of Skull Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Parietal and occipital Sagittal suture bones are major structures Parietal bones • Lambdoid suture: between parietals and Lambdoid suture occipital Occipital bone External occipital protuberance • Sutural bones may be present: variable Superior Temporal bone nuchal line Occipitomastoid Inferior • External occipital suture nuchal line Mastoid process protuberance Occipital condyle Zygom aticarch – Ligamentum nuchae: Helps keep head erect • Nuchal lines: Neck muscle attachment points Posterior view 7-12 Lateral View of Skull • Parietal bones and squamous part of temporal bone form most of side of skull Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture • Squamous suture: joins the parietal Superior temporal line Frontal bone and temporal bone Inferior temporal line Parietal bone Supraorbital foramen Squamous suture • Features of the temporal bone Supraorbital margin Temporal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Nasal bone Occipital bone – External auditory meatus Lacrimal bone Nasolacrimal canal Lambdoid suture Infraorbital foramen – Mastoid process Mandibular condyle Zygomatic bone External auditory canal Coronoid process Occipitomastoid suture of mandible – Temporal lines Mastoid process Maxilla Styloid process Alveolar processes – Zygomatic process of the zygomatic Zygomatic process Zygomatic arch of temporal bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone arch Mental foramen Mandibular ramus Angle of mandible Mandible Body of mandible Mental protuberance • Greater wing of the sphenoid bone Lateral view anterior to the temporal bone • Zygomatic bones with its temporal process of the zygomatic arch • Maxilla • Mandible. Articulates with the temporal bone. Body, ramus, condyle, and coronoid process 7-13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Supraorbital margin Zygomatic arch Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid process Mental protuberance Mandible Angle of mandible © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise, photographer 7-14 Anterior View of Skull Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Parietal bone Coronal suture • Major structures are frontal Supraorbital foramen Glabella Optic canal bone, zygomatic bones, Supraorbital margin Orbital plate of frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone maxillae, and mandible Superior orbital fissure Nasal bone Infraorbital margin Lacrimal bone • Maxilla and mandible bear Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha Nasal of ethmoid bone teeth septum Inferior nasal concha Vomer Nasal cavity Anterior nasal spine • Orbits. Cone-shaped fossae Maxilla Oblique line of mandible Mandible with their apices oriented Alveolar processes Mandibular symphysis Body of mandible Mental foramen posteriorly Mental protuberance Anterior view – Nasolacrimal canal – Optic foramen 7-15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glabella Frontal bone Supraorbital margin Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible Mental protuberance © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Eric Wise, photographer 7-16 The Orbit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Supraorbital foramen Frontal bone Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Posterior and anterior ethmoidal for amina Sphenoid Lesser wing Ethmoid bone bone Greater wing Lacrimal bone Palatine bone Opening to nasolacrimal canal Zygomatic bone Maxilla Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital foramen Infraorbital groove Anterior view 7-17 Bones of Nasal Cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Crista galli Frontal sinus Cribriform plate • Nasal cavity. Pear-shaped, Olfactory foramina Nasal bone Sphenoidal sinus open anteriorly Perpendicular plate Nasal of ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone septum Septal cartilage • Nasal septum divides nasal Vomer Greater alar cartilage cavity into right and left Anterior Horizontal plate nasal spine of palatine bone Hard palate Palatine process halves of maxilla Central incisor Incisive canal – Bony part is vomer and (a) Medial view perpendicular plate of the Frontal bone Lacrimal bone Olfactory recess ethmoid Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Part of Middle nasal concha ethmoid bone – Hyaline cartilage anterior part Nasal bone Sphenoidal sinus Maxilla bone • Nasal conchae: form lateral Sphenoid bone Lateral nasal cartilage Inferior nasal concha walls Greater alar cartilage Vertical plate Palatine bone Horizontal plate Medial pterygoid plate – Inferior: separate bones Palatine process of maxilla Lateral incisor
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