DOCSLIB.ORG

ALIENATION of ABASHITAHO's LAND RIGHTS, 1920-1963 ELIJAH

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ALIENATION of ABASHITAHO's LAND RIGHTS, 1920-1963 ELIJAH ALIENATION OF ABASHITAHO’s LAND RIGHTS, 1920-1963 ELIJAH WASIKE C/50/CE/15718/2005 THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY. DECEMBER, 2018 i DECLARATION ii DEDICATION To my parents Joab Okwisia and Joyce Nangira whose love for education and hard work inspired me to go to school. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis writing has helped to learn the qualities of patience, modesty, courage and consistency. Special thanks go to the staff of the Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies for their stimulating lectures and to Dr. Pius K Wanyonyi and Dr. Washington Ndiiri for their patience, guidance and mentorship. Special thanks also go to Mr. Enock Litali Manga for introducing me to elders of Abashitaho and helping me to identify knowledgeable elders with information. I sincerely thank Chief Maurice Muchiti Mukhabali for arranging interview sessions and Abashitaho Elders for accepting to be interviewed. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ............................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... xiii OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS. ......................................................... xiv ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..xv CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................1 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background to the Study ............................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the problem ...........................................................................................6 1.3 Research objectives ....................................................................................................7 1.4 Research questions .....................................................................................................7 1.5 Research premises ......................................................................................................8 1.6 Justification and significance of the study .................................................................8 1.7 Scope and limitations .................................................................................................9 1.8 Theoretical framework .............................................................................................10 1.9 Literature review ......................................................................................................15 1.10 Research methodology ...........................................................................................22 1.10.1. Research design ..............................................................................................22 1.10.2. Study area .......................................................................................................22 v 1.10.3. Study population .............................................................................................23 1.10.4. Sampling Design.............................................................................................23 1.10.5. Sample size .....................................................................................................23 1.10.6. Research Instruments ......................................................................................24 1.10.7. Data analysis and interpretation .....................................................................24 1.10.8. Ethical considerations. ....................................................................................25 1.11Summary .................................................................................................................25 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................26 The pre-colonial History of Abashitaho (1800 AD) ......................................................26 2.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................................26 2.1 Origin of Abashitaho ................................................................................................26 2.2 Organization of Abashitaho in Pre Colonial period (by 1800 AD)..........................32 2.2.1 Social Organization ...........................................................................................32 2.2.2Economic Organization .....................................................................................34 2.2.3 Political Organization .......................................................................................35 2.3 Pre Colonial Land Rights .........................................................................................36 2.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................37 CHAPTER THREE .........................................................................................................38 Colonialism and the Abashitaho (1920 to 1963) ............................................................38 3.0 Introduction ...............................................................................................................38 3.1 Colonial Impact on Land Rights ..............................................................................38 3.2 Historical Context of Property Rights ......................................................................46 3.3 Early judicial treatment of native title ......................................................................55 3.4 Land Reform and African agriculture. .....................................................................59 vi 3.5 Theoretical context ...................................................................................................60 3.6 Modern native title development .............................................................................66 3.7 Emergence of Kakamega Town ...............................................................................69 3.8 Trade…………….....................................................................................................71 3.9 Christianity ...............................................................................................................72 3.10 Other Social Amenities ..........................................................................................79 3.11 Taxation ..................................................................................................................81 3.12 Paid employment and wage labour ........................................................................83 3.13 Cash crop farming ..................................................................................................89 3.14: Summary ...............................................................................................................92 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................93 Response to European interference of Land Rights .....................................................93 4.0 Introduction. .............................................................................................................93 4.1 Early contact with foreigners ..................................................................................93 4.2 Summary. .................................................................................................................97 CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................98 The legacy of colonialism on Abashitaho land Rights by 1963 ....................................98 5.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................................98 5.1 Political.....................................................................................................................98 5.2 Economic ................................................................................................................101 5.3 Social…… ..............................................................................................................106 5.4 Summary. ................................................................................................................117 vii CHAPTER SIX ..............................................................................................................118 Conclusion and Recommendations ..............................................................................118 6.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................118 6.1. Summary and conclusion ......................................................................................118 6.2. Recommendations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Not Worth the Risk” Threats to Free Expression Ahead of Kenya’S 2017 Elections
    “Not Worth the Risk” Threats to Free Expression Ahead of Kenya’s 2017 Elections HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH “Not Worth the Risk” Threats to Free Expression Ahead of Kenya’s 2017 Elections Copyright © 2017 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-34761 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org ARTICLE 19 Eastern Africa is an independent not-for profit organization that promotes freedom of expression and access to information as a fundamental human right as well as an empowerment right. ARTICLE 19 Eastern Africa was registered in Kenya in 2007 as an affiliate of ARTICLE 19 international. ARTICLE 19 Eastern African has over the past 10 years implemented projects that included policy and legislative advocacy on media and access to information laws and review of public service media policies and regulations. The organization has also implemented capacity building programmes for journalists on safety and protection and for a select civil society organisation to engage with United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) mechanisms in 14 countries in Eastern Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya Briefing Packet
    KENYA PROVIDING COMMUNITY HEALTH TO POPULATIONS MOST IN NEED se P RE-FIELD BRIEFING PACKET KENYA 1151 Eagle Drive, Loveland, CO, 80537 | (970) 635-0110 | [email protected] | www.imrus.org KENYA Country Briefing Packet Contents ABOUT THIS PACKET 3 BACKGROUND 4 EXTENDING YOUR STAY? 5 PUBLIC HEALTH OVERVIEW 7 NATIONAL FLAG 15 COUNTRY OVERVIEW 15 OVERVIEW 16 BRIEF HISTORY OF KENYA 17 GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE AND WEATHER 19 DEMOGRAPHICS 21 ECONOMY 26 EDUCATION 27 RELIGION 29 POVERTY 30 CULTURE 31 USEFUL SWAHILI PHRASES 36 SAFETY 39 CURRENCY 40 IMR RECOMMENDATIONS ON PERSONAL FUNDS 42 TIME IN KENYA 42 EMBASSY INFORMATION 43 WEBSITES 43 !2 1151 Eagle Drive, Loveland, CO, 80537 | (970) 635-0110 | [email protected] | www.imrus.org KENYA Country Briefing Packet ABOUT THIS PACKET This packet has been created to serve as a resource for the KENYA Medical/Dental Team. This packet is information about the country and can be read at your leisure or on the airplane. The first section of this booklet is specific to the areas we will be working near (however, not the actual clinic locations) and contains information you may want to know before the trip. The contents herein are not for distributional purposes and are intended for the use of the team and their families. Sources of the information all come from public record and documentation. You may access any of the information and more updates directly from the World Wide Web and other public sources. !3 1151 Eagle Drive, Loveland, CO, 80537 | (970) 635-0110 | [email protected] | www.imrus.org KENYA Country Briefing Packet BACKGROUND Kenya, located in East Africa, spans more than 224,000 sq.
    [Show full text]
  • A Conversation with Dance History: Movement And
    A CONVERSATION WITH DANCE HISTORY: MOVEMENT AND MEANING IN THE CULTURAL BODY A Dissertation Submitted to The Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Seónagh Odhiambo January, 2009 © by Seónagh Odhiambo 2009 All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT A Conversation with Dance History: Movement and Meaning in the Cultural Body Seónagh Odhiambo Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2009 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: Dr. Kariamu Welsh This study regards the problem of a binary in dance discursive practices, seen in how “world dance” is separated from European concert dance. A close look at 1930s Kenya Luo women’s dance in the context of “dance history” raises questions about which dances matter, who counts as a dancer, and how dance is defined. When discursive practices are considered in light of multicultural demographic trends and globalisation the problem points toward a crisis of reason in western discourse about how historical origins and “the body” have been theorised: within a western philosophical tradition the body and experience are negated as a basis for theorising. Therefore, historical models and theories about race and gender often relate binary thinking whereby the body is theorised as text and history is understood as a linear narrative. An alternative theoretical model is established wherein dancers’ processes of embodying historical meaning provide one of five bases through which to theorise. The central research questions this study poses and attempts to answer are: how can I illuminate a view of dance that is transhistorical and transnational? How can I write about 1930s Luo women in a way that does not create a case study to exist outside of dance history? Research methods challenge historical materialist frameworks for discussions of the body and suggest insight can be gained into how historical narratives operate with coercive power—both in past and present—by examining how meaning is conceptualised and experienced.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Mumias Settlement Into an Urban Centre to Circa 1940 Godwin Rapando Murunga
    The evolution of Mumias settlement into an urban centre to circa 1940 Godwin Rapando Murunga To cite this version: Godwin Rapando Murunga. The evolution of Mumias settlement into an urban centre to circa 1940. Geography. 1998. dumas-01302363 HAL Id: dumas-01302363 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01302363 Submitted on 14 Apr 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE EVOLUTION OF MUMIAS SETTLEMENT INTO AN URBAN CENTRE TO CIRCA 1940 BY GODWIN RAPANDO MURUNGA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE AT KENYATTA UNIVERSITY IFRA 111111111111111111111111111111111111 1 IFRA001481 No. d'inventaire Date te0 Cote August 1998 .1 •MS,Har,f..42G. , , (1. R Y 001 l°\1)..j9". E DECLARATION This thesis is my original work, and to the best of my knowlehe, has not been submitted for a degree in any university. GODWIN RAPANDO MURUNGA This thesis has been submitted with my approval as a University supervisor. .4010 PROF.ERIC MASINDE ASEKA iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife Carolyne Temoi Rapando and to my sons Tony Wangatia Rapando and Claude Manya Rapando for their patience and constant understanding during the long years of working.
