ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education ISSN 2301-7554 Vol. 1, Issue 1, December 2012 http://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE

FLOUTS OF THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE MAXIMS IN SBY’S PRESIDENTIAL INTERVIEWS

Fahrus Zaman Fadhly Department of English Education, University of Kuningan, E-mail: [email protected]

APA Citation: Fadhly, F. Z. (2012). Flouts of the cooperative principle maxims in SBY’s presidential interviews. English Review: Journal of English Education, 1(1), 57-70

Received: 12-10-2011 Accepted: 21-11-2013 Published: 01-12-2012

Abstract: This paper analyzed the presidential interviews of the President of Republic of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudoyono (SBY), based on Grice’s theory of the Cooperative Principles (CP). This study employed a qualitative research design and the data were three transcripts of interview discourse between SBY and eight Indonesian journalists obtained through the presidential official website: http://www.presidentsby.info. The research investigated the ways of SBY in flouting the CP maxims in his presidential interviews and the functions of the flouts were. The research revealed that SBY flouted all the CP maxims and the maxim of Quantity was frequently flouted. Meanwhile, there were four ways used by SBY in flouting the CP maxims, i.e. hedging, indirectness, open answer and detailed element. The function of the flouts, i.e. face saving acts (FSA), self-protection, awareness, politeness, interestingness, control of information, elaboration and ignorance. This research also revealed that CP maxims of Grice are not universal. Keywords: flouts, maxim, cooperative principles, SBY, presidential interview

INTRODUCTION Keenan, 1976; Levinson, 1983; Sperber A speaker does not always explicitly say and Wilson, 1986; Schiffrin, 1994; Brown what she or he means much more than and Yule, 1996; Van Dijk, 1998; Saifullah, his or her utterance actually utters 2002; Mooney, 2004), and (3) politeness (Thomas, 1995). In another case, a (Goffman , 1967 in Haverkate 1988; speaker may also provide information Lakoff, 1973; Brown and Levinson, 1978; that intentionally confuses or misleads Leech, 1983; Matsumuto, 1988; Kitao, the hearer (Keenan, 1976). Therefore, for 1989; Mao, 1994; Holmes, 1995; the sake of a successful communication, Wilamová, 2005; and Zhang and You, both speaker and hearer should 2009). mutually cooperate with each other. It was Grice, an English language Since, without cooperation, interaction philosopher, who firstly introduced the would be counterproductive. term ‘conversational implicature’ in a In pragmatics study, there are at series of lectures at Harvard University least three big themes that are largely in 1967. In Grice’s paper (1975) entitled discussed, i.e. (1) speech act (Austin, ‘Logic and Conversation’, Grice promotes 1962; Searl, 1970; Searl, Keifer and the CP which then republished by Davis Bierwisch, 1980; Blum-Kulka and (1991), and Jaworski and Coupland Oldstain, 1984; and Kasper, 1989), (2) (1999). Further, in order to elaborate his conversational implicature (Grice, 1975; theory, Grice wrote an article entitled FAHRUS ZAMAN FADHLY Flouts Of The Cooperative Principle Maxims In Sby’s Presidential Interviews

