DOCSLIB.ORG

Bacteriology I and II

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bacteriology I and II Gram Positive Rods Corynebacterium Bacillus Listeria Erysipelothrix Corynebacterium • Over 20 species, most are saprophytic • Human normal flora, especially skin and nares • Most grow well on 5% Sheep’s blood agar • Gamma hemolytic gray colonies • Catalase enzyme positive • “Diphtheroid” morphology, Gram positive rods in Chinese letter forms • No spores produced Corynebacterium diphtheriae • Agent of Diphtheria • Forms tough oropharyngeal membrane (Diphtheroid is Greek for leather), bleeds when attempt to remove Elek plate • Phage mediated exotoxin is distributed from the membrane causing respiratory paralysis, heart, nervous system, and kidney damage • Non-toxin producing strains cutaneous ulcers and lesions • Diagnosis: culture, toxin detection (Elek plate), serology, and PCR to study toxin genes • Grows well on 5% Sheep’s blood agar, gray gamma hemolytic colonies, catalase enzyme positive • Selective medium Cysteine Tellurite agar / black colonies • Metachromatic storage granules when grown on Loeffler’s media and stained with methylene blue Metachromatic granules • Treatment: Anti-toxin and Erythromycin or Penicillin Other Corynebacterium spp. • Corynebacterium jeikeium – • Normal human skin flora / thrives on lipid • Infects patients with indwelling plastic catheters and devices and can lead to bacteremia • Biofilms are formed on the plastic, protecting the organisms from antibiotic treatment • Susceptible to vancomycin and tetracycline • Corynebacterium urealyticum – • Urease positive • Cause of urinary tract infection in post renal transplants + • Resistant to many antibiotics but vancomycin susceptible Red is (+) for Urease reaction Bacillus species • Large Gram positive rods with square ends • Can be easily over-decolorized and appear reddish on Gram stain • Spores produced which cause clearing in bacillus on Gram stain • Catalase enzyme positive Variable staining / not clearly Spores/ clear areas in Gram positive bacillus Bacillus anthracis • Agent of anthrax in herbivores • Category A agent – priority pathogen, potential agent of bioterrorism • Virulence factors: anthrax toxin and capsular polypeptide • Infections: • Wool sorter’s disease – acquired from handling contaminated hides, produces a unique black eschar skin lesion • Systemic infections: Pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis • Irregular shape to colony border on 5% Sheep’s blood agar (BAP) Medusa head colonies Gamma (no) hemolysis on BAP Non-motile Susceptible to penicillin Bacillus cereus • Most common species causing infection • Saprophytic environmental organism • Nosocomial and opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients, and patients with indwelling or implanted devices • Can be a contaminate in blood cultures • Skin infections in Intravenous drug users • Associated with food poisoning due to emetic toxin production and diarrhea from diarrheal toxin • Gram positive rod with spores • Dull gray colony producing beta hemolysis on BAP • Catalase positive • Motile • Resistant to penicillin Listeria monocytogenes • Small Gram positive rod / no spores produced • Catalase enzyme positive • Grows well on BAP producing subtle beta hemolysis • Motility provides identifying information • More motile at 25˚C than 35˚C • Tumbling motility on wet mount examination • Umbrella motility when inoculated into tubed media • Bacteremia and meningitis in immune suppressed, pregnancy, neonates, and elderly • Culture or molecular amplification methods for diagnosis • Grows well at 4˚C / acquire infection from refrigerated foods • Non pasteurized cheese and milk products, Deli case foods • Ampicillin drug of choice • Intrinsic resistance to Cephalosporin antibiotics Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae H2S production detected on Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) • Small pleomorphic Gram positive rod • No spores produced • Catalase enzyme negative • Alpha hemolytic colony on 5% sheep’s blood agar plate • Only Gram positive rod that produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S) MALDI-TOF is necessary for this difficult to identify bacteria – Infections from nature and animals, mostly swine, so is an occupational disease of farmers and butchers – Virulence factor: capsule – Soft tissue infection and bacteremia +/- endocarditis – Intrinsic resistance to Vancomycin Erysipelas – lacy skin lesions of