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Download United States V. Town of Colorado City, Arizona, Et Al. Brief As Appellee No. 17-16472 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT _________________ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee v. TOWN OF COLORADO CITY, ARIZONA; CITY OF HILDALE, UTAH; AND TWIN CITY WATER AUTHORITY, INC., Defendants-Appellants _________________ ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA _________________ BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES AS APPELLEE _________________ JOHN M. GORE Acting Assistant Attorney General THOMAS E. CHANDLER CHRISTINE A. MONTA Attorneys Department of Justice Civil Rights Division Appellate Section - RFK 3716 Ben Franklin Station P.O. Box 14403 Washington, D.C. 20044-4403 (202) 353-9035 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ..................................................................................... v STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION.......................................................................... 1 STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES............................................................................... 2 STATEMENT OF THE CASE .................................................................................. 2 1. Background ........................................................................................... 4 a. The Short Creek Community And The Rise Of Warren Jeffs ................................................................................ 4 b. The United Effort Plan Trust ...................................................... 6 2. United States’ Lawsuit .......................................................................... 7 a. Complaint And Proceedings ....................................................... 7 b. The Evidence At Trial ................................................................. 9 3. Verdict And Judgment ......................................................................... 14 SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ...................................................................... 16 ARGUMENT I THE DISTRICT COURT CORRECTLY HELD THE TOWNS LIABLE UNDER 42 U.S.C. 14141 FOR THE PATTERN OF CONSTITUTIONAL VIOLATIONS COMMITTED BY THEIR JOINT POLICE DEPARTMENT .................................................................................. 20 A. Standard Of Review .................................................................. 20 B. Background ............................................................................... 20 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued): PAGE C. The District Court Applied The Correct Liability Standard .................................................................................... 21 D. Even Under Monell The Towns Would Be Liable Because The Evidence Demonstrated That The Marshal’s Office’s Pattern Of Constitutional Violations Amounted To An Official Municipal Policy ........................................................................................ 32 II THE DISTRICT COURT COMMITTED NO ERROR, MUCH LESS REVERSIBLE ERROR, IN CONCLUDING THAT THE TOWNS’ JOINT POLICE DEPARTMENT REPEATEDLY ARRESTED NON-FLDS RESIDENTS WITHOUT PROBABLE CAUSE ...................................................... 33 A. Standard Of Review .................................................................. 33 B. The District Court’s Findings Were Procedurally Proper ....................................................................................... 34 C. Defendants’ Limited Challenge To Five Subsidiary Findings, Even If Meritorious, Would Not Undermine The District Court’s Ultimate Conclusion That The Marshal’s Office Engaged In A Pattern Or Practice Of Constitutional Violations .......................................................... 37 D. The Evidence Amply Supports The District Court’s Conclusion That The Five Arrests Defendants Challenge Were Effected Without Probable Cause .................. 38 E. Defendants’ Prejudice Assertions Are Meritless ...................... 50 III THE DISTRICT COURT COMMITTED NO ERROR, MUCH LESS REVERSIBLE ERROR, IN ADMITTING FLDS LEADERS’ VARIOUS OUT-OF-COURT STATEMENTS ................................................................................... 51 - ii - TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued): PAGE A. Standard Of Review .................................................................. 51 B. Background ............................................................................... 53 C. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Admitting The Challenged Out-Of-Court Statements ............... 55 1. The District Court Did Not Clearly Err In Finding That A Conspiracy Existed Between The Towns And The FLDS Church ................................. 55 2. The District Court Understood Rule 801(d)(2)(E)’s Foundational Requirements ................... 58 3. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Admitting The Challenged Statements ....................................................................... 59 a. Statements Not Admitted For Their Truth Are Not Hearsay ......................................... 59 b. Jeffs’ Dictations Were Admissible As Co-Conspirator Statements And As Business Records .................................................. 61 c. The Remaining Statement Was Admissible Under Rule 801(d)(2)(E) ...................................... 70 4. The Court Did Not Abuse Its Broad Discretion Under Rule 403 ............................................................... 70 D. Any Error In Admitting The Challenged Statements Was Harmless ........................................................................... 72 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 73 - iii - TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued): PAGE STATEMENT OF RELATED CASES CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ADDENDUM - iv - TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CASES: PAGE Alaska v. EEOC, 564 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir. 2009) .....................................................29 Anderson v. City of Bessemer, 470 U.S. 564 (1985) ....................................... passim Ashland v. Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., 711 F.2d 1431 (9th Cir. 1983) .............. 22, 52 Birbeck v. Marvel Lighting Corp., 30 F.3d 507 (4th Cir. 1994) .............................26 Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463 (9th Cir. 2007) ........................ 40, 45 Bonner v. Lewis, 857 F.2d 559 (9th Cir. 1988) ................................................. 23-26 City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997) ........................................................29 City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378 (1989) ................................................. 30-31 Clady v. Los Angeles Cty., 770 F.2d 1421 (9th Cir. 1985) ......................................35 Duvall v. County of Kitsap, 260 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2001) .............................. 25-26 EEOC v. Los Angeles Cty., 706 F.2d 1039 (9th Cir. 1983) .....................................26 EEOC v. Farmer Bros. Co., 31 F.3d 891 (9th Cir. 1994) ................................ 52, 71 Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775 (1998) ............................................26 Frostie Co. v. Dr. Pepper Co., 361 F.2d 124 (5th Cir. 1966) .................................52 Gustafson v. City of West Richland, 559 F. App’x 644 (9th Cir. 2014) ..................31 Hafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21 (1991) ..........................................................................31 Hall v. CIR, 729 F.2d 632 (9th Cir. 1984) ...............................................................67 Hall v. North Am. Van Lines, Inc., 476 F.3d 683 (9th Cir. 2007) ...........................66 - v - CASES (continued): PAGE Harris v. Rivera, 454 U.S. 339 (1981) (per curiam) ...............................................71 Hollinger v. United States, 651 F.2d 636 (9th Cir. 1981) .......................................52 Hopkins v. Bonvicino, 573 F.3d 752 (9th Cir. 2009) ........................................ 40, 43 Keith v. Volpe, 858 F.2d 467 (9th Cir. 1988) ..........................................................26 Keogh v. CIR, 713 F.2d 496 (9th Cir. 1983) ...........................................................68 L.K. Comstock & Co. v. United Eng’rs & Constr., Inc., 880 F.2d 219 (9th Cir. 1989) .........................................................................35 Lambert v. Ackerley, 180 F.3d 997 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc) .................................20 Los Angeles News Serv. v. CBS Broad., Inc., 305 F.3d 924 (9th Cir. 2002) .........................................................................60 Louie v. United States, 776 F.2d 819 (9th Cir. 1985) ................................. 33, 36, 49 Meyer v. Holley, 537 U.S. 280 (2003) ......................................................... 22-23, 26 Millenkamp v. Davisco Foods Int’l, Inc., 562 F.3d 971 (9th Cir. 2009) .................68 Monell v. Department of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978) ......................... passim Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167 (1961) .....................................................................24 Nationwide Life Ins. Co. v. Richards, 541 F.3d 903 (9th Cir. 2008) ...................................................... 20, 33, 52, 72 Photo Elecs. Corp. v. England, 581 F.2d 772 (9th Cir. 1978) .......................... 35-36 Simeonoff v. Hiner, 249 F.3d 883 (9th Cir. 2001) ...................................................36 Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275 (1993) .............................................................51 - vi - CASES (continued): PAGE Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324 (1977) ....................................................27 T.H. Richards Processing Co. v. Bank of Am. (In re
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