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The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: an International Legal Study, 45 Case W
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 | Issue 3 2012 The rC ime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Karol Karski, The Crime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study, 45 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 703 (2013) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol45/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 Spring 2013 Issue 3 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During WWII: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law·Vol. 45·2013 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski* The USSR’s genocidal activity against the Polish nation started before World War II. For instance, during the NKVD’s “Polish operation” of 1937 and 1938, the Communist regime exterminated about 85,000 Poles living at that time on the pre- war territory of the USSR. -
Europa Orientalis
EUROPA ORIENTALIS STUDIA Z DZIEJÓW EUROPY WSCHODNIEJ I PAŃSTW BAŁTYCKICH EUROPAEUROPA ORIENTALIS ORIENTALIS STUDIASTUDIA Z DZIEJÓW Z DZIEJÓW EUROPY EUROPY WSCHODNIEJ WSCHODNIEJ I PAĞSTW %AĜTYC.ICH I PAŃSTW BAŁTYCKICH 18 (2009)(2017)7 (2016) Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika ToruńTRUXğ 2016 KOLEGIUM REDAKCYJNE :DOGHPDU5H]PHU 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND ±UHGDNWRUQDF]HOQ\ =HQRQDV%XWNXV 9LOQLDXVXQLYHUVLWHWDV $UnjQDV*XPXOLDXVNDV âLDXOLǐXQLYHUVLWHWDV ƜULNV-ƝNDEVRQV /ɚWYLMDV8QLYHUVLWƗWH KOLEGIUM=ELJQLHZ.DUSXV 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND REDAKCYJNE Waldemar0LFKDá.OLPHFNL 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND Rezmer (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika) – redaktor naczelny, Zenonas Butkus (Vilniaus universitetas),0DFLHM.URWR¿O 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND ±]DVWĊSFDUHGD Arūnas Gumuliauskas (Šiaulių universitetas), ĒriksNWRUDQDF]HOQHJR Jēkabsons (Litvijas Universitāte), Zbigniew$QGUHDV/DZHW\ ,QVWLWXWIU.XOWXUXQG*HVFKLFKWHGHU'HXWVFKH Karpus (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika), Michał KlimeckiQLQ1RUGRVWHXURSDLQ/QHEXUJ (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Koper- nika),KOLEGIUM:RMFLHFK0DWHUVNL ,QVW\WXW6WXGLyZ3ROLW\F]Q\FK3ROVNLHM$NDGH Maciej REDAKCYJNE Krotofil (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika) – zastępcaPLL1DXN redaktora naczelnego, Andreas La- wety:DOGHPDU5H]PHU 8QLZHUV\WHW0LNRáDMD.RSHUQLND ±UHGDNWRUQDF(XJHQLXV]0LURQRZLF] 8QLZHUV\WHWZ%LDá\PVWRNX (Institut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen in Nordosteuropa]HOQ\ in Lüneburg), Wojciech Ma- terski=HQRQDV%XWNXV 9LOQLDXVXQLYHUVLWHWDV 5LPDQWDV6OLXåLQVNDV .DODLSơGRVXQLYHUVLWHWDV (Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk), -
Holocauststudies 2017 08 Studies Janicka.Indd
Elżbieta Janicka Instead of negationism. The symbolic topography of the former Warsaw ghetto vis-à-vis Holocaust narratives Polish Holocaust narratives after 1945, by and large, blurred the identity of the victims. The following methods were employed: humanist universalisation, anti-fascist universalisation, ‘Polonisation’, and inally ‘Christianisation’. In the sequence of narratives, the following were the victims: People, victims of fascism, Poles, members of European nations of various religious denominations, with special emphasis placed on Christians.1 After the decade-long symbolic battle for the Carmelite cloister and the Auschwitz gravel pit, even if the so-called ‘papal cross’ was not removed from the area adjacent to the camp, and even if the cross that towers over Birkenau remained, the Holocaust was ‘returned’ to the Jews.2 Does a narrative about the