Further Notes on Logic and Conversation in Sperber and Wilson (1986) Syntax and Semantics edited by Cole suggested that maxims of CP become (1978). only one: maxim of Relation. They drew The study of cooperative attention to the central importance of principles (here after called CP) is sub- relevance decisions in reasoning and theory of conversational implicature. communication. They proposed an The CP rules the members of account of the process of inferring communication in order that the relevant information from any given conversation will be coherent. In utterance. To do this work, they used realizing the CP, Grice (1975) suggests what they called the "Principle of that contribution to talk should be Relevance": namely, the position that guided by four maxims as subordinate any utterance addressed to someone rules or sub-principles of CP, i.e. the automatically conveys the presumption maxim of Quantity, the maxim of of its own optimal relevance. Quality, the maxim of Relation and the Levinson (1983) explored his maxim of Manner as follows (further disagreement on the maxim of relation. explanation will be elaborated in In his view, the maxim of relation raises Chapter II). over-implicature what are uttered by the Since its emergence, CP has speaker. Gricean maxims are also attracted a lot of linguists’ attention and criticized as the barriers in using critiques and until now it still invites language. Meanwhile, Leech (1983) says controversy in accordance with its that no principle can be absolutely universality, practicality, and applied. He even says that the maxims contradiction within the principles as may also be contrary one another. pointed out by Keenan (1976), Levinson According to Leech, there is a politeness (1983), Sperber and Wilson (1986), principle with conversational maxims Schiffrin (1994), Brown and Yule (1996), similar to those formulated by Grice. He and Van Dijk (1998). lists six maxims: tact, generosity, According to Keenan (1976, p. 23), approbation, modesty, agreement, and CP is not universal by claiming that: sympathy. The first and second form a pair, as do the third and the fourth. The Malagasy, for example, follow a These maxims vary from culture to completely opposite Cooperative culture: what may be considered polite Principle in order to achieve in one culture may be strange or conversational cooperation. In their downright rude in another. Meanwhile, culture, speakers are reluctant to share Schiffrin (1994), Brown and Yule (1996) information and flout the maxim of and Van Dijk (1998) attempt to critically quantity by evading direct questions develop the Grice’s theory in Discourse and replying on incomplete answers Analysis. because of the risk of losing face by According to Schiffrin (1994), committing oneself to the truth of the activity of discourse analysis can information, as well as the fact that methodologically be done through having information is a form of pragmatic approach especially by using prestige. CP of Grice. Yule (1996) develops CP by correlating the presence of hedging and indirectness in an utterance. Yule (1996) ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education ISSN 2301-7554 Vol. 1, Issue 1, December 2012 http://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE points out that the use of hedging and for the sake of the truth. Having done indirect speech tend to flout CP maxims. these things, there will be no more lies Hedging is frequently used as sign of between us.) awareness, while indirectness is From the above statement, SBY frequently used to show positive declared during the third year of the his politeness. Meanwhile van Dijk (1998) government (first period), he flouted the develops Critical Discourse Analysis maxim of manner as indicated by words, (CDA) in text of news. According to him, “…therefore next I will use clear in CDA, a discourse is also analyzed as a language” and “I think it’s the time to representation of social practice which is work in a more concrete way and use correlated to situation, institution and clear language”. Maxim of manner social structure. Therefore, van Dijk suggests that speakers have to try (1998) identifies five characteristics that presenting meaning clearly, concisely have to be considered in CDA, i.e. act, orderly, and avoid ambiguity and context, history, power and ideology. obscurity of expression (Grice, 1975). Despite the criticisms, a lot of Based on the brief overview research focuses on the CP maxims. The above, I was encouraged to explore the study of CP maxims generally concerns phenomenon of the SBY’s language the flouts of utterance. This present regarding social and political issues in study explored the flouts of CP made by the moments of presidential interviews the , Susilo whether or not he would consistently Bambang Yudoyono (SBY) in his observe CP maxims. The present study presidential interviews. The use of was purposely designed to identify the SBY’s language was interesting to be ways of SBY in flouting the maxims of investigated when delivering his ideas, CP in his presidential interviews and opinion or even objection related to figure out the functions of flouts of CP social and political issues. To public, for applied by SBY in his presidential example, SBY (Antara, Dec 26, 2006) interviews. declared that: As mentioned above, this present Pemerintahan yang saya pimpin telah study focused on the flouts of CP which memasuki tahun ketiga, karena itu ke includes realization and function of the depan saya akan lebih menggunakan flouts. It also focused only on one person, bahasa terang. i.e. SBY and one area of topic of (The government I lead has been interview, i.e. related to public interest. entering the third year, therefore next It also focused on three transcripts of I will use ‘clear language’). SBY’s presidential interviews chosen as On the day after that, to Kompas the samples. Such a consideration was (Dec 27, 2006) he proposed: taken, since those interviews are still one Bekerja lebih konkret dan menggunakan area of topic in various situations both bahasa terang, saya kira sudah formal and informal. The topics of saatnya. ...kurang katakanlah kurang, baik interview were extremely controversial katakanlah baik, tidak baik katakanlah related to the public’s interest at that tidak baik. Dengan demikian tidak ada time, i.e. (1) The SBY’s objection on DKP dusta di antara kita. and foreign fund issues, (2) the Lapindo (I think it’s the time to work in a more mudflow disaster, and (3) the 100 days concrete way and use ‘clear of SBY’s government and Century Bank language’. ...bad or good will be said FAHRUS ZAMAN FADHLY Flouts Of The Cooperative Principle Maxims In Sby’s Presidential Interviews

