Volume 1 • Issue 3 • Autumn 2017 ISSN 2463-5774 (Print) ISSN 2463-6258 (Online)
LineNew Zealand’s Defenceof and Defence National Security Magazine
Reading Private sector Between the to build Lines – invisible The Defence national borders Capability Plan 2016
Massey RiskNZ: University’s Repositioning Risk ‘Year of Security’ Management
The fog of Shaping NZ smokeless war: airlift for the Cyber security next 40 years capability for NZDF
www.defsecmedia.co.nz
IN A CRISIS, HOW FAST CAN WE CLEAR THE WAY FOR HELP?
THE A400M GETS VITAL OUTSIZED EQUIPMENT TO THE HEART OF A CRISIS ZONE In a humanitarian crisis, when roads are blocked and airports are down, immediate action can be the difference between life and death. The A400M’s ability to deliver heavy loads to unpaved runways makes it the best aircraft in the world to deal with such crises. It can carry up to 37 tonnes of supplies, equipment and personnel to the heart of a disaster. This versatile airlifter can even transport vehicles and mobile hospitals if needed. Put simply, the A400M is a lifesaver. Find out more at airbusds.com/A400M EDITORIAL & CONTENT elcome to the March-May 2017 issue of Line of Defence. Heading this Autumn issue is a look at DEFENCE Wthe NZDF’s potential future airlift capabilities, with specialist analysis from Dr Peter Greener (VUW) and Dr Robert C Owen (Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida, and ex-USAF). What does “like for like” actually mean, and what is the potential composition of the RNZAF fleet?
Also in Defence, we explore the NZDF’s plans for a cyber warfare capability, and consider offence and defence in an area where the enemy is often unclear and the rules of engagement even murkier. Also, we get you up-to-date on Defence industry engagement, and feature the latest product, industry and Defence news.
2017 is Massey University’s ‘Year of Security’, and in this issue 6 Reading Between the Lines – The Defence Capability we feature cutting-edge thinking from Prof Rouben Azizian Plan 2016 and Dr Rhys Ball of the university’s Centre for Defence and 8 Airbus A400M: Far side of the world Security Studies. Should new threats prompt a rethink about what ‘security’ means, and should New Zealand be playing 10 Shaping NZ’s airlift force for the next 40 years a more prominent role in regional security? Dr Wayne Mapp 12 Storing Sensitive Data Securely with Synology also discusses NZ foreign policy in the new Trump era. 14 SurfZoneView goes operational in Kaikoura In Border Security, Australia looks to the private sector 15 Maritime Simulation Refresh Project Industry Day to provide biometrics-led seamless borders, as are many 16 Defence Industry Engagement Strategy other governments globally; and in Homeland Security, Tim Jago of Risk NZ argues for whole of society approaches 17 NZDIA meeting talks Defence industry engagement to risk management. We also feature recent innovations 17 A new face for NZDIA board in emergency information management and search and 18 The fog of smokeless war: A cyber security capability NZDF rescue. 20 Release of Australian Military sales equipment catalogue I hope you enjoy your Autumn read of Line of Defence. 20 GA-ASI Launches Team Reaper Australia
Nick Dynon 22 Defence News Auckland
COVER PHOTO CONTRIBUTORS & INTERVIEWEES Peter Greener John O’Connell Stephanie Dillon This photo was reprinted with the kind Robert C Owen William Hoverd David Johnson permission of the NZDF Rhys Ball Carlton Ruffell Andrew Colarik Wayne Mapp Nicholas Dynon Graham Grose Tim Jago Debbie Howarth Rouben Azizian
DEFSEC media Defence l Fire l Security Line of Defence The Company The Logo The Publication Defsec Media Limited is New Zealand’s Our logo is based on the idiom “the pen is Line of Defence is derived from the Maori defence, fire protection and security industry mightier than the sword”. We’ve given it a kiwi for NZDF – Te Ope Kaatua o Aotearoa, B2B/B2G publishing group. We publish the twist by replacing the quill with a silver fern, which reflects our NZ identity and our leading business magazines Line of Defence, and the sword with a Maori spear, or taiaha, understanding of international, national, FireNZ and nzSecurity, and we are proudly similar to that featured in the New Zealand border and homeland security as 100% independent and kiwi. Army coat of arms. representing various ‘lines’ of defence.
4 INTERNATIONAL SECURITY HOMELAND SECURITY
24 Massey University’s ‘Year of Security’ 38 RiskNZ: Repositioning Risk Management 25 New challenges require a rethink of security 39 Risk Appetite Statements: useful or useless? 26 A comprehensive approach to national security and a more 40 StratSim receives funding for emergency information assertive New Zealand in regional security? system
30 New Zealand foreign policy with President Trump 41 Drone swarms to seek out and triage survivors 42 Homeland Security News
BORDER SECURITY REVIEWS & EVENTS
32 Australia to provide seamless border for bona fide travellers 33 South Africa hits back at NZ visa snub 44 Security challenges in a globalised world — is New Zealand prepared for them? 33 Indian student deportation standoff 45 Project management lessons from the extreme cold. 34 Private sector to build invisible national borders 46 Events 36 Border Security News
UPCOMING ISSUE ASSOCIATIONS Upcoming issue: June-August 2017: Capability Sustainment; Defence estate; Special Operations; National Emergency Management; Civil-Military Relations.
Contact Details: Find us online at: Disclaimer: Web: www.defsecmedia.co.nz The information contained in this publication is given in good faith and Managing Editor: Postal and delivery address: has been derived from sources believed to Nick Dynon 27 West Cresent be reliable and accurate. However, neither M: +64 (0)22 366 3691 Te Puru 3575, Thames RD5 the publishers nor any person involved New Zealand in the preparation of this publication E: [email protected] accept any form of liability whatsoever www.facebook.com/ for its contents including advertisements, Publisher: defsecmedia/ editorials, opinions, advice or information Craig Flint or for any consequences from its use. T: +64 (07) 868 2703 www.twitter.com/DefsecNZ Copyright: E: [email protected] No article or part thereof may be www.linkedin.com/company/ reproduced without prior consent of the defsec-media-limited publisher.
5 DEFENCE Reading Between the Lines – The Defence Capability Plan 2016
Dr Peter Greener, Senior Fellow at Victoria University Wellington’s Centre for Strategic Studies, looks at what the Defence Capability Plan tells us about ANZAC frigate replacement and airlift.
hen the Defence White of the same era as the ANZACS, whilst Paper was released in June Once again Australia the last US frigate USS Kauffman was 2016 there was criticism decommissioned in 2015. Buying the that it lacked detail on is to build new last of the original Australian ANZACS Wfuture capability purchases, with Phil frigates and is would provide only a stop-gap solution. Goff commenting that, “it adds little of In 1998 when a third frigate was value”. In some quarters though there committed to developing being debated, the then Minister of was hope that would be rectified with a sustainable Defence Max Bradford had organized the release of the subsequent Defence the prospect of purchasing a second- Capability Plan in November 2016. naval shipbuilding hand ANZAC from the Australians, Perhaps not surprisingly, given capability. which they would then replace with a that the Ministry of Defence is still new-build. Once again Australia is to in the early stages of the capability New Zealand build new frigates and is committed procurement process for many of the will be looked to as a to developing a sustainable naval major items to be replaced, there is shipbuilding capability. New Zealand will little detail here either. So what can prospective customer. be looked to as a prospective customer. be gleaned from this current Plan? As noted by Dr Wayne Mapp in This article will draw attention to two Within the Defence Capability Plan, the last issue of Line of Defence, sentences in the document of particular Section 4 there is an element headed “Inevitably there will be the opportunity interest. 2030 Force Structure. In exploring to partner with Australia in this project.” Maritime Domain Capabilities the first The Australians are committed to to be highlighted is the ANZAC frigate building nine ships for the Royal replacement, future surface combatants Australian Navy. Should three of these which will be “either in service or under ultimately be purchased new and/or procurement”. second-hand for the Royal New Zealand In an interview with Defense News Navy the production run could be in April 2015 the then Chief of Navy extended, which would be very attractive Rear Adm. Jack Steer commented, “I’d for Australian shipbuilding and add like to think that whatever replaces our value to the Trans-Tasman relationship. combat capability is here in time for Given the projected costs of new the other two to move on gracefully, replacements for the frigates and the so we don’t have a gap. That’s my only fact that the ships will be built over a concern.” decade, might the purchase of second- In that same interview Rear Admiral hand ships be contemplated again? Steer also said, “Three slightly used In exploring 2030 Air Domain combat platforms is fine; three brand Capabilities the first two to be new ones is fine. I just think we need to highlighted are: get away from two.” • A strategic airlift capability to Purchasing warships second-hand support independent operations, Dr Peter Greener is a Senior Fellow at the for the Royal New Zealand Navy is not New Zealand’s Antarctic Programme Centre for Strategic Studies at Victoria new; during the 1980s the Leander-class and the Joint Logistics Pool, University Wellington. He is also an frigates HMS Dido and HMS Bacchante humanitarian assistance and disaster Honorary Professor and was previously were bought and became HMNZS relief responses, and coalition Academic Dean at the Command and Staff College of the New Zealand Defence Force. Southland and HMNZS Wellington. Yet operations. current Royal Navy Type 23 frigates are • A tactical airlift capability that
6 ANZAC Frigate HMAS Perth off the coast of the UAE following Operation Manitou
supports independent operations, service with the US Coast Guard. search and rescue tasks, humanitarian When we return to the What of the Airbus A400M? assistance and disaster relief, and Both the UK and Turkey have had an coalition operations. question of strategic interest in an SAR capable A400M, but the aircraft has no real track record. Taking tactical airlift and search and airlift capability… However, when we return to the rescue first, whilst the RNZAF’s current then the A400M is question of strategic airlift capability workhorse airlifter the C-130 does and the requirement to transport heavy provide a search and rescue capability, it ideal. Would it though military vehicles or large helicopters, is customarily the P-3K2 Orion which be too valuable then the A400M is ideal. Would it undertakes such missions when long though be too valuable an asset to use in endurance is called for. Currently the an asset to use the search and rescue role? RNZAF operates six P-3K2 Orions With an inevitably reduced number but noting Dr Mapp’s observation that, in the search and of airframes compared to purchasing “The only practical replacement for rescue role? C-130Js might there be an issue with the P3 Orion is the P8 Poseidon….” availability of aircraft? Whilst the Future it seems highly unlikely that six P8s Air Mobility Capability project will make would be purchased given the cost of might replace the Hercules, also covered recommendations on the composition procurement. elsewhere in this issue by Professor of a future fleet, given the likely nature This then makes sense of the new Robert Owen. of future Capability Plans we mission focus for a tactical airlifter and Hercules aircraft are proven in the may yet need to continue to takes us back to the debate on what search and rescue role particularly in try and read between the lines.
7 DEFENCE
Airbus A400M: Far side of the world
t’s big, it’s quiet, and it stops on a dime. A Royal Air Force Airbus A400M Atlas is in New Zealand, flown from its home in Oxfordshire Ito the far side of the world in a long- haul bid to woo potential customers, including the RNZAF. The massive A400M Atlas cut a formidable figure at Wellington Airport on the eve of the RNZAF 80th anniversary Air Tattoo. It was in the capital to show off its capabilities to military and media representatives at 10,000 feet over Cook Strait, before flying its next leg to Ohakea for a static display at the show. Flown in from the UK by the Royal Air Force and Airbus, the aircraft’s visit is timed for the Air Tattoo and – importantly – as part of Airbus’ NZ Future Air Mobility Capability pitch. A collaborative venture involving interoperable airlift capable of ultimately increase to a total complement six European countries, the A400M supporting all three services. of 22. Procured and envisaged as a will be used by the RAF to support According to RAF Wing tactical air transport platform, the the deployment of the British Joint Commander Simon Boyle, the RAF’s Atlas is currently filling a strategic air Rapid Reaction Force and provide current fleet of 14 A400Ms will transport role.
8 “It’s still early days for the A400M”, nautical miles at near-jet speed. WGCDR to 108 paratroopers) or by landing on stated WGCDR Boyle, although the Boyle noted that his own crew had taken short, unprepared or semi-prepared aircraft is “getting close to being able a 17 tonne payload 3,000 miles across strips. It can be configured for a range to operate strategically in a tactical the US in eight hours of flying time. of payloads, including troops, palletised environment”. Its tactical capabilities Carrying 50 tonnes of fuel at medium cargo, military wheeled and tracked will be developed by the RAF over the weight, the aircraft’s four Europrop vehicles, two attack helicopters, one next eight years. International turboprop engines burn NH90 or CH-47 Chinook helicopter, or The A400M has already supported fuel at the rate of approximately 4 tons large lifting devices such as excavators the RAF’s Middle East operations in a per hour, he said. or mobile cranes for disaster relief freight capacity, he said. On the question of whether or not assistance. Its suite of defensive aids include the A400M was capable of a round trip radio and infrared frequency detectors, from New Zealand to Antarctica and Airbus A400M Atlas Specs: electronic countermeasure equipment with how much of a payload, WGCDR Engines: 4 EPI TP400-D6 turboprops and chaff/flare dispensers. Boyle said he’d need to look closely at Thrust: 11,000shp each Impressed with the Atlas’ the flight plan, but that it was ultimately Maximum speed: 410kts performance, WGCDR Boyle’s team up to Airbus to demonstrate to the Maximum altitude: 40,000ft flew its A400M from its base at RAF RNZAF that the aircraft can meet its Length: 45.1m Brize Norton in Oxfordshire via Iceland, requirements. Span: 42.4m continental USA, Hawaii and Fiji to Capable of low-level (to 150ft) Aircrew: 3 Wellington. and high-level (to 40,000ft) flying, The Atlas is capable of carrying a the aircraft can deploy troops and/ Line of Defence Magazine travelled to load of 25 tonnes over a range of 2,000 or equipment either by parachute (up Wellington courtesy of Airbus.
