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Community Schools As an Effective School Improvement Strategy: a Review of the Evidence

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Community Schools As an Effective School Improvement Strategy: a Review of the Evidence Community Schools as an Effective School Improvement Strategy: A Review of the Evidence Anna Maier, Julia Daniel, Jeannie Oakes, and Livia Lam DECEMBER 2017 Community Schools as an Effective School Improvement Strategy A Review of the Evidence Anna Maier, Julia Daniel, Jeannie Oakes, and Livia Lam Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank David Kirp for his thoughtful contributions to this report, along with Reuben Jacobson, John Rogers, Russell Rumberger, Michelle Renee Valladares, and Kevin Welner for their feedback on earlier drafts. In addition, thanks to Naomi Spinrad, Bulletproof Services, Gretchen Wright, and Aaron Reeves for their editing and design contributions to this project, and Lisa Gonzales for overseeing the editorial and production processes. Without their generosity of time and spirit, this work would not have been possible. This research review was made possible in part by funding to the National Education Policy Center from the Ford Foundation. Core operating support for the Learning Policy Institute is provided by the Sandler Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and the Ford Foundation. This work does not necessarily represent the views of these funders. External Reviewers This report benefited from the insights and expertise of two external reviewers: Jon Snyder, Executive Director of Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education; and Tina Trujillo, Associate Professor at the University of California at Berkeley’s Graduate School of Education and Faculty Director of the Principal Leadership Institute. We thank them for the care and attention they gave the report; any shortcomings remain our own. The appropriate citation for this report is: Maier, A., Daniel, J., Oakes, J., & Lam, L. (2017). Community schools as an effective school improvement strategy: A review of the evidence. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute. This report can be found online at https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/ community-schools-effective-school-improvement-report. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. LEARNING POLICY INSTITUTE | COMMUNITY SCHOOLS AS AN EFFECTIVE SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY Table of Contents Executive Summary.................................................................................................................................. v 1. Why Community Schools? ..................................................................................................................1 Unequal Access to High-Quality Schools .......................................................................................3 Out-of-School Barriers to Learning .................................................................................................3 Community Schools as a Response to Poverty and Inequality ......................................................4 The Federal Commitment to Educational Equity ............................................................................6 ESSA Offers New Opportunities to Support Community Schools .................................................6 Our Approach to Assessing the Evidence Base .......................................................................... 10 2. Community Schools: Creating Schools Where Students Learn and Thrive .............................. 12 A Diverse Approach With Common Pillars ................................................................................... 12 Community School Pillars Support Effective Conditions and Practices ..................................... 13 3. Evidence About Pillar 1: Integrated Student Supports ................................................................ 19 What Are Integrated Student Supports? ..................................................................................... 19 Integrated Student Supports as a Core Feature of Community Schools .................................... 21 The General Impact of Integrated Student Supports Outside of Education Settings ................. 23 The Impact of Integrated Student Supports in Community Schools ........................................... 26 Effectively Implementing Integrated Student Supports .............................................................. 35 4. Evidence About Pillar 2: Expanded Learning Time and Opportunities ...................................... 36 Expanded Learning Time and Opportunities as a Core Feature of Community Schools ............ 38 The General Impact of Expanded Learning Time and Opportunities ......................................... 40 The Impact of Expanded Learning Time and Opportunities in Community Schools .................. 47 Effectively Implementing Expanded Learning Time and Opportunities ...................................... 49 5. Evidence About Pillar 3: Family and Community Engagement.................................................. 52 Family and Community Engagement as a Core Feature of Community Schools ........................ 54 The General Impact of Family and Community Engagement ...................................................... 55 The Impact of Various Forms of Family and Community Engagement ....................................... 56 The Impact of Family and Community Engagement in Community Schools .............................. 62 Effectively Implementing Family and Community Engagement Strategies ................................. 63 6. Evidence About Pillar 4: Collaborative Leadership and Practice ............................................... 65 Collaborative Leadership and Practice as a Core Feature of Community Schools ................... 67 The General Impact of Collaborative Leadership and Practice .................................................. 70 The Impact of Collaboratie Leadership and Practice on Conditions Thought to Produce Positive Student Outcomes ...................................................................................... 73 The Impact of Collaborative Leadership and Practice in Community Schools ........................... 74 Effectively Implementing Collaborative Leadership and Practice Strategies ............................. 76 LEARNING POLICY INSTITUTE | COMMUNITY SCHOOLS AS AN EFFECTIVE SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY 7. Pulling It All Together: Research on Comprehensive Community Schools .............................. 78 Community Schools Research Focuses on Multiple Student Outcomes .................................... 79 Evaluation Research on Local Community School Initiatives ..................................................... 81 Effectively Implementing Comprehensive Community Schools .................................................. 93 Addressing Out-of-School Barriers and Reducing Opportunity and Achievement Gaps ............. 97 Cost-Benefit Findings .................................................................................................................. 99 8. Findings and Lessons for Policy and Implementation ..............................................................104 Findings .....................................................................................................................................104 Research-Based Lessons for Policy Development and Implementation ..................................110 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................113 Appendix: Assessing the Evidence Base ..........................................................................................114 Literature Search Procedures ...................................................................................................114 Inclusion Criteria .......................................................................................................................117 Review Procedure......................................................................................................................118 Endnotes ...............................................................................................................................................121 About the Authors ...............................................................................................................................149 Tables and Figure Table 1: ESSA’s Definition of “Evidence-Based Interventions” .....................................................9 Table 2: Overview of Student and School Outcome Studies Reviewed ...................................... 11 Table 3: The Community School Pillars Correspond With Characteristics of High-Quality Schools ..................................................................................................... 16 Table 4: Summary of Cost-Benefit Studies for Community School Initiatives ..........................102 Table 5: Summary of Comprehensive Results ..........................................................................109 Table A1: Literature Resources ..................................................................................................115 Table A2: Key Search Terms .......................................................................................................116 Table A3 Overview of Student and School Outcome Studies Reviewed ....................................118 Table A4: ESSA’s Definition of “Evidence-Based Interventions” ................................................119 Figure 1: What the Four Pillars
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