swine Gram negative bacilli • Escherichia coli • Normal flora in human intestine • #1 cause of UTI [@80% of cases] Lactose Green sheen on • Bacteremia, neonatal meningitis, EMB agar and abdominal infections fermentor Indole positive • MacConkey agar / Lactose fermenter • Spot indole reaction = positive / turns robin’s egg blue • Detects breakdown of tryptophan from growth on BAP • Eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) green sheen produced • Pathogen of diarrhea: • Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) E. coli cause of traveler’s diarrhea • Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) (such as 0157:H7) • Bloody diarrhea acquired from eating undercooked beef • Pathogenicity from Shiga toxin production • Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can result with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure] particularly in young children • Culture on MacConkey agar with sorbitol (not lactose) / does NOT ferment sorbitol/ most all E. coli except EHEC ferment sorbitol Enteric GNRs that ferment Lactose Enterobacter species • Enterobacter cloacae complex, most common species • Environmental GNRs with low pathogenicity • Usually infects a compromised host • Enterobacter (Cronobacter) sakazakii associated with neonatal meningitis Klebsiella species • K. pneumoniae most common species • Mucoid colony due to capsule production • Currant jelly sputum produced in alcoholics due to blood mixed with Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide in sputum Enteric GNRs that do NOT Ferment Lactose! • Proteus species Colonies swarm in layers on agar surface • Proteus vulgaris – spot indole positive • Proteus mirabilis – spot indole negative • Normal flora in intestine - Common cause of UTI and abdominal infections • Serratia marcescens • Produces red pigmentation which can intensify at room temp • Environmental contaminate • Causes infection most usually in • Immune suppressed • Ventilator associated pneumonia • Bacteremia Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSI)– Used to detect fermentation of glucose, lactose and/or sucrose and production of hydrogen sulfide [H2S] in GNRs CHO Fermentation= yellow medium Gas production= Disruption of the agar No CHO fermentation = Red medium 1 2 3 4 H2S 1. Glu/lac/suc 2. Glucose 3. Glucose 4. No CHO fermented fermented fermented fermentation with gas with H2S Non fermenter • Salmonella species • Diarrhea with +/- fever and PMNs in the stool • Infection from eating contaminated food (raw eggs, poultry, ground beef or dairy) or direct contact with a sick animal – Must ingest large #’s of organisms to make you ill (1,000,000 bacteria), normal levels of stomach acid is protective • MacConkey agar - does not ferment lactose • Produces hydrogen sulfide on selective agars • Motile • Identification based on biochemical reactions and serologic typing • Kaufman White serologic typing for speciation of Salmonella • O Somatic (cell wall) antigen – Salmonella group “B” • H flagellar antigens – 2 phases [h1 & h2] • Vi capsular antigen – Salmonella typhi only Salmonella typhi • Typhoid fever – high fever and sepsis, no diarrhea • Human pathogen - most cases in US (75%) from international travel • Post typhoid fever there can be carriage in gallbladder with passage in feces. Can transmit by bad hygiene and food preparation • Ingested organisms enter the bowel, move into the blood stream and eventually the bone marrow • Diagnosis: Blood cultures and in late stages (>1 month) bone marrow culture • Vi capsular antigen unique to S. typhi • Moustache of Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced in TSI medium slant Shigella • Diarrhea, +/-vomiting, fluid loss, PMNs and blood in stool • Infection: Human to human transmission /control with good hand hygiene • Ingestion of low #’s of organisms make you ill [10 – 100 bacteria] • No lactose fermentation on agar • Non motile • No Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced • 4 species based on somatic (cell wall) antigen • S. boydii Group C • S. dysenteriae Group A • S. flexneri Group B • S. sonnei Group D Salmonella Shigella Agar (SS agar) Hektoen agar – Shigella are colorless due to lactose Salmonella produces H2S [Hydrogen sulfide] not being fermented. Salmonella does producing black colonies not ferment lactose, but H2S produced Shigella – green colonies by Salmonella turning the colony black Normal flora – orange colored due to fermentation of lactose (E. coli) Normal Flora Lactose fermented