9 DEFENCE
Shaping New Zealand’s airlift force for the next 40 years
Dr Robert C. Owen, Professor of Aeronautical Science at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, offers his thoughts on the airlift options available to the RNZAF. He argues that the Air Force has basically two broad options for modernising its fleet.
s the title of this thought piece expected operational roles, and risks. Given these considerations, the implies, New Zealand is on Strategic constraints—when where, and range of aircraft available and suitable to the cusp of a force structure how New Zealand expects to employ its replace the RNZAF’s C-130s is actually decision that will shape the airlift forces—will shape their desirable quite narrow. New Zealand defence Acapabilities of its airlift fleet for decades scales and composition. Budgetary analysts have already discussed this issue to come. This is a profoundly important priorities will boundary the possible in depth, so it is useful here only to decision, since the transport aircraft makeups of those forces. provide a summary from, perhaps, and chosen for the RNZAF will shape its Categories of expected operational outside perspective: ability to support the nation’s military, roles include the airlift of military air diplomatic, international engagement, and ground combat forces, logistical The Airlift Options regional leadership, domestic and transportation of people and “piece” The Chinese Xian Y-20 and Antonov international disaster relief, and scientific cargos, VIP transport, and medical AN-70 appear to be suitable and endeavors. evacuation. Risk assessments begin relatively low cost alternatives, but their Air mobility force planning involves with visualizations of likely enemy origins from states with governmental a calculus of many elements, including threats, but also include such operational systems and foreign policies inimical strategic constraints, budgetary priorities, risks as limitations in available airfield to those of New Zealand make these infrastructures and the possibility that aircraft politically and logistically future requirements will exceed future unsuitable for the RNZAF. capabilities. Japan’s Kawasaki C2 is also not a The RNZAF’s ongoing effort suitable choice. It is the most expensive to develop an affordable plan to aircraft available, with a basic (aircraft- recapitalize its airlift fleet involves only) pricetag of around USD 170 interplay of all of these mission and million. The plane also is not designed operational considerations. for operations on short and unpaved New Zealand’s global runways, and Japan’s limited production commitments place a heavy burden plans for the aircraft raises questions on its small fleet of two Boeing about long-term logistical support. 757s and five early-series C-130Hs. Buying more Lockheed C-130Js is Both sets of aircraft are operating at an obvious choice for New Zealand, the limits of their service lives, are given its derivation from the C-130Hs expensive to maintain, and suffering already in the inventory. The plane has reliability problems. transoceanic range, but its 350-knot (650 Typically, the Boeing 757s support kph) cruise speed makes it the slowest, as long-range routine and VIP personnel well as the smallest, option on the table. and piece-cargo movements, while the With a basic pricetag of around USD C-130s move piece cargos and larger 69 million, the “J-model” is the least Dr Robert C. Owen is Professor of Aeronautical Science at Embry-Riddle items of military equipment and vehicles expensive replacement option available, Aeronautical University in Florida, USA. up to the 19-tonne New Zealand Light per aircraft, though not necessarily During his distinguished career in the Armored Vehicle (NZLAV). RNZAF per mission accomplished. A point United States Air Force he clocked 3,200+ C-130s also operate into short and of concern is that the Herc offers no flying hours in C-130 and T-37, 38, and 41 unpaved airfields in combat zones and expansion space to accommodate up- aircraft. small Pacific islands. armored versions of the NZLAV or any
10 C130J
larger protected firepower vehicles or involved with these options, but their Each of these options offer different equipment items that the Army or civil basic outlines aren’t likely to change. mixes of institutional and operational agencies may need to move in the future. advantages and risks. Several in New Zealand have Option 1: Option 1 minimises institutional commented favorably on the Embraer Replace the current fleet of Boeing and operational risk by sticking with the KC-390. Essentially, it is a jet- 757s with newer-but-still used medium- essentials of the current set up, with powered equivalent to the C-130, with weight airliners, and acquire five C-130Js the possible variation of bringing in similar cargo deck dimensions and or KC-390s to replace the RNZAF’s a jet, the KC-390, as the core airlifter. payload capacity. Its distinguishing C-130Hs. The choice between the But, Option 1 offers little improvement characteristics in relation to the C-130J and KC-390 likely will hinge on over current capabilities, no expansion C-130 are a 470 knot (870 kph) cruise the tradeoff between the tactical airfield space to handle unforseen increases in speed, slightly better range-payload capabilities and logistical familiarity of the sizes and weights of New Zealand’s characteristics between developed the “Herc,” and the higher speed and combat or engineering vehicles, and runways, and somewhat inferior better range/payload performance of will require more aircrews and support tactical airfield performance. The the KC-390. personnel to operate. KC-390’s basic cost is about USD 85 As an estimate, the basic costs of Option 2 gives the RNZAF a new million. two used Boeing 767s (USD 60 million capability to move present and future Finally, the Airbus A400M is each) and 5 C-130Js (USD 69 million ground combat units, military and disaster- a broadly-capable modernisation each) would be about USD 505 million, response engineer vehicles, and other loads alternative. Its cargo compartment while the Boeing 767/KC-390 (USD 85 over transoceanic distances while retaining dimensions and range/payload million each) option would cost about the current fleet’s operational flexibility to specifications are significantly greater USD 585 million. deliver them at or near the places where than those of the C-130J and KC- they will be needed. As an offset of its 390, but the plane remains capable of Option 2: initial cost, Option 2 would substantially operating into and out of virtually any Replace the current fleet with two new reduce the crews, support personnel, and tactical airfield useable by the smaller but smaller airliners, such as Boeing 737s logistical support required to support New planes. Its cruise speed of 410 knots or Airbus A320s, and three A400Ms. Zealand’s airlift program for decades to (760 kph) also makes it a reasonably With reduced loads of around 100 come. quick transoceanic carrier. passengers, the smaller airliners would The main implications of this The plane also can transport the have ranges of around 4,000 nm; discussion should be that airlift force NH-90 helicoper and can carry a comfortably transoceanic but at much structuring is complex and vital to the NZLAV for 3,700 miles, compared to lower operational costs than those of a strategic interests of New Zealand, 1,700 nm for a C-130J and 2,100 miles mid-sized jet. The three A400Ms would and that there are conceptual rules for the KC-390. A reasonable estimate increase New Zealand’s long-range lift and relationships available to ease the of the A400M’s basic pricetag would be capacity, while providing substantial challenge of working out the necessary around USD 150 million. expansion capacity to handle future plans. If sensibly applied in the context Based on these considerations, data, developments. of its specific military, political, and and its strategic interests, New Zealand The basic cost of this fleet option financial realities, New Zealand likely probably has two broad options for would be around USD 190 million for will come up with a fleet modernizing its fleet. Political forces and the two small airliners and USD 450 mix that optimally meets its non-public military assessments might million for the three A400Ms, for a total current and future military and drive variations in the numbers of aircraft of around USD 640 million. civil challenges.
11 DEFENCE
Storing Sensitive Data Securely with Synology
ynology made an impressive entry into the all-flash array storage market last June, unveiling its FlashStation SFS3017 and securing Best Choice Award at Computex 2016 in Taipei. Also showcased were surveillance applications, and a series of new NAS servers designed for SMB’s to large enterprises such as the Synology RackStation RS18017xs+ and RackStation RS4017xs+, Synology’s 3U chassis 40 bay scalable NAS. FlashStation Storage The exciting introduction of the Synology’s innovative products NAS, or Network Attached Storage, 40GbE connectivity option, will greatly provide enterprise, government and is more about ‘Network Application benefit Synology customers running data military clients with secure storage, Storage’ to Synology. Storage on centres, video editing firms, or other offsite replication and near-immediate the network is already a well-proven environments that require enormous data recovery. technology, and as we move toward the data throughput capabilities. By pairing For organisations with big data future it’s increasingly about what other 40GbE support with the new all-flash requirements, Synology provides high benefits or applications that storage solution, Synology brings one of the performance best-value solutions devices can offer users. most competitively priced, high speed to protect and access that data with Synology has built a reputation as a flash arrays to the market. relative ease – anywhere, any time, and revolutionary in the NAS landscape, and in near-real-time. Its aim is to provide now with its All-Flash storage solutions DiskStation Manager an all-in-one functional solution for all it’s poised to once again change the game. To harness all of its power, the FS3017 deployments across their entire range. FlashStation FS3017 is Synology’s is equipped with the award-winning The FlashStation took out the Best new all-flash-array series dedicated to NAS operating system, DiskStation Choice Awards’ “Data Storage” category. providing unparalleled data transfer Manager (DSM) – a proprietary OS Reviewed and selected by a committee speed. Delivering over 200,000 IOPS for all Synology NAS. DSM provides of experts from the technology industry, in 4K random writing with iSCSI over next-generation data protection with its academic community, media groups, RDMA enabled, the Intel-Xeon based 72 Snapshot Replication and Hyper-Backup and government, the award recognises bay system is scalable and affordable. features, which offer multi-version distinctive products that set the future With the growing processing power backup. standard for the technology industry. of recent servers pushing the limits Virtual and Docker DSM Synology has been honoured with the of 10Gb Ethernet, deploying 40Gb technologies maximise virtualised accolade for six consecutive years. Ethernet adapters will allow businesses resource allocation, and DSM’s more than “As more businesses see the benefits to take advantage of FlashStation’s one hundred features are easily accessible of using high-performance storage for ultra-high performance and eventually via a convenient user interface. virtualization, database applications, big open the door to higher connectivity DSM is arguably the most data analysis, video post-production, deployments. comprehensive and advanced OS for or other high-volume applications, To reach this level of performance, NAS, used by millions around the world, demands for AFA will only continue to the technical specifications of FS3017 and through its modular approach accelerate,” said James Chen, former are the most impressive in Synology’s Synology is adding new applications and CEO and current General Manager of line-up: dual Intel Xeon processors, up to features at an accelerating rate. the China Subsidiary of Synology Inc. 24 drives (from mainstream SATA/SAS The free back-up feature Snapshot “We are delighted to showcase our SSDs avoiding vendor lock-in), market Replication replicates 65,000+ backup first AFA at Computex, along with many leading support for 10/25/40GbE copies to offsite Synology servers, other innovations in the networking, NIC, and the ability of scaling up to a bringing near-instantaneous data surveillance, and NAS area.” maximum of 72 SSD. protection and ensuring data in shared
12 folders or virtual machines in iSCSI support. There are no hidden costs and I/O modules, Surveillance Station can LUNs remain available in the event of no more vendor lock-in. serve as the central hub of various disaster. No more waiting a day or two Synology supports all major automation devices such as LED lights, for data to be restored, Snapshot gets it virtualisation solutions, such as VMware, electromagnetic locks, and motion back within an hour or so. Windows Hyper-V, and Citrix. In detectors. “If you need close to real-time addition, support for VMware Site In addition, the desktop client replication without breaking the bank, Recovery Manager allows for starting allows users to access Surveillance then this is it,” suggested Douglas disaster recovery directly via VMware Station flexibly without needing to log Leung of VST, Synology’s New Zealand vCenter Server, simplifying the recovery in via a web browser. Furthermore, distributor. “We’ve been in the industry process. the deployment with Synology for 20 years, and we specialise in data Apart from performance, some of Central Management System(CMS) storage, and over the years we’ve seen Synology’s most attractive features is is now optimised with support for that a majority of the market is after a that it comes with an abundant array of QuickConnect and HTTPs and combined cost effective solution.” comprehensive packages and periodic notifications. “There are numerous storage updates in the DSM at no additional cost. solutions around, often out-of-budget Synology at a glance and at premium cost, where the user Surveillance Station Synology creates network attached will only benefit from a fraction of the For those seeking a powerful surveillance storage, IP surveillance solutions, and features. This is where Synology steps system, Synology’s Surveillance Station 8.0 network equipment that transform in, offering a wide range of enterprise features tools for creating an automated, the way users manage data, conduct features at a fraction of the price. On integrated surveillance deployment, as surveillance, and manage network in the top of that, as a New Zealand company well as a brand new Surveillance Station cloud era. we offer local representation and local desktop client. When connected with By taking full advantage of the latest technologies, Synology aims to help users centralise data storage and backup, share files on-the-go, implement professional surveillance solutions, and manage networks in reliable and affordable ways. Synology is committed to delivering products with forward-thinking features and the best in class customer services. Synology’s New Zealand distributor VST ensures that all Synology clients receive local knowledge and responsiveness backed up by Synology’s global support. For more information, visit: www.vst.co.nz
13 DEFENCE SurfZoneView goes operational in Kaikoura
aranaki-based oceanography company MetOcean Solutions has broken into the defence industry with software designed Tto get soldiers safely from landing craft to beaches. The award-winning solution was thrust into an operational role recently to aid naval beach landings as part of the evacuation of people from quake-hit Kaikoura. Named SurfZoneView, the breakthrough software takes the guesswork out of beach landings by mapping currents, rips, swell, wave height and other variables that occur in the surf zone. It is the result of collaboration between wave exposed coastlines. Applications There was also, he observed, a great MetOcean Solutions and the New might include – but are not limited deal of “mutual respect within the team Zealand Defence Technology Agency to – coast guard operations, coastal - everybody were scientists and had a (NZDTA). engineering and surf lifesaving. high degree of expertise, which resulted “The NZDF initially approached According to the MetOcean team, in great ideas flowing from both sides.” MetOcean Solutions with their vision a key enabler for the success of the Apart from the naval response to the for a tactical decision aid to plan beach project was a very clear vision and Kaikoura Earthquake, SurfZoneView landings along wave exposed shorelines,” scope from the NZDF, as well as the has been used in several exercises. It was MetOcean’s technical director David NZDF’s desire to be engaged during also a winner at last year’s prestigious Johnson told Line of Defence. “DTA the development process, including the Minister for Defence Industry Awards got involved as collaborators to ensure provision constructive feedback. for Excellence. that the end result was fit for purpose This involved a significant volume of MetOcean took out the Category 2 and of sufficient scientific rigour.” communication and feedback as the tool award for the provision of a product to Apart from assisting with developed, said Dr Johnson. “NZDF defence of less than $15 million. Hawker amphibious landings, the tool is capable communicated how the tool was to be Pacific NZ Limited and Kongsberg of assisting nearshore operations in used within an operational setting very Defence Systems took out the remaining general, facilitating the planning and clearly, which allowed us to ensure that two categories. execution of any activity occurring along the tool was able to be used as planned.” “The awards are an important way of acknowledging the role the defence industry plays in supporting both the Ministry of Defence and the New Zealand Defence Force,” Minister Brownlee stated. “We are very proud of the award,” said Dr Johnson. “It validates our mission which is to create real-world end-user tools and applications from the latest oceanographic science.” The software is to be made commercially available to navies, civil defence agencies and coastguards around the world. MetOcean has already received significant interest, including from the Italian, French, British, Brazilian and Thai Navies.
14 Maritime Simulation Refresh Project Industry Day a hit
n 19th December, the NZDF issued a Notice of Information (NOI) to inform Industry of its intention to Oseek submissions via RFP or RFT for a Prime Solution Integrator to deliver key outcomes for Phase one of the Maritime Simulation Refresh Project. As part of the process, an “Early Engagement seminar” would be held in Auckland early in February. Fast-forward several weeks, and the RNZN Maritime Simulation Refresh Project Industry Day has proven a great success. Fourteen supplier companies were represented in person at the event, with others unable to attend having registered for information to be made available to them. Of those who attended, 71 percent were primes, 29 percent were enablers, and 47 percent travelled from overseas to attend. “Great to have such influential and right, what priorities should we have? It’s RFT hopefully they won’t need to read knowledgeable primes and enablers in about understanding the problem and between the lines to understand what the room,” posted NZDF Director of providing the solution.” the outcome we want to achieve is.” Industry Engagement, Deb Howarth, “It’s an opportunity for primes and The industry day also sought on Linkedin. “Encouraging to see the enablers of primes to hear from a single feedback from suppliers in relation passion from potential external partners source of truth, to gain more insight in to the procurement schedule, with about this project and partnering with relation to the project and to understand Defence asking participants how much NZDF and RNZN.” how they can add value through time they might need to adequately Deb’s post was soon met with several potential collaboration to complete the prepare for the RFT given the scope of comments from industry attendees picture.” the project. praising the event. Greater Industry involvement Registration forms completed by The industry day reflects Defence’s will manifest in the early policy and attendees upon arrival included a release new focus on early engagement capability planning stages, especially the authorising Defence to share the names with industry in relation to potential provision of support to decision-making of attendees and their companies. procurement. Listed as one of the five and the opportunity to provide challenge Presentations made by Defence staff on enabling principles in Defence’s Industry and alternative ideas. the day were emailed to attendees the Engagement Strategy, early engagement Participants were given the following morning. is intended to give industry more time to opportunity to make a five-minute Industry Days like this one are part consider future defence investments, and elevator pitch in relation to their of a planned deliberate programme of allow more opportunities for New offerings and capabilities. 71 percent of outreach not only to suppliers but also Zealand small and medium enterprises attendees also took the opportunity to to professional advisors, universities, to partner with prime contractors attend 30-minute one-on-one sessions technical institutions and interest groups. delivering larger initiatives. with NZDF teams, which ran over Importantly, such activities support Early engagement is about ensuring the afternoon of the first day and Defence’s commitment to maintaining Defence and industry becoming better- throughout the following day. an open, ethical, high integrity informed buyers/suppliers. According “We want them to bid, we want environment in all its to Deb, “it’s about asking have we got it them to bid well, and when they get the relationships with industry.
