The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State Richard A

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80219-2 - The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State Richard A. Wilson Index More information

INDEX

Authors of secondary sources are listed in the index only when their work is cited in the text. Readers are therefore encouraged to consult the notes for information on both primary and secondary sources.

Abbink, Jan, 214 in Latin America, 29, 226 Abercrombie, N., 151–2 objectives of, 23 Abrahams, Ray, 208, 210 national pragmatists vs. international Adam, Heribert, 12 retributionists, 171 adductive affinities, 129, 130–40, 220 see also Truth and Reconciliation African National Congress (ANC), 12, 44, Commission; ubuntu 65, 71, 80–1, 93, 165, 178–9, 200, 209 amnesty applications, 41, 62, 67, 85–6, and amnesty, 8, 73, 103 91–2, 103–4, 135, 140, 150, 168 and justice, 182, 196, 206, 209 Amnesty Committee (AC), 88, 110, 167 and nation building, 14, 17, 94, 222 and racism, 62, 87, 93 and the anti-amnesty coalition, 172 and reconciliation, 104–6 and the IFP, 73, 214 independence of, 41 and the NP, 6, 99 political motivation, 87–9 and the Third Force, 66 amnesty hearings, 154 and the TRC, 69, 93 an inversion of law, 19–20 continuing armed resistance, 70–1 ANC Youth League (ANCYL), 113, 158, governments, 122 182, 216 human rights talk, 5, 6, 223–4, 228–9 attempts to control, 178, 179 National Executive, 70, 80–1, 93 localized organization of, 177 paramilitaries, 179, 181 Anderson, Benedict, 115 reaction to TRC report, 80–1, 93 anti-apartheid, non–racial constitutionalism of, 12, 89 activists, Boipatong, 201 unbanning of, 63, 77 struggle, 50, 81–2, 128, 177, 199–200 see also ANC Youth League; Operation see also African National Congress Vula; Special Defense Units apartheid, 14, 35–6, 82–3, 84–5, 89, 90, Afrikaner nationalism, 85–6, 87–8, 102, 93, 103, 190–2, 194 223 on trial, 51 Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB), security apparatus and crime, 82 85, 87–8, 91 violence, moral response to, 55–7 Alexandra township, TRC hearings, 50, see also racism 120–1, 131–2, 157–8, apartheid state, the, Allen, Jonathan, 56 and violence, 62, 77–8 Ally, Russell, 107–8 dual system of justice, 210–11 amaqabane, 194 reforms of, 191–2 amnesty, 8, 10–11 Argentina, truth commission, 52, 60, and international law, 25–6, 170–2 121 and political crime, 89 Asmal, Kadar, 103 and public opinion, 25 Asvat, Dr Abubaker, 167 and reconciliation, 98–9, 19–20, 23, 24, Azanian Peoples Liberation Army 29, 57–8, 154, 167–8, 172 (APLA), 91, 112, and the legal process, 20–1, 97–8 Azanian Peoples Organization (AZAPO), criteria for 62, 84–5, 104–5 158, 167–8, 172–3

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INDEX