Holocaust as a crime perpetrated on the Jews threaten the dominant narration about the past of the Polish majority? Yes and no. It does, as long as one deines the Holocaust as a crime of the German state perpetrated in occupied Europe. On the other hand, it begins to be a fundamental threat, as Jan Tomasz Gross postulates, if one considers that the Holocaust was also (or perhaps primarily?) “a mosaic of distinct episodes, improvised by local decision-makers, and hinging on unforced behaviour, rooted in motivations that can only be guessed, of all of those who were near the murder scene at 1 Cf. for example: Lucy Dawidowicz, “Appropriating the Holocaust: Polish Historical Re- visionism,” in The Holocaust and the Historians (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. -
Download.Xsp/WMP20100280319/O/M20100319.Pdf (Last Accessed 15 April 2018)
Milieux de mémoire in Late Modernity GESCHICHTE - ERINNERUNG – POLITIK STUDIES IN HISTORY, MEMORY AND POLITICS Herausgegeben von / Edited by Anna Wolff-Pow ska & Piotr Forecki ę Bd./Vol. 24 GESCHICHTE - ERINNERUNG – POLITIK Zuzanna Bogumił / Małgorzata Głowacka-Grajper STUDIES IN HISTORY, MEMORY AND POLITICS Herausgegeben von / Edited by Anna Wolff-Pow ska & Piotr Forecki ę Bd./Vol. 24 Milieux de mémoire in Late Modernity Local Communities, Religion and Historical Politics Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Cover image: © Dariusz Bogumił This project was supported by the National Science Centre in Poland grant no. DEC-2013/09/D/HS6/02630. English translation and editing by Philip Palmer Reviewed by Marta Kurkowska-Budzan, Jagiellonian University ISSN 2191-3528 ISBN 978-3-631-67300-3 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-653-06509-1 (E-PDF) E-ISBN 978-3-631-70830-9 (EPUB) E-ISBN 978-3-631-70831-6 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/b15596 Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 unported license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ © Zuzanna Bogumił / Małgorzata Głowacka-Grajper, 2019 Peter Lang –Berlin ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙ Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Acknowledgments Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. -
Polonia Restituta. Polskie Drogi Do Niepodległości
POLONIA RESTITUTA Polskie drogi do NiePodlegŁości POLONIA RESTITUTA PolANd’s iNdePeNdeNce eFForTs 1 Adam Mickiewicz Litania pielgrzymska Kyrie eleyson. Chryste eleyson. Boże Ojcze, któryś wywiódł lud Twój z niewoli egipskiej i wrócił do Ziemi Świętej, wróć nas do Ojczyzny naszej. Synu Zbawicielu, któryś umęczony i ukrzyżowany zmartwychwstał i królujesz w chwale, zbudź z martwych Ojczyznę naszą. Matko Boska, którą ojcowie nasi nazwali królową Polski i Litwy, zbaw Polskę i Litwę. Święty Stanisławie, opiekunie Polski, módl się za nami; Święty Kazimierzu, opiekunie Litwy, módl się za nami; Święty Jozafacie, opiekunie Rusi, módl się za nami; Wszyscy święci opiekunowie Rzeczypospolitej naszej, módlcie się za nami. Od niewoli moskiewskiej, austriackiej i pruskiej, wybaw nas, Panie; Przez męczeństwo trzydziestu tysięcy rycerzy barskich poległych za Wiarę i Wolność, wybaw nas, Panie; Przez męczeństwo dwudziestu tysięcy obywateli Pragi wyrzniętych za Wiarę i Wolność, wybaw nas, Panie; Przez męczeństwo młodzieńców Litwy zabitych kijami, zmarłych w kopalniach i na wygnaniu, wybaw nas, Panie; Przez męczeństwo obywateli Oszmiany wyrzniętych w kościołach Pańskich i w domach, wybaw nas, Panie; Przez męczeństwo żołnierzy zamordowanych w Fischau przez Prusaków, wybaw nas, Panie; Przez męczeństwo żołnierzy zaknutowanych w Kronstadzie przez Moskali, wybaw nas, Panie; Przez krew wszystkich żołnierzy poległych w wojnie za Wiarę i Wolność, wybaw nas, Panie; Przez rany, łzy i cierpienia wszystkich niewolników, wygnańców i pielgrzymów polskich, wybaw nas, Panie; O wojnę powszechną za wolność ludów, prosimy Cię, Panie; O broń i orły narodowe, prosimy Cię, Panie; O śmierć szczęśliwą na polu bitwy, prosimy Cię, Panie; O grób dla kości naszych w ziemi naszej, prosimy Cię, Panie; O niepodległość, całość i wolność Ojczyzny naszej, prosimy Cię. -