scandal. Those topics had also became present study was identified through the national media’s headlines and qualitative procedures i.e. by public discourse at that time. identification, classification and The data were released by interpretation. Bureau for Press and Media Presidential To further enhance the analysis, Household from December 2006- some quantification is employed. This February 2010 as published by procedure involves some descriptive presidential official website: statistics covering frequency and Http://www.presidensby.info. This percentage of occurrences of the maxim consideration was taken to acquire the flouts in order to examine trends in the authenticity and naturalness of SBY’s flouts. utterances. The data were in the form of interview discourse between SBY and METHOD Indonesian journalists in responding to This study attempted to unveil current issues related to public interests. the flouts of CP maxims in SBY’s The data were collected through presidential interviews. It was largely presidential official website: qualitative which could be used ‘to http://www.presidensby.info published uncover and understand what lies by Bureau for Press and Media behind any phenomenon about which Presidential Household. little is yet known” (Strauss and Corbin The selection of the samples was 1990, p. 75). According to Atkinson and only in Indonesian-written interviews. Hammersley (1994), qualitative research This consideration was taken to acquire starts with unstructured data, and the authenticity and naturalness of SBY’s through data analysis interprets utterances. Meanwhile, the method of meaning in verbal form to achieve a rich sampling applied in the present study is background and in-depth understanding a purposive sampling since the three of people or a phenomenon. data were chosen mainly based on the A qualitative design was topics of conversation. considered appropriate since this study The topics chosen for analysis also attempts to uncover and understand were those containing controversy on what lies behind SBY’s interviews in public service area and they became the terms of his cooperativeness with others national media’s headlines and public while performing interviews or dialogs. discourse at that time as listed in the CP maxims flouts as the focus of the following table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Interviewer List Along with the Topics Interviewer No Place, Date Name Profession Media Topic of Interview 1. Cipanas , Arief Editor-in-Chief RCTI The 100 Days of February 3, 2010 Suditomo SBY’s Government Putra Journalist/ RCTI and Century Nababan Presenter Scandal 2. The President’s Asmanu Journalist Suara SBY’s Reaction on residence, Surabaya DKP and Foreign May 25, 2007 Agil Samal Journalist TVRI Fund Johan Sarjono Journalist Elshinta ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education ISSN 2301-7554 Vol. 1, Issue 1, December 2012 http://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE

3. Cipanas Palace, Arief Editor-in- RCTI Lapindo Mudflow August 13, 2006 Suditomo Chief Disaster and Ray Wijaya Journalist Global TV National Tyas Anggoro Editor-in- Trijaya Examination (UN) Chief Sururi Alfaruq Editor-in- SINDO Chief

The topics of: (1) The 100 Days of SBY’s i.e. by abruptly changing the subject, or Government and Century Scandal; (2) by overtly failing to address the person’s SBY’s Reaction on DKP and Foreign goal in asking a question. Flouts of the Fund; and (3) Lapindo Mudflow Disaster maxim of Manner in which a speaker and National Examination (UN) became does not say clearly, concisely, orderly, central issues of public discourse at that and does not avoid ambiguity and time. obscurity of expression. The data were in the form of Meanwhile, in order to address interview transcripts were then the second research question, i.e. what identified, classified and analyzed. In the functions of flouts of CP in SBY’s order to address the first research presidential interviews, the flouts are problem, i.e. in what ways SBY flouts the analyzed by identifying the intentions of CP maxims in the presidential SBY’s utterances when he was being interviews, the data were analyzed by interviewed by journalists related to identifying traces of flouts based on social and political issues. Grice’s theory of maxims flouts which include the use of hedging (Yule, 1996), RESULTS AND DISCUSSION indirectness of utterance (Yule, 1996), the The data were analyzed by use of open answer (Tubbs and Moss, identifying traces of flouts based on 1996), and the presence of detailed Gricean theory of maxims flouts. This elements (Schriffin, 1994). includes identification and classification The flouts were further classified of flouts. Some descriptive quantification based on types of maxim. Flouts of the was further employed to enhance the maxim of Quantity in which a speaker analysis by examining trends in the flouts the maxim by blatantly giving realization of flouts. The analysis was either more or less information that the then discussed in relation to the research situation demands. Flouts of the maxim problems, to be enhanced by relating the of Quality in which a speaker says concern to related theories and findings. something which is blatantly untrue or From the samples, SBY flouted for which he or she lacks adequate the conversational maxims 18 (twelve) evidence. Flouts of the maxim of times. The flouts occurred on the maxim Relation in which a speaker gives a of Quantity (eight times), the maxim of response and observation which is very Quality (five times), the maxim of obviously irrelevant to the topic in hand, Relation (twice), and the maxim of Manner (three times). FAHRUS ZAMAN FADHLY Flouts Of The Cooperative Principle Maxims In Sby’s Presidential Interviews