15 DEFENCE Defence Industry Engagement Strategy
n May 2016, the Ministry of Defence and NZDF published their vision for excellence in capability management. The vision foresees a system that operates across all phases of the capability life-cycle from strategic policy to identifying Icapabilities and then to acquiring, delivering, operating, and eventually disposing or replacing them. The Industry Engagement Strategy, published last November, explains how this vision is to be achieved. According to Stephanie Dillon, Chief Advisor Industry and Government Engagement in the MoD’s Capability Delivery Division, “Industry has an important role to play in helping us implement the [Defence Capability] Plan. The Engagement strategy sets out the principles and behaviours that will support implementation.” A big focus of the Strategy is ‘early engagement’ with industry. According to the document, early engagement means “greater Industry involvement in the early policy and capability planning stages, especially the provision of support to decision-making and the opportunity to provide challenge and alternative ideas.” “We will… be inviting Industry to become more involved in our early policy and planning activities by assisting with the information and thinking we require for informed decision- making,” stated the Strategy’s foreword. “We seek to tap into the future thinking and the outcomes of research and development from Industry that can offer us choices for what we do and how we do it and can provide challenge to our thinking and planning.” This means that industry is set to play a role in contributing to strategy and policy where industry experts can help build Defence’s knowledge of possible future capabilities. It’s a big change of approach. “Other nations are undergoing similar change and have done excellent work in this area,” said Ms Dillon. “We also happening,” observed Ms Dillon. “Industry Plans are currently relied on best practice input from various key stakeholders used when we develop our RFTs and are structured according across NZ Defence, Defence Industry and MBIE, to name a to need.” few.” “We also routinely undertake industry days in order to But the Strategy is also about developing existing assist industry maximise the opportunities and meet potential approaches where they align with Defence’s capability partners to deliver capability.” management vision. The Strategy’s mention of “partnering The Strategy also states that Defence is setting up new with Industry on opportunities for technological innovation, digital communication channels. There has already been a co-design, joint investment and enhanced service delivery” is website refresh, and MoD is developing a dedicated section an example of this. of its website that will enable Industry to access and search “Our Defence Technology Agency, MBIE, NZTE, and our capability-specific information as well as receive updates on tertiary institutions all work together currently to assist in the news, legislation and regulation changes. The site will be used area. The work we are undertaking will provide a purposeful by Defence to maintain a capability knowledge database for and systematic way for the development and advancement of better alignment to opportunities. Defence Industry’s ideas.” “Phase 2 of our website is currently being Also articulated in the Strategy is the requirement that designed,” said Ms Dillon. “It will include respondents to RFTs complete a New Zealand Industry helpful functionality which will be revealed Engagement Plan as part of their bid. “This is already later this year.”
16 NZDIA member meeting talks Defence industry engagement
he NZDIA’s February member the release of a range of handbooks between phases in the cycle hasn’t been meeting saw a number of or ‘how to guides’. The handbooks, as integrated as we would have liked. presentations by Defence staff, explained Ms Howarth, are aimed at IPTs were established to get over this including an introduction to upskilling the NZDF – and where problem.” Tthe Industry Engagement Roadshow by appropriate external parties – on topics IPT involvement will start early Debbie Howarth, Director of Industry including the running of industry in the life of a project at Approval to Engagement (NZDF), and an update days, procurement fundamentals, and Initiate and ceases “at an agreed point” on the transition to Integrated Project management of IP. when a project reaches its operational Teams by Huntley Wright, Assistant Mr Wright then introduced the role capability. Director Capability Branch (MoD). of Integrated Project Teams (IPTs) The transition to IPTs commenced From late March and throughout in the procurement of major defence 01 February with the following April, the Industry Engagement capabilities. Over the past two years projects: Future Air Surveillance Roadshow will tour bases and camps the Defence Change Action Program Capability, Future Air Mobility countrywide, providing the Chief has focused on a number of elements, Capability, Frigate Systems Upgrade, of Joint Defence Services (CJDS) a including whole of life costing and Maritime Sustainment Capability, vehicle for the launch of the NZDF industry engagement, he explained. “At Littoral Operations Support Capability, Framework for External and Industry the heart of this entire process is the and Network Enabled Army (C4). Engagement. Integrated Project Teams”. Projects slated to transition on 01 Via recorded video message, “Phases in the capability life cycle July include the Third Offshore Patrol CJDS Charles Lott explained that the have ordinarily been allocated to one Vessel, Protect Mobility, and Garrison Framework will be accompanied by team or other, and the transition points and Training Support Vehicles. A new face for NZDIA board
he NZDIA annual general obsolescence solutions for a range of meeting on 23 February saw electronics within NZDF assets. the election of Scott Arrell Hurst came into the race as arguably of ViaSat, Heather Deacon an underdog. Unlike many of the other Tof SafeAir and Roger Hurst of Loop candidates he does not come from a Technologies to the board of the background of long term involvement Association. The election outcome with defence organisations. continues the board service of Arrell “However, having gone from and Deacon but sees Hurst join as a absolute zero involvement in Defence new member of the board. to the range of work we are performing In accordance with the Association’s today in a short time has taught me constitution, Bernie Diver retires from valuable practical lessons about the the Board, having served two years as process,” said Hurst during his election Chair. pitch. A co-owner of Hamilton- Hurst is an electronics Roger Hurst of Loop Technologies based electronics company Loop engineer. His early career as a Technologies, Hurst brings with him Loop Technologies provides a telecommunications design and build a New Zealand small to medium range of services to owners of high manager was followed by a period enterprise perspective. Along with value assets with electronics content. in quality management within the colleague Ross Olifent, he purchased Since taking over the ownership of telecommunications Loop in a management buy-out in the company Hurst and Olifent have and health sectors before his 2011, and the company now employs extended the scope of operations to return to telecommunications 65 people. include services for defence, providing as a business manager.
17 DEFENCE
The fog of smokeless war: A cyber security capability for NZDF
The recently published Defence Capability cyberspace and space efforts to protect current technologies and events are any Plan earmarks an investment on new cyber this infrastructure from being exploited indication.” warfare capabilities for the NZDF. Military or disrupted.” The Plan also clarifies what the cyber threats are increasing, which means a While not providing specifics cyber security and support capability ‘defensive’ capability makes sense, but with in relation to what a cyber warfare will be focused on: providing services laws of cyber conflict remaining unclear, all is capability may look like, Defence for deployed operations and specialist quiet on the ‘offensive’ capability front. Minister Gerry Brownlee stated at the military equipment. “As the Defence time that “it will be a significant number Force’s platforms and networks are A big change in the 2016 Defence of people who are deployed into the frequently deployed abroad,” it states, White Paper from the previous 2010 armed forces or from the armed forces “a similarly deployable, and dedicated, paper is its focus on cybersecurity in who will specialise, to a greater extent, in cyber security and support capability is terms of both national resilience and this sort of deterrent.” required to enable operations.” the protection of defence systems. In a television interview subsequent In order to meet the intelligence Noting the threat posed by increasing to the White Paper release, Minister support and cyber protection capabilities reliance on networked technology, Brownlee indicated that this would enhanced and established by the White it stated that New Zealand has an include a capability to defend and to Paper, states the Capability Plan, interest in “contributing to international offensively retaliate against cyber attacks. “recruitment will be undertaken across the Just what this means – like much of the Defence Force in the area of intelligence White Paper – has been the topic of data analysis and dissemination.” much speculation The capability, however, will The recent Defence Capability not overlap with the Government Plan provides some answers. Firstly, in Communications Security Bureau’s relation to the amount to be spent, the national cyber defence role or its foreign Plan states that capital investment into intelligence role. this capability, including infrastructure Given that the NZDF tends to and software, will be within the range of deploy in joint operations with other “less than $25 million” out to 2030. military partners, the capability will This will buy a learning curve need to protect our forces in coalition into hardened cyber defence,” says contexts. “NZDF systems will require Dr Andrew Colarik, an expert in an interoperability with the allies they cybersecurity at Massey University’s integrate and deploy with,” says Dr Centre for Defence and Security Studies. Colarik. “As such, the risk of cyber- Massey University’s Dr Andrew Colarik “I suspect more will be required if attacks to both information and
18 infrastructure will be comparable.” an expanding NATO, one of the ways are deployed, the greater proliferation of On the question of a capability to Russia can counter NATO expansion the next generation, and its offspring.” offensively retaliate against cyber attacks, “without physical destruction and clarity remains elusive. without a cost in human lives is to use A new battlespace “I think their plan to further harden cyber,” Leo Taddeo, Chief Security The cyber battlespace is a ‘smokeless’ one their infrastructure and operational Officer for Cryptzone, told online in which state and non-state actors have environment is important,” Dr Colarik publication Cipher Brief. “Therefore, been inflicting damage on each other for observes. “However, while the fluidity it’s natural that the Russians are going years, but with – arguably – no human and innovative nature of the battlespace to escalate the use of cyber in their casualties. But with increasing reliance involving network centric warfare efforts to convince us that we should on networked real-world capabilities, greatly enhances military operations, not continue the expansion toward their militaries are increasingly acknowledging it also requires the means to eliminate borders.” cyber as a new battlefield. those attacks that specifically seek to Taddeo sees a similar scenario in “It’s like an operational domain: disrupt and/or eliminate the use of this the contest over the South China Sea. Sea, land, air, space, and cyber,” Charlie capability. What form this takes is open “Cyber is another tool that we will Stadtlander, chief spokesperson for the to discussion.” see China use against adversaries like US Army’s Cyber Command, told Tech Vietnam, Japan, and the Philippines,” he Insider. “It’s a place where our presence The international context suggests. exists. Cyber is a normal part of military “New technology is helping streamline The Russian and Chinese use of operations and needs to be considered as the transfer of data - a big advantage for proxies, such as patriotic hackers, such.” defence organisations looking to connect hactivists and media and IT specialists, The normalisation of cyber into troops and servicemen with the latest complicates things, limiting the ability of definitions of conflict, however, is a intelligence information,” says Graham states to properly attribute cyber-attacks vexed process, and is likely to remain so Grose, Industry Director, Aerospace & to their sponsors. for some time. Defence at global enterprise applications “Attribution is extremely difficult,” The NATO Cooperative Cyber company IFS. says Dr Colarik. “One network machine Defence Centre of Excellence, But while advancements in can hack another machine which in established in Estonia in the wake of surveillance and IT systems have turn hacks a third. Who is to say which crippling Russian cyber attacks on helped organisations react to emerging actor belonging to what group launched that country in 2007, sponsored the insurgent-type threats, says Grose, “as a given attack when these attacks can preparation of guidelines to address Law the volume of sensitive and classified occur from anywhere at any time? How of Armed Conflict (LOAC) as applicable data being stored has increased, so has do you attribute a machine’s actions on to cyberspace. the number of digital vulnerabilities.” to a person, group or state?” The resulting 2013 Tallinn Manual “Cyber threats are one of the “The smart ones will never get on the International Law Applicable to biggest threats to military organisations caught. The dumb ones are expendable Cyber Warfare, is considered by NATO right now and are becoming more and likely will have no idea who pulled to be the most comprehensive analysis sophisticated, more damaging and much the strings. In my opinion, decisions of how existing international law applies more frequent. Because of this, the regarding attribution are political, and to cyberspace. It is, however, non- cyber security market is set to be worth these rarely end well.” binding. over USD 200 billion by 2021. Proxies also target the weak. Of course, Russia and China have “Military organisations need an According to Taddeo, “we’ll see Chinese their own ideas about how cyber should end-to-end solution with a view of proxies – patriotic or directly sponsored be written into international law, having entire security operations in order – acting against countries that don’t entered into their own Information to efficiently monitor and react to have the kind of cyber defences that the Security Pact in 2015. Termed by some attacks. It is imperative that military United States does.” as a ‘nonaggression pact’, the agreement organisations and troops know that a It all presents a strong argument for also demonstrates glaring differences vehicle, aircraft or naval vessel is not boosting cyber security capabilities, but between Sino-Russian and Western ideas going to be interfered with while out on with states scrambling to improve their about what constitutes cyberspace. an operation.” military cyber security, it also portends And, again, there is the attribution It comes as little surprise, therefore, the very real spectre of a cyber arms problem. It’s no wonder then that that while defence budgets have been race, which – perversely – favours cyber many governments and militaries – declining in North America and Europe, aggressors due to the fundamental like New Zealand’s – are coy on the “both the US and UK plan on increasing asymmetry of the cyber battlespace. question of whether they have – or military cyber security spending.” “The relative cost to develop a intend to develop – ‘offensive’ cyber Russia, well known as a source of weaponised cyber-attack is time and warfare capabilities. Although the cyber cyber attacks globally, is widely forecast a small learning curve,” explains Dr battlespace has been characterised as to continue to enhance its hybrid warfare Colarik. “The cost to re-engineer and ‘smokeless’, its rules of capabilities – blending conventional, deploy someone else’s weapon is far less. engagement remain obscured irregular and cyber elements. I see an arithmetic progression occurring. in the fog of international In the context of its concerns over The more energy we put into attacks that cyber politics.
19 DEFENCE Release of Australian Military sales equipment catalogue
n a move set to benefit local in the disposal of ex-ADF equipment. Defence suppliers, Australia’s “The sale of ex-ADF equipment Minister for Defence Industry gives Australian industry the Christopher Pyne released the first opportunity to bid for work in the IAustralian Military Sales Equipment sustainment or refurbishment of that Catalogue on 17 February. equipment to a foreign government,” The Catalogue lists selected Minister Pyne said. “For example, equipment scheduled to be withdrawn in the sale of C-130H aircraft to from service in the Australian Indonesia with a sale price of $15 Defence Force (ADF), but that still million, two refurbishment contracts demonstrates a viable capability that resulted for Australian industry valued other countries might seek to purchase; in excess of $100 million.” along with details of equipment still in Products in the Catalogue include production that friends and allies could the Bushmaster Protected Mobility consider acquiring. Vehicle, used successfully in ADF The Catalogue supports the First service for many years, which is to be Principles Review recommendation to withdrawn from service from 2030. ensure Defence was a ‘Smart Buyer’ by “The Catalogue is designed to provide better leveraging industry, being more industry and our friends and allies the commercially oriented and delivering maximum practical time available to Christopher Pyne announces release of the value for money in its activities. This take advantage of these opportunities,” first Australian Military Sales Equipment also includes achieving value for money said Minister Pyne. Catalogue at Parliament House in Canberra.