Siberia, Land of Polish Martyrdom – (Re)Visions of the Myth. Literature, History, Geopoetics, Politics, Cultural Anthropology
Юбилейна научна конференция с международно участие - 2016 SIBERIA, LAND OF POLISH MARTYRDOM – (RE)VISIONS OF THE MYTH. LITERATURE, HISTORY, GEOPOETICS, POLITICS, CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Natalia Lemann, PhD (assistant professor) Chair of Theory of Literature, Institute of Contemporary Culture Faculty of Philology, University of Łódź, Poland [email protected]) Abstract: In Polish historical and cultural consciousness, Siberia is the land of Polish martyrdom. From deportations after downfall of November and January Uprisings (XIXth Century) toGUŁag`s hell, it has been the land of suffering and despair for Poles. The aim of the paper is analysing changes in depictions of Siberia in literature, journalism, historiography, memoirs, movies, and public discourse. By using terms derived from varied human sciences, such as philology, anthropology of cultures, cultural studies, including postcolonial studies and imagology, I try to answer why a martyrological, Romantic myth of Siberia is still vivid in Polish public discourse, whereas contemporary literature and reportage are trying to undermine it. The depiction and imagology of Siberia in Polish literature, movies, journalism, and public discourse could be understood as an example of “cultural wars” (L. Koczanowicz) and a postcolonial example of thinking about “Others”, especially Eastern, based on orientalism (E. Said) I will be analysing among others: literature- Anhelli, by J. Słowacki; Dwanaście lat w kraju Jakutów [Twelve years in the Jakut`s country] by W. Sieroszewski, Lód [An Ice] by J. Dukaj, Jakuck. Słownik miejsca [Jakuck. Lexicon of the Location] by M. Książek, Przez dziki Wschód [Through Wild East] ; Długi marsz do wolności [The Long March to Freedom]; Droga umarłych [The Road of the Dead] by Tomasz Grzywaczewski; movies - Long Walk Expedition Plus; The Way Back (Dir. -
The Kos'ciuszko Chair of Polish Studies
The Kos’ciuszko Chair of Polish Studies Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Bulletin Number Two Fall 2002 On the Cover: The symbol of the KoÊciuszko Squadron was designed by Lt. Elliot Chess, one of a group of Americans who helped the fledgling Polish air force defend its skies from Bolshevik invaders in 1919 and 1920. Inspired by the example of Tadeusz KoÊciuszko, who had fought for American independence, the American volunteers named their unit after the Polish and American hero. The logo shows thirteen stars and stripes for the original Thirteen Colonies, over which is KoÊciuszko’s four-cornered cap and two crossed scythes, symbolizing the peasant volunteers who, led by KoÊciuszko, fought for Polish freedom in 1794. After the Polish-Bolshevik war ended with Poland’s victory, the symbol was adopted by the Polish 111th KoÊciuszko Squadron. In September 1939, this squadron was among the first to defend Warsaw against Nazi bombers. Following the Polish defeat, the squadron was reformed in Britain in 1940 as Royal Air Force’s 303rd KoÊciuszko. This Polish unit became the highest scoring RAF squadron in the Battle of Britain, often defending London itself from Nazi raiders. The 303rd bore this logo throughout the war, becoming one of the most famous and successful squadrons in the Second World War. The title of our bulletin, Nihil Novi, invokes Poland’s ancient constitution of 1505. It declared that there would be “nothing new about us without our consent.” In essence, it drew on the popular sentiment that its American version expressed as “no taxation without representation.” The Nihil Novi constitution guar- anteed that “nothing new” would be enacted in the country without the consent of the Parliament (Sejm). -