Salmonella H2S Shigella Salmonella Shigella Salmonella Non-Lactose fermenter Yersinia enterocolitica • Major reservoir – swine • Humans infected by eating raw or undercooked pork • Infections: • Diarrhea • Septicemia in patients with iron overload syndromes • Mesenteric adenitis – Infection symptomatic for right lower abdominal pain which mimics appendicitis • Infected blood products from transfusion have been reported • Oxidase = neg, Indole = neg, Urease = pos, Grows well at 4 °C • CIN agar (Cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin) selective agar for Y. enterocolitica Yersinia pestis • Plague, Category A agent – call public health! • Obligate flea/ rodent/ flea cycle in nature • Human infection usually from a rat flea bite - leads to Bubonic plague that is infection of the lymphatic system, forms painful buboes (lymph node swelling) at site of the bite • Hemorrhagic lymph nodes spread Y. pestis into blood stream • Pneumonia develops from blood
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HACEK Endocarditis: State-Of-The-Art Matthieu Revest, Gérald Egmann, Vincent Cattoir, Pierre Tattevin
    HACEK endocarditis: state-of-the-art Matthieu Revest, Gérald Egmann, Vincent Cattoir, Pierre Tattevin To cite this version: Matthieu Revest, Gérald Egmann, Vincent Cattoir, Pierre Tattevin. HACEK endocarditis: state- of-the-art. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, Expert Reviews, 2016, 14 (5), pp.523-530. 10.1586/14787210.2016.1164032. hal-01296779 HAL Id: hal-01296779 https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01296779 Submitted on 10 Jun 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. HACEK endocarditis: state-of-the-art Matthieu Revest1, Gérald Egmann2, Vincent Cattoir3, and Pierre Tattevin†1 ¹Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes; ²Department of Emergency Medicine, SAMU 97.3, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne; 3Bacteriology, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France †Author for correspondence: Prof. Pierre Tattevin, Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, Pontchaillou University Hospital, 2, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex 9, France Tel.: +33 299289564 Fax.: + 33 299282452 [email protected] Abstract The HACEK group of bacteria – Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter spp. (A. actinomycetemcomitans, A. aphrophilus, A. paraphrophilus, and A. segnis), Cardiobacterium spp. (C. hominis, C. valvarum), Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella spp.
    [Show full text]
  • A. Fastidious Organisms MCQ 1 Explanation: the Most Common
    MCQ Answer 1: A. Fastidious organisms MCQ 1 Explanation: The most common cause of culture-negative infective endocarditis in patients who have not been treated previously with antibiotics is fastidious organisms (1). In our patient, serology for Bartonella, Pasteurella and Coxiella was negative, but the Brucella antibody titer was 1:160 (reference range <1:20). Brucella titers higher than 1:160 in conjunction with a compatible clinical presentation are considered highly suggestive of infection especially in a non-endemic area (2), (3). Brucellosis can affect any organ system and cardiac involvement is rare, but endocarditis is the main cause of death due to brucellosis. Ideally, the diagnosis should be made by culture, however this test has a low sensitivity, is time-consuming, and poses a health risk for laboratory staff (4). HACEK organisms used to be considered the most common agent of culture-negative endocarditis, but with the current blood culture techniques, they can be easily isolated when incubated for at least five days. In our patient, the HACEK organism culture was negative at 5 days (5). Antibacterial therapy prior to blood culture sampling is a common cause of culture negative endocarditis. Our patient received empiric antibiotic therapy after the blood cultures were drawn. Valvular vegetations can be caused by noninfectious conditions and should be considered in the differential diagnoses of any patient with endocarditis. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), such as marantic or Libman-Sachs endocarditis, happens in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus, malignancy, or hypercoagulable state. The vegetations of NBTE are composed of fibrin thrombi that usually deposit on normal or minimally degenerated valves.
    [Show full text]
  • Blood Culture Bottles Incubation Period, 5 Days Or More?