GA-ASI Launches Team Reaper Australia
eneral Atomics Aeronautical “We have been working closely solution will provide mature, persistent, Systems has announced the with the Australian Defence Force to interoperable support to Australia’s launch of its Team Reaper understand the operational needs of warfighters,” he said. Australia solution to the AIR 7003 and are confident that our “We have assembled a team with GProject Air 7003 requirement, together RPA [Remotely Piloted Aircraft] System proven capabilities and a focus with Australian teammates Cobham, on Australian industrial support CAE Australia, Raytheon Australia, and and innovation. Our objective is Flight Data Systems. to expand the involvement of our The announcement came during the Australian industry teammates in opening of the US Pavilion at AVALON improving and sustaining this RPA 2017. “We are very pleased to be joined system.” in this endeavor by Cobham – our key Air 7003 will provide the Australian partner in Australia – CAE Australia, Defence Force with a medium-altitude Raytheon Australia, and Flight Data long-endurance RPAS, and will Systems,” said Linden Blue, CEO of include aircraft and Ground GA-ASI. USAF MQ-9 Reaper. Courtesy General Atomics Control Stations (GCS).
20 IW2017_Ad_210x297_v5FA.ai 1 15/12/16 11:43 am
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21 DEFENCE NEWS Modernising NZ’s Defence Force logistics Working Group, as ways to discuss new cooperation initiatives. 14 DEC: Defence Minister Gerry Brownlee announced that Mr Brownlee noted that Singapore is New Zealand’s approval has been given for the NZDF to progress work on closest defence partner in South East Asia and that New the Consolidated Logistics project at a cost of $130 million Zealand supported the upcoming counter-terrorism over five years. The project will bring the systems presently deployment of the Singaporean Armed Forces medical used to store, maintain and service the wide range of NZDF team to Iraq. He also affirmed New Zealand’s continued equipment into the 21st century, said Mr Brownlee. commitment to the Five Power Defence Arrangements and “More efficient management will allow the Defence Force ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting-Plus framework. to reduce the volumes of some equipment held and to be Dr Ng welcomed the Royal New Zealand Navy’s more responsive to new technologies and threats. This in turn participation of a Naval Task Group to Singapore for Exercise ensures the capital invested in Defence is able to be focused Bersama Shield and the International Naval Review in April on the equipment of highest priority.” 2017. The investment will not change how larger Defence assets, such as ships and aircraft, are managed, as these large systems NZDF to study massive waves are already well managed. However, smaller asset types, 09 FEB: The NZDF has launched a scientific device – a including vehicle fleets and firearms, will be centralised into moored wave buoy – about 10 kilometres south of remote regional pools where they can be stored and more efficiently Campbell Island in the Southern Ocean to study waves maintained. described as “liquid Himalayas”. It is the furthest south such a “Adopting this approach will create an opportunity to device has ever been launched. shift around $1.6 billion of capital over the next 25 years The wave buoy, which is part of a collaborative project from inefficient holdings to a focused investment on priority between the Defence Technology Agency (DTA) and capabilities. MetOcean Solutions, was launched from offshore patrol vessel The Defence Force will now complete plans to upgrade HMNZS Otago. DTA researcher Sally Garrett said the wave and build new infrastructure, such as storage facilities and buoy would be used to gather data like wave height and wave maintenance workshops at Linton in the Manawatu and direction over the next six months. at Burnham. “Defence will also modernise its computer “Southern Ocean waves are described by sailors as ‘liquid inventory systems so that all stock holdings can be tracked and Himalayas’ and remain largely unstudied, including our ability their usage history analysed,” Mr Brownlee said. to forecast them. The wave buoy will characterise what waves Nearly all of the implementation costs will be contracted are present, and this information will help us assess how well to local industry or to organisations with a local subsidiary our forecasting models are predicting these waves,” Ms Garrett or partner. Around $50 million is budgeted for construction said. projects. The proposed changes and outsourcing of Launching a wave buoy so far south had not been done maintenance, repair and warehousing functions will create before because of environmental difficulties, she said. “The at least 50 new jobs, mostly in the Wellington region and at launch requires low sea states, which happens about once in 15 Linton and Burnham. days in the sub-Antarctic region.” Commodore Jim Gilmour, the Maritime Component Singapore-NZ Defence relationship celebrated Commander, said the wave data gathered by the buoy would 16 JAN: In a joint statement, New Zealand and Singapore’s be transmitted back to New Zealand and studied, and would Defence Ministers Gerry Brownlee and Dr Ng Eng Hen be used to help design the Navy’s third offshore patrol vessel. observed Exercise Thunder Warrior, an artillery live-firing “The data will be useful because waves affect all facets exercise at the Waiouru Training Area. This year marked the of operation in the Southern Ocean and Ross Sea, from the 20th anniversary of the Singapore Armed Forces’ (SAF) design of ships to day-to-day planning,” Commodore Gilmour exercise. said. On behalf of Singapore, Dr Ng thanked the government and people of New Zealand for their strong support in NZDF to counter piracy and trafficking providing opportunities for the SAF to train in New Zealand. 08 FEB: The NZDF has sent a 55-member contingent and an The ministers also conducted the inaugural Singapore-New Air Force P-3K2 Orion surveillance aircraft to the Middle East Zealand Defence Ministers’ Meeting, and agreed to initiate an to join an international partnership against piracy and people annual formal Ministerial meeting to conduct discussions on and drug trafficking. issues of mutual concern. Major General Tim Gall, Commander Joint Forces New The key principles of the 2009 Defence Cooperation Zealand, said the NZDF team would help patrol 3.2 million Arrangement were endorsed at the ministers’ meeting, square miles of international water in the Middle East to particularly that cooperation between like-minded countries on support the US-led Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) over defence and security issues is an essential part of responding the next 12 months. effectively to threats to regional peace and stability. “Through this mission we will help protect vital trade Ministers agreed to explore opportunities for further routes around the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean and cooperation between the SAF and NZDF, including training demonstrate once again our government’s longstanding opportunities in New Zealand. In particular, they welcomed commitment to global security,” Major General Gall said. the establishment of annual Air Force Staff Talks, an The last NZDF Orion mission supporting the CMF ran Education and Training Working Group and an Operational for 16 months. The Orion and the supporting detachment
22 Zealand sub-Antarctic groups, and is one of the cornerstones of New Zealand’s sub-Antarctic World Heritage site.
AUD 1.7m innovation investment for ADF 02 FEB: Australia’s Minister for Defence Industry, Christopher Pyne announced that Ultra Electronics Avalon Systems Pty Ltd will receive Australian Government funding of AUD 1.7 million to develop and demonstrate an innovative technology to enhance Defence capability. Minister Pyne said this innovation project would complement existing ship-borne radar systems by developing techniques to provide naval ships with early warning of incoming low flying air threats, such as anti-ship missiles. Minister Pyne said this investment reflected the Government’s strong commitment to support and enhance the ADF, by building innovation opportunities between AVM Tony Davies farewells WGCDR Daniel Hunt, who will lead the anti-piracy Defence and Industry. “We are determined to use the operations. Courtesy NZDF. defence dollar to drive a higher technology, advanced manufacturing future. conducted 174 maritime surveillance flights involving The 2016 Defence Industry Policy Statement outlined the about 1400 flying hours by the time the mission finished in Government’s commitment to building and harnessing the December 2015. The NZDF team helped the CMF locate and innovation potential of Australia’s defence industry. intercept vessels attempting to smuggle drugs worth nearly On 5 December 2016, the Government launched the NZD 500 million. Defence Innovation Hub, which brings together existing The CMF is a 31-nation naval partnership that promotes Defence innovation programs to deliver a more streamlined maritime security and seeks to defeat terrorism and prevent and agile approach to Defence investment in innovation. piracy and the trafficking of people and drugs. South Australian Defence innovation partnership NZDF supports sub-Antarctic resup mission 25 JAN: A Defence Innovation Partnership between 31 JAN: HMNZS Otago supported 23 Department of Australia’s Defence Science and Technology (DST) Group Conservation (DoC) and MetService workers carrying out and South Australian Universities has been established. resupply and maintenance tasks on remote Campbell Island According to Australian Minister for Defence Industry, from 3-20 February. The sub-Antarctic island is home of six Christopher Pyne, the new partnership will enable Defence species of albatross and the world’s rarest duck. to further leverage science and technology expertise from “One of the NZDF’s key commitments is to support SA’s leading academic institutions and industry.” other government agencies in New Zealand and in the Pacific “This new partnership between the DST Group and the region. Using our ships, aircraft and people, we conduct South Australian university sector aims to create a centre regular fisheries patrols in our EEZ and in the South Pacific, for future defence related research networks in South or resupply missions to the Kermadec Islands or the sub- Australia,” he said. “It will provide a platform for industry Antarctic region,” Commodore Jim Gilmour, the Maritime and universities in South Australia to undertake joint Component Commander, said. cross-disciplinary research, solving Defence’s technology Lieutenant Commander Andrew Sorensen, Commanding challenges,” he said. Officer of Otago, said the ship would take 16 DoC staff, This initiative is consistent with the 2016 White Paper including biosecurity rangers, five from MetService and two which called for greater alignment across the defence from DTA to Campbell Island. innovation sector through closer cooperation with DoC Senior Ranger Jo Hiscock said agency staff would industry and academia. A similar initiative has already inspect field huts, bridges, tracks and boardwalks as part of been implemented in Victoria, and discussions with other routine maintenance work. They will also assess historic sites interested states are underway. and carry out surveillance checks to ensure the island, which Minister Pyne said the benefits of this partnership, was the focus of the world’s largest rat-eradication project in included better communication of Defence’s science and 2001, remains rodent-free. technology priorities to industry. “This partnership will help Kevin Alder, Meteorological Data Services Manager to grow a future talent pool of defence researchers and fund at MetService, said five agency staff would inspect joint projects to enhance industry capability and transition meteorological buildings on the island and carry out research into innovation.” maintenance work on the automatic weather station. “The As the coordinator and innovation integrator of NZDF’s logistical support is vital to maintaining critical Defence’s research and development activities, DST Group weather observation sites in the sub-Antarctic islands,” Mr would be a key player in the partnership, Alder said. contributing up to AUD 150,000 per year Campbell Island, which lies 700 kilometres south of New for research projects as well as seconding Zealand’s South Island, is the most southerly of the five New a senior researcher.
23 INTERNATIONAL SECURITY Massey University’s ‘Year of Security’
assey University’s Centre for Defence and Security Studies (CDSS) is New Zealand’s principal centre of education Mfor security and defence studies. It was established in 2001 to provide defence education for government agency personnel and interested civilians. Massey has designated 2017 as ‘The Year of Security’, which will see an intensification in CDSS’ activity, including a range of events and the launch of the book New Zealand National Security: Challenges, Trends and Issues. One of the Centre’s initial responsibilities was to deliver scale, it has also presented an equal Defence and Security Studies courses to the New Zealand Defence number of threats and challenges to comprises a broad range of important Force Command and Staff College. our individual and collective security. interdisciplinary topics that are areas Partnerships were subsequently formed Just how we understand and manage of real concern and importance for with the New Zealand Customs Service these threats, and how we educate the our citizens, our country, and our and the New Zealand Police. The Centre next generation of defence and security commitment to being a responsible has grown in terms of profile and specialists by developing problem- member of the international community. reputation, and supports the growing solving skills, the capacity to think Delivering relevant research and policy demand for appropriately educated and independently and an ability to research advice, developing effective and efficient trained government, business and private and make sense of complex issues, joint-interoperability amongst our sector staff in the defence and security is at the heart of Massey’s teaching defence, security and law enforcement space. programmes. agencies, is the cornerstone from which CDSS’ Strategic Advisory Board The Centre’s qualifications explore Massey’s defence and security studies comprises Chief Executives from a topics such as traditional and emerging programmes are based. variety of government agencies and the security issues, national security strategy, With offices in Wellington, Palmerston corporate sector, and provides strategic military operations, border security, North and Auckland, CDSS is already an guidance to the Centre to help meet its terrorism and insurgency, peacekeeping, important contributor to public discourse commitment to promoting excellence policing and intelligence. Its teaching and academic commentary on defence and in teaching, learning, and research. The and research has evolved to reflect an security issues. In its ‘Year of Security’, Boar’s current Chair is Carolyn Tremain, understanding of the contemporary however, the Centre looks to enhance its Comptroller of the New Zealand security environment, which identifies role in fulfilling the need for a Customs Service. traditional ‘defence’ issues as just one better dialogue between the The 21st century has delivered of a number of diverse areas within the security sector, academia and unprecedented opportunity on a global broader category of security. the wider society.
24 New challenges require a rethink of security
Dr Rhys Ball of Massey University’s Centre world. So when we talk about ‘security complex, with many crossing national for Defence and Security Studies suggests that environment’ we are thinking about boundaries. While some emanate from ‘security’ encompasses a broader and more the protective measures surrounding us states, increasingly we are seeing new complex range of challenges than what we’ve that enable us to live freely, happily and threats from a variety of non-state traditionally thought – and government is only well-free from risk, danger, doubt and actors; terrorism and cyber-crime are part of the solution. anxiety. perhaps the most widely known of Security is about safety and feeling these. Security contains the idea of people safe at all levels. At all levels – individual, But our security is also vulnerable feeling safe or free from risk, danger, family, community, society, and to the effects of climate change and doubt, anxiety, or fear. Take these ideas nation – there are agencies that have its impacts on food, water, and human a little further, feeling safe and secure responsibilities to provide degrees of security. Other security challenges are means feeling protected. But protected safety and protection. Just who these presented in the form of biosecurity from what and by whom? agencies are and what they do is a very threat, securing supply chains and A physical threat can be one kind important question. resources, irregular migration, human of threat - an earthquake would be an We can list those – both official trafficking and smuggling, weak and example of such. But threats come in and unofficial (like volunteer groups) failing states, humanitarian assistance all shapes and sizes and the perception – that make up these various rings, or and disaster relief, as well as the rise and of security, threat and risk is important layers, of protection. Some are obvious, emergence of geostrategic influence in today also. Threats disturb our well- some are not so obvious. But when we the Asia-Pacific region. being and we like to avoid threats that consider the wider definition, and very But who is responsible for the disturb us. So we seek protection. broad understanding, of security in protection from all of these threats – Security involves recognising that the globalised world today, then their real and potential, traditional or non- creating the best circumstances for our inclusion within our discussion becomes traditional? Is there an expectation that lives involves us working with others to all the more apparent and necessary. the government should lead the way and set up protective measures to surround The study of security has do we trust those who are given this us and thus give us the best possibilities traditionally focused on the causes responsibility? for living well and happily in our and consequences of political violence Such challenges cannot always and has included such topics as civil be addressed by government alone; and international war, insurgencies, global institutions, non-governmental and terrorism. There is, however, organisations (NGOs) and private an increasing recognition that the enterprise have a role to play in a contemporary security environment security landscape that is rather provides a much broader range of different to the one our predecessors complex and multifaceted challenges faced. Just how we understand and that fundamentally affect security at manage these threats is at the heart of an international, national, societal, and how we should think about security individual level. challenges today. Security is important because more This calls for a transformation in so than at any previous time in human the way we think about security and history it is now able to be considered, how we respond to the new challenges identified and viewed by individuals, presented. While the state, and its groups, and society beyond those agencies and organisations, have a immediate affected; we see it now in real responsibility to do this on behalf of Dr Rhys Ball is a former intelligence officer time. Images of security and insecurity our country, academic and professional and a lecturer at Massey University’s are available to us constantly thanks experts within the private sector play an Centre for Defence and Security Studies largely to technological advances and increasing and important role (Albany campus). His research interests our insatiable appetite for such news and in contributing to the understanding include intelligence studies,, strategic information. of national, regional and studies, intelligence and military history, Security threats have become global issues of security for in particular Special Forces history. significantly more numerous and all of society.