Ball, Patrick, 38, 41, 46 Comaroff, John, 124, 219 bangalalas, 190 commissioners courts, 190 battle of Blood River, 115–6 Community Councils Act (1977), 191–2, Bennun, Mervyn, 53, 75 209 Beresford, David, 166, 172 community courts see imbizo; township Biehl, Amy, 62, 91–2, 173–4 courts Biko, Steve, 27, 115, 167, 172 Community Courts Act (1996), 197 Bill of Rights, 6, 18, 194–5, 196–7, 206–7, community, notions of, 216 and the liberation struggle, 158 Blaskic, General Tihomar, 229 and traditional justice, 207–8 Boipatong community court, 163, 188, community policing forums, 198 198–201 see also Boipatong Community Policing patriarchy and, 202–4 Forum procedure of, 202–6, 211–2, 215, 220 compensation see reparation public perceptions of, 212 Conley, J., 38, 50, 142–3 Boipatong Community Policing Forum, Conservative Party, 86 217–18, 220 Constitution of South Africa, 168–9, 170 Boipatong, massacre, 24, 63, 65, 67–8, 76, constitutional court, 214 209–10 and amnesty, 167–73 Boipatong Residents Against Crime S v Makwanyane, 10 (BRAC), 188, 202–3 constitutional patriotism, 2–3 Boraine, Alex, 103 constitutionalism, 1, 2, 6, 55–6, 93 Borneman, John, 26, 56, 57, 228 and citizens’ rights, 229 Botha, P. W., 24, 69, 72, 78, 145 and crises of legitimacy, 28 Botha, Pastor Craig, 139 and governmental power, 7 Botha, Pik, 66, 68 and national identity, 2–3 Bozzoli, Belinda, 50, 111, 131–2, 157–8 and nationalism, 4 Bureau for State Security (BOSS), 72 see also civic nationalism Burman, Sandra, 188, 192 Convention for a Democratic South Buthelezi, Mangosuthu, 62, 66, 71–3, 80, Africa (CODESA) I and II, 6, 7–8 94 Convention on the Prevention and Buur, Lars, 34 Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948), 171 Cachalia, A., 86 Coordinating Intelligence Committee, 77 Cape Town, court of appeal, 190 magistrates courts project, 197 courts see chiefs; commissioners; TRC hearings, 174 constitutional; imbizo; magistrates; capital punishment, 10 township courts Carolus, Cheryl, 103–4 crime, Chanock, Martin, 125–6, 126–7, 142, and amnesty, 228 198 and human rights violations, 79–84 Chiefs’ courts, 190, 213 statistics,160, 177, 195–6 see also imbizo; township courts criminal gangs, 113, 117, 118, 136, 178, Chikane, Frank, 109 186, 189 Chile, truth commission (Rettig see also gangsterism Commission), 13–14, 121 criminal prosecution, indemnity from, 97 Cindi, Nhlanhla, 135 Crocker, David, 228 Civil Cooperation Bureau, and political Cronjé, Brigadier Jack, 23–4, 106 assassinations, 77 customary law, 9, 189 Civilian Protection Service in the West and punishment, 11 Rand, 190 transformation of, 124–7 Cockrell, Alfred, 12 see also tribal law; Tswana law Coetsee, H J ‘Kobie’, 68 Coetzee, Dirk, 168 Davies, Margaret, 124 Coetzee, Robbie, 85–6 Davis, Dennis, 4, 195 Collier, Jane, 123–4 Day of Reconciliation, 14, 115 Comaroff, Jean, 203–4 Day of the Covenant, 115

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de Concheiro, Elvira B, 51 Goldstone Commission, 65, 183 de Klerk, F. W., 6, 71, 77, 63, 64, 68–9, 70, Goniwe, Matthew, 178 78, 80, 199 Government of National Unity (GNU), 9, de Kock, Eugene, 23, 66, 71, 75, 79, 82, 66, 73, 94, 99 102 Grenville-Grey, Thulani, 43 de Lange, Johnny, 17 Grobbelaar, Abraham, 150, 154 Degenaar, Johan, 3 Grobbelaar, Janice, 38, 39, 40, 41 Demjanjuk, John, 15 Group Areas Act, 90 Didcott, Justice, 172 Guatemala, Commission for Historical district court see imbizo; township courts Clarification, 60, 226 Dlamini, Jacob, 139, 163, 177 Guatemala, victims of state terror, 51 d’Olivera, Jan, 23 Gugulethu Seven, hearings, 174 dominant ideology thesis, 151–2 Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf, 124–5 Douglas, Lawrence, 57 Gumede, Emily, 146 du Plessis, Captain, 201 du Toit, André, 34, 51, 53–4, 59 Habermas, Jürgen, 1–2, 4, 45, 47 Duarte, Jessie, 14, 179–81 Hamber, Brandon, 43, 121 Duduza, Hani, Chris, 70 hearings, 115, 154 Hard Livings gang, 186 incident, 145 Harms Commission, 65 Durkheim, Emile, 98, 109, 131–2, 149 Hausner, Gideon, 16 Dutch Reformed Church, 173 Hechter, Captain Jacques, 23–4, 140, 141 Dworkin, Ronald, 4, 42 hegemony, 128, 151, 227 Hendler, Rabbi, 102 East London hearings, 167 Herstigte Nasionale Party, 87 East Rand, 180 historicity, Eastern Europe, 1 definitions of, 127–8 prosecutions, 26, 229–30 the new, 209 Eichmann, Adolf, 15–16 Hobbes, Thomas, 158 El Salvador, 29 Hobsbawm, Eric, 61 Ellis, Stephen, 76–7, 82 Hoebel, Adamson, 124 Engelbrecht, General ‘Krappies’, 65, 71 human rights, Epstein, Bill, 208 and constitutionalism, 1, 28, 208 Esikhawini hit squad, 71 and justice, 12, 27, 160–1, 201, 217, Ethiopia, reconciliation process, 214 224, 228–9 ethno-nationalism, and legal pluralism, 123–30 and the civic state, 1–3 and legitimacy, 225 and the Soviet Bloc, 1 and nation-building, 5–9, 26 and official versions of the past, 28 Fagan, Anton, 4 and the African community, 9–13 Felgate, Walter, 72 as reconciliation, 210 Foucault, Michel, 219 culture of, 1, 3, 175–6, 209–30, 227 Frank, Cheryl, 197 reporting, 33, 48 funerals, rights to, 57–61 political, 116, 117 subjectivity of, 45–6 township, 185 Human Rights Commission, 70, 157, 214, 229 gangsterism in political organizations, human rights talk, 194, 200–1, 222, 228–9 181, 189 globalization of, 223–4 Gauteng province, 82, 179–80 human rights violations, 19, 41, 54, 101, Geertz, Clifford, 124 217–8 Gellner, Ernest, 15, 29 and common crimes, 79–84 Gender Equality Commission, 157 categorization of, 53 Geneva Conventions (1949), 168, 171 investigation of, 33 Protocol II, 170, 234–5n limits placed on evidence, 49 Germans gang, 178–9, 183–4, 202 politically motivated, 7–8 Gibson, Lauren, 170–1 reparations, 22–3

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Human Rights Violation Committee justice, 26–7, 128 (HRVC), 21, 44, 89, 106, 107, 226 access to, 168, 172 Human Rights Violation, hearings, 109, African concepts of, 9–13, 27 119–21, 149–50, 154–5, 165–7 and international human rights, 228 a detriment to findings, 42 and reconciliation, 129 and compensation, 22–3 and the TRC, 213–14 public reactions to, 113–4, 173–4 local, justice, 160, 189–90, 193–4, religious nature of, 110, 130–6 213–14, 215–16 see also individual towns; reconciliation and punishment, 156 Human Sciences Research Council, concepts of, 200 195–6 unintended consequences of, Hund, John, 189, 191, 209 211–12 rough, 11, 175, 188, 189 identity, national see also punishment; restorative; and citizenship, 1–2 retributive; ubuntu non-racial, 89 Ignatieff, Michael, 1, 2, 15, 17, 159 Kagiso, TRC hearings, 147–50, 153, 154 imbizo (neighborhood court), 191, 199, Kane-Berman, 65 200, 202–4, 215–18 Khampepe, Sisi, 86 and equality, 209 Kheswa gang, 136 and political activities, 211 Kheswa, Anna, 175, 176 origins of, 189 Kheswa, Victor, 136, 137, 175 procedure, 205–6 Khotso