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Politiche Di Contrasto Alla Povertà: Un’Analisi Degli Effetti Economici E Delle Ripercussioni Sociali

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Politiche Di Contrasto Alla Povertà: Un’Analisi Degli Effetti Economici E Delle Ripercussioni Sociali Dipartimento di Scienze Sociali ed Economiche Sapienza Università di Roma Dottorato in “Ricerca Applicata nelle Scienze Sociali” - XXVI ciclo Coordinatore del Dottorato Prof. Guglielmo Chiodi Politiche di contrasto alla povertà: un’analisi degli effetti economici e delle ripercussioni sociali. Il caso di studio della Bolsa Famìlia in Brasile DOTTORANDA: LUDOVICA ROSSOTTI MATRICOLA 904905 Tutor: Co – Tutor: Prof. Carmelo Bruni Prof.ssa Mary Fraire Prof. Dario de Sousa e Silva Filho 2 Ai miei nipoti, Nicole e Matteo affinchè vedano il passato come un insegnamento il presente come un dono il futuro con speranza 3 4 Sommario Sommario ..................................................................................................................... 5 Indice tabelle ................................................................................................................. 8 Indice grafici .................................................................................................................. 9 Indice figure ................................................................................................................ 10 Indice fotografie……………………………………………………………………...…………7 Introduzione ................................................................................................................ 11 Cap. I La povertà e le misure per contrastarla ............................................................. 15 1.2 Come nasce la figura del povero ....................................................................... 16 1.3 I diversi studi sulla povertà ................................................................................ 18 1.4 Povertà relativa, assoluta, multidimensionale .................................................... 20 1.5 Operativizzazione del concetto di povertà ......................................................... 25 1.6 Evoluzione storico filosofica del reddito di base ................................................. 29 1.7 Strumenti di contrasto alla povertà: chiarezza definitoria ................................... 33 1.8 Reddito minimo garantito (RMG) ....................................................................... 34 1.9 Reddito di cittadinanza (Rdc) ............................................................................. 36 1.10 Critiche al Reddito di cittadinanza .................................................................... 43 1.11 Le ragioni a favore ........................................................................................... 44 1.12 Dividendo sociale ............................................................................................ 45 1.13 Imposta negativa (NIT) .................................................................................... 49 1.14 Erned Income Tax Credit (EITC) ..................................................................... 53 1.15 Ripercussioni sociali dell’introduzione degli strumenti di contrasto alla povertà 57 1.16 Conclusione ..................................................................................................... 61 Cap. II Le politiche di contrasto in Italia, Europa e America ......................................... 63 2.1 Contesto nazionale e internazionale .................................................................. 63 2.2 l’Italia e la cultura del “non reddito minimo” ........................................................ 67 2.3 Gli schemi di reddito minimo in Europa e in America ......................................... 72 2.4. Una proposta di classificazione ........................................................................ 73 5 Cap. III Programma Bolsa Famìlia: storia e funzionamento dal 2003 al 2010 .............. 85 3.1 Stratificazione sociale economica prima della bolsa (censimento 1940-2000) ... 85 3.2 Stratificazione sociale economica dopo la bolsa (censimento 2000-2010) ......... 94 3.3 Storia della Bolsa Famìlia ................................................................................ 101 3.4 Come funziona il Programma Bolsa Famìlia .................................................... 106 3.5 L’incidenza della Bolsa Famìlia sulla povertà e sulla diseguaglianza dal 2004 al 2010 108 3.5.1 Impatto sulla povertà dal 2004 al 2010 ...................................................... 109 3.6 Dati recenti sulla Bolsa Famìlia........................................................................ 112 3.7 Vincoli alla base: l’istruzione ............................................................................ 115 3.7.1 Vincoli alla base: la salute ......................................................................... 