The flouts the overall maxims Meanwhile, the flouts of the maxim of revealed that there is relation between Quality were always indicated by the forms or ways of utterance and the hedging, open answer and detailed functions of utterance. The use of element. The flouts of the maxim of hedging, indirectness, open answer and Relation were indicated by indirectness, detailed elements generated functions. open answer and detailed element; and Overall flouts of the maxim were then the flouts of the maxim of Manner generally indicated by open answer and were indicated by indirectness, opened detailed element. The flouts of the answer and detailed element. maxim of Quantity were indicated by The following table is the open answer and detailed element. illustration of the overall flouts.

Table 2. The realization of flouted maxims and their ways Flouted Maxims Ways of Flout DATA Quantity Quality Relation Manner Hedging Indirectness Opened Detailed NO Answer Utterance #001 V - - - - - V V #002 V - - - - - V V #003 V - - - - - V V #004 V - - - - - V V #005 V - - - - - V V #006 V - - - - - V V #007 V - - - - - V V #008 V - - - - - V V #009 - V - - V - V V #010 - V - - V - V V #011 - V - - V - V V #012 - V - - V - V V #013 - V - - V - V V #014 - - V - - V V V #015 - - V - - V V V #016 - - - V - V V V #017 - - - V - V V V #018 - - - V - V V v ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education ISSN 2301-7554 Vol. 1, Issue 1, December 2012 http://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE

This study revealed that many especially for a journalist, although not utterances of SBY flouted the maxims of all information given by the interviewee the Cooperative Principles (CP). The deserved to be published as public’s utterances which flouted the maxims consumption. vary in ways and in functions. By giving more information, SBY First, the flouts of CP maxims politically tried to control any issues as appeared to be realized linguistically by his domain, i.e. that he was in charge of using hedging. Second, this study also the nation’s problems that he deserved revealed that the maxim of Quantity was to provide details of an accident. For SBY, mostly flouted in SBY’s interviews. The the nation’s problems such as Lapindo flouts of the maxim of Quantity mudflow, Aceh’s crisis, education, indicated three phenomena, i.e. tendency Papua autonomy, foreign policy, etc. for indirectness, over information, and need ‘enough’ explanation to satisfy politically-driven use of language. When, public’s rights to get information and being interviewed, SBY tended to use what he had been done. However, in indirect utterances. SBY’s responses some cases he produced direct, explicit about some questions of the interviewers and clear explanation if the substances were frequently exaggerating, indirect, were in favour of his side. Otherwise, if and ambiguous. the utterance were predicted to be The use of indirect utterances of threatening his position, it would be SBY seems to be intended to show an conveyed indirectly, implicitly, and implicit positive politeness, to have fun ambiguously. with certain topic, and to avoid the The function of flouts of the potential face-threatening acts or conversational maxim depends on the politically risky topics, and to gain both traces of flouts. As explained earlier, political and interactional advantage there were flouts indicated by (1) the use over their political opponents. The of hedging and indirectness as pragmatic consequence of indirectness of SBY’s factors; (2) the factors related to the utterances was that the hearer may not characteristics of interview texts such as quickly get the main point (Dascal 1983 the use of opened answer; and (3) the in Thomas 1995: 47). Such utterances presence of detailed elements. The surely were not beneficial for the hearer functions of flouts are therefore since it would take too long for him/her discussed in terms of hedging, to grab what was meant by the speaker. indirectness, opened answer and It was also apparent that SBY detailed element. tended to give over information that was Hedging may intentionally or demanded by the interviewer(s) or unintentionally be employed in both interlocutor(s). Such a strategy was taken spoken and written language since they to build his positive image that he was are crucially important in fully capable of certain topics being communication. Generally, Hedging asked. However, over contribution to a devices are pragmatic markers that conversation did not always inflict a loss attenuate (or weaken) the strength of an upon the hearer/interviewer because his utterance. Hedging occurs as mitigating interlocutors might get advantages devices which attenuate the through detailed chronological events propositional content of the message. which was beneficial background However, attenuation can be achieved in FAHRUS ZAMAN FADHLY Flouts Of The Cooperative Principle Maxims In Sby’s Presidential Interviews