    [Show full text]
  • Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020
    Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andı, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Supported by Surveyed by © Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 4 Contents Foreword by Rasmus Kleis Nielsen 5 3.15 Netherlands 76 Methodology 6 3.16 Norway 77 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 3.17 Poland 78 3.18 Portugal 79 SECTION 1 3.19 Romania 80 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 9 3.20 Slovakia 81 3.21 Spain 82 SECTION 2 3.22 Sweden 83 Further Analysis and International Comparison 33 3.23 Switzerland 84 2.1 How and Why People are Paying for Online News 34 3.24 Turkey 85 2.2 The Resurgence and Importance of Email Newsletters 38 AMERICAS 2.3 How Do People Want the Media to Cover Politics? 42 3.25 United States 88 2.4 Global Turmoil in the Neighbourhood: 3.26 Argentina 89 Problems Mount for Regional and Local News 47 3.27 Brazil 90 2.5 How People Access News about Climate Change 52 3.28 Canada 91 3.29 Chile 92 SECTION 3 3.30 Mexico 93 Country and Market Data 59 ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE 3.31 Australia 96 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.32 Hong Kong 97 3.02 Austria 63 3.33 Japan 98 3.03 Belgium 64 3.34 Malaysia 99 3.04 Bulgaria 65 3.35 Philippines 100 3.05 Croatia 66 3.36 Singapore 101 3.06 Czech Republic 67 3.37 South Korea 102 3.07 Denmark 68 3.38 Taiwan 103 3.08 Finland 69 AFRICA 3.09 France 70 3.39 Kenya 106 3.10 Germany 71 3.40 South Africa 107 3.11 Greece 72 3.12 Hungary 73 SECTION 4 3.13 Ireland 74 References and Selected Publications 109 3.14 Italy 75 4 / 5 Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ) The coronavirus crisis is having a profound impact not just on Our main survey this year covered respondents in 40 markets, our health and our communities, but also on the news media.