    February 2015 02/2015 NEWSLETTER Best Practices in Blood Culture Collection Blood culture bottles incubation period, 5 days or more? Introduction Blood is one of the most important specimens re- ceived by the microbiology laboratory for culture, and culture of blood is the most sensitive method for de- tection of bacteremia or fungemia. As we all know that the blood stream infection is one of the most se- rious problems in all infectious diseases. In general, adult patients with bacteremia are likely to have low quantities of bacteria in the blood, even in the setting of severe clinical symptoms. In addition, bacteremia in adults is generally intermittent. For this reason, multiple blood cultures, each containing large volumes of blood, are required to detect bacteraemia. Prior to initiation of antimicrobial therapy, at least two sets of blood cultures taken from separate venipuncture sites should be obtained. The technique, number of cultures, and volume of blood are more important factors for detection of bacteremia than timing of culture collection. Length of Incubation of Blood Cultures In routine circumstances, using automated continuous monitoring systems such as Becton Dickinson BACTEC System, blood cultures need not be incubated for longer than 5 days (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). For laborato- ries using manual blood culture systems, 7 days should suffice in most circumstances (6). Patient suspected Infectious Endocarditis (IE) A recent study at the Mayo Clinic, in which one of the widely used continuous monitoring blood culture systems was used, demonstrated that 99.5% of non-endocarditis BSIs and 100% of endocarditis epi- sodes were detected within 5 days of incubation (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiology Course Specification 1St, 2Nd Year of M.B.B.Ch
    Faculty of Medicine Aswan University Microbiology Course Specification 1st, 2nd year of M.B.B.Ch. Program (Integrated system) 2019-2020 No. ILOs Practical Topic wks. hrs 1. B.1, C.1 Lab safety -Microscope 1st 2hrs D.1, D2 2. A6, B3 Sterilization, disinfection and 1st 2hrs D1, D2 antisepsis 3. A2, B.1 Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial 2nd 2 hrs C1, C2 infection (Simple and Gram’s stain) D1, D2 4. A6, B3 Ziehl Neelsen stain 2nd 2hrs 5. A3, B.1, Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial 3rd 2hrs C3 infection (Culture media I) D1, D2 6. A3, B1, Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial 3rd 2hrs C3, infection (Culture media II) D1, D2 7. A3, B2, , Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial 4th 2hrs C3, D1, infection (Biochemical reactions D2 Molecular diagnostic techniques) 8. A7, B.4 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing 4th 2hrs 9. A8, B5, Laboratory diagnosis of viral 5th 2hrs C5, D1, infections D2 A8, C2, Laboratory diagnosis of fungal 01. B.6, D1, 5th infections D2 A10, 10. B.7, C4, Serology I 6th D1, D2 A10, 12. B.7, C4 Serology II 6th D.1, D2 A10, 13. B.7, C4 Serology III 7th D.1, D2 A20, 04. B12, C8- Basics of infection control 7th 9 A2- Memorize the microorganism morphology A3- Recall bacterial growth requirements and replication. A6- Describe different methods of sterilization A7- Recognize proper selection of antimicrobials. A8- Recall general knowledge in the field of viral and fungal diseases. A10- Identify the role of the immune system against microbial infection. A20- State the basics of infection control B1- Differentiate the microorganism morphology B2- Explain genotypic variations and recombinant DNA technology B3- Compare between the different sterilization methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacteriology
    SECTION 1 High Yield Microbiology 1 Bacteriology MORGAN A. PENCE Definitions Obligate/strict anaerobe: an organism that grows only in the absence of oxygen (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis). Spirochete Aerobe: an organism that lives and grows in the presence : spiral-shaped bacterium; neither gram-positive of oxygen. nor gram-negative. Aerotolerant anaerobe: an organism that shows signifi- cantly better growth in the absence of oxygen but may Gram Stain show limited growth in the presence of oxygen (e.g., • Principal stain used in bacteriology. Clostridium tertium, many Actinomyces spp.). • Distinguishes gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative Anaerobe : an organism that can live in the absence of oxy- bacteria. gen. Bacillus/bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria (e.g., gram-negative Method bacilli); not to be confused with the genus Bacillus. • A portion of a specimen or bacterial growth is applied to Coccus/cocci: spherical/round bacteria. a slide and dried. Coryneform: “club-shaped” or resembling Chinese letters; • Specimen is fixed to slide by methanol (preferred) or heat description of a Gram stain morphology consistent with (can distort morphology). Corynebacterium and related genera. • Crystal violet is added to the slide. Diphtheroid: clinical microbiology-speak for coryneform • Iodine is added and forms a complex with crystal violet gram-positive rods (Corynebacterium and related genera). that binds to the thick peptidoglycan layer of gram-posi- Gram-negative: bacteria that do not retain the purple color tive cell walls. of the crystal violet in the Gram stain due to the presence • Acetone-alcohol solution is added, which washes away of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall; gram-negative bacteria the crystal violet–iodine complexes in gram-negative appear pink due to the safranin counter stain.