House, bombing of, 24 punishments, 207 Khoza, Themba, 66, 70–1, 76, 75 Indemnity Acts, 8 Khulumani Support Group, 22, 49, 130, Information Management System 139 (Infocomm), 38–41, 42, 46–8, 47, 52, Khumalo, Duma, 22–3, 139, 140 57, 110 Khumalo, Joshua, 179 and logical positivism, 38 Khumalo, M. Z., 71 protocol, the new, 44 Klerksdorp, TRC hearings, 117 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), 65–6, 67, Kleyn, Johan, 174 80, 179, 182, 214 Knipe, Leonard, 174 and amnesty, 24 Kohl, Helmut, 112 and crime, 82 Konradie, J. F., 75–6 and political violence, 63, 70, 71–2, 76, Kotu-Rammopo, Malebo, 189, 191, 209 177–8, 199 Krajisnik, Momcilo, 229 and the NP, 78 Kriel, Hernus, 68 and the TRC, 72–3 Kristeva, Julia, 1 incidents involving members, 44, 75–6 Krog, Antjie, 155 refugees, 175 Kubheka, Themba, 45 Special Protection Units, 71 Kwamadala hostel, 68, 135, 136, 175, Interim Constitution, of South Africa, 182–3, 199, 209–10 98–9, 107, 168 International Committee of the Red Langa, Judge, 10 Cross, 170 Langeni, Captain, 71 International Criminal Court, 171 law, 58–9, 123–4 Investigative Unit of the TRC, 42 a transformative catalyst, 45–6 and a new civic ethic, 132 Jacobs, J., 75–6 apartheid, upholding of, 194 Jeffery, Anthea, 54, 59, 70, 93 legal fetishism, 4, 28–9 Jele, Sylvia, Dhlomo, 49 legal ideology, 3–5 Jeppie, Shamil, 196 legal institutions and the modern state, Johannesburg, 18, 128 and crime, 195 living law, 106, 109 and racial integration, 90 neutrality, myth of, 5 TRC hearings, 143–7, 173 positivized norms, 126 special, 165–7 rule of, and state power, 21

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see also customary; national; tribal; Makibinyane, Andries, 178 Tswana – law Makopane incident, 140 Law, Race and Gender Unit, 197 Malan, General Magnus, 66 Le Grange, Louis, 66 Malan, Wynand, 101 Lebhake, Tsolo, 149 Malinowski, Bronislav, 123 Lebokeng, Dianah, 155 Mall, Hassen, 88 Legal Aid Board, 195 Maloisane, Alfred, 180 legal pluralism, Mamasela, Joe, 145, 150, 154 and human rights, 123–30 Mamdani, Mahmood, 35 and legal positivism, 124 Mamelodi township, 191 and organizational disjunctures, 157 Mandela, Nelson, 64, 73, 80, 168, 199 and resistance to state authority, 213, Mandela United Football Club, 164–7 219 Mandela, Winnie see Madikizela-Mandela evidence for, 186 Manete, Lucky, 178, 179 in South Africa, 188–98 Manote, Oupa, 78 legal positivism and scientism, 225 Manthata, Commissioner Tom, 132–3 legal system, massacres, 70 and societal transformation, 18 see also Boipatong; Sebokeng; dual, 157, 191 Sharpeville; Tlateloco pluralistic nature of, 220 Matabane, Peter ‘Ntshingo’, 143, 146 legitimacy, Matshoba, Debra, 102 and truth commissions, 20, 29 Mayekiso, Moses treason trial, 193 bureaucratic legimation, 18 Mbeki, Thabo, 22, 73, 165 crisis of, 160 Mchunu, M., 10 of human rights, 224–5 mdlwembe, 212 manufacturing, 17–21 Meiring, Georg, 68, 145, 146 through accountability and justice 230 Memoria del Silencio (Guatemala), 60 lekgotla, 108, 192 Mentz, Willem Wouter, 23–4 Letlata, Captain Thabang, 137 Merry, Sally Engle, 123, 142–3 Lewin, Hugh, 120 Meyer, Henri, 138–4 liberation, Meyer, Roelf, 8 and sacrifice, 114–19 Mignone, Emilio, 