    [Show full text]
  • Statelessness and Citizenship in the East African Community
    Statelessness and Citizenship in the East African Community A Study by Bronwen Manby for UNHCR September 2018 Commissioned by UNHCR Regional Service Centre, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] STATELESSNESS AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 2 September 2018 STATELESSNESS AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... i List of Boxes ................................................................................................................................ i Methodology and acknowledgements ...................................................................................... ii A note on terminology: “nationality”, “citizenship” and “stateless person” ........................... iii Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. iv Key findings and recommendations ....................................................................... 1 1. Summary ........................................................................................................... 3 Overview of the report .............................................................................................................. 4 Key recommendations .............................................................................................................. 5 Steps already taken ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Siundu.Pmd 45 31/10/2012, 17:31 46 Afrika Zamani, No
    Afrika Zamani, No. 17, 2009, pp. 45–62 © Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa & Association of African Historians 2012 (ISSN 0850-3079) Strategic Submission as Resistance? Nabongo Mumia in the Struggle for Post-Colonial Kenya’s Histories Godwin Siundu* Abstract This article pursues the debate on the role that various regional leaders in late pre- to colonial Kenya played in their people’s responses to colonialism and its agents, and the contests for moral historical spaces that have continued to be played out in intellectual and public discourse. Focusing on Nabongo Mumia, the political and cultural figure of the Wanga people in western Kenya, the article examines the fluidity between collaboration and resistance as processes that have been presented mistakenly as dialectical oppositions. Situating my argument within the counter-revisionist trajectory, I demonstrate that the earlier presentation of Nabongo Mumia – and indeed a few other leaders – as a ‘collaborator’ largely simplifies the dilemmas that many a leader were confronted with in the wake of colonial violence, and is used in the current political setup to rationalise deliberate forms of exclusion from central political structures in the country. I further show that for regional leaders in colonial Kenya, strategic submission guided by a variety of legitimate considerations, was often misread as ‘collaboration’, a line that was picked up by earlier Africanist inclined scholars whose nationalistic impulses drove them to a search for ‘heroes’, often guided by the matrices of ‘resistance’. Résumé Cet article poursuit le débat sur le rôle que les divers leaders régionaux ont joué pendant la fin des périodes pré-coloniale et coloniale au Kenya par rapport aux réponses de leurs peuples à la question du colonialisme et de ses agents, et dans les combats pour des espaces moraux historiques qui sont toujours interprétés dans le discours intellectuel et public.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Nairobi, Capital of Kenya
    ....IJ­ .. Kenya Information Dept. Nairobi, Showing the Legislative Council Building TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Chapter I. Pre-colonial Background • • • • • • • • • • 4 II. The Nairobi Area. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 III. Nairobi from 1896-1919 •• • • • • • • • • • 50 IV. Interwar Nairobi: 1920-1939. • • • • • • • 74 V. War Time and Postwar Nairobi: 1940-1963 •• 110 VI. Independent Nairobi: 1964-1966 • • • • • • 144 Appendix • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 168 Bibliographical Note • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 179 Bibliography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 182 iii PREFACE Urbanization is the touchstone of civilization, the dividing mark between raw independence and refined inter­ dependence. In an urbanized world, countries are apt to be judged according to their degree of urbanization. A glance at the map shows that the under-developed countries are also, by and large, rural. Cities have long existed in Africa, of course. From the ancient trade and cultural centers of Carthage and Alexandria to the mediaeval sultanates of East Africa, urban life has long existed in some degree or another. Yet none of these cities changed significantly the rural character of the African hinterland. Today the city needs to be more than the occasional market place, the seat of political authority, and a haven for the literati. It remains these of course, but it is much more. It must be the industrial and economic wellspring of a large area, perhaps of a nation. The city has become the concomitant of industrialization and industrialization the concomitant 1 2 of the revolution of rising expectations. African cities today are largely the products of colonial enterprise but are equally the measure of their country's progress. The city is witness everywhere to the acute personal, familial, and social upheavals of society in the process of urbanization.
    [Show full text]
  • African Newspapers Currently Received by American Libraries Compiled by Mette Shayne Revised Summer 1999
    African Newspapers Currently Received by American Libraries Compiled by Mette Shayne Revised Summer 1999 INTRODUCTION This union list updates African Newspapers Currently Received by American Libraries compiled by Daniel A. Britz, Working Paper no. 8 African Studies Center, Boston, 1979. The holdings of 19 collections and the Foreign Newspapers Microfilm Project were surveyed during the summer of 1999. Material collected currently by Library of Congress, Nairobi (marked DLC#) is separated from the material which Nairobi sends to Library of Congress in Washington. The decision was made to exclude North African papers. These are included in Middle Eastern lists and in many of the reporting libraries entirely separate division handles them. Criteria for inclusion of titles on this list were basically in accord with the UNESCO definition of general interest newspapers. However, a number of titles were included that do not clearly fit into this definition such as religious newspapers from Southern Africa, and labor union and political party papers. Daily and less frequently published newspapers have been included. Frequency is noted when known. Sunday editions are listed separately only if the name of the Sunday edition is completely different from the weekday edition or if libraries take only the Sunday or only the weekday edition. Microfilm titles are included when known. Some titles may be included by one library, which in other libraries are listed as serials and, therefore, not recorded. In addition to enabling researchers to locate African newspapers, this list can be used to rationalize African newspaper subscriptions of American libraries. It is hoped that this list will both help in the identification of gaps and allow for some economy where there is substantial duplication.