different ways employing diverse function as to make the listeners sure linguistic and non-linguistic strategies that the information conveyed is really (Wilamova, 2005). accurate and as informative as it is A conversation which uses required. hedging or cautious notes tends to flout By using hedging, SBY expected the maxims of Cooperative Principles to put himself in a comfort zone even since the existence of hedging functioned though, as a President, he absolutely had as a sign of awareness. Hedging is used certain interest of doing so. For example, to indicate that what we are saying may in Papua’s case about the use of budget not be totally accurate (Yule, 1996). This by local authorities, SBY tended to phenomenon also applies to SBY when emphasize around how much money communicating his ideas to journalists, was allocated to Papua instead of how as his interlocutors/interviewers. much leakages were created which From the data, there are two resulted in the unproportional amount functions of hedging identified in SBY’s of money received by the society. It was interviews i.e (1) as a sign of awareness, well known that Papua was the biggest and (2) as a politeness marker. SBY used contributor among other provinces, to hedging strategy is as a sign of Indonesia National Budget (APBN), awareness that what he is saying may nevertheless, Papuanese seemed to skip not totally be accurate. The flout of these anything from the government. They maxims is--especially maxim of Quality, were not well-treated by the government. therefore indicated by his usage of SBY’s attitude of not answering the hedging utterance. opened questions (usually started by how) SBY used hedging as an effective could be easily predicted that it was a politeness marker. As a President surely sign of not wanting to emerge bad he always tries to be a good images of the local authorities which conversational partner of his own public were for certain, under control of his and tries to minimize a potential threat ministers. SBY was, then, still keep to his positive face in responses to his himself with the positive positioning. utterances. Moreover, as one who is Nevertheless, he explained rooted in Javanese culture, he is very several questions which were relevant aware that in daily communication, and in line with what were asked Javanese always want to form and keep without having to flout the maxim of good relationships with others, avoid Quantity, when the topic were about embarrassment, misunderstanding or government’s plan to face several friction, and maintain interpersonal and problems. The fact showed that SBY social harmony. wanted to emphasize that as a President Otherwise, the observance of the of Indonesia, he was indeed having an maxims is identified by the use of non- appropriate capacity in analyzing, hedging which functions to give brief planning, and at the same time solving information. Meanwhile, the function of various problems in his governance a non-hedging utterance here is also as a system. In other words, by giving a clear, sign of awareness and to protect him appropriate and precise answer to the from the possibility of being question, SBY intended to build the embarrassed. A non-hedging utterance positive image of him as a leader. That is was also applied by SBY to serve the what Clarke and Crossland (2006) ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education ISSN 2301-7554 Vol. 1, Issue 1, December 2012 http://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE highlighted as how a leader rules his the problem in order to understand what own and other people’s world: by the speaker means, the hearer must making him and others believe that he recognize the conflict of goals. can make good deeds. Indirectness was shown when Obeng (1997) also confirms that SBY frequently utters his ideas or in talking about potential face- arguments in explaining about how to threatening acts or politically risky handle the social discrepancy between topics, politician tend to communicate GAM and the Government of Republic indirectly in order to protect further of Indonesia. The same case also their own careers and to gain both happens when the President did not political and interactional advantage directly in answering the interviewer’s over their political opponents. question about the educational budget. Indirectness may also be motivated by The desire to make SBY’s politeness. Further, Obeng (1997, p. 1) language more interesting as explains that “obliqueness in exemplified in some data of results. communication may be expressed Thomas (1995) explains that through evasion, circumlocution, interestingness is probably the least innuendoes, metaphors, etc”. Language significant of other functions of as well as varying social conventions of indirectness, but nevertheless its the relevant culture as well as differing importance should not be degree of personal danger inherent in underestimated. People may use the socio-political situation in which indirectness because they enjoy having politicians operate may also affect the fun with language or certain topic. degree of indirectness as well as the If the substance of an utterance is kind(s) of obliqueness employed. beneficial for the speaker, so it will be Related to this study, the use of conveyed directly, explicitly and clearly. indirect utterances of SBY has at least Otherwise, if the utterance is predicted three functions i.e. (1) politeness, (2) self- to be threatening him or her, it will be protection, and (3) interestingness. conveyed indirectly, implicitly, and The use of indirect utterances ambiguously. was frequently intended to show an There are also some fragments of implicit positive politeness. In many interview show the opposite, that is, the utterances, SBY tried to use politeness utterance flouts the maxim of Quantity strategies in expressing his complaint to and it is conveyed directly. This different the public. In some occasions, he phenomenon is caused by different promoted people to practice politics conversational implicatures. The indirect without ‘commotion or tumult’. utterance which flouted the maxim of The use of indirect utterance is to Quantity is done to protect the speaker avoid making a direct complaint which from the possibility of face threatening. could hurt the hearer’s feelings and to The flout of the maxim of protect the speaker’s credibility. Pyle Quantity can also be grounded from the (1975) as cited in Dascal (1983) notes that use of direct speech and implicit we often employ indirectness because utterance that is functioned to protect we have two goals which compete. The him from being addressed as having user of an indirect utterance relies upon shortages. A shortage, in this context, is his or her interlocutor’s ability to detect the possibility of raising impression that FAHRUS ZAMAN FADHLY Flouts Of The Cooperative Principle Maxims In Sby’s Presidential Interviews