The Remembrance of the Katyń Massacre and the President Lech Kaczyński's Concept of Polish-Russian Relations [2005-2010]
The Remembrance of the Katyń Massacre and the President Lech Kaczyński's concept of Polish-Russian Relations [2005-2010] Original Source: “Polish Political Science Yearbook” 2012, vol. 41, 507-525. PL ISSN 0208-7375 [page 507] The Remembrance of the Katyń Massacre and the President Lech Kaczyński's concept of Polish-Russian Relations [2005-2010] by Patryk Wawrzyński MA. Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Lech Kaczyński's tragic death was a direct cause of the détente in Polish- Russian relations, proclaimed by Prime Minister Donald Tusk and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin just after the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 Crash. However this rapprochement is far from the political concept of the President. Considering the Polish internal debate on a proper form of Polish-Russian relations, I would like – in this short article to present a way, how the President Kaczyński understood challenges, that both nations have to pick up. Taking the advantage of an examination of narrations, and results of my two- year research on cultural and mythical aspects of Kaczyński's political concept, I would like to present the influence of the Remembrance of the Katyń Massacre [in the wider perspective of Russian and Soviet crimes committed on the Polish Nation] on assumptions of a Polish-Russian Reconciliation. In the first place I describe the inter- relation between the Past and the Present in Kaczyński's outlook, then I present his narrations about the Katyń Massacre and the Russian Expansionism. Afterward I will present an influence of the Past on contemporary issues in Polish-Russian relations. The Remembrance of the Katyń Massacre and the President Lech Kaczyński's concept of Polish-Russian Relations [2005-2010] [page 508] The Periodicity of the History Understanding the Lot of the Nation as a recreation of an invariable events cycle is characteristic for President Lech Kaczyński's narrations about the Past. -
Norwid and the Exiles to Siberia
STUDIA NORWIDIANA 37:2019 ENGLISH VERSION DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sn.2019.37-4en Renata GadaMSKA-SeraFin NorwiD AND THE EXiles to SIBeria Do czasu jedni pościć będą pieśnią, Drudzy zamarzą się i w mgły roześnią, Inni utoną w śmierci oceanie; Ci w Sybir pójdą – owi na wygnanie […]. (Niewola [Captivity], PWsz, III, 375) For a time, some will be fasting on the song, Others will be dreaming and will dream away in the fog, Others will drown in the ocean of death, Some will go to Siberia – others to exile […]. Wielu zginęło – wielu w Syberii? – i wielu ich pomni i modli się za nich? (List do Mariana Sokołowskiego [Letter to Marian Sokołowski], PWsz, IX, 139-141) Many have died – many in Siberia? – and many remember and pray for them? […] w stronę jedną sybirskie powózki, W drugą pielgrzymi-kostur... oto – są posągi Tych epok, jak się one nastawiały ongi. (Rzecz o wolności słowa [On the Freedom of Speech], PWsz, III, 606) […] one way – Siberian carriages The other way – the pilgrim’s cane… these are the monuments Of these epochs, as they once erected themselves. The Siberian theme is, undoubtedly, one of the most important themes within the Russia-related issues found in Norwid’s works, in line with its place and sig- nificance in Polish history, literature and iconography of the Romantic era. At the 61 Renata GadaMSKA-SeraFin same time, it is one of the most ample, multidimensional, and ambiguous themes; it is thought-provoking and still far from being exhaustively studied. The semantic space of this subject is situated in Pisma Wszystkie [Collected Writings] on the border between historiosophy and politics, literature and individual biographies, ethics and law-making, martyrology and eschatology, as well as at the intersection of national and “supranational” questions. -
