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Power Supply, Function Generator, CRO, DMM) EXPERIMENT NO. 01 AIM: Use basic source and measuring instruments (power supply, function generator, CRO, DMM) 1. To study power supply and learn to adjust given voltage and measure it with digital millimeter. 2. To get sinusoidal, square waveform of given frequency and amplitude and see it on CRO. 3. To get ac signals along with offset voltage and observe them on CRO. Apparatus: Sr. No Name of the Device Quantity Model No. and Specification 1 CRO 1 2 Function Genrator 1 3 Digital Multimeter 1 4 Power Supply 1 5 Bradboard 1 6 Conncetion prob 1 CRO (Cathode ray Oscilloscope): This instrument is called an "eye" to see what is happening in the electrical and electronics circuit. The oscilloscope is using cathode ray tube a heart of it. It can convert kinetic energy of electron striking the phosphor screen into visible light. The position of the electron beam generated from the electron gun is determined by the magnitude and polarity of voltage applied to horizontal and deflection plates. In CRO horizontal deflection plates are provided external signal which we want to observe. Due to internal ramp waveform, electron beam travels from left to right with constant speed in a straight line and quickly returns to left again and repeats. Now in the presence of Input signal Beam gets deflected in vertical direction also, thereby displaying input signal. The frequency of saw tooth is so high that input signal being displayed looks stationary. You can select appropriate voltage scale using volts/div and time scale using time/div so that displayed signal fits into the screen size. If your CRO is a dual trace, you can simultaneously see two waveforms provided both of them have a common ground. The time scales for both are same but voltage scales can be set independently. Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat Function (Signal) Generator: It generates standard voltage signals like sinusoidal, square and triangular waveforms of different frequencies and amplitudes. You can provide input to your circuit using signal function generator with the BNC connector. In BNC connector the inner core wire is "high" in potential and outer one is “ground” or "low". You can select sine, rectangular, triangular or pulse shape by selecting the waveform from front panel control of function generator. You can change frequency as well amplitude using knobs on front panel. Power supply: It is used to provide desired supply voltage in the circuit for its functioning. 230 volt signal phase 50Hz supply is converted to DC voltage using step down transformer and bridge rectifiers using diodes. This voltage is filtered using fitters to make it smooth DC voltage. This voltage is regulated against supply voltage and load current variations using regulators. See the "front panel of the power supply available in the laboratory. It can offer constant or variable voltage. For variable voltage Fine and course knobs are available on the front panel. Even there is a knob to select voltage range. Multi meter Voltmeter is used to measure voltage between two points Ammeter is used to measure current through any branch and Ohmmeter is used to measure resistance between two points in a circuit. See different range of above meters available in the laboratory. They are analog meters and D' Arsonval movement is used for the pointer movement. Necessary changes are made in the basic galvanometer to construct above meters. Multi meter is having voltage, current and resistance measurement, all in one apparatus. It is a multipurpose instrument, with a current meter, a voltmeter and an ohmmeter placed inside. It is provided with batteries (for making it an ohmmeter), with shunt resistance (for making it multi range current meter) and with high series resistance (for making it multi-range voltmeter). in all three cases the detection occur due to current, in resistance measurement this current is inversely proportional to resistance, in voltage measurement current is proportional to the voltage. These meters change input analog quantity into digital number and displays on LED or LCD displays they are more readable compare to analog type. Digital multi meters are also has facility of measurement of hfe of transistor, capacitance of capacitor etc. Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat Breadboard: It is used to form circuit using discrete components Horizontal and vertical slots are available for the grip of terminals, of electronic components. Conclusion: Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat EXPERIMENT NO. 02 AIM: Draw electronic circuit diagram using IEEE standard symbols. 1) One need to draw given circuit using IEEE symbols 2) Draw all IEEE symbols on separate sheet. Introduction Wire Symbol Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current Connected Wires Connected crossing Not Connected Wires Wires are not connected Ground Symbols Used for zero potential reference and electrical Earth Ground shock protection. Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit Digital / Common Ground Resistor Symbols Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces the current flow. Resistor (IEC) Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat Potentiometer (IEEE) Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals. Potentiometer (IEC) Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEEE) Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals. Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEC) Trimmer Resistor Preset resistor Thermal resistor - change resistance when Thermistor temperature changes Photoresistor / Light Photo-resistor - change resistance with light dependent resistor (LDR) intensity change Capacitor Symbols Capacitor Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts as short circuit with AC and open circuit with DC. Capacitor Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitance Inductor / Coil Symbols Inductor Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field Iron Core Inductor Includes iron Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat Variable Inductor Power Supply Symbols Voltage Source Generates constant voltage Current Source Generates constant current. AC Voltage Source AC voltage source Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical Generator rotation of the generator Battery Cell Generates constant voltage Battery Generates constant voltage Generates voltage as a function of voltage or Controlled Voltage Source current of other circuit element. Generates current as a function of voltage or Controlled Current Source current of other circuit element. Meter Symbols Measures voltage. Has very high resistance. Voltmeter Connected in parallel. Measures electric current. Has near zero Ammeter resistance. Connected serially. Ohmmeter Measures resistance Wattmeter Measures electric power Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat Lamp / light bulb Lamp / light bulb Generates light when current flows through Lamp / light bulb Diode / LED Symbols Diode allows current flow in one direction only (left Diode to right). Allows current flow in one direction, but also can Zener Diode flow in the reverse direction when above breakdown voltage Schottky Diode Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode Tunnel Diode Light Emitting Diode (LED) LED emits light when current flows through Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to Photodiode light Transistor Symbols Allows current flow when high potential at base NPN Bipolar Transistor (middle) Allows current flow when low potential at base PNP Bipolar Transistor (middle) Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total gain of Darlington Transistor the product of each gain. JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor PMOS Transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor Misc. Symbols Motor Electric motor Change AC voltage from high to low or low to Transformer high. Electric bell Rings when activated Buzzer Produce buzzing sound Fuse The fuse disconnects when current above threshold. Used to protect circuit from high currents. Fuse Bus Bus Contains several wires. Usually for data / address. Bus Opt coupler / Opto-isolator Opt coupler isolates connection to other board Loudspeaker Converts electrical signal to sound waves Microphone Converts sound waves to electrical signal Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat Operational Amplifier Amplify input signal Schmitt Trigger Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise. Analog-to-digital converter Converts analog signal to digital numbers (ADC) Digital-to-Analog converter Converts digital numbers to analog signal (DAC) Crystal Oscillator Used to generate precise frequency clock signal Antenna Symbols Antenna / aerial Transmits & receives radio waves Antenna / aerial Dipole Antenna Two wires simple antenna Logic Gates Symbols NOT Gate (Inverter) Outputs 1 when input is 0 AND Gate Outputs 1 when both inputs are 1. NAND Gate Outputs 0 when both inputs are 1. (NOT + AND) OR Gate Outputs 1 when any input is 1. NOR Gate Outputs 0 when any input is 1. (NOT + OR) Outputs 1 when inputs are different. (Exclusive XOR Gate OR) Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat D Flip-Flop Stores one bit of data Multiplexer / Mux 2 to 1 Connects the output to selected input line. Multiplexer / Mux 4 to 1 Demultiplexer / Demux 1 to 4 Connects selected output to the input line. Conclusion : Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat EXPERIMENT NO. 03 AIM: Identify various types of ports
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