LINDA NIELSEN (2018), Joint versus sole physical custody: Outcomes for children independent of family income or parental conflict, Journal of Custody, https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2017.1422414, Table 1, p. 6 ff. (60 studies)

Factors Number of children in … Ages Academic & Depression, anxiety Peer Behavior Health & Parent-child or other Family Included … Joint JPC … Sole SPC Cognitive overall satisfaction, Substance use psycho relationships in Study development self esteem Hyperactivity somatic problems Bastaits(2016) 138 238 10–18 Better self esteem Better Equal life satisfaction Bastaits (2014) 139 227 Equal Bergstrom(2015) $* 15,633 29,468 12 & 15 Equal Better Better Bergstrom (2013) 17,350 43,452 12–15 Equal Better Better Better Buchanan = C = $ 51 355 mom/100 dad 13–16 Better Better Better Better Better Brotsky C+ 45 10 1–10 Better Better Breivik $* 41 483 12–16 Better Barumazadeh C * 91 328 mom/34 dad 11–12 Better Bergstrom (2014) $* 129 176 4–18 Better Better Bergstrom (2017) $* 136 151 3–5 Better Bjarnason 2,206 25,578 11–15 Better life satisfaction Bjarnason 2,206 25,578 11–15 Better Carlsund (2013) $* 888 2,019 11–15 Better Better Better Better Carlsund (2012) $* 270 801 11–15 Better Better Cashmore (gov) =C+ 84 473 0–17 Better Better Better Cashmore (gov) =C+ = $ 90 411 0–17 Better Cashmore 26 110 Teenage Equal Campana 207 272 10–18 Better Better Dissing $* 3,222 3,032 11–12 Better Donnelly = C 12 88 6–18 Equal affection Better boundaries Drapeau = C $ * 37 75 8–12 Equal to better Equal Fabricius (2012) C* 152 871 College Better Fabricius (2003) 80 739 College Better Fabricius (2007) 75 136 College Better Better Fabricius (2016) =C = $ 13 103 College Better Better Faust 34 35 2–19 Equal Equal Fransson (2016) $* 391 543 mom/111 dad 10–18 Better Fransson 497 854 10–18 Equal psychological Equal drinking Better Better Frank 16 90 College Better Hagquest $* 17,754 30,400 12–15 Better Havermans 224 446 11–19 Equal Better Irving =C = $ 108 294 1–11 Better Jablonska 443 2,920 14–15 Better behaviour Better Equal drinking Janning = $ 5 17 College Better Jappens 176 707 10–25 Better with grand parents Johnston = C+ = $ 28 69 9–15 Equal Equal Kaspiev (gov) = C 947 3,513 Moms say equal Moms say equal Grandparents better Dads say better Dads say better Kline = C+ 35 65 4–12 Equal Equal

1/2 LINDA NIELSEN (2018), Joint versus sole physical custody: Outcomes for children independent of family income or parental conflict, Journal of , https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2017.1422414, Table 1, p. 6 ff. (60 studies)

Laftman $* 1,573 1,584 15–16 Better Better Better Lee C* = $ 20 39 6–12 Better Lodge (gov) = C 105 398 mom/120 dad 12–18 Equal Better – girls Better – parents grandparents & Worse – boys stepparents Luepnitz = $ 22 30 8–13 Equal Better McIntosh (gov) X C* $* 20 Ages 2-3 232/Ages 4-5 870 2–5 Mixed for toddlers Equal to better 60 Equal for pre-schoolers all ages Melli 597 595 1–16 Equal Better Better Neoh 27 40 8–15 Equal Better Nilsen $* 398 1,223 16–19 Better Better Pearson 62 459 9–12 Better Better Pearson 9 83 9–12 Equal Equal Qu (2014) (gov) = C 720 2,354 4–17 Equal Qu (2010) (gov) = C 1,000 4,320 1–17 Moms say equal Equal Better Dads say better Sandler C + 67 74 12–14 Mixed Mixed Shiller = C 20 20 6–11 Better Sodermans $* 104 330 mom 14-21 Mixed: depression 70 dad Equal: life satisfaction Spruijt = $ 135 400 10–16 Equal Equal Equal Better dad & stepmom Tornello X C $ 174 1880 0–5 Equal Better social development Equal Mixed infant attachment Turunen $* 387 758 10–18 Better Turunen 240 567 10–18 Better Vanassche = C+ 395 1045 12–19 Girls worse Better with dad Boys better Equal with mom Wadsby 324 736 17–18 Better Better Westphal $* 1,076 2,767 10–18 Better with grand parents

C* conflict was controlled by statistically JPC & SPC differences into the analysis = C conflict was controlled because there were no significant differences between JPC & SPC conflict $* income was controlled by statistically factoring it in to the analysis = $ income was controlled because there were no significant differences between JPC & SPC parents C+ researchers specified that very high conflict parents in litigation over custody were in this study gov government published study (Australia), not peer reviewed academic journal Mixed differences between JPC & SPC outcomes depended on factors like gender, personality, or age X some measures used to gather data were not validated.

Results of 60 studies (overview): JPC better on all measures than SPC: 34 studies JPC equal or better outcomes than SPC: 14 studies Equal outcomes: 6 studies JPC worse outcome on 1 measure but equal or better on others: 6 studies

Overall, the children in shared families had better outcomes on measures of emotional, behavioral, and psychological well-being, as well as better physical health and better relationships with their fathers and their mothers, benefits that remained even when there were high levels of conflict between their parents.

2/2