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Fundamentalist Polygamy SUNSTONE REVIEWS sympathy for their peculiar and at times paradoxical lifestyle. Even while arguing from a feminist point of view, Bradley dis- agrees with Governor Pyle's characterization FUNDAMENTALIST POLYGAMY: of the women of Short Creek as "white slaves." Quite to the contrary, Bradley main- tains that fundamentalist women had ful- TOLERATING THE INTOLEMBLE filling relationships with both their religion and their husbands in a patriarchal setting. "Paradoxically," she writes, "it could be main- KIDNAPPED FROM THAT LAND: tained that fundamentahst women tri- THE GOVERNMENT RAIDS ON THE umphed by accepting limitationsn (111). SHORT CREEK POLYGAMISTS Another important point Bradley makes is by Martha Sonntag Bradley that fundamentalism was not-and is not University of Utah Press, 1993 today-about plural marriage alone. In fact, 260 pages, $29.95 she offers a detailed analysis of Short Creek's peculiar economic communal organization, the United Effort Plan, and explains its simi- larities with early Mormonism's social experi- ments. It is also true that fundamentalist groups exist that do not practice plural mar- - riage, such as the Aaronic Order, which has been described in sociological terms by Hans Reviewed by Massirno Introvigne Baer in his important book Recreating Utopia in the ~esert~Like Baer's book, Bradley's analysis confirms that fundamentalism is a HE SHORT CREEK, Arizona, raid of ists in the Salt Lake area, and the raids by larger phenomenon that cannot be stereotyp- 26 July 1953 is the most notorious Arizona and Utah authorities culminating in ically reduced to polygamy Fundamentalists T episode in the story of the post- the 1953 raid. The 1953 raid is usefully maintain a number of features of nineteenth- Manifesto confrontation between U.S. au- placed within the context of both United century Mormonism that disappeared after thorities and Mormon polygamous States and Arizona politics of the 1950s, with the Manifesto and the "Americanization" fundamentalists. Martha Sonntag Bradley's an outline of the political career of Arizona of Utah. Ultimately the dialectics between Kidnapped from That Land is the first book- Governor Howard Pyle, a close associate of the fundamentalist groups and the mainline length treatment of that infamous episode Barry Goldwater, and the prime mover be- LDs church are the well-known tensions be- within the general context of the story of hmd the raid. Although an evangelical tween community and society, gerneinschaft Mormon fundamentalism. The first section Protestant, Pyle kept the Mormon church in and gesellschaft, which has been observed in of the book offers a short overview of pre- Salt Lake fully informed concerning the raid, many communities, particularly during Manifesto polygamy from Joseph Smith's rev- and his project was warmly endorsed by the crucial passage from the nineteenth elations to 1890, although a reader some general authorities in Utah. The book to the twentieth century It was, in a sense, unfamiliar with Mormon history might want offers a detailed chronicle of the raid and of unavoidable that Mormon community to consult Richard S. Van Wagoner's Mormon subsequent events, including a number of developed into Mormon society Fundamen- polygamy1 and Carmon Hardy's book Solemn different legal cases. Finally, Bradley reports talists-whether polygamists or not-did covenant2 in order to understand the histor- on her own visits to what was once called not accept this passage, but elected to keep ical complexities of the subject. Bradley also Short Creek (now the twin villages of their small gemeinschaft, in a desert society explains the roots of modem-day fundamen- Hildale, Utah, and Colorado City, Arizona) real (Short Creek's) or psychological (clan- talism and the history of the pioneer settle- and surveys the current status of the funda- destine life in metropolitan Salt Lake City). ments in the Short Creek area. The largest mentalist community in 1992. Two appen- There is little doubt, according to Bradley, portion of the book is devoted to a descrip- dices include a list of the families involved in that the raid itself was an ill-fated venture tion of the fundamentalist community in the 1953 raid and the full text of the state- and a political disaster for Govemor Pyle and Short Creek, its relations with fundamental- ment by Governor Pyle, a typical piece of other state officials. It was also ultimately em- 1950s patriotic rhetoric exposing the funda- barrassing for Mormon authorities and the mentalists' activities of "insurrection within press who initially endorsed it. It did not MASSIMO INTROVIGNE, a Roman Catholic, is [Arizona's]own borders." achieve any of the intended results (more director of the Center for Studies of New While describing the lifestyle of the than forty years after the raid, polygamy is Religions (CESW, based