25 INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
A comprehensive approach to national security and a more assertive New Zealand in regional security?
Should New Zealand take on a greater regional security role, and how well placed is it to do so? Why do we have a National Security Handbook, but no National Security Strategy? And is our approach to security too Defence- centric. Professor Rouben Azizian, Director of Massey University’s Centre for Defence and Security Studies offers his insights.
LoD: You commented during your ARF can be really effective as a security mean by that is that if you look at the FutureNZ talk in Wellington last institution. More broadly, existing Helsinki process there were a couple of November that regional security security alliances in the region have distinctive features: smaller nations were architecture (RSA) is inadequate to deal to be refocused in order to enhance quite instrumental in facilitating dialogue with unfolding security threats. How do multilateral security arrangements and between the two blocs and the major the new threats change things? not compete with them. powers, and the civil society was also ARF has been quite useful, but very active in this process. RA: We need to clarify amongst when it was put together in the 90s In the Asia Pacific, including the ourselves what we mean by regional soon after the end of the Cold War it ASEAN countries, civil society’s role in security architecture. One problem I was expected that Asia Pacific security security matters is very modest. New have is that when most commentators would be largely about transnational Zealand through its strong civil society, refer to regional security architecture security issues – crime, terrorism, could promote a broad dialogue in the they talk about multilateral institutions disaster management, and for those ARF Asia Pacific that includes government, only – and of course ASEAN and its has proven to be helpful – in building non-government and businesses talking security arm- the ASEAN Regional confidence, in creating mechanisms to about the rules and principles of Forum (ARF) as the centre of gravity or deal with disaster management issues, regional security that we can all agree to, hub of regionalism. terrorism and criminal threats. which would be a compromise between This being the case, it is very easy But what we have now is an different concepts and principles and to prove that our regional security increasing geopolitical tension in the national interests. architecture is inadequate because region emanating from China’s rise, And New Zealand is a country that institutions by themselves cannot resurgence of significant territorial is non-intimidating. It doesn’t have a accomplish much if two other important disputes, and the US efforts to retain its security alliance with any nation, unlike elements of the RSA are not functioning regional leadership. ARF doesn’t have Australia, and it is also widely respected, properly: (i) if the bilateral relations the muscle or unity to tackle those kinds has a good relationship with China and is between countries, especially the major of geopolitical issues. developing a much stronger relationship countries like the US and China, are with the United States as well. This allows not based on mutual trust and strategic LoD: You’ve suggested it may be time to initiatives from New Zealand to come accommodation; and (ii) if the countries look at designing a Helsinki-like process, across as non-biased and motivated by in the region are not able to agree to with New Zealand taking a leading role. genuine interest in regional stability and obligatory common rules and norms. How, exactly, could New Zealand play peace without our taking any sides. When we talk about regional security this type of role? architecture we need to refer to all LoD: You’ve also stated that New three interdependent mechanisms and RA: I am not suggesting that we totally Zealand’s rhetoric on regional security processes: (i) multilateral institutions, (ii) replicate a Helsinki type process, is not always matched by action, and bilateral relations, and (iii) development however, we need a broader and more that maybe it’s time to ‘advance’ NZ’s of common rules, principles and values. inclusive dialogue in the Asia Pacific; interests in the region rather than merely So, if the US and China disagree on a dialogue that is also not so much ‘protect’. Would this potentially bring us key rules and principles, I don’t think top-down but bottom-up. What I into competition or conflict with others?
26 allies and friends, or is it the case that we’re not willing to run the risk of upsetting countries and governments closer to home?
RA: It is both, I believe. Being active on the global stage is definitely very good for international networking and advancement of national interests, no doubt about that. It is also not easy to decline requests for support from close security partners. In some ways, doing it away from home is easier, because a supportive international role bears less responsibility than an expected leadership role in the country’s geographic neighborhood. But how do you justify it to your internal domestic public who can and are questioning this and ask why are we doing all this thousands of miles away RA: In the New Zealand 2016 Defence very farsighted as China and the when we have major security issues White Paper, two terms attracted my United States seem to be in major and resource challenges closer to attention. One is that New Zealand disagreement about key aspects of the home. We are struggling to protect needs to “protect” its security interests regional security order. And the new our maritime zone properly – and in the region, and that New Zealand administration in the United States has we have a significant one; and we needs to “advance” its security interests added more tension and uncertainty have issues and potential explosive in the region. To me, these are two very into this by sending mixed messages conflicts in the South Pacific that different things. about its perspectives on international need to be looked at. Protecting is something that all and regional rules of behavior and Finally, an imbalance in international nations do all the time. For countries engagement. and regional security roles can adversely that don’t have particular ambition affect the priorities, structure and within the region, all they need to LoD: What’s your assessment of New resourcing of security and defence do is “protect”. But New Zealand Zealand’s UNSC membership? forces. declares “advancing” security as another important goal. To me that signals an RA: New Zealand’s role in international LoD: We have a national security intention to play a proactive role. security affairs very interestingly seems handbook, but you’ve suggested this If New Zealand wants to to be more prominent than its role falls inadequately short of a national “advance” its interests it can’t just be in regional affairs. New Zealand has security strategy. What needs to happen reactive to security challenges, such as been quite vocal in the UNSC on the to make a national security strategy a deteriorating maritime environment, Middle Eastern issues, for example, but reality? rise of nationalism and separatism and I can’t recollect how New Zealand has escalation of tensions in the South specifically promoted regional security RA: The first thing that needs to happen China Sea, but rather it should be more issues in the UNSC, whether it’s North is that New Zealand Government needs assertive in creating an environment that Korea where a more nuanced approach to be more open minded and ready to prevents destabilisation and insecurity. would have been helpful, or other open up discussions about security to a These are things important for New major security issues in the region. wider audience. Zealand’s well-being and economic What I think is lacking in New It is interesting that we have prosperity. Zealand foreign policy and diplomacy a Defence White Paper, invite This is where I think “advance” is a stronger regional voice and submissions to the Defence White means more “proactive” but I’m not contribution on security issues. We Paper and have numerous consultations seeing the “proactive” part yet. see our troops in Iraq, they were on the Defence White Paper, yet Secondly, New Zealand claims to in Afghanistan, and yet we have Defence is only one of the many areas be a peace maker or honest broker numerous challenges in our immediate of national security, and some might supportive of a rules-based international neighbourhood. argue that it’s not even the priority and regional order, and yet I don’t see area for New Zealand. Thinking about a particular push from New Zealand LoD: Is New Zealand then more security more comprehensively, we to help develop and harmonise those interested in enhancing its international have other important national security rules. This is unfortunate and not prestige and showing loyalty to its close issues that we need to take care of
27 INTERNATIONAL SECURITY beyond defence and intelligence: economic security, environmental security, demographic security and law enforcement issues. If the public is welcome and encouraged to discuss defence issues, why is the public not party to broader national security issues that potentially affect them more directly than defence issues? This is where I see a disconnect. There could be some concern that a published national security strategy might complicate the functioning of some security agencies given their sensitivities, but most countries in the world have overcome these issues, and have a national security strategy. A national security strategy doesn’t have to deal with classified information Pacific countries that are also small but As an example, in relation to or interfere with specific roles of less advanced and less democratic. earthquakes or fires we hear criticism security agencies; it’s about developing a We shouldn’t blame only of Civil Defence coming even from the whole of society ownership of security government agencies for a lack of minister himself, which to me signifies that in fact could help the security national security dialogue. The other that there are some issues with Civil agencies and their national reputation problem is that civil society, in my Defence and that when Civil Defence is through more openness in the long opinion, while strong in New Zealand not coping then Defence is called in to run. National security strategy is about in general seems to be a little shy when help. agreeing on broad principles, priorities, it comes to security. This is something So, we have two paradigms. Is it that responsibilities and mechanisms of I don’t really understand because when we have a problem the Defence dealing with security issues. increasingly when we discuss security Force will come and fix it, or is it a Again, it is about being ready, we are talking about human security better idea to ensure that Civil Defence proactive and preemptive. Didn’t and not just state security. is properly equipped, organised and the recent emergency responses Security is about more than just structured so that we don’t have to call in Kaikoura and Christchurch guns and spies, it’s also about food, defence force every time? And that clearly demonstrate weaknesses of environment, economy, migration is where I see the danger of having a interagency coordination and lack of issues – it’s much broader, and I think Defence White Paper but not having a communication with the public? in general we all accept that. But when National Security White Paper. We need to de-bureaucratise it comes to practice, we’re somehow My concern is that we are security. I think the distinction between sticking to the same old processes overemphasizing the defence side of ‘handbook’ and ‘strategy’ is that and methods. This is not how security things, and we have a Defence White ‘handbook’ is a very narrow and frankly needs to be handled in the 21st century. Paper looking like a national security boring term. Strategy is a much more paper despite the fact it is not. I do exciting, democratic and appealing tool, LoD: The 2016 Defence White Paper hear from other agencies that the lack and would definitely be appreciated mentions that New Zealand takes an “all- of national security strategy puts them by the New Zealand public and our hazards” approach to national security. Is in a peripheral position where they are international partners. a defence white paper the right place for becoming secondary to the Defence I have nothing against the talking about New Zealand’s overarching Force, and I don’t believe that’s the handbook, but a handbook without a national security objectives? right way of going about it. nationally owned strategy doesn’t go far enough in ensuring national security RA: In some ways it’s reassuring but Professor Rouben Azizian is Director of consensus and resilience. in others it might raise concerns Massey University’s Centre for Defence and because for some it may look like Security Studies. He was previously with the LoD: Who would you bring to the table? we are militarising certain aspects of US Defence Department’s Asia-Pacific Center security or putting Defence in charge for Security Studies (APCSS) in Honolulu RA: Civil society, business and the of more than just traditional military where he lectured and conducted research on the media all should all be part of the issues. This is quite dangerous, because Asia-Pacific Regional Security Architecture, discussion. I have had some experience you’re potentially taking away influence, Diplomacy and Confidence Building, in my previous job facilitating this kind power and capacity building from Security Sector Development, as of whole of society national security other agencies that are probably more well as US, Russian, Central strategy development processes in Asia- adequate in their specialist areas. Asian and Oceania security issues.
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29 INTERNATIONAL SECURITY New Zealand foreign policy with President Trump
Former Defence Minister Hon Dr Wayne Mapp considers the uncertainties faced by New Zealand foreign policy in the context of the new Trump administration, but there are also opportunities.
30 he election of president Trump that seems to encompass most free It is very easy to focus on the risks has imposed an unusual level trade agreements. Is there any hope for of the Trump presidency. It is also of uncertainty over foreign a modified TPP? worth considering the opportunities. policy compared to any United This may depend on how the The New Zealand Prime Minister, TStates administration since the second new administration sees the strategic Bill English, has just returned from world. Old certainties have been advantage of the TPP. If this is his first overseas trip, which was to thrown aside. regarded as marginal, then the TPP the UK and Europe. He got a specific Can the United States be counted may not be revived. But if this is a commitment from the UK Prime upon as a leader in liberal free trade? significant factor, there will be an Minister, Theresa May, to fast track a Will the security guarantees stick incentive to do a fresh TPP deal. FTA between New Zealand and the UK. as bedrock commitments that are Much will turn on the perception Co-incidentally President Trump both predictable and not beset with that the United States has in respect of has also been promoting a FTA unreasonable demands? the role and place of China. If the new between the US and the UK. It fits Perhaps the most important issue administration is worried that China his support for Brexit, and his good for New Zealand is the change in will steal the march because of United relationships with the Brexiters. relationships in the Asia Pacific. One States reticence, then the dynamic There is a potential multilateral deal of the very first effects of the Trump favours a new TPP. At the moment it is here. In essence a “Five Eyes” FTA presidency will be the end of the too soon to tell. connecting the US, the UK, Australia, TPP, at least in its present form. This The new administration is still Canada and New Zealand. Each of agreement was of particular importance working out the best approach to them has their own reasons for a to New Zealand. China. At times they seem to favour a bilateral deal with the UK, now that the It meant among other things a free broad continuation of existing policy. UK is leaving the EU. Why not connect trade agreement with Japan and the At other times there is an emphasis on all five nations with a comprehensive United States. So what will happen issues that will deeply antagonize the multilateral FTA? next? Will the United States entirely relationship, such as greater recognition A “Five Eyes” FTA would be abandon the effort to conclude a of Taiwan, and the imposition of simpler than the TPP. There are more free trade deal with its Asia Pacific punitive tariffs. cultural and economic synergies partners? The Trump administration will between the five nations than there President Trump is not entirely build up the military with a particular were between the TPP partners. against free trade agreements, just those focus on the Navy and the Airforce. Such a deal would not need any that he sees as not providing the United The new strategic bomber is likely to be investor dispute provisions because States sufficient advantages, though accelerated. the five nations all have high quality The Navy will expand to 350 ships, independent common law courts, with the additional vessels being a though there would need to be a trade mixture of destroyers, submarines and court to deal with tariff disputes. possibly an additional aircraft carrier. There would also be the opportunity to It will take some years to achieve the include expanded working visas. build-up, although some of it may be Such a deal could take effect on achieved earlier by delaying out of the day the UK leaves the EU, say two service dates. years from now. So it would need to be The outcome could be a more active negotiated over the next year or so. presence of the US Navy in the western The fact that the British PM has Pacific and more frequent patrols in announced a hard Brexit might indicate the South China Sea. There will be a that the initial discussions on such a greater potential for tense stand-offs concept have already started. She will with the PLA. China is also likely to need to show the British people that she increase its own military spending in can negotiate a quality trade deal that response, again focusing on the PLA looks more appealing than being bound Airforce and Navy. into a myriad of petty EU regulations. There could be considerable risk The Trump presidency is a fact. and uncertainty over the next few New Zealand, and other nations, will months as the new administration have to find constructive ways of settles on its policy toward China. dealing with the new administration. A Hon Dr Wayne Mapp QSO was New Zealand’s Minister of Defence and Obviously New Zealand will be hoping strategic focus on the opportunities it Minister of Science and Innovation for as much continuity as possible. For presents will pay greater from 2008 to 2011. He was appointed to the moment New Zealand will adopt a dividends than obsessing the New Zealand Law Commission in wait and see attitude. over the risks. February 2012.