Polacy Na Syberii Od Xix Do Xxi Wieku
POLACY NA SYBERII OD XIX DO XXI WIEKU POLACY NA SYBERII OD XIX DO XXI WIEKU Monografia wieloautorska pod redakcją naukową Sergiusza Leończyka Recenzenci: Prof. dr hab. Zbigniew Wójcik Prof. dr hab. Valentina Tuguzhekova Projekt graficzny, typograficzny i okładki IMPRESJE.NET Miłosz Trukawka Korekta Wojciech Korwin-Kossakowski Koordynator projektu Roman Wróbel Indeks osób i miejsc, skład, łamanie i druk IMPRESJE.NET Miłosz Trukawka © Stowarzyszenie „Wspólnota Polska” Wydawca Stowarzyszenie „Wspólnota Polska” ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 64 00-322 Warszawa Przedsięwzięcie jest finansowane ze środków otrzymanych od Kancelarii Senatu w ramach sprawowania opieki Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej nad Polonią i Polakami za granicą. ISBN 978-83-64206-39-9 ISBN 978-83-64206-40-5 – e-book Warszawa 2019 Zapraszamy na stronę internetową www.wspolnota-polska.org.pl Spis treści Wstęp .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Karolina.Kondracka Polskie badania w Jakucji na przełomie XIX i XX wieku .................................................................... 11 Krzysztof.Żabierek Powstanie Zabajkalskie w 1866 roku – zapomniana historia ............................................................ 17 Jewgienij.W..Siemienow Miejsca prac katorżniczych polskich zesłańców politycznych w latach 60. XIX wieku na terenie Zabajkala ............................................................................................................................................... -
„Krzewiciele Polskich Idei”. Duchowni Katoliccy Zesŕani
EUGENIUSZ NIEBELSKI KUL Lublin „KRZEWICIELE POLSKICH IDEI”. DUCHOWNI KATOLICCY ZESàANI DO IMPERIUM ROSYJSKIEGO – CZASY POLSKIEJ NIEWOLI NARODOWEJ Gdy mowa o zsyákach Polaków do Rosji i jej obszarów w gáĊbi Azji, na ogóá dowodzi siĊ, Īe staáy siĊ one masowe (faktycznie pierw- sze zsyáki to czasy króla Stefana Batorego i jego wojen z Moskwą w latach 1579-15821, a póĨniej takĪe wojen XVII w.) od czasów kon- federacji barskiej2, gdy w II poáowie XVIII w. sąsiedzi Rzeczpospoli- tej, w tym szczególnie paĔstwo carów, doprowadzili do jej rozbiorów, a nastĊpnie w okresie niewoli narodowej, gdy w wieku XIX kolejne polskie pokolenia próbowaáy tĊ niepodlegáRĞü odzyskaü. PoĞród caáej masy zesáDĔców znaleĨli siĊ takĪe polscy duchowni, których policyjne VáXĪby carskie, a takĪe przedstawiciele wáadz Królestwa Polskiego zaczną z czasem okreĞlaü mianem „nieprzejednanych wrogów Rosji”, „jedynym niebezpiecznym wrogiem Rosji”3 lub „krzewicielami pol- skich idei”. Gáówny kontyngent stanowili ksiĊĪa uczestnicy spisków i polskich powstaĔ narodowych, zarówno w wieku XVIII, jak i XIX wymierzonych zasadniczo w RosjĊ, mniej znalazáo siĊ na zsyáce za sprawy związane z obroną swobód religijnych i wolnoĞci KoĞcioáa, zagroĪonych antykatolicką i antykoĞcielną polityką carów. Badacz rosyj- ———— 1 Zob. Z. L i b r o w i c z, Polacy w Syberii, Kraków 1884, s. 29-43; M. J a n i k, Dzieje Polaków na Syberii, Kraków 1928, s. 35-48; A. K u c z y Ĕ s k i, Syberia. 400 lat polskiej diaspory, Wrocáaw 1998, s. 16-19. 2 Zob. np. o zesáaniach Polaków w tamtych czasach J.M. H a r t l e y, Syberia. Historia i ludzie, Kraków 2015, s.