SBY is “one-sided” and unfair. This fact utterance frequently has two functions, tends to destroy his positive image. They i.e. (1) to control the information, and (2) can be seen in table 3. Based on this as elaboration of facts or opinions. By analysis, it can be fore grounded that the using detailed elements, the speaker will observance of maxim of Quantity are exaggeratingly perform information indicated by the use of direct utterance. which is beneficial for his/her positive Meanwhile, the flout of the maxim of image. Meanwhile, the existence of Quantity is indicated by the use of detailed utterance in interview texts indirect utterance. The function of usually has function as elaboration and indirectness that flouts the maxims is to explanation of facts or opinions. As far express the intention of an utterance as such a function, surely the existence of implicitly. detailed utterance may be said relevant Examining SBY’s way in with the main topic of responding the use of budget of Papua conversation/interview and, therefore Government as seen on DATA #014 observe the maxim of Manner. However, shows that the President ignores how if the detailed utterance is presented the budget will be used by the Papua more than is required, its existence Government, but the most important is frequently used for the sake of its that it is used as transparent and speaker to build positive image. accountable as possible. Complete details were The flouts of CP maxims may deliberately designed by the speaker to also be traced by the use of opened create a certain image to the public. The answer. An opened answer tends to flout realization of observance and non- the maxims. Otherwise, a closed answer observance of the maxims can be seen tends to observe the maxims. Opened from the aspect of the detail utterance. In answer has function to protect the the interviews transcript, a non-detailed speaker’s face. In many responses, SBY utterance tends to observe the maxims, applied opened answer to protect the while detailed utterance tends to flout face of his government from public’s the maxims. humiliating. The function of flouts of the In some conversations with maxim of Quantity is to control of journalists, SBY tends to use opened information that what was being accused answers. The use of opened answer is by Amien Rais was wrong and put purposely aimed to maintain carefulness. himself as one who was on the right Since, if SBY responds the closed track. Meaning that the result of the 2004 questions, by only saying ‘yes’ or ‘no’, general election is legal and legitimated. meanwhile that was not the reality, his Examining SBY’s utterances, bad image will soon be established. almost all of his opinions, arguments, Besides, having flouts the CP maxims, and ideas were delivered in detailed SBY can give ideal viewpoints regarding ways. It was difficult to find the data the problems. Based on the data and that showed SBY’s utterance without analysis above can be concluded that the detailed elements. Over elaboration by flouts of CP maxims are indicated by the breaking down information or ideas use of opened answers. tended to flout the CP maxims, Dijk (1998) confirms that the especially the maxim of Quantity. presence of detailed elements in an ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education ISSN 2301-7554 Vol. 1, Issue 1, December 2012 http://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE

Examining the overall data, the SBY were opened answer and detailed functions of flout of the CP maxims utterance. which are most frequently used by SBY The following table is the is ‘face saving acts’. The functions of illustration of functions and ways of flout as a sign of self-protection. flouts employed in SBY’s utterances. Meanwhile, the ways of flout made by

Table 3. The realization of functions and ways of flout in SBY’s presidential interviews

Ways Hedging Indirectness Opened Detailed Functions Answer Utterance

Face saving act V - V V Self-protection V V V V Awareness V - V V Politeness - V V V Interestingness - V V V Control of information V - V V Elaboration - - V V Ignorance - - V V