31 BORDER SECURITY
Australia to provide seamless border for bona fide travellers
ustralia’s Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP) is considering tender submissions Afor an automated processing solution to support the concept of a ‘seamless traveller’ movement through its borders. Seamless Traveller will see AUD 93.7 million spent over the next five years for the rollout of next generation automated biometric processing at major air and sea ports across the country. According to a statement from Immigration Minister Peter Dutton, “biometric capability will reduce manual processes allowing a fast, seamless self-processing experience for up to 90 percent of travellers and enable border The contactless, paperless process department ahead of the game globally. control officers to concentrate on would mean that some travellers may While there have been some limited passengers-of-interest.” never need to break their step from trials of similar technologies and plenty “In many cases that will mean people, disembarkation to terminal exit, unless of research and development going on whilst they’ll still have to carry their of course they’ve checked-in luggage to (see “Invisible Borders” in this issue passport, may not have to present their collect or duty free shopping to do. of Line of Defence), there has been passport at all in the long term,” Minister Interestingly, DIBP has not defined nothing in the way of comprehensive Dutton said. Travellers will instead be the specific solution but has rather implementation. processed through biometric recognition asked tenderers to provide innovative New Zealand has previously been of their face, iris and fingerprints that will solutions to “allow arriving travellers the beneficiary of early adoption be matched to existing data. to self-process”. This deliberately open across the Tasman, with NZ Customs The new system is expected to ended approach is deemed more likely Service’s SmartGate program having abolish the need for passenger cards, to throw up the most innovative mix of piggy-backed off the Australian passport control and will replace possibilities. The tender closed on 31 forerunner. manned desks and electronic stations January. Interestingly, the Seamless Traveller with automated triage points that Fairfax media has reported that project breathes real life into the utilise contactless technology and facial DIBP is looking to trial the technology idea of a trial of passport-less travel recognition cameras. SmartGates, this July at Canberra airport, which between New Zealand and Australia, introduced at Australian airports less handles limited flights to Wellington which was raised by Australian Foreign than a decade ago, will also be replaced and Singapore. With only four Affairs minister Julie Bishop back in by the new system. international Singapore Airlines flights October 2015. The abolition of passenger cards a week, Canberra presents an ideal test- Conceived out of a hackathon held would also result in the obsolescence bed, and Wellington ‘capital express’ at the Department of Foreign Affairs of Exit Point Marshalls, who direct commuters stand to benefit. in Canberra, the concept involved the travellers to baggage inspection or The next step will be the prospect of storing a traveller’s identity exit lanes based on their incoming introduction of the solution at a major and biometric data in a cloud. Although passengers card answers. airport in November, with rollout to be it no doubt raised a few bemused The tender also stipulates that the complete by March 2019. eyebrows at the time, it would now new solution does away with the paper The tempo with which the appear that passport-less cards currently issued by SmartGate Australian government is approaching Trans-Tasman travel is now kiosks, which, would result in an entirely the adoption of these new border no longer a case of if paperless process. technologies puts its immigration but when.
32 South Africa hits back at NZ visa snub
n what is widely seen as a retaliatory “These changes are being made as a Ironically, just weeks later, the measure, New Zealanders visiting result of an increase in the number of South African High Commission South Africa will now need a visa South African nationals who have been announced the 14 February to do so. This comes just months refused entry at the New Zealand border outsourcing of its visa application Iafter Immigration New Zealand (INZ) in comparison to other visa waiver operations to VFS Global. The instituted a visa requirement for South countries,” states the INZ website. outsourced operations provide for two African visitors to New Zealand. South Africa responded in kind, and visa application centres – one each Prior to the 21 November INZ from 16 January all New Zealanders now in Wellington and Auckland – saving change, people from South Africa did need three-month holiday visas when Aucklanders a trip to Wellington to not need to apply for a visitor visa before visiting South Africa, and these must be submit their visa application. travelling to New Zealand, with genuine obtained in person at the South African Whether applying for a New Zealand visitors granted a visitor visa on arrival. High Commission in Wellington. or South African visa, processing As a result of the change all visitors from The new rules mark the end of a times are said to be around six weeks South Africa now need to obtain a visa 20-year visa-free travel arrangement – significantly less convenient than the before travelling to New Zealand. between the two countries. previous visa-on-arrival benchmark.
Indian student deportation standoff
ight Indian students facing which provided a ‘symbolic sanctuary’ Zealand. It was a move intended to deportation from New Zealand and set the scene for a stand-off as raise awareness to their plight and for immigration fraud planned they made final bids to stay in New elicit public support. to voluntarily leave the country But Immigration Minister Michael Eby the end of February, but not before Woodhouse denied that the students presenting a case to the Ombudsman were victims. According to immigration to review whether or not they had an rules, anyone submitting a visa opportunity to prove they did not know application is responsible for ensuring their visa applications to New Zealand the information they supplied was were fraudulent. correct - no matter who filled out the The group came to New Zealand forms. on fraudulent student visas, along The deportation issue has divided with more than 190 others, and were opinion, with commentators either issued deportation notices last year. supporting the government line or They claimed that the fraud had been pointing to the damage that the issue perpetrated by their immigration agents will cause to New Zealand’s reputation who had falsified visa application as a study destination in the massive supporting documents without their Indian market. For its part, INZ has knowledge. been criticised for failing to identify Ten people, including students and the fraud prior to granting visas to the their family members, had been staying students, and then using the deportation in Ponsonby’s Unitarian Church, Michael Woodhouse , Immigration Minister mechanism to correct the error.
33 BORDER SECURITY Private sector to build invisible national borders
here is much talk in the the private sector to provide secure yet fortified barriers, is now observing the international media about altogether less visible border solutions. apparent opportunities to increase its walled or fenced borders being These solutions are envisaged to allow portfolio in Europe. But, says Doherty, erected in Europe in response free-flow border crossing for ‘registered/ Europeans generally don’t want highly Tto unprecedented refugee flows from enrolled’ or ‘frequent’ travellers on the one visible borders. Syria; and then, of course, there is US hand, and enhanced screening and security The company has developed President Donald Trump’s proposed measures for the rest. ‘intelligent fences’ that are capable of US-Mexico border wall. It is said that As such, the challenge put out by detecting intruders, as well as ground more walls are being built now than at government to business is to come up sensors and long-range security cameras any other time in history. with border management solutions that can see up to 24 km away. Borders have fast become politicised that reconcile the simultaneous – yet In Austria, a handheld biometric data symbols of national sovereignty as seemingly contradictory – political aims collections device is being developed to governments rush to be seen by their of making borders more secure yet less be capable of being deployed in fluid constituents as taking back control of their obtrusive. border crossing contexts where the lack territorial integrity and defending against “Border management programs are of border fences and border checking terrorists, undocumented refugee hordes basically the biggest business for the facilities mean that checks need to be and the threat of cheap immigrant labour security industry now,” Frank Doherty, done wherever people are choosing to displacing local workers. European operations director for border cross. While this may well be the case, technology firm MSA, told NBC News. According to Horizon, the EU running parallel to this the less MSA, which has mainly focused on research and innovation magazine, sensationally reported fact that many the Middle East where countries such as the EU-funded Austrian Institute of governments are actually looking to Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Oman favour Technology MobilePass project has
The handheld MobilePass device. Courtesy MobilePass/ Michael W Marling
34 developed a handheld device that can That provides border authorities collect biometric data from a passport with a series of facial images they can and scan passenger’s fingerprints and use to compare against stored images faces. Researchers claim that secure from a passport or past entries/exits. biometric scans and thorough passport The type of facial image comparison checks would take around 22 seconds this affords is more difficult to copy with the device. than a fingerprint. The device can scan a finger just “If you have a video capture, and by having it held up in front of it, and you have some questions along with this, securely transmit the data to a central you get pictures of the reactions of the database. The data from the device is face of the traveller,” explained Garbi. then compared with the photograph and “This is very difficult to copy.” 10 fingerprints of the traveller taken at The avatar is even capable of using the time of visa application (a European facial biometrics (micro-expressions) Schengen visa requirement) and held to analyse the non-verbal behaviour of centrally in the visa system. the interviewee and to indicate whether the passenger is lying. The site then Biometrics-enabled flow transmits the inputs to a secure back-end The EU has for several years been system that calculates an aggregated risk exploring various options to modernise factor. High risk travellers are flagged and improve security for the external for thorough checking, and low risk borders of the Schengen area. Its ‘Smart travellers flagged for lighter scrutiny Borders Package’ slated to include a Self-service check-in Kiosks at Aruba Airport. leading to entry clearance. new Entry/ Exit System (EES) and a Courtesy of Vision-Box It sounds a far cry from having Registered Traveller Programme (RTP). to attend a visa office in person to The EES will electronically record Vision-Box, a provider of end-to- sit an interview and/or submit one’s travellers’ time and place of entry end passenger experience solutions, biometrics as part of the visa application and exit to the Schengen area, and automated border control and electronic process. However, it will likely be some the RTP will utilise biometric data identity solutions, is behind Happy Flow. time before governments become such as fingerprints, facial image and The company has already deployed more comfortable with the level of security iris recognition to allow pre-enrolled than 1,000 Automated Border Control and assurance afforded by smartphone- and frequent travelers to experience and Passenger Experience solutions in based biometric collection solutions and simplified border checks. 50 international airports. webcam visa interviews. Negotiations between European In addition to enhancing the On the one hand, there remain member states, however, are ongoing, traveller experience, the solution significant question marks over the with the Syrian refugee crisis having provides authorities with an end-to-end security of personal data stored and intensified calls for more secure borders management platform that provides for transmitted via smartphone, although yet at the same time ushering in a border the “monitoring of the whole passenger the major banks have made significant context much changed from that in process with multiple security, efficiency inroads into adopting smartphone which the Smart Borders Package was and revenue benefits,” according to biometric fingerprint technology – originally envisaged. Vision-Box Senior Vice-President and will ultimately provide a relevant Interestingly, it’s the tiny tourism- Miguel Leitmann. precedent for government policy makers. dependent Caribbean nation of Aruba On the other hand, the potential that has been leading the way in Smart phones for smart borders use of avatars as quasi assessment or passenger experience. The May 2015 European Dynamics in Luxembourg is decision making agents will likely pose launch of Aruba Happy Flow saw working on a system that uses facial prickly legislative, procedural and risk Aruba’s Queen Beatrix International recognition to begin screening people management questions for immigration Airport become the first in the world to before they leave home. “You can authorities. provide a 100% self-service passenger use what you have at home, a personal In the meantime, we will likely experience. computer, without expert or specialised witness the proliferation of an Aruba Happy Flow achieves a scanners,” European Dynamics’ increasingly wide range of ‘smart border’ process in which certain passengers Anastasia Garbi told Horizon. solutions as governments scramble are only required to show his or The concept involves travellers to find economically and socially her passport once throughout their using their smart phone to take photos sustainable ways of maximising the departure journey through the airport. of their passport, visa and proof of mobility through their borders of bona The use of facial recognition allows the funds and uploading them to a website. fide tourists, business people, students, passenger to proceed to check-in, drop Using a webcam, they then spend a few workers and migrants, and managing off baggage, pass the border and board minutes answering questions posed to the risks posed by irregular migration, the aircraft, all without being required to them from a computer-animated avatar identity fraudsters and travellers with show a passport or boarding pass again. border officer. bogus visa claims.
35 BORDER SECURITY NEWS eGate automated families kiosk 2015 Budget funding of $6.6 million to sitting courtside at a sporting event and testing begins modernise and expand its eGates from sending messages to another person, in 25 JAN: Customs has begun testing 22 to 51 gates nation-wide. some cases overseas, to give them up a world-first automated border The next generation eGates provide to several seconds’ advantage on how process for families departing through a faster, simpler, one-step process for a match is progressing. This additional Christchurch Airport, says Customs travellers that takes around 25 seconds time is then used to place a bet before Minister Nicky Wagner. and provides improved security using the betting agencies can update their “It’s wonderful that we have an enhanced facial biometric matching. odds. opportunity to test this new system The expansion’s final phase is to be The practice is commonly used by right here in New Zealand. Customs completed at Auckland Airport arrivals transnational crime syndicates who is committed to providing a positive this year. target international sporting events. passenger experience, and this proof “Offering an automated self-service Following the baggage examination, of concept will assess the feasibility of option to low risk travellers at the ABF officers determined the men introducing automated processing for border enables Customs officers to to be non-genuine visitors and they family groups,” Ms Wagner said. focus on high risk areas – providing were subsequently refused entry into Currently, Customs’ eGates have high assurance with a light touch,” Ms Australia. an age threshold of 12 years and over. Wagner said. Regional Commander Victoria, The new kiosk gives families with James Watson, said “Corrupt betting children of all ages the opportunity to ABF halts alleged Aussie Open activity has the potential to undermine self-process as a group, as long as they scammers the integrity of Australian sport, have an ePassport from New Zealand, 29 JAN: Australian Border Force (ABF) and this detection highlights the Australia, USA, UK, or Canada. officers have stopped two Estonian vigilance of ABF officers in detecting “Participants first scan their nationals from entering Australia after and responding to a broad range of passports at the kiosk and the system it was revealed they planned to engage criminal activities and threats to our performs the normal Customs checks. in corrupt betting activities at the community,” Regional Commander Photos of each person are then taken Australian Open. Watson said. for biometric matching. The group ABF officers at Melbourne Airport then proceeds to a Customs marshal to became suspicious of the pair after Illegal fishing vessels apprehended validate and complete the process. discovering an unusual amount of in Coral Sea “We will assess feedback from electronic devices and other unusual 17 FEB: Two Vietnamese fishing families who use the system to get items during a baggage examination. vessels and their crew of 29 men their views, and also determine if the These items included remote controls, suspected of illegally fishing near kiosk provides the same level of border soldering irons, glue, a spy camera and Saumarez reef in the Coral Sea marine security as Customs’ eGates. an electronic keypad. park have been apprehended. “It is great that Customs is taking During questioning, the pair made Maritime Border Command a leading role in testing innovative admissions that the electronic devices (MBC), a multi-agency task force technology that, if successful, could were going to be used to bet courtside within the Australian Border Force change how families move through at the Australian Open. (ABF), working in cooperation with borders here and overseas. I welcome Courtsiding involves a person the Australian Fisheries Management those eligible to try it out,” Ms Wagner said.
20 million passengers use eGates 18 DEC: Customs Minister Nicky Wagner has announced that over 20 million people have used Customs’ eGates since their introduction in 2009. “Each week approximately 105,000 passengers self-process when crossing our border and this number is expected to continue to grow with the increasing volume of visitors to New Zealand,” Ms Wagner said. “Visitor arrivals to New Zealand are expected to grow 5.4 percent a year, reaching 4.5 million visitors in 2022 from 3.1 million in 2015,” she continued. “To meet forecast growth in traveller volumes Customs received One of the apprehended Vietnamese fishing vessels. Courtesy DIBP.
