Introduction
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Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Richard Kaczynski, Perdurabo: The Life of Aleister Crowley, revised and expanded edition (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2010), 296. 2. Aleister Crowley, The Complete Astrological Writings (London: W. H. Allen, 1987), 90–91. 3. Ronald Hutton, Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft, paperback edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 227, 247. 4. Paul Heelas, “Introduction: On Differentiation and Dedifferentiation,” in Religion, Modernity, and Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), 8. 5. John Patrick Deveney, Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, ed. Wouter J. Hanegraaff (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 1077–1079. 6. Eliphas Lévi, Dogme et ritual de la haute magie, in Secrets de la magie, edited by Francis Lacassin (1856; reprint, Paris: Robert Laffont, 2000), 205–215. 7. Maria Carlson, “No Religion Higher Than Truth”: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875–1922 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 29. 8. Carlson, “No Religion Higher Than Truth,” 28. 9. Antoine Faivre, Access to Western Esotericism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 37. 10. Faivre, Access to Western Esotericism, 19. 11. Arthur Versluis, The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 4. 12. Wouter J. Hanegraaff, “Esotericism,” in Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, 337–338. 13. Wouter J. Hanegraaff, “Occult/Occultism,” in Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, 888. 14. Faivre, Access to Western Esotercism, 5. 15. Faivre, Access to Western Esotercism, 5. 16. Faivre, Access to Western Esotericism, 34–35. 17. Roger Dachez, “Freemasonry,” Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, 383. 188 Notes 18. Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, The Key to Theosophy, 2nd ed. (1889; reprint, Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1995), http://www.theosoci- ety.org/pasadena/key/key-hp.htm. 19. Blavatsky, The Key to Theosophy. 20. Michèle M. Schlehofer, Allen M. Omoto, and Janice R. Adelman, “How do ‘Religion’ and ‘Spirituality’ Differ? Lay Definitions among Older Adults,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47 (2008): 412. 21. Eileen Barker, “New Religions and New Religiosity,” in New Religions and New Religiosity, ed. Eileen Barker (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1998), 16 (emphasis in the original). 22. Michèle M. Schlehofer, Allen M. Omoto, and Janice R. Adelman, “How do ‘Religion’ and ‘Spirituality’ Differ? Lay Definitions among Older Adults” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 47 (2008): 413. 23. Robert Lima, Stages of Evil: Occultism in Western Theatre and Drama (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005). 24. Daniel Gerould, “The Symbolist Legacy,” PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art 31 (January 2009): 81. 25. Ibid., 82. 26. See note 7. 27. Frantisek Deak, Symbolist Theater: Formation of an Avant-Garde, PAJ Books Series (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 48. 28. Jean-Pierre Laurant, “Lévi, Éliphas,” in Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, 691. 29. Maurice Maeterlinck, “The Tragical in Everyday Life,” in Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski, ed. Bernard F. Dukore (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1974), 730. 30. Lance Gharavi, Western Esotericism in Russian Silver Age Drama: Aleksandr Blok’s The Rose and the Cross (Saint Paul, MN: New Grail, 2008), 4. 31. Daniel Gerould and Jadwiga Kosicka, “Drama of the Unseen—Turn-of- the-Century Paradigms for Occult Drama,” in The Occult in Language and Literature, edited by Hermine F. Riffaterre (New York: New York Literary Forum, 1980), 6. 32. See Deak, Symbolist Theater; Gharavi, Western Esotericism; and Gerould and Kosicka, “Drama of the Unseen.” See also Daniel Gerould, Doubles, Demons, and Dreamers: An International Collection of Symbolist Drama (New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications, 1985); and Sadakichi Hartmann, Buddha, Confucius, Christ: Three Prophetic Plays (New York: Herder and Herder, 1971). 33. Ray Stannard Baker, “An Extraordinary Experiment in Brotherhood: The Theosophical Institution at Point Loma, California,” American Magazine 63 (January 1907): 235. Paul Kagan Utopian Communities Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. 34. “An Amazing Sect,” The Looking Glass (October 29, 1910); quoted in Keith Richmond, Introduction to The Rites of Eleusis, by Aleister Crowley, 38–40. Notes 189 35. Robb Creese, “Anthroposophical Performance,” Drama Review 22 (June 1978): 47–49. 36. J. L. Bracelin, Gerald Gardner: Witch (London: Octagon Press, 1960), 186. 37. Eileen Barker, “New Religions and New Religiosity,” 12. 38. “Occult and Bizarre,” ed. Michael Kirby, special issue, Drama Review 22 (June 1978). 39. See note 31. 40. See note 27. 41. See note 30. 4 2 . R . A nd re w W h ite , “R a d i at ion a nd Tr a n sm i s sion of E ner g y : From St a n i s l av s k y to Michael Chekhov,” Performance and Spirituality 1 (2009): 23–46. 