25 narrative, 131 Military Intelligence, 77 theology, 114–15 Minister of Cooperation, 192 Llewellen, Karl, 124 Ministry of Justice, Position papers, 206–7 local courts see imbizo; township courts Minow, Martha, 56 Mkhatshwa, Smangaliso, 141 Mabaso, Lybon, 167 Mkhize, Commissioner Hlengiwe, 102, Mabuye, Peter, 216 114, 117–8, 120, 121 Madalane, Bongani, 120 Moerane, Dennis, 175, 181–5, 202 Madalane, Margaret, 120 Moerane, Peter ‘Gift’, 134–5 138, 176, Madikela, ‘Bimbo’, 143, 146 180, 183, 185, 186, 187 Madikela, Maide, 149, 150 Mofokeng, Elizabeth, 182 Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie, 165, 166, Mofokeng, Evodia, 183, 184 167, 168, 172 Mofokeng, Java, 185 mother of the nation, 116, 165 Mofokeng, Simon, 155 magistrates courts, 194, 197, 210–1, 207 Mogoba, Stanley, 80 Magistrates Court Amendment Act, Mohasoa, Thabiso, 44, 134 (1991), 197 Mokgoro, Justice, 10 Mahata, Lebohang, 180 Mokoena, Hilda, 49 Mahlangu, Elizabeth, 215, 216, 217 Molete, Daniel, 83 Mahlatsi, Esau, 200 Molete, Jackson, 83–4 Mahomed, Judge Ismail, 10, 168–70 Moletsane, Peter, 111, 117 Mahopo, Reverend Ollie, 43, 44, 133–4 Moore, Sally Falk, 126 Mail and Guardian, 171–2 Morobe, Reggie, 145, 146, 147–8, 149, 150 Majova, Gardiner, 120 Mothibedi, ‘Watch’, 176, 199 Makalone, Martha, 140 Mothusi, Sello, 117

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Motluong, Duma Joseph, 188, 201, 203, Nelspruit, 197 207, 218 Ngoepe, Judge Bernard, 19, 87, 88, 105 Mpshe, Advocate, 86, 88 Nhlapo, Fanyana, 143, 144, 146, 148 Mthethwa, Celana, 70–1 Nhlapo, Sanna, 135 Mthimkulu, David, 206 Nietverdiend 10, the, 140 Mufamadi, Stanley, 180 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 159 Mulutsi, Julia, 48 Nieuwoudt, Gideon, 115 Murder and Robbery Unit, 221–2 Night Vigil massacre see Sebokeng Musi, Mbulelo, 144–5, 147 Ninevites, 189 Musi, Zandisile, 143–7, 148–50, 152, 154 Nino, Carlos Santiago, 25 Mxenge, Griffiths, 27, 167, 168, 172 Noonan, Father Patrick, 135–6, 137, 139, 140 Nangalembe, Christopher, 136, 175 Nozick, Robert, 161–2, 207 Nangalembe, Margaret, 175, 176 Ntshingo, Tsolo, 150 Natal and crime, 186 Nunca Mas, Argentina, 52, 60 nation, 1 African definition of, 12–13 O’Barr, W., 38, 50, 142–3 meaning of, 2 Omar, Dullah, 103, 128, 168, 196 nation-building, 4, 93 Operation Vula, 69–70 and citizenship, 58 Orentlicher, Diane, 25–6 and democracy, 2–3 Osiel, Mark, 57 and the TRC, 13–17, 62, 94, 110, 121 as a substitute for prosecution, 30 Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), 63, 66, dangers to, 209 80, 137, 196, 209 rainbow nation, 4, 14–15, 37, 89, 221 Panizza, Francisco, 28, 29–30 nation states and legal ideology, 3–5 Papon, Maurice, 48 National Crime Prevention Strategy Pauw, Jacques, 82 (NCPS), 197 Peace Committees, 176 National Intelligence Service, 77 Peens, Sergeant Pedro, 137 national law, primacy over international People Against Gangsterism and Drugs law, 170 (PAGAD), 196 National Party (NP), 5–6, 82, 85,102 people’s courts see township courts and racism, 87 Peschanki, Denis, 48 and state terror 8, 24, 65, 77–8 Phosa, Matthews, 103 and the ANC, 99 Pigou, Piers, 166, 179 and the ‘communist threat’, 6 Pinochet, General Augusto, 52, 171, 229 alliance with IFP, 65–6, 79 Pityana, Dr Barney, 229 human rights talk, 5 Plan de Sanchez, 51 submissions to TRC, 69 Poniatowski, Elena, 51 National Security Management System, popular justice see justice, local 77 Posel, Deborah, 34, 37, 54 National Union of Mineworkers positivism and approaches to the past, (NUMSA), 178 50–1 National Unity and Reconciliation Act, Potchefstroom, hearings, 85–8 13, 87, 91, 100, 105, 167, 168, 172 Potgieter, Denzil, 117 and racism, 88 Powell, Phillip, 70–1 and the interim constitution, 169 Pretoria, 197 objectives, 100 Price, Robert, 12 nationalism, visions of, 16–8 Prime Evil (documentary), 82 see also ethno-nationalism procedural pragmatism, 129, 142–7 Native Administration Act (1927), 190, punish, right to, 157, 208–10 192 punishment, Ncube, Cecilia, 49, 136, 137 acceptance of, 205–6 Ndamase, Jerry, 178 and formal and informal justice, Ndimene, Felix, 67 210–11 necklacing, 10, 145, 154, 168, 209 nature of, 205 Neier, Aryeh, 21 place in justice systems, 211

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see also capital punishment; revenge; restorative justice, 25, 205 retributive justice; vengeance retributive justice, 11, 26, 27, 160–1 and international human rights, 228 Qibla, 196 and local justice, 205, 207, 210, 212, 217 race see also punishment; revenge; and citizenship, 90 vengeance race crimes, and political motives, 62, Rettig Commission, Chile, 13–4, 52 84–94, 91 revenge, racism, 12, 84–5 and modern legal thought, 158–64 and human rights violations, 37–8, 87 defined,162 private and public, 88–91 ethic of, 156, 186 rainbow nation, 4, 14–15, 37, 89, 221 lex talionis, 212 rainbow truths, 36–8 see also vengeance Ramaele, Adons, 204, 207, 208, 215, 216 Ribeiro, Chris, 27, 164–5, 167, 172 Ramaphosa, Cyril, 8 Richards, Ruben, 44 Ramphele, Mamphela, 114, 116, 117 Richardson, Jerry, 166 Randera, Commissioner Fazel, 84, 110, Roberts, Simon, 124, 126, 219 134–5 Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, 170–1 Rani, Siza, 178 Rorich, Christian Siebert, 150, 154 Raz, Joseph, 4 Rorty, Richard, 55 Reagan, Ronald, 112 Roth, Philip, 15 reconciliation, 8–9, 97–8, 147, 153–5, 181–5 Sachs, Albie, 10, 11, 13 and nation-building, 13–17, 121–2 Santner, Eric, 112 and punishment, 208–10 Sarat, August, 159–60 creating, 136 Schärf, Wilfried, 188, 192, 197, 198, 207 defining, 98–104 Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 92, 173 facilitation of, 105 Schoon, Brigadier Willem, 150, 154 ideal of, 143 scientism, 45, 57, 225 legal context of, 104 Scott, Benny, 178 legal-procedural narrative, the, 104–6 Seakgoa, Madibo, 112 mandarin-intellectual narrative, the, Sebokeng, 178 106–8 massacre, 44, 49, 136–7, 175 moral equivalence of war, 113 TRC hearings, 174–6 public attitudes to, 186 Security Branch Police, religious-redemptive model of, 123 involvement in violence, 75–6 ritual enactments, 121, 175 securocrat structures, dismantling of, 78 symbolic reconciliation, 109–10 Seipei, Stompie, 165, 166, 167 thick and thin reconciliation, 121–2 Selebe, Ms, 146 through amnesty, 140–2, 228 Selous Scouts, 67 through sacrifice, 110 Senatle, Sam, 117 through truth, 8, 108, 110, 153 Seroke, Joyce, 114, 145, 146–7 see also redemption; restorative justice Sharf, Michael, 171 Record of Understanding, the, 6, 78 Sharpeville, 135, 181, 183, 184, 187, redemption, 208–9, 212 and reconciliation, 223 and crime, 163, 182, 188, 202, 205, 228 through forsaking revenge, 119–22 ethic of revenge, 186–7, 214 relational discontinuities, 130, 156, massacre, 176 174–6, 220 revenge, cycle of, 181–2 religious-redemptive narrative, the, violence since 1990, 176–81 109–21 Sharpeville Six, 177 RENAMO, 67 Shaw, Mark, 70, 75, 78 Renteln, Alison, 212 Shklar, Judith, 56 Reparation and Rehabilitation Shongwe, Trudy, 49 Committee (RRC), 22–3, 41 Skhosana, Maki, 145, 154 Research Unit of the TRC, 106–7, 173 Slovo, Joe, 7

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Smit, General Basie, 71, 141 Tamanaha, Brian, 47, 125 Snyder, Francis, 219 Taylor, Rupert, 53, 70, 75, 78 Soggot, Advocate, 168 Tembisa, hearings, 173 Sooka, Yasmin, 120 Terre’blanche, Eugene, 85 Sotsu, Ernest, 44, 178 Thibedi, Jerry, 140 South African Broadcasting Company, Third Force, 147 and the TRC, 73 South African Communist Party (SACP), decentralization of, 78–9 7, 63, 70, 77 mark 1 and 2, 79 South African Constitution (1996), 197 theories of, 63–79 see also Bill of Rights, Interim Thompson, E. P., 151 Constitution Thulare, Paul, 180 South African Council of Churches Tlateloco massacre, 51 (SACC) Tlhapane, P., 173 and apartheid, 203 Tlhomedi, Mfalapitsa Ephraim, 143, 144, bombing of Khotso House, 69 145, 148, 150, 154, 155 condemns township justice, 209 Toasters gang, 113, 117, 118 South African Defense Force (SADF) Touraine, Alain, 127–8, 221 amnesty application, 24, 67 township courts, 175, 128, 188, 192–3, and paramilitary organization of the 208–9, 215–6 IFP, 77 and abuses, 197 South African Institute of Race Relations and the state, 198, 201–2 (SAIRR), 160 integration into state system, 128–9, South African National Civics 220–1 Organization (SANCO), 193, 201–2, procedure, 204–6 206 see also chiefs courts; imbizo; justice, South African National Defense Force local (SANDF), 184, 185 TRC hearings, 145–7 South African Police Service (SAPS) and the investigation of perpetrators, amnesty applications, 67 57 and integration of SDUs, 180 ritualized nature of, 109–10, 120–1, see also Murder and Robbery Unit; 138 Security Branch Police TRC Report, 58, 59, 62, 66–7, 68–9, Soweto uprising (1976), 90, 191–2 73–5,104, 110, 149–50, 226 Special Defense Units (SDUs), 183, 184, and apartheid, 35–6, 51, 52–54, 85, 186 86–7, 103 and the IFP, 71 and truth, 37 attempts to disband, 179 and Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, 166 in the Vaal, 178, 181–2 curtailment of testimony, 44–5 incorporation into machinery of state, recommendations, 213 180, 226 TREWITS, 24, 77 Stafford, Judge, 75 tribal law, 206–8 State Security Council (SSC), 24, 64, 68, Truth and Reconciliation Commission 76, 77–8 (TRC), 93–4 statement-takers, 42–6, 133 a legal institution, 59–60 statements, 43, 44, 49–50 and conflict resolution, 155, 227 Strategic Communications and constitutionalism, 55–6 (STRATCOM), 39, 77 and local justice, 35, 214 suffering, and procedural pragmatism, 142–7 moral equalization of, 111–14 and the history of apartheid, 53–4, 60 recognizing and collectivizing, 111 and the legacy of apartheid, 227 punishment and, 210–11 and the Third Force, 76–7, 79 valorization of, 119 Christian influences, 103, 109–122, see also punishment 130, 138, 142 Suzman, Helen, 90, 209 effectiveness, 154–5, 227–8 Swanepoel, Colonel, 180 focus, 41–2, 51, 59 SWAPO, 64 investigations, 33–4, 67