in Torino, Italy. He polygamous families in Short Creek and the alive and well in Utah and Arizona), and it is the author or editor of eighteen books on mi- 1953 drama, Bradley is at her best. She ex- brought unnecessary suffering to men, nority religions and contemporary magic, in- hibits impressive command of primary women, and children, which is movingly cluding I Mormoni (The Mormons), published sources and considerable literary skills. detailed in the book. Apparently, however, in 1993 by Libreria Editrice Vaticana, the Although Bradley clearly does not share the the lesson of Short Creek has not been VaticanS press, in co-edition with Interlogos of fundamentalists' theology or world view, she universally understood. The publication of Schio. has obviously developed both respect and Bradley's book coincided with raids very sim- PAGE a JUNE 1994 SUNSTONE ilar to Short Creek. In 1992 assaults against and that there was no evidence of sexual cases are still pending in Argentina and colonies of The Family a religious group that abuse of children. The only allegation that France (with a parallel case in the United traces its origins to the Children of God, oc- remained was polygamy and the charge that Kingdom), it is clear that the political careers curred in Australia and Spain and the fol- older men took juvenile wives. Although this of the authorities involved in the raids will lowing year in Argentina and France. The may have been true in some countries, public suffer and that the support of some of the Family was accused of perpetuating a way of opinion did not react as the authorities may mainline churches of the raids against The living typical of the early Children of God, have expected. Instead of being shocked by Family was misguided. including polygamy, child abuse, and the use The Family's polygamy, the public reacted The similarity between these recent of sexual advances by female missionaries to negatively against reports and photographs events with the scandal of Short Creek is secure converts ("fllrty-fishing"). In the of children being taken from their mothers striking. The raids involving The Family 1992-93 raids, hundreds of children were and placed in foster homes or public institu- demonstrate that Bradley's book not only ad- taken from their mothers in these four coun- tions against their will. Before the end of dresses an historical episode, but also tries and made temporary wards of courts. 1993, all children were returned to their touches sensitive issues still important and Further investigations revealed that the noto- mothers and to their religious communities relevant in the 1990s. The rhetoric of "pro- rious "flirty-fshing" had been discontinued in all countries involved. Although legal tecting children" and the idea that child THE WORD BAZAAR Also, reprints of early LDS classics. EBORN ship in the Mormon History Association. You'll -OF 'A'' EDIT1ONs 1 OUT - 11 BOOKS. P.O. BOX 2093. DEPT. B. PEORIA, AL also receive the association's quarterly newslet- LDS BOOKS BOUGHT & SOLD ter. One-year memberships: regular, $15; stu- dent, $10. Mormon History Association, P.O. We pay top dollar for out-of-print, used, and rare Box 7010, University Station, Provo, UT 84602. LDS books. Thousands of LDS books (new & WOMEN'S PUBLICATIONS 099 used) for sale. Out-of-print book search avail- able. Call, write, or visit our shop. Open Mon.- EXPONENT I1 THE BEEHIVE Frl.. 10-6, Sat., 10-4, BENCHMARK BOOKS, 331 Exponent II, a volunteer organization, publishes The Beehive newspaper, the largest FREE LDS RIO GRANDE, STE 300, P.O. BOX 9027, SALT LAKE a quarterly newspaper addressing women's is- newspaper, is now available at over 300 loca- CITV, UT 84109-0027, 8011532-3100. 100 sues in an LDS context. For 20 years, this per- tions in Utah. The Beehive is always looking for COMPLETE DIALOGUE SET sonal essay format has provided a forum for qualified salespeople and writers (8001200- women to exchange life experiences in an at- 4LDS). 095 I have a complete set of Dialogue: A Journal of mosphere of trust and acceptance. Past issues Mormon Thought that I am interested in selling have discussed drug abuse, authority, the so- ARE RUSH LtMBAUGH for $1,000. Contact Alan Canfield, P.O. Box cialization of young women, and the Mormon AND HOWARD STERN 3842, Salt Lake City, UT84110 (8011461-3393). male. Regular columns by Judy Dushku, Emma the two latter-day witnesses in Revelations 11, 095 Lou Thayne, and Laurel Ulrich. Edited by Sue who "tormented them on the earth" for 1,260 COMPLETE SUNSTONE SET Paxman. For a subscription, please send a days, and will destroy their enemies like "fire I have a complete set of SUNSTONE that I am check for $15.00 ($4.00 per issue) to: Exponent proceedeth out of their mouth?" (Time maga- interested in selling for $1,000. Contact Alan 11, P.O. Box 128, Arlington, MA02178. 099 zine cover, 1 Nov.
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