43. R. Andrew White. “Stanislavsky and Ramacharaka: The Influence of Yoga and Turn-of-the-Century Occultism on the System,” Theatre Survey 47 (May 2006): 73–92. 44. Franc Chamberlain, Michael Chekhov (London: Routledge, 2004). 45. Anita Hammer, Between Play and Prayer: The Variety of Theatricals in Spiritual Performance (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2010). 46. See note 9. 47. Wouter J. Hanegraaff Antoine Faivre, Roelof van den Broek, and Jean-Pierre Brach, ed., Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 2005). 48. See note 3. 49. See note 37. 50. Victoria Nelson, The Secret Life of Puppets (Cambridge: Harvard, 2001), vii. 1 THE OCCULT REVIVAL AND ITS THEATRICAL IMPULSES 1. Ronald Hutton, Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft, paperback edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 70. 2. Eliphas Lévi, Dogme et ritual de le haute magie (Paris: Germer Baillière, 1856). 3. Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, 71. 4. Eliphas Lévi, Transcendental Magic: It’s Dogma and Ritual, translated by A. E. Waite (1856; reprint, York Beach, MA: Weiser, 1986), 5, 10, 14. 5. Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, 72. 6. Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, 72. 7. Antoine Faivre, Access to Western Esotericism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 187. 8. Roland Edighoffer, “Rosicrucianism I: First Half of the 17th Century,” in Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 1009. 9. Edighoffer, “Rosicrucianism I: First Half of the 17th Century,” 1009. 10. Edighoffer, “Rosicrucianism I: First Half of the 17th Century,” 1009. 190 Notes 11. Faivre, Access to Western Esotericism, 173–175. 12. Faivre, Access to Western Esotericism, 164–169. 13. Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, 70. 14. Lévi, Secrets de la Magie (Paris: Robert Laffont, 2000), 205; See also Lévi, Transcendental Magic, 249. 15. Lévi, Secrets de la Magie, 212; See also Lévi, Transcendental Magic, 258. 16. Lévi, Transcendental Magic, 14. 17. Lévi, Transcendental Magic, 15. 18. R. Andrew White, “Stanislavsky and Ramacharaka: The Influence of Yoga and Turn-of-the-Century Occultism on the System,” Theatre Survey 47 (May 2006): 77. 19. Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine: The Synthesis of Science, Religion, and Philosophy, 2 vols. (1888; reprint, Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1999). 20. James A. Santucci, “Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna,” in Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism, 183. 21. Maria Carlson, “No Religion Higher Than Truth”: A History of the Theosophical Tradition in Russia, 1875–1922 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 118. 22. Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, vol. 1, 253. 23. Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, vol. 1, 243, 643. 24. Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, vol. 1, 83. 25. Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, vol. 2, 312. 26. Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, vol. 2, 672–674. 27. Faivre, Access to Western Esotericism, 10–11. 28. Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, The Key to Theosophy, 2nd ed. (1889; reprint, Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1995), http://www.theosoci- ety.org/pasadena/key/key-hp.htm. 29. Faivre, Access to Western Esotericism, 131. 30. Wouter J. Hanegraaff, “Tradition,” Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 1126. 31. Edouard Schuré, The Great Initiates: A Study of the Secret History of Religions (1889; reprint, Hudson, NY: Steinerbooks, 1989), 337 32. Hanegraaff, “Tradition,” 1126. 33. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 31. 34. Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, 71. 35. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 36. 36. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 36. 37. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 36–37. 38. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 37. 39. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 337 40. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 350. 41. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 351–352. 42. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 368. Notes 191 43. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 368. 44. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 365–367. 45. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 369. 46. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 355. 47. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 355–356. 48. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 357. 49. Edouard Schuré, The Genesis of Tragedy and The Sacred Drama of Eleusis (New York: Anthroposophic Press, 1936), 245. 50. Schuré, The Genesis of Tragedy, 264 51. Schuré, The Genesis of Tragedy, 14. 52. Edouard Schuré, “Le Thêatre de L’Ame,” in Les Enfants de Lucifer (Drame Antique) & La Soeur Gardienne (Drame Moderne) (Paris: Librarie Académique, 1922), xv. 53. Lévi, Transcendental Magic, 113; see also Lévi, Secrets de la magie, 111–112. 54. Schuré, The Great Initiates, 354. 55. Marvin Carlson, Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical