Contents

About the Editors xi Introduction: The Idea of an Unconditional Income for Everyone xiii Karl Widerquist, Yannick Vanderborght, José A. Noguera, and Jurgen De Wispelaere

Part I: Freedom 1

Introduction: Freedom and Basic Income 2 Karl Widerquist

1. The Psychological Aspects of the Guaranteed Income 5 Erich Fromm

2. The Case for a : A View from the Right 11

3. Why Surfers Should Be Fed: The Crazy-Lazy Challenge 17

4. Optional Freedoms 23 Elizabeth Anderson

5. A Republican Right to Basic Income 26 Philip Pettit

6. Why We Demand a Basic Income 32 Karl WiderquistCOPYRIGHTED MATERIAL

Part II: Justice 39

Introduction: Theories of Justice and Basic Income 40 Karl Widerquist

7. Left-libertarianism and a Global Rent Payment 43 Nicolaus Tideman and Peter Vallentyne

8. Guaranteed Income as a Replacement for the 49 Charles Murray vi Contents

9. A Capitalist Road to Communism 52 Robert van der Veen and Philippe Van Parijs

10. Why Marxists and Socialists Should Favor Basic Income 55 Michael Howard

11. Basic Income and the Common Good 62 Bill Jordan

12. Associations and Basic Income 72 Bill Jordan

Part III: Reciprocity and Exploitation 79

Introduction: Reciprocity and Exploitation 80 Karl Widerquist

13. Brief Comments on Leisure Time 85 John Rawls

14. Liberal Equality, Exploitation, and the Case for an Unconditional Basic Income 87 Stuart White

15. Clamshell Rents? How Resource Equality Causes Exploitation 93 Gijs Van Donselaar

16. Basic Income and the Work Ethic 101 Brian Barry

17. Fairness to Idleness: Is There a Right Not to Work? 105 Andrew Levine

18. Basic Income, Self-respect, and Reciprocity 114 Catriona McKinnon

19. Reciprocity and the Guaranteed Income 123 Karl Widerquist

20. The Morality of the Universal Grant Versus the Ethics of Paid Work 134 Robert van der Veen

Part IV: Feminism 141

Introduction: The Feminist Response to Basic Income 142 Yannick Vanderborght and Karl Widerquist Contents vii

21. Is One Man’s Ceiling Another Woman’s Floor? 145 Ann Withorn

22. Why Basic Income does not Promote 149 Ann S. Orloff

23. A Gender Analysis of Basic Income 153 Ingrid Robeyns

24. A Basic Income for Feminists? 163 Tony Fitzpatrick

25. Free-riding and the Household 173 Carole Pateman

26. Promoting Gender Equity Through a Basic Income 178 Ailsa McKay

27. Good for Women 186 Anne Alstott

Part V: Economics 189

Introduction: The Economics of Basic Income 190 Karl Widerquist, José A. Noguera, and Yannick Vanderborght

28. The Case for an Income Guarantee 195 James Tobin

29. What Can We Learn from the Agathotopians? 200 James Meade

30. Basic Income and Effi ciency 205 Philippe Van Parijs

31. Basic Income as a Basis for Small Business 210 Bart Nooteboom

32. What (If Anything) Can We Learn from the Negative Income Tax Experiments? 216 Karl Widerquist

33. Effi ciency and Participation: Approach 230 Bill Jordan

34. Subsidize Wages 235 Edmund Phelps viii Contents

35. and the Flat Tax 240 Herbert A. Simon

36. Democracy and General Welfare 242 James M. Buchanan

37. Basic Income and Social Power 246 Koen Raes

38. Cost Estimates for a Basic Income in the United States 255 Charles M.A. Clark

Part VI: Post-productivism 259

Introduction: Basic Income as a Post-productivist Policy 260 José A. Noguera and Karl Widerquist

39. Ecologism and Basic Income 263 Tony Fitzpatrick

40. A Green Case for Basic Income? 269 Philippe Van Parijs

41. A Non-productivist Design for Social Policies 275

42. A Post-productivist Welfare Regime 283 Robert E. Goodin

43. Demoralizing the Labor Market: Could Jobs be Like Cars and Concerts? 289 Bert Hamminga

44. Beyond the Wage-based Society 297 André Gorz

45. The Relevance of Basic Income for Post-industrial Economies 307 Fred Block

Part VII: Implementation 311

Introduction: The Implementation of Basic Income 312 Karl Widerquist, José A. Noguera, Yannick Vanderborght, and Jurgen De Wispelaere

46. The Shadow of Speenhamland 315 Fred Block and Margaret Somers Contents ix

47. The Stability of Basic Income 331 Jos de Beus

48. Basic Income and the Welfare State 339 Samuel Brittan

49. Basic Income and Contributory Pensions 346 José A. Noguera

50. Basic Income as a Minimally Presumptuous Social Welfare Policy 351 Robert E. Goodin

51. The Basic Income Guarantee as an Exit Option 357 Joel Handler and Amanda Sheely Babcock

52. Practical Bottlenecks in the Implementation of a Universal Basic Income 360 Jurgen De Wispelaere and Lindsay Stirton

Part VIII: Institutions 369

Introduction: Institutional Versions and Cognates of Basic Income 370 José A. Noguera

53. A Global Resources Dividend 375 Thomas W. Pogge

54. From Euro-Stipendium to Euro-Dividend 392 Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght

55. Negative Income Tax: The Original Idea 398 Milton Friedman

56. The Case for a Progressive Negative Income Tax 402 Fred Block and Jeff Manza

57. Stakeholding versus Basic Income 417 Bruce Ackerman and Anne Alstott

58. Reciprocity-sensitive Forms of Basic Income 429 Stuart White

59. Participation Income 435 Anthony B. Atkinson

60. The Trilemma of Participation Income 439 Jurgen De Wispelaere and Lindsay Stirton x Contents

61. Sabbatical Grants 447 Claus Offe and Johan de Deken

62. A Uniform Refundable Tax Credit 453 Lily L. Batchelder, Fred T. Goldberg Jr., and Peter R. Orszag

63. A Household Basic Income 461 Luis Sanzo and Rafael Pinilla

64. A Coming-of-Age Grant versus a Community Capital Grant 464

Part IX: Politics 471

Introduction: Politics 472 Yannick Vanderborght, José A. Noguera, and Karl Widerquist

65. Political Strategies for Basic Income 477 David Purdy

66. The Lack of Political Support for an Income by Right 485 Bill Cavala and Aaron Wildavsky

67. The Ambiguities of Basic Income from a Trade Union Perspective 497 Yannick Vanderborght

68. Basic Income and Social Europe 509 Fritz Scharpf

69. Is Basic Income Politically Feasible in a Social Europe? 516 Philippe Van Parijs

70. Basic Income in the South 523 Philippe Van Parijs

71. How Cash Transfers Promote the Case for Basic Income 527 Guy Standing

72. Basic Income and the New Class Struggle 548 Philippe Van Parijs

73. A “Package Solution” for Basic Income 555 Claus Offe, Ulrich Mückenberger and Ilona Ostner

74. Pathways from Here 560 Claus Offe

Index 564