36 Authority (AFMA) apprehended and and March 2012. She subsequently charges for exporting and distributing escorted the vessels to Gladstone, unsuccessfully applied for residency objectionable publications. Queensland. and numerous visitor visa applications “Customs uses intelligence and The vessels were originally sighted were declined on character grounds. technology to identify travellers by an MBC surveillance aircraft on 15 Wati’s return to New Zealand who may be carrying objectionable February 2017. in 2015 was initially undetected by publications, and we have a small team HMAS Bathurst quickly intercepted authorities because she had entered of dedicated investigators who identify and boarded the vessels at sea. New Zealand under the fraudulently online offending. Forensic examination Both vessels had bêche-de-mer (sea obtained passport under the alias, of e-devices, detained at the airport or cucumber) on board. Australian Border “Rukhmanny”. seized at a search warrant, contributes Force Cutter Storm Bay was despatched According to Immigration New to the evidence gathered for to assist HMAS Bathurst steam the Zealand Assistant General Manager prosecution,” Customs Investigations vessels back to Gladstone for their Peter Devoy, the dual identities came to Manager Maurice O’Brien said. transfer to AFMA. light when Wati was asked to provide AFMA and Parks Australia are her original passport as part of the INZ clampdown on rogue employers investigating for breaches of the verification process for a partnership- 23 FEB: Immigration Minister Michael Australian Fisheries Management Act based temporary visa application. Woodhouse announced new measures 1991 and Environmental Protection “A facial comparison between to stop employers who breach and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 photographs of Wati and Rukhmanny immigration and employment law from (EPBC Act). indicated they were the one and same recruiting migrant workers. “Migrant Commander MBC Rear Admiral person,” Mr Devoy said. “A subsequent workers make a valuable contribution Peter Laver said this is another fingerprint analysis corroborated the to our workforce and have the same successful outcome following facial recognition evidence. rights as any other worker,” Mr Australian Government agencies’ Woodhouse said. concerted efforts to detect and stop Customs cracks down on child The measures will include the illegal fishing in Australian waters. exploitation introduction of stand-down periods “The size of Australian’s maritime 17 FEB: Customs’ crackdown on during which time employers who domain may lead these fishers to child exploitation has resulted in flout the law will be banned from believe that our seas are unmonitored four separate arrests, which included recruiting further migrant workers. and therefore freely available to theft,” passengers carrying objectionable These employers will be banned from Rear Admiral Peter Laver said. images at New Zealand airports. recruiting migrant labour for periods “Our resources, including On Friday 13 January, Customs ranging from six months to two years, personnel, water and air-based assets, as profiling prompted the questioning of depending on the severity of the case. well as cutting-edge technology, allow a 47-year-old NZ resident at Auckland Published guidelines and criteria us to monitor and promptly apprehend Airport. Officers located child will ensure that stand-down periods those in the business of illegal fishing sexual abuse material on his phone, are applied fairly, consistently and in Australian waters.” and a search warrant located more transparently. objectionable publications on his home “Access to the international labour Fijian sentenced on immigration computer. market is a privilege, not a right and fraud charges A week later, Customs investigators, if employers abuse that privilege by 31 JAN: A Fijian national who failed with the support of NZ Police, exploiting migrants or failing to comply to obtain a visa to come to New arrested and charged a 30-year-old with employment law, there will be Zealand on multiple occasions has been Warkworth man involved in exporting consequences,” Mr Woodhouse said. sentenced after fraudulently obtaining and distributing (uploading) child The new measures will apply to a passport using a false identity and sexual abuse material using a common all employers intending to recruit entering New Zealand under the messaging application. labour market-tested migrant false identity. She has been served a In late January, Customs officers workers, including employers who Deportation Order. questioned a 63-year-old dual NZ/ are: supporting work visa applications Kamla Wati, 59, was sentenced UK citizen returning from overseas and approvals in principle; seeking in the Hamilton District Court to a and detained his electronic devices accredited employer status or total of 19 months’ imprisonment for further examination. Customs supporting residence class visa having pleaded guilty to three charges investigators arrested the man after applications based on employment; of providing false or misleading forensic analysis of his devices located and employers who are part of the information to an immigration officer objectionable publications. He faces Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme. in respect of visa applications and one importation and possession charges. charge of producing a fraudulently In February, Customs investigators The changes will come obtained passport. with DIA assistance, arrested a 67-year- into effect on 1 April 2017. The court heard that Wati visited old Auckland man for exporting New Zealand from Fiji on three objectionable publications using occasions between September 2009 an online chatroom. He now faces
37 HOMELAND SECURITY RiskNZ: Repositioning Risk Management
iskNZ’s August conference New Zealand’s personal, physical and NGO sectors will broaden the ‘Repositioning Risk and information security. National conference, and will showcase risk Management’ promises to arrangements to protect against and management being effectively applied put the spotlight on several provide resilience to natural hazards in the community, sport and tourism Remergent risk management issues will also feature. settings. Surf Life Saving Northern and trends that are challenging risk Echoing RiskNZ’s vision that Region will be partnering with Coastal management professionals in New New Zealand prospers because risk Research’s Nick Mulcahy, RiskNZ’s Zealand as well as abroad. is well managed, a number of leading 2015 Emerging Risk Practitioner of 200 delegates drawn from RiskNZ’s commercial enterprises are slated to the Year, in a session about science membership in New Zealand, Australia share their successful approaches to augmenting intuition. The leisure and the Pacific are expected at the managing risks in order to succeed on and tourism sector’s decade of quick conference in Wellington, where up to the global stage. adoption and adaptation will also be 20 sessions and workshops have been Cameron Harland will share reviewed. scheduled to ensure a diverse set of risk insights to how Sir Peter Jackson and The conference has the objectives related topics are canvassed. Sir Richard Taylor and their group of sharing knowledge, expertise Geopolitical influences, political of companies have become globally and skills; enabling learning from shifts, global economic uncertainty, dominant in the cinematic and special shared best practice; offering insights terrorism and a host of associated effects industries by embracing risk in to emergent issues and practices matters are at the centre of a order to be at the cutting edge of their domestically and abroad; and nurturing specific conference stream. Auckland industry. 2016 joint Risk Management productive professional networks. University’s Dr Bridgette Sullivan- Professional of the Year Jacqui Lyttle The conference takes place 17-18 Taylor will present the findings of a will share the HRH Morrison / Infratil August, and registrations and call for 2017 survey of risk practitioners that story. abstracts are open. For details, visit the will shed light on how New Zealand’s Case studies in repositioning risk conference webpage www.risknz.org. risk management fraternity views the management as an enterprise wide nz/conference-2017 global, national and local (domestic) function, repositioning the role of RiskNZ is the sector body in New risk agenda. The views of Australian risk and resilience managers within Zealand bringing together people and counterparts will also be presented. organisations, and the changed organisations managing risk. Since 2000 Cyber, content (data) and new roles and responsibilities of boards (when established as the NZ Society for technology risks will feature highly, and chief executives are featuring Risk Management) the organisation has with arrangements being finalised to highly in conference planning. Risk sought to deliver services and activities bring a leading northern hemisphere communication will also be introduced aimed at strengthening the capability in expert to New Zealand to address the for the first time at a RiskNZ New Zealand to manage risk. conference, and lead private forums. conference. By Tim Jago, Executive Officer, RiskNZ. Another conference stream Other presentations will provide focuses on New Zealand’s whole of very recent insights to enterprise risk government and whole of society management approaches successfully approaches to risk and resilience. Key adopted by the lifeline engineering and government agencies and thought public utility sectors, New Zealand- leaders will deliver insights to how based multinationals involved in the the machinery of government is primary industries, and the tertiary being re-engineered to ensure education sector. improved arrangements for managing Speakers from the not-for-profit
38 Risk Appetite Statements: useful or useless?
Question: Many organisations have something called a “risk For a risk appetite statement to be of value it must be: appetite statement” or a “risk appetite framework”. Does their a) Approved by the Board and/or senior management team existence mean that these organisations manage their risks b) Communicated to, and understood by the rest of the better than those that don’t have one…? business c) Relevant to the type(s) of business carried out by the Answer: Not necessarily… organisation d) Detailed enough to provide adequate context for staff A risk appetite statement should be an important part of to understand when making decisions in pursuit of ensuring there is a consistent and appropriate risk culture in organisational objectives an organisation. It should be a written and communicated e) As simple as it can be without being meaningless articulation of the extent of an organisation’s willingness to f) Regularly reviewed and updated take or accept risk in pursuit of its operational (short term) g) Consistent with the rest of the risk management and strategic (longer term) objectives. framework - policy, tools and architecture Without this, an organisation’s risk appetite with respect to h) Able to be measured (e.g. what does “risk averse” mean any decision or choice of action will be dictated by individual with respect to health and safety? Zero deaths? No interpretation and choice. significant incidents?) There are a lot of definitions of risk appetite out there (and a lot of articles on how many definitions there are). My A poor risk appetite statement will: definition is: “How much risk the organisation is prepared to a) Go into too much detail in the statement on the difference accept or take in pursuit of its objectives”. between “risk appetite” and “risk tolerance” “Is prepared to accept” differs from “is able to accept” b) Make it sound like a risk management textbook – and to me this is the difference between risk appetite and c) Fail to explain what it is, why it exists and who it is for risk tolerance. Risk appetite is a subset of risk tolerance. This d) Give broad appetite levels (e.g. ‘averse’, ‘seeking’) without diagram illustrates it well: defining these or providing any context for people to use
Risk Appetite
Risk Tolerance
Low Level High Level
It shows that risk appetite can be represented by a defined when making decisions (eg. it depends on what benefits or range. When risk levels fall outside the top end of that range, outcomes you are trying to realise) risk is unacceptably high. A risk level that is too low indicates e) Get stuck in a drawer once written that an organisation is being too risk-averse in the pursuit f) Be too long (or too short) of one or more of its objectives. When risk levels exceed an g) Not be regularly reviewed too assess if it is still relevant to organisation’s risk tolerance, its ability to achieve one or more the organisation’s objectives of its objectives is seriously under threat. h) Not be measurable in some way (eg. how high is too A good statement is not an easy thing to write, and the high?) level of detail and complexity will depend on the nature of an organisation’s business. For example, a financial services By John O’Connell, Principal Risk Advisor, Department of firm will need very specific measures and indicators to define Corrections, and former committee member of RiskNZ. This article specific risk appetite levels in different areas, whereas a originally appeared in RiskPost, the quarterly RiskNZ newsletter, government department’s risk appetite statement may be more which contains articles highlighting emergent and best practice risk principles-based to guide people’s behaviour and decision- management across a wide range of sectors. This article has been making. reproduced with the permission of RiskNZ.
39 HOMELAND SECURITY StratSim receives funding for emergency information system tratSim Limited was among the principally in various government not being shared effectively and there winners in $889,000 of funding agencies, but there are significant is a lack of knowledge as to what data grants announced on 5 February barriers to the discovery, access and are available where, and how one can by Civil Defence Minister Gerry use of that data. “The public sector access them” SBrownlee. holds large amounts of data but it is The proposers, Martin Erasmuson Grants are awarded from the annual and Stephen Ferriss were the principal Resilience Fund administered by the architects of CERA’s award- winning Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency spatial data infrastructure (SDI)2, a Management. StratSim received $89,250 cloud-based Software as a Service in funding to create information (SaaS) that StratsSim describes as “an infrastructure for the real-time discovery, information infrastructure that could access and use of the data necessary support on-demand discovery, access for emergency managers, government, and use of any ‘potentially’ relevant emergency service NGOs and the public information to the earthquake recovery in planning for and responding to an effort.” emergency. “As with CERA, once you know “Information is the currency of what you need, you need it almost resilience,” StratSim stated in its grant immediately. Most of the data already application. “In times of crisis and exists, the key element missing is the in business as usual, discovery and organisational arrangements and the ready access to relevant information technical infrastructure necessary is vital for emergency managers to to exploit that data. Once the make informed decisions and deploy organisational elements are in place, resources.” the technology to support such an For the most part, the data required infrastructure is relatively simple and by emergency managers already exists, Martin Erasmuson. Courtesy CERA inexpensive.” Minister’s criticism stings Civil Defence
n what has been widely interpreted as a scathing rebuke, it can take to access up-to-date information that has been of Civil Defence Minister Gerry Brownlee has suggested that most concern for me.” the fires in Christchurch City and the Selwyn District have But Christchurch civil defence controller John Mackie highlighted the need to streamline New Zealand’s Civil said such criticism coming at this stage was not helpful for Defence legislation. civil defence workers, and that it would not have made any I A state of civil emergency was not declared until fires had difference to resourcing or firefighting if an emergency had been already raging for two days. “I’m very perplexed as to been declared any earlier. why there wasn’t a declaration of civil emergency much earlier “It did give more powers to the police to enforce in the piece,” said Mr Brownlee. evacuations but from the point of view of getting resources it “If you compare this to the way Hastings District acted a would have made no difference,” he said few days earlier, it’s not a very tidy comparison. “I do believe that states of local emergencies could have “I want to emphasise that I’m not at all criticising the been declared earlier,” said the Minister, “but, at the time, I response of those on the ground in both Christchurch City was not in Christchurch and local authorities and Selwyn District,” he said in a 17 February press release. knew the situation in more “It’s the way information is reported up the chain and the time detail than I did.”
40 Drone swarms to seek out and triage survivors
utonomous vehicles and swarming are the focus Kohno has significant expertise in Body Area Networks of many predictions around the future of warfare, (BANs), which are the devices the drones would use both to but researchers at the University of Canterbury locate casualties and to collect data about the status of those are working with Japanese colleagues on an located,” said Dr Woodward. Aaltogether different use for drone swarms. They’re developing “BANs are interconnected devices which are either technologies that will enable swarms of drones to locate implanted, attached or carried on the body. Examples are and potentially triage people buried in the debris of natural sports applications where a chest strap is connected to a disasters. wristwatch to determine heart rate, or a motion sensor The University of Canterbury’s Wireless Research Centre measures footsteps and sends the data to another device.” (WRC) has been hosting Professor Ryuji Kohno and research WRC researchers are looking at different ways a BAN colleagues from Yokohama National University. The Japanese signal could potentially be located by the swarm, and also at researchers are collaborating on the use of drones, or the different types of signals that may need to be catered for. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), for search and rescue in The research has two objectives; to use multiple drones large-scale emergencies. to locate people under rubble, and to collect information WRC Research Leader Dr Graeme Woodward explained contained in the BANs those people are wearing. that researchers from the new UC DroneLab and their Another aspect of the research is around operation of the Japanese collaborators are developing technology to enable swarm. Standard practice with a drone is to have a pilot who swarms of drones to locate, and potentially to triage, controls the craft, with another person operating the camera casualties by flying formations over major disaster areas after mounted underneath the drone. earthquakes and tsunamis. “We don’t want to replicate that with a whole swarm,” The recent establishment of the UC DroneLab coincided said Dr Woodward, “Ideally, we would want one or two with a call for proposals from the Japanese Society for the people to control the swarm which must be able to operate Promotion of Science and the Royal Society of New Zealand autonomously, while the drones also need to be able to to work in technologies that can assist in major disasters. communicate between themselves.” Dr Woodward, Dr Andreas Willig and Kelvin Barnsdale “We are also looking for complementary projects that can from UC joined Prof Kohno to propose using swarms of provide further funding to develop drone swarm capabilities, drones to fly over designated disaster areas to locate and and have had some success with Scion around detection and retrieve information about injured or trapped people. “Prof monitoring of hotspots in bushfire situations,” he said.
