'James Salisbury's Lost Architectural Model of Robert Adam's General
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John McLintock, ‘James Salisbury’s lost architectural model of Robert Adam’s General Register House, Edinburgh’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XXI, 2013, pp. 73–87 TEXT © THE AUTHORS 2013 JAMES SALISBURY’S LOST ARCHITECTURAL MODEL OF THE GENERAL REGISTER HOUSE, EDINBURGH JOHN M C LINTOCK A previously unknown account of the making of a lost ew information on a lost architectural model of architectural model by James Salisbury of Robert NGeneral Register House (Fig. ) by James Adam’s General Register House in Edinburgh, has Salisbury ( – ), architect, has recently come to recently emerged in a Court of Session case from . light in proceedings of a seemingly unrelated action Representing Adam’s full, unexecuted design of , against Salisbury’s heirs for the payment of feu-duties the model was also detailed enough to serve as a guide in the Court of Session in by the Register to those responsible for maintaining or extending the House Trustees. Today Salisbury’s model is known building. Constructed of mahogany to a scale of : , only from the photograph published in John it measured about feet inches square. Last recorded Swarbrick’s Robert Adam & his brothers ( ), in in the basement of the Royal Scottish Museum where it is wrongly attributed to Robert Adam in Edinburgh, the model is now known only from a ( – ). This mistake was corrected by Henry photograph published in . Paton in in his article ‘The General Register .( cm ן in. ( cm ן .Fig. James Salisbury, model of General Register House, c. –, wood, in (presumed destroyed), from John Swarbrick, Robert Adam and his brothers , . THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI JAMES SALISBURY ’ S LOST ARCHITECTURAL MODEL OF THE GENERAL REGISTER HOUSE , EDINBURGH Fig. Robert and James Adam, General Register House, Princes Street, Edinburgh. – ; extended to north by Robert Reid, –. ( Gordon Stocks ) House’, where he notes that the model had been Salisbury ‘in whose honesty, diligence, sobriety and produced by Salisbury between and at the capacity his Brother and he had already had great request of Lord Frederick Campbell ( – ), the experience’, should be made clerk of works. Lord Clerk Register of Scotland. Salisbury had not been the brothers’ first choice, but In July the Register House Trustees the young man they originally had in mind was by approved a design by Robert and James Adam for a then engaged on other undertakings. Little is known ‘Proper Repository for the Records of Scotland’, of Salisbury’s career in England, although it seems which Lord Frederick had commissioned on their that he already enjoyed a reputation as an behalf. As the first purpose-built public record experienced ‘measurer’ or surveyor. Following his repository in the British Isles, pre-dating both the engagement on an annual salary of £ , he moved Public Record Office of Ireland ( s) in Dublin from London to Edinburgh with his family in and the Public Record Office (completed ) in November in time to begin work on clearing Chancery Lane, London, the Register House (Fig. ) the site at the east end of Princes Street the following is one of the outstanding achievements of the year. Salisbury had trained as a carpenter and in Scottish Enlightenment. It also had the distinction of the Trustees, again acting on Robert’s advice, gave being the first public building in Edinburgh’s New him responsibility for all of the carpentry work in Town, occupying a pivotal site at the north end of view of his proven ‘skill & fidelity’. Work on the the North Bridge, which then formed the principal building itself had begun in , but a shortage of link between the Old and New Towns. funds led to construction being suspended between At the Trustees’ next meeting on November and . After the completion of Register , Robert Adam recommended that James House in , Salisbury was retained on a reduced THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI JAMES SALISBURY ’ S LOST ARCHITECTURAL MODEL OF THE GENERAL REGISTER HOUSE , EDINBURGH annual salary of £ from until his death in London in . While the detailed building to inspect the building and direct repairs, on the records of Register House frequently mention grounds that he was ‘the fittest person for this drawings and designs that were to be supplied by employment as he knew accurately the form & Adam for various features, architectural models are mode in which every part of the building had been never mentioned. Adam did, however, provide full- constructed’. At the same time, Lord Frederick size three-dimensional ‘models’ or patterns of details commissioned Salisbury to make an accurate model such as dressed stones, Corinthian and Ionic capitals, of the finished building, in order that his knowledge wooden doors and windows, and iron lamp posts of its construction might be ‘preserved & transmitted and railings, which were supplied from London in to those who might fill his place after his death’. order to exercise tight control over the work of the Before the emergence of model-making as a various local tradesmen involved in the construction specialised craft in the later nineteenth century, it of the Register House. was common for craftsmen employed on a building In his pioneering study of architectural models to be asked to undertake such a task. The architect’s vision ( ), John Wilton-Ely The use of scale models has a long, if not identifies five separate types: continuous, history, stretching from Antiquity to ‘... the conceptual or visionary model, independent of Renaissance Italy. While it has been observed that practical considerations; the experimental model, ‘until the well into the second half of the eighteenth chiefly concerned with such problems as structure and century the architect’s patron was generally lighting; the display model, produced for the benefit of acquainted with at least the rudiments of architectural a client, a committee or a competition jury; the design, and was thus equipped to read plans, working model, produced either to guide the builder elevations and sections’, there is little doubt that in on specific aspects of the structure, or for the guidance of the designer’s successors; and, finally, the site England in the course of the seventeenth and model, in which the arrangement of a group of eighteenth centuries the three-dimensional model, in buildings is demonstrated.’ wood, cardboard or plaster, came to be regarded as the most effective tool for demonstrating an As will be seen, the Register House model combined architect’s proposals to his client. By the end of the elements of a display model, demonstrating the full eighteenth century, however, the often expensive and design for the benefit of officials considering options physically inconvenient model was losing ground to for future expansion, with those of a working model specialized drawings, such as the increasingly for the guidance of those responsible for maintaining popular perspective view. Indeed, Adam appears not the building. to have employed scale models to develop or In their preliminary designs for the Register promote his building designs, choosing instead to House, possibly dating from as early as , the rely on highly-finished drawings and his own Adam brothers had proposed a centralised plan presentational skills. A group of cut-paper models of comprising a rotunda set within a quadrangle. Adam’s Old College, Edinburgh University, which However, by the overall plan had been reduced were once believed to have formed part of the design in scale with the north range being omitted process, has now been discounted as the handiwork altogether. From what can be observed in the of enthusiastic amateurs. Nor are any architectural photograph the model, rather than portraying models listed in the sales of Adam’s library, pictures, Register House as built, appears to follow the antiques and casts in , or of the remaining proposals for the completion of the building through contents of the family house at Albemarle Street in the addition of the north range in line with designs THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI JAMES SALISBURY ’ S LOST ARCHITECTURAL MODEL OF THE GENERAL REGISTER HOUSE , EDINBURGH Fig. Basement plan of General Register House. Engraved by James Basire from lost Adam Office drawing. Report on the Public Records of the Kingdom &c , . Shaded dark and light to show what had been built and what remained to be added, respectively. Fig. Entrance floor plan of General Register House. Engraved by James Basire from lost Adam Office drawing. Report on the Public Records of the Kingdom &c , . Shaded dark and light to show what had been built and what remained to be added, respectively. THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI JAMES SALISBURY ’ S LOST ARCHITECTURAL MODEL OF THE GENERAL REGISTER HOUSE , EDINBURGH Fig. First floor plan of General Register House. Engraved by James Basire from lost Adam Office drawing. Report on the Public Records of the Kingdom &c , . Shaded dark and light to show what had been built and what remained to be added, respectively. Fig. Longitudinal section of General Register House. Engraved by James Basire. Report on the Public Records of the Kingdom &c , . THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XXI JAMES SALISBURY ’ S LOST ARCHITECTURAL MODEL OF THE GENERAL REGISTER HOUSE , EDINBURGH which were published by Adam in and again, Richmond, made in the s and measuring feet after his death, in (Figs. –). In both inches in length. versions, which differ mostly in their designs for the A model of this size and complexity would have rotunda, the area to the north of the central towers is been a significant undertaking, as the level of detail shaded to show how the building might be extended beyond structural elements to include developed on a quadrangular plan should additional under floor heating vents in the rotunda and hall, funds become available. Indeed, the model may well flues for fireplaces heating the many rooms, and the have been seen by Lord Frederick as a means of drains.