    [Show full text]
  • Bugs & Drugs Antimicrobial Pocket Reference 2001
    Bugs & Drugs Antimicrobial Pocket Reference 2001 FOREWORD Authors (unless otherwise noted) & Editors: Edith Blondel-Hill, MD, FRCP(C) Associate Medical Officer of Health Infectious Diseases Specialist/Medical Microbiologist Capital Health/DKML and Susan Fryters, B.Sc.Pharm. Antimicrobial Utilization/Infectious Diseases Pharmacist Capital Health in collaboration with: · Regional Antimicrobial Advisory Subcommittee · Antimicrobial Working Group (Dr. E. Blondel-Hill, S. Fryters, Dr. M. Foisy, Dr. E. Friesen, M. Gray, R. Muzyka, Dr. P. Robertson, C. Zenuk) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) Task Force (Dr. G. Blakney, Dr. E. Blondel-Hill, S. Fryters, M. Gray, Dr. D. LeGatt, Dr. N. Yuksel) · Antibiotics in Dentistry Working Group (Dr. E. Blondel-Hill, Dr. T. Carlyle, Dr. K. Compton, Dr. T. Debevc, S. Fryters, Dr. D. Gotaas, Dr. K. Kowalewska-Grochowska, Dr. K. Lung, Dr. T. Mather, Dr. H. McLeod, M. Mehta, Dr. J. Nigrin, Dr. S. Ponich, Dr. B. Preshing, Dr. J. Robinson, Dr. S. Shafran) · Divisions of Adult and Paediatric Infectious Diseases · Dynacare Kasper Medical Laboratories (DKML) · UAH Medical Microbiology Department · Regional Pharmacy Services · Regional Public Health · Antibiotics Working Group of AMA Clinical Practice Guidelines Program Secretarial Support: L. Clarke The authors are indebted to Laura Lee Clarke for her outstanding preparation of this manuscript. Editorial Contributions: Dr. J. Galbraith, Infectious Diseases/Medical Microbiologist Ms. M. Gray, BSP Dr. A. Joffe, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Dr. J. Nigrin, Medical Microbiologist Dr. S. Shafran, Adult Infectious Diseases Ms. C. Zenuk, BSP Cover Design: A. Hill Funding provided by: Capital Health Regional Pharmacy Services & Dynacare Kasper Medical Laboratories While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information presented, the authors, Capital Health, and DKML cannot accept liability for errors or any consequences arising from its use.
    [Show full text]
  • 06 ‐ Bone, Joint and Musculoskeletal Infections Speaker: Sandra Nelson, MD
    06 ‐ Bone, Joint and Musculoskeletal Infections Speaker: Sandra Nelson, MD Disclosures of Financial Relationships with Relevant Commercial Interests • None Bone, Joint and Musculoskeletal Infections Sandra B. Nelson, MD Director, Musculoskeletal Infectious Diseases Division of Infectious Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital Osteomyelitis: Osteomyelitis: General Principles • Hematogenous Osteomyelitis • MRI and CT are the best radiographic studies – Metaphyseal long bone (more common in children) – Bone scan has good negative predictive value but lacks specificity – Vertebral spine (Spondylodiscitis) – MRI and CT not useful as test of cure – Usually monomicrobial • Diagnosis best confirmed by bone histopathology and culture • Contiguous Osteomyelitis – Identification of organism improves outcomes – Trauma / osteofixation – Swab cultures of drainage are of limited value – Diabetic foot ulceration • Optimal route and duration of therapy an evolving target – Often polymicrobial – 6 weeks of IV antimicrobial therapy commonly employed – Longer oral suppression considered in setting of retained hardware 3 4 Brodie’s Abscess (Subacute hematogenous osteomyelitis) Case #1 • 57 year old male presented with a 3 month • More common in children and history of progressive lower back pain young adults • On ROS denied fevers or chills but wife • Bacteria deposit in medullary canal noticed weight loss of metaphyseal bone, become • Originally from Cambodia, emigrated as a surrounded by rim of sclerotic bone child. Employed at a seafood processing → intraosseous
    [Show full text]
  • Infective Endocarditis: a Focus on Oral Microbiota