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limitations of mandate, 34–6 van der Merwe, Susan, 112, 119–20 objectives, 13–19, 72–3, 97, 128–9, 153, van Deventer, Piet, 206 187, 213–4, 227 van Gennep, Arnold, 19 opposition to truth finding mandate, van Huyssteen, Elsa, 11–12 33 van Onselen, Charles, 189 policy vacuum, 41 van Rensburg, General, 71 political context, 39, 92–3 van Staden, J. A.,215 popular perceptions of, 155, 200 van Straaten brothers, 85–9, 91, 92 structure, 21–7 van Vuuren, Warrant Officer Paul, workshop on reconciliation, 102–3, 135 23–4, 140, 141 see also Amnesty Committee; Human van Zyl, Paul, 102 Rights Violations Committee; Vanderbijlpark Murder and Robbery Reparation and Rehabilitation Unit, 221 Committee; TRC – hearings; Report vengeance, truth commissions, 226 and local justice, 160, 189 and impunity, 27–30 and TRC meetings, 173–4 and legitimization, 29 defined, 162 as liminal institutions, 19–21, 59 language of, 199 motivations for, 224 national debates on, 164–73 power of, 16, 225, 228 see also revenge Tswana Law, 124, 125 Venter, Roelof, 23–4 Turner, Victor, 19, 118, 151 Vereeniging court incident, 139 Tutu, Desmond, 11, 14, 15, 46, 74, 80, Verwoerd, Wilhelm, 107, 173 111, 121, 172, 223 victims, 142–3, 147, 152–3 and the ANC, 103–4 and the TRC, 142, 149 and the Dutch Reformed Church, 173 defining, 41, 101 and the Mandela hearings, 166 statements, 133 and moral equalization, 112 vigilantism, 202, 210, 190–1, 196 and sacrifice, 117 Vilikazi, Thabang, 179 on apartheid and racism, 85 Villa-Vicencio, Charles, 51, 107, 108 on reconciliation and forgiveness, Vlok, Adriaan, 66, 69, 78 101–2, 109, 119–20, 143, 165 volkstaat, 85–6 Vusimuzi hostel, 113 Ubane, William, 215, 216 ubuntu, 9–13, 92, 93, 99, 158, 164 Waddington Inquiry, 67, 210 Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), 178–9, 184, Waddington, Peter, 210 185, 194 Walzer, Michael, 27 Umtata raid, 68 Weber, Max, UN International Criminal Tribunal on and bureaucratic rationalization, 45 Yugoslavia, 229–30 and law, 126, 128, 225 United Democratic Front (UDF), 117, and narrative truths, 37–8 175, 193–4 elective affinities, 130 Urban Bantu Councils, 191–2 on Christianity and punishment, 159 West Rand mine shaft incident, 147 Vaal Council of Churches, and the witness protection program, 183, 185 Goldstone Commission, 183 Women Against Violence Against Vaal, hearings, 221–2 Women, 216 Vaal monster, the, 137 Vaal, the, 214, 178 Zalaquett, José, 14 and reconciliation, 135–6, 139 Zanele, Ntombi Emily, 148 and violence, 176–7, 179–81 ZANU, 73 Vaal, uprising, 200 ZAPU, 73 Vaal Vision, 216 Zionist Christian Church (ZCC), 203–4 van der Gryp, A. J., 5–6 Zulu, Peter ‘Yster’, 114, 118 van der Merwe, Fanie, 8 Zulu, Thoko, 114, 118 van der Merwe, Hugo, 153–4 Zuma, Jacob, 73

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