Photo courtesy of University of Canterbury
41 HOMELAND SECURITY NEWS Dunne suggests merger of civil leadership in such cases, so it seems Civil Defence Minister Gerry Brownlee. defence and fire to be only logical in time that the new The grants are awarded from the 23 FEB: Following the Christchurch national Fire and Emergency New 2017 Resilience Fund, an annual fund fires, Minister of Internal Affairs Peter Zealand, once properly established, administered by the Ministry of Civil Dunne has suggested merging Civil will be expanded to also include wider Defence & Emergency Management Defence’s functions within the new Fire aspects of civil defence and emergency (MCDEM). and Emergency New Zealand. response? Nine councils and organisations “Civil Defence has been the poor from Northland to Southland have relation for too long,” stated Mr Dunne. $3 million boost for natural hazards been awarded grants this year. “The “Even though there has been a national monitoring projects include training programmes, Ministry of Emergency Management, 22 DEC: Civil Defence Minister tsunami preparedness for schools and it has been pitched uncomfortably for Gerry Brownlee and Science and early childhood centres, improved too long between central and local Innovation Minister Paul Goldsmith waste management in emergencies, government, with no-one too sure have announced initial funding of up and planning for specific hazards, such where responsibility really lies, as a to $3 million to develop and enhance as a rupture of the Alpine Fault,” Mr consequence. GeoNet’s natural hazards monitoring Brownlee said. “My own experience as Minister capability and response service. “Today’s announcement follows of Internal Affairs bringing together The funding will support GeoNet last year’s $6.2 million Budget boost our new national Fire and Emergency - New Zealand’s official geological for the Ministry of Civil Defence & New Zealand from 1 July this year has hazard information service - to further Emergency Management to support its been instructive. My personal view, not develop New Zealand’s hazards efforts to ensure New Zealanders are necessarily that of the Government monitoring tools. better prepared for emergencies. at this stage, is that the move to Fire While GeoNet’s current monitoring Applications for the fund were and Emergency New Zealand presages and response service includes a network considered by a moderation panel, with a model that will become the overall of automated sensors and on-call criteria that placed a strong emphasis response to civil defence in the future? seismologists to assess data, a number on improved collaboration, improved Mr Dunne envisaged that in a matter of opportunities to strengthen the resilience at a local and regional level, of years Fire and Emergency New current response system were identified and promoted consistent approaches. Zealand would be expanded to include in the wake of the November 14 Big winners included Environment civil defence, and subsequently may even earthquakes. Southland ($245,000) for Alpine Fault incorporate ambulance services as well. GeoNet plays a key role advising resilience work; the Integrated Training “Already, as the Christchurch fires, on the need for warnings about natural Framework ($230,000) for providing and before them the Christchurch and emergencies. Strengthening New a platform for the development of Kaikoura earthquakes have shown, the Zealand’s monitoring capability could national standard training to enhance current Fire Service is being looked include improvements to existing the competency of staff working in towards to provide the response infrastructure as well as research Emergency Operation Centres; and Bay into improved sensors, models and of Plenty Regional Council and others approaches. ($100,000) to develop a web-based According to Mr Goldsmith, tool for disaster and emergency waste GeoNet issued a response within 3 management. minutes of the Kaikoura earthquake. In among the council organisations “It’s important we have the ability to receive funding was Stratsim to get warnings about potential Ltd $89,250, to create information emergencies out to New Zealanders as infrastructure for the real-time quickly as possible, to enable them to discovery, access and use of the take appropriate action,” Mr Brownlee data that needs to be accessed in an said. emergency. “Work is already underway, led by the Ministry of Civil Defence and Teens to be charged with planning Emergency Management, on scoping a Sydney terror attack 24/7 warning centre that would involve 08 FEB: A married teenage couple, multiple agencies monitoring a range of charged in relation to plotting an hazards. “Islamic Bonnie and Clyde”, will appear in court in Sydney next month. They Funding to improve natural hazard were arrested in Sydney’s west early last resilience year as part of Operation Chillon. 05 FEB: Winners of $889,000 in Sameh Bayda and his wife, Alo- funding grants to boost New Zealand’s Bridget Namoa, both 19, were arrested resilience to natural hazards and their in the Sydney suburb of Guilford last consequences have been announced by year for acts relating to terrorism. Peter Dunne, Minister of Internal Affairs
42 recent monitoring report. We have taken proportionate action to ensure all reporting entities are clear about their obligations under the law.” Intelligence and Security Bill reported back 24 FEB: Minister for National Security and Intelligence Bill English has welcomed the report back of the New Zealand Intelligence and Security Bill, which has been strengthened by the select committee process. “I thank the members of the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee for their hard work and the submitters who provided feedback about the Bill,” Mr English said. “This legislation increases the transparency and oversight of the agencies while ensuring they are able to protect New Zealanders at home and overseas.” The Bill implements the majority of the recommendations made in the first independent review of intelligence Aftershock Probability Map. Courtesy GeoNet and security, presented to Parliament in March 2016 by Sir Michael Cullen and They could face life imprisonment Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Dame Patsy Reddy. following an upgrade to their charges Financing of Terrorism Act (the Act). The Select Committee has by the NSW Joint Counter Terrorism The FMA required reporting recommended a number of changes Team. entities to submit audits of their Anti- to the Bill in response to submissions, Police allege that a hunting knife Money Laundering and Countering including from the Privacy wrapped in an Islamic flag and ISIS Financing of Terrorism (AML/ Commissioner and Inspector-General propaganda were located among Ms CFT) risk assessment and AML/CFT of Intelligence and Security. “One of Namoa’s belongings. Searches of her programme by 25 November 2016. the most significant changes is a two- mobile phone revealed a text to her Using a risk-based approach, the pronged approach to national security husband stating she wanted to “do an FMA requested the information from in the warranting regime,” said Mr Islamic Bonnie and Clyde on the kaffir” 77 reporting entities - or just under English. (unbeliever of Islam). 10% of the etities supervised by the “This approach limits the scope Mr Bayda was allegedly found FMA. Selection factors included the of national security to a closed list of with documents linked to facilitating previous late filing of an AML/CFT activities such as terrorism, violent a terrorist act. He allegedly possessed annual report, and those entities who extremism and espionage. It ensures documents from al-Qa’ida as well as reported they had not carried out an the agencies can continue to respond instructions outlining how to make AML/CFT audit report for the past to increasingly complex security threats an improvised explosive device and two years in a row. while providing greater certainty and conduct a stabbing attack. Twelve reporting entities were robust safeguards for New Zealanders.” The couple were charged with found to be non-compliant with the Other key changes include a conspiracy to commit a terrorist law, including nine entities that failed tightening the warranting regime by act, which carries a penalty of life to provide their audit. The Act requires removing ‘purpose-based’ warrants and imprisonment. They have been in a reporting entity to ensure its risk imposing stricter rules on the use of custody since early last year. assessment and AML/CFT programme ‘practice’ or training warrants. They face new charges of are audited every two years or at any There would also be further “conspiracy to do an act, or acts in other time at the request of the FMA. strengthening the oversight of the preparation for, or planning, a terrorist “The regulatory regime to tackle agencies through the introduction of act or acts”. money laundering and the financing additional ministerial policy statements, of terrorism has been in place for annual reporting requirements and Businesses warned under more than three years, said Liam compulsory information registers Anti-Money Laundering Act Mason, Director of Regulation at the to assist the 08 FEB: The Financial Markets FMA. “Firms and individuals have Inspector-General to Authority (FMA) has issued warnings to now had sufficient time to meet the exercise her oversight 12 companies under section 80 of the legal requirements, as we stated in our functions.
43 REVIEWS & EVENTS Security challenges in a globalised world — is New Zealand prepared for them?
Book: New Zealand National Security: Challenges, Trends and Issues Authors: various Publisher: Massey University Press 304 pages. Released 10/04/2017.
New Zealand National Security: Challenges, Trends and Issues situates New Zealand within its broader political and regional security context and the various great and minor power tensions occurring within the Asia Pacific and South Pacific regions. The soon-to-be released book looks at how to protect New Zealand’s border and the zones where its interests meet the world; it examines alternative ways of thinking and doing New Zealand’s national security; and it looks at looming national security questions. It aims to provide New Zealanders with a critical awareness of the various salient security trends, challenges and opportunities to initiate a ‘whole of society’ discussion of security. The book is edited by William Hoverd, Nick Nelson and Carl Bradley, experienced Massey University defence and security academics who teach into the NZDF Advanced Command and Staff College and the Royal Brunei Armed Forces Command and Staff College. They put forward the argument that in an interrelated and increasingly complex, dynamic and globalised security environment, New Zealand Many of the book’s chapters Lastly, for those interested in a whole faces a range of complex and integrate defence questions into a of government discussion of national multifaceted non-traditional threats. broader discussion of National Security. security the reprinting of Howard These range from trade insecurity Authors include several former and Broad’s “Keynote Address to the New to terrorism and transnational current NZDF employees. Zealand National Security Conference” is crime, disputes over the control and Key chapters for readers interested unmissable for those interested in how the exploitation of resources, and tensions in defence issues include Brian Oliver New Zealand Government enacts security. linked to ideological, cultural and and John Moremon’s chapter on religious differences. Air Surveillance Capability and the This insight was authored by William The volume’s contributors include Security of the Exclusive Economic Hoverd, an editor of New Zealand National local and international academics Zone, and Miriam Wharton and Rhys Security: Challenges, Trends and Issues. Dr alongside experts who have extensive Ball’s chapter on New Zealand Special Hoverd is senior lecturer at Massey University’s New Zealand security-sector expertise Operations Forces: Subtle and Strategic Centre for Defence and Security Studies. His in defence, diplomacy, national security Effect in the Whole-of-Government research interests include critical research into coordination, intelligence, policing, trade Approach to New Zealand’s National New Zealand security issues and religious security and border management. Security. diversity.
44 Project management lessons from the extreme cold
Book: Project Management, Denial and Avery presented a number of basic CORA triangle – a diagram to illustrate the Death Zone, Lessons from Everest and ideas from the book that neatly made the balance project leaders should seek Antarctica. the argument for change in how project between Capability, Outcomes and Risk Author: Grant Avery MBA. PMP. management is done. This started with Appetite. Publisher: J. Ross Publishing. linking risk homeostasis theory to the The section on advanced basics is 272 pages. $91 from Unity Books, practice of project management. That of most technical value. Here Avery Wellington. is, even with improved techniques and talks about organisational project an entire profession dedicated to it, management maturity and fitting the I’ve spent the last few years hip- one third of projects fail and another culture of a PMO to the culture of the deep in security project work for a third fail to realise all of their intended company. His message being that big major organisation. The projects were benefits. organisations need project management extremely varied but had to link up to And the kicker: due to a pervasive maturity investment and leadership create a cohesive whole that would keep perception that our collective project investment. Good metrics based the staff and users of the service safe. management abilities have improved, arguments can be made for this. During this time, I was fortunate enough projects are becoming more ambitious, In this section, there is also valuable to work with a talented and enthusiastic complex and expensive. This means insights into different forms of project team, supported by a keen Project that the failures are getting bigger too. I review, more accurate costing, and the Management Office (PMO). bought the book. importance of ‘gates’ where decisions Even with all these resources there A few pages in and I quickly realised to proceed or stop a project are made. were times when I’d wake up late at night that it was my kind of book. As it The final two chapters focus on the worried, asking soul-searching questions turned out, the “lessons from Everest organisational fit of project management like, “Am I addressing this problem in the and Antarctica” were actually project and the role of strong, selfless leadership right way?” and “Does this solution fit management analyses of the initial in achieving project goals. with the overall programme?” attempts to climb Mount Everest This is a really good business book, I also asked other, more esoteric and the early British expeditions in and it’s written by a Kiwi in a style that questions that I didn’t think anyone else Antarctica. is engaging and entertaining. The stories considered, yet I somehow knew had These projects had all the drama of from Antarctica and Everest ensure that a big effect on what we were trying to ambition, personalities, new technology, it will be picked up and read, while the achieve. Questions like: deadly risk and the unknown, and as chapters on advanced basics ensure that • Am I pursuing a solution out of such are great for keeping the reader it will be kept on the shelf and referred hubris or do I fully understand the engaged. Avery’s own experiences to regularly. risk and how much risk I’m allowed ‘on the ice’, as the manager of New What the book said to me is that to take? Zealand’s Scott Base and as a search I’m focusing on the right stuff - mostly • Does the culture of the organisation and rescue coordinator, are also drawn - when I’m considering the human support this, or are we effectively upon. elements of teams, or “stepping out of working in isolation? These boys-own stories kept my myself ” to consider how I’m viewing • When is the right time to ‘give up’ attention and made the material that risk or behaving in relation to it. This on an under-performing project, much more accessible. Any reader book, maybe even more than the particularly when it’s one that who works in any kind of team should admonishments of my last PMO, makes programme sponsors are heavily be able to read the vignettes, take in me a convert to the value of real project invested in? the theory and apply it to their own management. situation. A member of the PMO team took A lot of basic project management is Carlton Ruffell. PSP. CPP. Mr Ruffell is me to see author Grant Avery talk about the recognition and management of risk, an independent security consultant, based his new book “Project Management, and the author reviews the ‘risk register’ in Wellington. With 23 years’ experience, Denial, and the Death Zone - Lessons approach from the start. He clearly he provides standards based security risk from Everest and Antarctica”. They no calls out “risk is your friend”, placing a management solutions to large and small doubt hoped my project management high value on not just registering risks, organisations skills would improve and allow them – but really thinking about them. His and individuals. and me – to sleep more! realistic approach is also evident in his www.protect-people.com
45 REVIEWS & EVENTS Australian Cyber Security Centre Conference 2017 Special Operations Forces Industry Conference When: 14-16 March 2017 When: 16-18 May 2017 Where: National Convention Centre, Canberra Where: Tampa Florida, United States Details: https://acsc2017.com.au Details: http://www.sofic.org
Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace IMDEX Asia Exhibition Where: Changi Exhibition Centre, Singapore When: 21-25 March 2017 When: 16-18 May 2017 Where: MIEC, Langkawi, Malaysia Details: www.imdexasia.com/ Details: http://www.limaexhibition.com Maritime Air Systems and Technology Exhibition Defence Materials Technology Centre Annual Conference When: 17-19 May 2017 When: 28-29 March 2017 Where: Tokyo, Japan Where: Canberra Shine Dome Details: https://mastconfex.com Details: www.dmtc.com.au National Emergency Management Conference 2017 Biometrics Institute Member Meeting Wellington 2017 When: 7-9 June 2017. When: Wednesday 29 March 2017 Where: Intercontinental Hotel in Wellington on the Where: National Library of NZ, Wellington Details: http://www.civildefence.govt.nz/about/news-and- Details: www.biometricsinstitute.org/events.php events
Biometrics Institute Asia-Pacific Conference 2017 2017 Defence + Industry (D+I) Conference When: 17-18 May 2017 When: Wednesday, 14 June Where: Dockside, Sydney Where: National Convention Centre in Canberra Details: www.biometricsinstitute.org/events.php Details: http://www.defence.gov.au/casg/DoingBusiness/ Industry/ Sea Air Space Maritime Exposition When: 3-5 April 2017 Australasian Conference on Information Security Where: Washington DC, United States and Privacy 2017 Details: http://www.seaairspace.org When: 3–5 July 2017 Where: Massey University, Auckland Details: www.massey.ac.nz
Interpol World 2017 Congress and Exhibition When: 4-6 July (congress); 5-7 July (exhibition) Where: Suntec Singapore Convention & Exhibition Centre Details: www.interpol-world.com
Advanced Security Summit When: 1-2 August 2017 Where: Pullman Sydney Hyde Park, Sydney Details: www.securitysummit.com.au
Risk NZ Conference 2017 When: 17-18 August Where: Mac’s Function Centre, Wellington Details: http://www.risknz.org.nz/conference-2017
2017 NZSA Annual Security Industry Awards When: Friday 25 August Where: Te Papa, Wellington Details: www.security.org.nz
International Lessons Learned Conference When: 15 - 18 May 2017 Where: Rydges Lakeland Resort Queenstown Conference Facility in Queenstown Details: http://nzdf.mil.nz/corporate-documents/illc2017.htm
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