In the presidential interviews of CONCLUSION SBY, the function of a face saving act This research explored the (FSA) is mostly employed. Followed realization of Cooperative Principle in then by self-protection (four flouts), real life, i.e. SBY’s presidential awareness (three flouts), politeness (one interviews. The first research problem flout), interestingness (one flout), control concerns the flouts of CP maxims in the of information (one flout), elaboration SBYs presidential interviews. The second (one flout), and ignorance (one flout). research problem concerns the functions Almost all of the functions aimed to of flouts of CP maxims made by the build a positive image of the President. President. Eight functions had been Only the function of ignorance that is not identified, i.e. face saving act, awareness, directly related to the contribution of politeness, self-protection, positive image building project. interestingness, control of information, The presence of six flouts in elaboration and ignorance. The ultimate SBY’s utterances which had function as goal of the flouts of the maxims was to FSA showed that as a president, SBY create the speaker’s positive political frequently attempted to maintain his image over the public. face of government. This was done as an On the basis of the findings effort of SBY’s image politics in order to above, it can be said that: first, the flout survive his government until at the end of CP maxims is a daily phenomenon, of his period. The functions of self- including at administration sector. The protection, awareness, politeness, flouts may be triggered by the tendency interestingness, control of information, of the interviews to threaten government elaboration are leading to a single credibility since the controversies are function, i.e. an implicit positive image still in progress because the problems of the president. had not been solved. Second, maxim flouts seems to be largely employed by FAHRUS ZAMAN FADHLY Flouts Of The Cooperative Principle Maxims In Sby’s Presidential Interviews

politicians as confirmed by van Dijk background of partner of conversation. (1998). It is indicated by the use of Therefore, the Tolerant Principles (TP) as indirectness, open question, and detailed proposed by Gunarwan (1994) such as element in their utterances. Generally, kurmat (homage), empan-papan (awareness the flouts have functions to enhance of one’s place), andhap-asor (humble or their credibility. Such functions give a modesty), and ‘tepa-slira’ (thoughtful) great contribution to build positive may be considered in analyzing the political image of the politicians. behavior of social and language of Third, the study of maxim flouts Javanese people. can explore various social phenomena. It means that Grice’s CP theory is still REFERENCES relevant to analyze utterances in daily Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. interactions. Fourth, flouting the maxim New York & London: Oxford of quantity in journalism is beneficial for University Press. Blum-Kulka and Oldstain. (1984). Request conversation members both interviewer and apologies: a-cross-cultural study and interview. For a journalists as of speech act realization patterns interviewer, get more information from (CCSRAP). Applied Linguistics, Vol 5. the interviewee is beneficial since they No 3. can obtain background information. Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1978). Universals in Therefore, giving less information is not language: Politeness phenomena. intended to reduce cooperation with the Cambridge University. Reissued in partner of conversation. Such 1987 as Politeness: Some Universals in phenomena above also show that CP is Language Usage. New York: not universal. Cambridge University Press. Brown, G. and Yule, G. (1983). Discourse Fifth, the phenomenon of flouts analysis. New York: Cambridge in SBY’s presidential interviews did not University Press. reduce the cooperativeness. The over- Bureau for Press and Media Presidential information and lengthy explanations Household. May 25, 2007. Bantahan given by SBY did not make the mengenai isu dana dkp dan asing. interviewers (journalists) disappointed. Available: Http:// This is because two considerations, i.e. (1) www.presidensby.info. for journalists, over-information and ------lengthy explanation will help them to ------. December 26, 2006. SBY: achieve a rich backgrounds and in-depth Jangan ada dusta di antara kita. Available: understanding of a phenomena; (2) Http://www.presidensby.info. cultural factor also helps the ------cooperativeness could still be ------. February 3, 2010. Talkshow maintained because between SBY with RCTI dengan Presiden RI. Available: his Javanese cultural background or his Http:// www.presidensby.info. position as a president and all journalists ------with a good understanding about ------. August 14, 2006. Wawancara Javanese culture, has mutual presiden oleh media nusantara citra. understanding to keep cooperativeness Available: Http:// in conversation. www.presidensby.info. Cole, P, ed. (1978). Syntax and semantics. The journalists understood that Pragmatics. New York: Academic they should respect the cultural Press. ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education ISSN 2301-7554 Vol. 1, Issue 1, December 2012 http://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE

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