    [Show full text]
  • I'm African . . . Not African American
    University of Puget Sound Sound Ideas Writing Excellence Award Winners Student Research and Creative Works 2011 I’m African . Not African American Olive Oyango University of Puget Sound Follow this and additional works at: http://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/writing_awards Recommended Citation Oyango, Olive, "I’m African . Not African American" (2011). Writing Excellence Award Winners. Paper 19. http://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/writing_awards/19 This Graduate is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research and Creative Works at Sound Ideas. It has been accepted for inclusion in Writing Excellence Award Winners by an authorized administrator of Sound Ideas. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I’m African…not African American. Olive S. Oyango OT 606: Healthcare Systems Professor: Juli McGruder, Ph.D. Sociocultural Awareness Project “I’ve gotten into a lot of trouble for saying I’m American instead of African American. But I’ve been to Africa…and believe me, I’m American.” ~Whoopi Goldberg (quoted in Wamba, 1999) My experiences growing up as an ethnic minority in Kenya left me with a profound distrust of people, even those who look like me, and an indelible mark on my psyche. I learned to make snap judgments based on people’s outward appearance(s). I did not view my prejudices as being racist; I didn’t even recognize them as prejudices, even though I realized I had an aversion for that which I did not fully understand. It is with all this in mind that I embarked on a reflective journey to open my mind and heart to learn about the black American culture, specifically why they dress, speak, and behave as they do.
    [Show full text]
  • A Political History of Kenya
    A POLITICAL HISTORY OF KENYA Dr John Mwaruvie History, Political Science and Pubic Administration Moi University P.O. Box 3900 Eldoret Kenya [email protected] Mobile- 0727 695 793 INTRODUCTION Kenya is a country of diversity just like USA. It has varied cultures and traditions. Kenya has 42 ethnic groups, Plus migrant races, whites, Asians and Arabs but have lived peacefully except last year (2008) when post election violence erupted due to flawed election. Like US, Kenya was a colony of Great Britain from where we have borrowed various elements of governance based on British Commonwealth traditions. For instance, our legal system, and parliamentary traditions and executive draws heavily from the British system. Like US, Kenya has three arms of government namely the Executive, Legislature (parliament) and judiciary. These three arms of government are expected to operate independently for the welfare of the citizens. Where is Kenya in the world? Cont…. • The Kenyan coastal region has had a long association with people from Middle East, India, China, which led to evolution of oriental culture. • Islam is well entrenched at the coastal region while most of interior prescribes to Christian faith. This Islamic influence is due to many years of colonization of the coastline by the Arabs. • However, religious violence experienced in other parts of the world where Islam and Christianity come into competition has not been experienced in Kenya. Cont… • Kenya like US came into direct contact with Europe in the 15th Century, when the Portuguese explorers led by Vasco da Gama explored the region in 1798 and subsequently colonized The East African coastline for two hundred years.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Ufahamu: a Journal of African Studies
    UCLA Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies Title Ethnicity, Community Relations and Civil Society in Contemporary Kenya: Trends and Field Experiences Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7jv2n01g Journal Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 29(2-3) ISSN 0041-5715 Author Murunga, Godwin R. Publication Date 2003 DOI 10.5070/F7292-3016548 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Ethnicity, Community Relations and Civil Society in Contemporary Kenya: Trends and Field Experien ces Godwin R. Murunga Abstract Taking the conflicts that engulfed Kenya in the 1990s as key indicators of relations within the wider sphere of human social interaction, this essay tries to re-emphasize the centrality of the notion of community as a neutral location where identities ought, under normal circumstances, to harmoniously interact. By emphasizing this centrality of harmony, the essay proceeds to examine those aspects of the process of democratization in Kenya that may have easily lent themselves to political abuse, at times generating conflict between ethnic groups. The study offers a general reflection on the pitfalls of democratization in Kenya with specific reference to five key areas that could constitute points of intervention. They include the role of the ethnicity of the occupant of the presidency; land, resource allocation and ethnicity, intra­ ethn,ic histories and democratization~ personality worship and democracy, and the role of ciuil society in conflict resolution. Each of these key areas reflects tendencies associated with either one or more of four ethnic groups purposely targeted for this study. The baseline connection of these five elements rest on how each one or a combination of them facilitated or inhibited the process of democratization in Kenya.
    [Show full text]