    microorganisms Review Infective Endocarditis: A Focus on Oral Microbiota Carmela Del Giudice 1 , Emanuele Vaia 1 , Daniela Liccardo 2, Federica Marzano 3, Alessandra Valletta 1, Gianrico Spagnuolo 1,4 , Nicola Ferrara 2,5, Carlo Rengo 6 , Alessandro Cannavo 2,* and Giuseppe Rengo 2,5 1 Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (C.D.G.); [email protected] (E.V.); [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (G.S.) 2 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Medicine Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (N.F.); [email protected] (G.R.) 3 Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 4 Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia 5 Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS-Maugeri, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy 6 Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0817463677 Abstract: Infective endocarditis (IE) is an inflammatory disease usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and settling in the heart lining valves or blood vessels. Despite modern antimicrobial and surgical treatments, IE continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Thus, primary Citation: Del Giudice, C.; Vaia, E.; prevention and enhanced diagnosis remain the most important strategies to fight this disease. In Liccardo, D.; Marzano, F.; Valletta, A.; this regard, it is worth noting that for over 50 years, oral microbiota has been considered one of the Spagnuolo, G.; Ferrara, N.; Rengo, C.; significant risk factors for IE.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Haemophilus Species and the HACEK Group of Organisms
    UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations Identification of Haemophilus species and the HACEK group of organisms This publication was created by Public Health England (PHE) in partnership with the NHS. Identification | ID 12 | Issue no: 4 | Issue date: 08.01.21 | Page: 1 of 34 © Crown copyright 2021 Identification of Haemophilus species and the HACEK group of organisms Acknowledgments UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations (UK SMIs) are developed under the auspices of PHE working in partnership with the National Health Service (NHS), Public Health Wales and with the professional organisations whose logos are displayed below and listed on the website https://www.gov.uk/uk-standards-for-microbiology- investigations-smi-quality-and-consistency-in-clinical-laboratories. UK SMIs are developed, reviewed and revised by various working groups which are overseen by a steering committee (see https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/standards-for- microbiology-investigations-steering-committee). The contributions of many individuals in clinical, specialist and reference laboratories who have provided information and comments during the development of this document are acknowledged. We are grateful to the medical editors for editing the medical content. PHE publications gateway number: GW-959 UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations are produced in association with: Identification | ID 12 | Issue no: 4 | Issue date: 08.01.21 | Page: 2 of 34 UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations | Issued by the Standards Unit, Public Health England
    [Show full text]
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03891-2 - Clinical Infectious Disease Edited by David Schlossberg Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03891-2 - Clinical Infectious Disease Edited by David Schlossberg Index More information Index Page references in bold indicate tables; those in italic indicate figures. abacavir (ABC), 650 otitis media, 49 PCP pneumonia, 1151–1152, abdominal infections. See intra- pregnant patients, 618 See also Pneumocystis jirovecii abdominal infections viral hemorrhagic fevers, 1246 pneumonia (PCP) Abiotrophia spp., 1042 Achromobacter spp., 1046 pregnant patients, 616 A. defectiva, 247 A. denitrificans, 1046 progressive multifocal abscess A. xylosoxidans, 1046 leukoencephalopathy abdominal, 367–369 clinical syndromes, 1046 association, 529–531 diagnosis, 367 epidemiology, 1046 treatment, 533–534 treatment, 367–369, 380 Acinetobacter baumannii, 1045–1046 splenic abscess, 372 brain. See brain abscess multidrug resistance, 1046 toxoplasmic encephalitis, 1279–1280 breast, 620 nosocomial infections, 1045 Acrobacter, 810 coccidioidomycosis, 1144 pneumonia, 222 acrodermatitis chronica atropicans, cranial epidural, 500–501, 501 Acinetobacter spp., 1044–1046, See also 1062 dental, 64,66 Acinetobacter baumannii Actinomyces spp. (actinomycosis), 829 HACEK organism-associated, 904, catheter-related infections, 721, 723 clinical presentation, 829–830 906 epidemiology, 1045 abdominal disease, 830–831 iliopsoas. See iliopsoas abscess (IPA) meningitis, 477 CNS disease, 831 intraperitoneal, 366, 375, 380 post-transplant infection, 576 disseminated disease, 831 lacrimal sac, 116 sepsis, 15 musculoskeletal disease, 831 liver. See liver
