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EXPERIMENT NO. 01 AIM: Use basic source and measuring instruments (power supply, , CRO, DMM)

1. To study power supply and learn to adjust given voltage and measure it with digital millimeter. 2. To get sinusoidal, square of given and and see it on CRO. 3. To get ac signals along with offset voltage and observe them on CRO.

Apparatus:

Sr. No Name of the Device Quantity Model No. and Specification 1 CRO 1 2 Function Genrator 1 3 Digital 1 4 Power Supply 1 5 Bradboard 1 6 Conncetion prob 1

CRO (Cathode ray ): This instrument is called an "eye" to see what is happening in the electrical and electronics circuit. The oscilloscope is using cathode ray tube a heart of it. It can convert kinetic energy of electron striking the phosphor screen into visible light. The position of the electron beam generated from the electron gun is determined by the magnitude and polarity of voltage applied to horizontal and deflection plates. In CRO horizontal deflection plates are provided external signal which we want to observe. Due to internal ramp waveform, electron beam travels from left to right with constant speed in a straight line and quickly returns to left again and repeats. Now in the presence of Input signal Beam gets deflected in vertical direction also, thereby displaying input signal. The frequency of saw tooth is so high that input signal being displayed looks stationary. You can select appropriate voltage scale using volts/div and time scale using time/div so that displayed signal fits into the screen size. If your CRO is a dual trace, you can simultaneously see two provided both of them have a common ground. The time scales for both are same but voltage scales can be set independently.

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Function (Signal) Generator: It generates standard voltage signals like sinusoidal, square and triangular waveforms of different and . You can provide input to your circuit using signal function generator with the BNC connector. In BNC connector the inner core wire is "high" in potential and outer one is “ground” or "low". You can select sine, rectangular, triangular or pulse shape by selecting the waveform from front panel control of function generator. You can change frequency as well amplitude using knobs on front panel.

Power supply: It is used to provide desired supply voltage in the circuit for its functioning. 230 volt signal phase 50Hz supply is converted to DC voltage using step down transformer and bridge rectifiers using . This voltage is filtered using fitters to make it smooth DC voltage. This voltage is regulated against supply voltage and load current variations using regulators. See the "front panel of the power supply available in the . It can offer constant or variable voltage. For variable voltage Fine and course knobs are available on the front panel. Even there is a knob to select voltage range.

Multi meter is used to measure voltage between two points is used to measure current through any branch and is used to measure resistance between two points in a circuit. See different range of above meters available in the laboratory. They are analog meters and D' Arsonval movement is used for the pointer movement. Necessary changes are made in the basic to construct above meters. Multi meter is having voltage, current and resistance measurement, all in one apparatus. It is a multipurpose instrument, with a current meter, a voltmeter and an ohmmeter placed inside. It is provided with batteries (for making it an ohmmeter), with shunt resistance (for making it multi range current meter) and with high series resistance (for making it multi-range voltmeter). in all three cases the detection occur due to current, in resistance measurement this current is inversely proportional to resistance, in voltage measurement current is proportional to the voltage. These meters change input analog quantity into digital number and displays on LED or LCD displays they are more readable compare to analog type. Digital multi meters are also has facility of measurement of hfe of transistor, capacitance of etc.

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Breadboard: It is used to form circuit using discrete components Horizontal and vertical slots are available for the grip of terminals, of electronic components.

Conclusion:

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

EXPERIMENT NO. 02

AIM: Draw diagram using IEEE standard symbols.

1) One need to draw given circuit using IEEE symbols 2) Draw all IEEE symbols on separate sheet.

Introduction

Wire Symbol

Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current

Connected Wires Connected crossing

Not Connected Wires Wires are not connected

Ground Symbols

Used for zero potential reference and electrical

Earth Ground shock protection.

Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit

Digital / Common Ground

Resistor Symbols

Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces the current flow. Resistor (IEC)

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Potentiometer (IEEE) Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals. (IEC)

Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEEE) Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals. Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEC)

Trimmer Resistor Preset resistor

Thermal resistor - change resistance when Thermistor temperature changes

Photoresistor / Light Photo-resistor - change resistance with light dependent resistor (LDR) intensity change

Capacitor Symbols

Capacitor

Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts as short circuit with AC and open circuit with DC.

Capacitor

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitance

Inductor / Coil Symbols

Inductor Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field

Iron Core Inductor Includes iron

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Variable Inductor

Power Supply Symbols

Voltage Source Generates constant voltage

Current Source Generates constant current.

AC Voltage Source AC voltage source

Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical

Generator rotation of the generator

Battery Cell Generates constant voltage

Battery Generates constant voltage

Generates voltage as a function of voltage or

Controlled Voltage Source current of other circuit element.

Generates current as a function of voltage or

Controlled Current Source current of other circuit element.

Meter Symbols

Measures voltage. Has very high resistance.

Voltmeter Connected in parallel.

Measures . Has near zero

Ammeter resistance. Connected serially.

Ohmmeter Measures resistance

Wattmeter Measures electric power

Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols

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Lamp / light bulb

Lamp / light bulb Generates light when current flows through

Lamp / light bulb

Diode / LED Symbols

Diode allows current flow in one direction only (left

Diode to right).

Allows current flow in one direction, but also can

Zener Diode flow in the reverse direction when above

breakdown voltage

Schottky Diode Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop

Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode

Tunnel Diode

Light Emitting Diode (LED) LED emits light when current flows through

Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to

Photodiode light

Transistor Symbols

Allows current flow when high potential at base

NPN Bipolar Transistor (middle)

Allows current flow when low potential at base

PNP Bipolar Transistor (middle)

Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total gain of

Darlington Transistor the product of each gain.

JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor

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JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor

PMOS Transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor

Misc. Symbols

Motor Electric motor

Change AC voltage from high to low or low to

Transformer high.

Electric bell Rings when activated

Buzzer Produce buzzing sound

Fuse The fuse disconnects when current above threshold. Used to protect circuit from high currents.

Fuse

Bus

Bus Contains several wires. Usually for data / address.

Bus

Opt coupler / Opto-isolator Opt coupler isolates connection to other board

Loudspeaker Converts electrical signal to sound waves

Microphone Converts sound waves to electrical signal

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Operational Amplifier Amplify input signal

Schmitt Trigger Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise.

Analog-to-digital converter Converts analog signal to digital numbers

(ADC)

Digital-to-Analog converter Converts digital numbers to analog signal

(DAC)

Crystal Oscillator Used to generate precise frequency clock signal

Antenna Symbols

Antenna / aerial Transmits & receives radio waves

Antenna / aerial

Dipole Antenna Two wires simple antenna

Logic Gates Symbols

NOT Gate (Inverter) Outputs 1 when input is 0

AND Gate Outputs 1 when both inputs are 1.

NAND Gate Outputs 0 when both inputs are 1. (NOT + AND)

OR Gate Outputs 1 when any input is 1.

NOR Gate Outputs 0 when any input is 1. (NOT + OR)

Outputs 1 when inputs are different. (Exclusive

XOR Gate OR)

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

D Flip-Flop Stores one bit of data

Multiplexer / Mux 2 to 1 Connects the output to selected input line. Multiplexer / Mux 4 to 1

Demultiplexer / Demux 1 to 4 Connects selected output to the input line.

Conclusion :

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

EXPERIMENT NO. 03 AIM: Identify various types of ports and connectors

1. Understand various connectors like, BNC, crocodile, banana, and other connectors. 2. RG 45, Ethernet connector, USB, RS 232, VGA port , printer port, etc

INTRODUCTION In electronics, connectors are one of those things we tend to take for granted. They're just something hanging off the end of a cable so we can plug and unplug power or signals on some circuit. Besides the obvious, such as having the right number of pins, there are several things to consider when choosing a connector:  Cost: Nobody wants to spend more than they have to. But using the cheapest connector you can find may not, in the end, is cost effective if it fails to do its job.  Ruggedness: Is it going to be plugged and unplugged once a year, or ten times a day?  Environment: Will it be exposed to the weather, such as on an outdoors antenna, salt water, on a boat. Will it be subject to vibration, such as on a machine.  Signals Type: Is it for power and ground and for analog or digital signals. If analog, what frequency? Is it audio or RF? If digital, what clock speed or bit rate?  Power Level: If it's for power, is it for 24 Volts? Or 240 Volts? Or 2,400 Volts? Will it carry 0.25 Amps? Or 2.5 Amps? Or 25 Amps? Higher currents require larger, thicker pins. Higher voltages require more insulation.  Signal Level: Is it for 2 Volt signals or 2 microVolt signals? Will the current be 5 milliAmps or 5 microAmps? Connectors used for very low signal levels (so-called "dry circuits") often have gold plated pins.  Second Sources: Is it a standard type of connector available from many manufacturers, or is it available only from one company?

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

TYPES OF CONNECTORS

Power Connectors

Figure 1 shows a common type of 230 VAC receptacle used to connect the power cord to things such as personal and test equipment.

Audio Connectors

Like the Jones connectors, most of these have been around for decades. Figure 2 shows what is commonly called an "RCA" plug and jack. They are two-conductor connectors typically used with shielded cable. They are used in applications such as connecting microphones and small speakers to audio amplifiers.

Figure 2

Figure 3 shows a "phone" (old telephone type) or "phono" plug and jack. They can be two or three conductor connectors used for one (mono) or two (stereo) audio signals carried on a shielded cable. There are several other types of connectors used for audio signals.

Figure 3

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Modular (Telephone) Connectors:

These are used with UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cables. Figure4 shows an RJ11 connector commonly used with 4-wire telephone cables. An RJ12 connector is the same size but used with 6- wire cable. Figure 5 shows an RJ45 connector used with 8-wire local area network (LAN) cables.

Figure 4 Figure 5

BNC and UHF Connectors

Figure 6 shows a BNC cable commonly used with shielded cable, such as RG58, carrying RF signals. Exactly what BNC stands for is unclear, but most people think the B is for bayonet because of the way the connector locks on to the receptacle. BNC connectors are common on electronic test equipment such as .

Figure 6

Figure 7 shows a UHF connector (UHF stands for Ultra High Frequency). Like the BNC connector, it is used on coaxial cables carrying RF signals. It can be used on thicker cable such as RG8. A UHF connector is threaded to screw onto the receptacle.

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Figure 7

D-Shell Connectors

Figure 8A Figure 8B

Figure 8A shows a DB9 connector. Figure 8B shows a so-called Centronics connector commonly used for the printer port of a PC.

Edge Connector

Figure 9

Figure 9 show a typical connector used to connect to copper traces on the edge of a removable circuit board.

Insulation Displacement Connectors (IDCs)

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat

Figure 10A Figure 10B Figure 10C

Figure 10 shows the types of connectors used with ribbon cables. Figure 10A is a "DIP" connector, which can plug into a standard IC DIP socket. The connector of Figure 10B mates a "header", which has pins on 0.1" centers and is common on circuit boards. The connector of Figure 10C is a "shrouded" header.

Conclusion :

Electronics & Communication Dept. SCET, Surat