121 3.8 Le rappresentazioni della povertà in Rio de Janeiro ........................................ 126 3.9 Stratificazione sociale economica di Rio de Janeiro ........................................ 128 3.10 La Bolsa Família a Rio de Janeiro ................................................................. 130 3.11 Conclusioni .................................................................................................... 132 Cap. IV Povertà e diseguaglianza in Brasile .............................................................. 135 4.1 Poveri meritevoli e immeritevoli il dibattito brasiliano ....................................... 135 4.2 Origine della povertà e della diseguaglianza in Brasile .................................... 136 4.3. L’immaginario intorno alla povertà .................................................................. 138 4.4 Teoria della marginalità ................................................................................... 142 4.5 La diseguaglianza............................................................................................ 148 4.6 Povertà associata con la diseguaglianza ......................................................... 152 4.7. Fenomenologia della povertà (scenario) ......................................................... 155 Cap. V Case study: La Bolsa Famìlia ................... Errore. Il segnalibro non è definito. 5.1 Rilevanza del problema di indagine ................................................................. 161 5.2 Obiettivi della ricerca ....................................................................................... 161 5.3 Disegno della ricerca ....................................................................................... 162 5.4 Campionamento .............................................................................................. 174 5.5 Scelta della tecnica di rilevazione .................................................................... 177 6 5.6 Descrizione della ricerca .................................................................................. 178 5.7 Metodologia ..................................................................................................... 180 5.8 Risultati ........................................................................................................... 181 5.9 Tipologia dei beneficiari ................................................................................... 204 Conclusioni ............................................................................................................... 213 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................ 219 Appendice……………………………………………………………………………………243 7 INDICE TABELLE Tab. 1.1 - Comparazione tra Reddito minimo e imposta negativa 53 Tab. 2.1 - Politiche di contrasto in America Latina 82 Tab. 3.1 - Popolazione secondo il genere e il territorio 90 Tab. 3.2 - Ore di lavoro necessarie per acquistare mensilmente alimenti per una famiglia di quattro persone: Sao Paolo 1965 e1975 95 Tab. 3.3 - Tassa di alfabetizzazione persone 10 anni in su per sesso (%) 97 Tab. 3.4 – Popolazione secondo il genere e il territorio 2001/2010 100 Tab. 3.5 - Distribuzione della popolazione secondo il sesso e le grandi regioni 101 Tab. 3.6 – Tassa di mortalità infantile divisa in grandi regioni 103 Tab.. 3.7 - Distribuzione persone di 10 anni in su di età, per livello di istruzione, secondo le Grandi Regioni 106 Tab. 3.8 - Riduzione della povertà e parcella attribuibile ala Bolsa Famìlia 117 Tab. 3.9 - Famiglie beneficiarie della Bolsa Famìlia per fascia di reddito, secondo le grandi regioni 2013 (%) 118 Tab. 3.10 - Beneficiari della Bolsa Famìlia per singolo Stato 120 Tab. 3.11 - Comparazione tassa di abbandono scolastico tra gli alunni della Bolsa Famìlia e gli alunni non iscritti alla programma – Brasile e Regioni (2012) 124 Tab. 3.12 - Comparazione della tassa di rendimento scolastico tra gli alunni della Bolsa Famìlia e gli alunni non iscritti alla programma – Brasile e Regioni (2012) 125 Tab. 3.13 - Comparazione della tassa di abbandono scolare tra gli alunni della Bolsa Famìlia e gli alunni non iscritti alla programma – Brasile e Regioni (2012) 126 Tab. 3.14 – Frequenza a scuola beneficiari Bolsa Famìlia 127 Tab. 3.15 - Frequenza beneficiari Bolsa Famìlia che seguono il calendario della salute nei vari Stati del Brasile 132 Tab. 4.1 - Brasile: Aspettativa di vita alla nascita per colore -1950 e 1960 158 Tab. 4.2 - Brasile: Aspettativa di vita alla nascita per colore e istruzione -1950 e 1960 159 Tab. 4.3 - Brasile: Indicatori Selezionati per Regioni, Area, Reddito familiare e colore -1980 160 Tab. 5.1 - Dimensioni concettuali 174 Tab. 5.2 - Indicatori 176 Tab. 5.3 - Favelas coinvolte nella ricerca 190 Tab. 5.4 – Genere intervistati 193 Tab. 5.5 - Numero di figli minorenni all’interno della
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