    [Show full text]
  • Gram-Negative Infective Endocarditis: a Retrospective Analysis of 10 Years Data on Clinical Spectrum, Risk Factor and Outcome
    Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 2020; volume 90:1359 Gram-negative infective endocarditis: a retrospective analysis of 10 years data on clinical spectrum, risk factor and outcome Vineeth Varghese Thomas1, Ajay Kumar Mishra2, Sudha Jasmine1, Sowmya Sathyendra1 1Internal Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India; 2Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, USA fied Duke’s criteria and a culture-proven diagnosis of gram-neg- Abstract ative IE were eligible for inclusion. A total of 27 patients were enrolled from Jan 2006 to Dec 2016, among whom 78% were Infective endocarditis (IE) is a significant cause of morbidity male. Prior structural heart disease was common in our cohort and mortality. Underlying congenital heart disease and acquired (41%) with renal (55%) and embolic (51%) complications being valvular disease significantly increases the IE risk, which is still the most common systemic complications. A comparison of mor- prevalent in developing countries. Gram-negative organism relat- tality with survivors found that congenital and acquired structur- ed IE prevalence appears to be rising with limited data on their al heart disease had a higher risk of mortality. Non-fermenting presentation and outcomes. This study hopes to shed further light GNB accounted for 52% of the cohort, with Pseudomonas on this subject. This retrospective cross-sectional study occurred accounting for 19%. E. coli was the most common bacilli isolat- in a tertiary care center in South India. ed, constituting 37% of theonly cohort. Assessment of risk factors for A retrospective cross-sectional study performed in a single adverse outcomes found that renal dysfunction and intravascular tertiary care center in South India.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiology
    Microbiology Bacteria Gram positive Gram negative Cocci Staphylococcus (clusters and catalase +ve) Diplococci ↘Coagulase +ve (aureus) – skin, pneumonia, Neisseria endocarditis, abscess formation ↘meningitidis – meningitis ↘Coagulase -ve (epidermidis; saprophyticus) ↘gonorrhoeae –gonorrhoea, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, disseminated CONS = Contaminants (unless foreign bodies present) infection, arthritis Streptococcus (strips and catalase -ve) Moraxella ↘α-haemolytic i.e. partially lyse RBCs ↘catarrhalis –URTI s, chronic lung disease exacerbations, pneumonia -pneumoniae – pneumonia, meningitis, URTIs, invasive -viridans group (mitis, mutans, salivarius, sanguinis, anginosus) – endocarditis, dental ↘β-haemolytic i.e. completely lyse RBCs -Group A strep (pyogenes) – skin, Rh fever, scarlet fever, strep throat, post-strep GN, erysipelas, nectrotising fascitis, strep toxic shock -Group B strep (agalactiae) – vaginal colonisation, neonatal infection ↘Non-haemolytic -Group D strep (bovis; equinus) – bacteraemia -Enterococcus (faecium; faecalis) –UTIs, bacteraemia, endocarditis, diverticulitis Rods (bacilli) Big and spore forming Enteric Non-enteric Clostridium (anaerobic) Long Coccobacilli ↘difficile – C diff diarrhoea E. Coli Haemophilus ↘tetani – tetanus – UTIs, gastroenteritis, ↘influenzae neonatal meningitis ↘perfringens – gas gangrene Aerobic glucose + – pneumonia, meningitis, Klebsiella epiglottits ↘botulinum – botulism lactose fermenting – pneumonia, UTIs (COLIFORMS – Bordetella Enterobacter ↘pertussis Bacillus normal bowel
    [Show full text]